What are the limitations to the liability of air carriers?

1. In the carriage of persons 250,000 francs for each passenger. Nevertheless, by special contract, the
carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability.
2. In the carriage of registered baggage and of cargo Two hundred and fifty (250) francs per
kilogramme, unless the passenger or consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed
over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary
sum if the case so requires.
Note: In the case of loss, damage or delay of part of registered baggage or cargo, or of any object
contained therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the
carrier's liability is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned.
Nevertheless, when the loss, damage or delay of a part of the registered baggage or cargo, or of an
object contained therein, affects the value of other packages covered by the same baggage check or the
same air waybill, the total weight of such package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in
determining the limit of liability.
3. As regards objects of which the passenger takes charge himself Five thousand (5,000) francs per
passenger. (Art. 22) Note: Carrier is not entitled to the foregoing limit if the damage is caused by willful
misconduct or default on its part (Art. 25)

Is a stipulation relieving the carrier from or limiting its liability valid?

No. Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is laid down
in this Convention shall be null and void but the nullity of such provision does not involve the nullity of the
whole contract. (Art. 23[1])

What are the exceptions to these limitations?

1. Willful misconduct
2. Default amounting to willful misconduct
3. Accepting passengers without ticket
4. Accepting goods without airway bill or baggage without baggage check

When will ones right to damages be extinguished?

The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years, reckoned from the
date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the
date on which the carriage stopped.
Note: Despite the express mandate that an action for damages should be filed within 2 years from the
arrival at the place of destination, such rule shall not be applied where delaying tactics were employed by
airline itself in a case where a passenger wishes to settle his complaint out-of-court but the airline gave
him the runaround, answering the passengers letters but not giving in to his demands, hence, giving the
passenger no time to institute the complaint within the reglamentary period. (United Airlines v. Uy, G.R.
No. 127768, Nov. 19, 1999)

Could a person recover a claim covered by Warsaw Convention after the lapse two years?

No. A claim covered by the Warsaw Convention can no longer be recovered under local law, if the statute
of limitations of two years has already lapsed. (PAL. v. Savillo, 557 SCRA 66)

What constitutes willful misconduct?

The definition of "willful misconduct" depends in some measure on which court is deciding the issue.
Some common factors that courts will consider are:
1. Knowledge that an action will probably result in injury or damage
2. Reckless disregard of the consequences of an action, or
3. Deliberately failing to discharge a duty related to safety. Courts may also consider other factors

Is the failure of the carrier to deliver the passengers luggage at the designated time and place
ipso facto constitutes willful misconduct?

No. There must be a showing that the acts complained of were impelled by an intention to violate the law,
or were in persistent disregard of one's rights. It must be evidenced by a flagrantly or shamefully wrong or
improper conduct (Luna vs. CA, GR No. 100374-75, November 27, 1992).

Is the carriers guessing of which luggage contained the firearms constitutes willful misconduct?

Yes. The guessing of which luggage contained the firearms amounted to willful misconduct under Section
25(1) of the Warsaw Convention. (Northwest Airlines vs. CA, GR No. 120334, January 20, 1998)

Is the allegation of willful misconduct resulting in a tort is insufficient to exclude the case from the
realm of Warsaw Convention?

Yes. A cause of action based on tort did not bring the case outside the sphere of the Warsaw Convention.
(Lhuiller vs. British Airways, GR No. 171092, March 15, 2010).