ES21B

FUNDAMENTALS OF
MATERIALS
SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
 1 INTRODUCTION TO
chapter

MATERIALS
FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
WHAT ARE MATERIALS?
Materials may be defined as a substance of which
something is composed or made of.
We obtain materials from the Earths crust and the
atmosphere.
Examples :
Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72% and 5% by weight of the
Earths crust respectively.
Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 % and 20.95 % by
volume of dry air respectively.
WHAT ARE MATERIALS?
WHY STUDY MATERIALS?
Production and processing of materials constitute a
large part of our economy.
Engineers choose materials to suit design.
New materials might be needed for some new
applications.
Example : High temperature resistant materials.
Space station and Mars Rovers should sustain conditions in
space.
High speed, low temperature, strong but light.
WHY STUDY MATERIALS?
WHY STUDY MATERIALS?

Modification of properties might be needed for

some applications.
Example: Heat treatment
to modify properties.
MATERIALS SCIENCE VS. MATERIALS ENGINEERING
Materials Science Materials Engineering

discipline which deals with the discipline which deals with the
search for basic knowledge about application of knowledge gained
the internal structure, properties thru materials science to convert
and processing of materials. materials to products.
on the basis of these structure
investigating the relationships that property correlations, designing
exist between the structures and or engineering the structure of a
properties of materials material to produce a
predetermined set of properties
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Processing Structure Properties Performance

ROLE OF MATERIALS IN HISTORY

Materials have played a critical role in the evolution

of technology throughout the history of man.
1. Stone Age
2. Bronze Age
3. Iron Age
4. Silicon Age
STRUCTURE

Relates to the arrangement of the internal

components of a material
Sub atomic electrons and nuclei (protons and
neutrons)
Atomic organization of atoms and molecules
Microscopic groups of atoms that are normally
agglomerated together
Macroscopic viewable with the un-aided eye
SCALE OF THINGS
PROPERTY

A material trait expressed in terms of the

measured response to a specific imposed stimulus
Examples
A polished surface will reflect light
A specific material subjected to tensile stress
PROPERTY
Stimulus Properties
Force Mechanical
Electric field Electrical
Heat energy Thermal
Magnetic field Magnetic
Light Optical
Chemical Deteriorative
FACTORS DETERMINING
THE SELECTION OF MATERIAL
The requirements imposed by the conditions which
a product is used (service requirements)
The requirements imposed by the methods
proposed for the manufacturing of the product
The requirements imposed by environmental
considerations
Availability and cost
MATERIALS SELECTION PROCESS

1. Pick Application
2. Determine required Properties
3. Identify candidate Material(s)
4. Identify required Processing
MATERIAL SELECTION: APPLICATION

Carbonated Beverage Containers

MATERIAL SELECTION: PROPERTIES
1. provide a barrier to the passage of carbon dioxide, which is
under pressure in the container;
2. be nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage, and, preferably,
recyclable;
3. be relatively strong and capable of surviving a drop from a
height of several feet when containing the beverage;
4. be inexpensive, including the cost to fabricate the final shape;
5. if optically transparent, retain its optical clarity; and
6. be capable of being produced in different colors and/or
adorned with decorative labels.
MATERIAL SELECTION: MATERIALS

Carbonated Beverage Containers

MATERIALS SELECTION: MATERIAL

Each material has its advantages and disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

Very good barrier to diffusion of

CO2,, easily recycled, beverages are Easily dented, opaque,
Aluminum
cooled rapidly, labels may be painted expensive
on material surface
Impervious to passage of CO2,, Cracks and fractures
Glass
inexpensive, may be recycled easily, heavy
Not as impervious to
transparent, inexpensive, light-weight,
Plastic the passage of CO2, as
recyclable
the Al and glass
MATERIAL SELECTION: PROCESSING

Carbonated Beverage Containers

MAJOR GROUPS OF MATERIALS

1. Metals and Alloys

2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
4. Composite Materials
5. Semiconductors
METALS AND ALLOYS
combinations of metallic elements
have large number of delocalized or non-localized electrons (not
bound to particular atoms)
very good conductors of heat and electricity
quite strong yet deformable
not transparent to visible light, lustrous appearance when polished
have high electrical and thermal conductivities
Alloying is done by mixing two or more elements to the mother
metal
e.g. Fe, Cu, Al, brass, bronze
METALS AND ALLOYS
METALS
METALS AND ALLOYS: APPLICATIONS
Applications
Electrical wiring
Structures: buildings, bridges, etc.
Automobiles: body, chassis, springs, engine block
Airplanes: engine components, fuselage, landing gear
assembly, etc.
Trains: rails, engine components, body, wheels
Machine tools: drill bits, hammers, screwdrivers, saw blades,
etc.
Shape memory materials: eye glasses
Magnets
METALS AND ALLOYS

Examples
Pure metal elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag, etc.)
Alloys (Cu-Sn=bronze, Cu-Zn=brass, Fe-C=steel, Pb-
Sn=solder, NiTinol)
Intermetallic compounds (e.g. Ni3Al)
CERAMICS AND GLASSES
compounds between metallic and non metallic
elements
occur as oxides, nitrides and carbides
typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat
resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments
hard and brittle
e.g. clay products, SiC, SiO2, clay minerals, cement, glass
CERAMICS
CERAMICS

Elements occurring in ceramics and glasses are in blue

CERAMICS

Distinguishing features
Except for glasses, atoms are regularly arranged
Lower density than most metals
Stronger than metals
Low resistance to fracture: low toughness or brittle
Low ductility or malleability
High melting point
Poor conductors of electricity and heat
CERAMICS

Applications
Electrical insulators
Abrasives
Thermal insulation and coatings
Windows, television screens
Corrosion resistant applications
Highways and roads (concrete)
POLYMERS
poly = many + meros = unit
May have 1 type or many different types of repeating unit
Usually carbon based with hydrogen atoms bonded to the
rest of the sites; mostly amorphous
Light-weight, ductile, non-conductive, low Tm
Used for trash bags, pot holders, wire insulation, packaging
materials
Made by injection molding, extrusion, blow molding,
machining
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS (POLYMER)
DIFFERENT MONOMERS
POLYMERS
POLYMERS
POLYMERS

Two main types of polymers are thermosets and

thermoplastics.
Thermosets are cross-linked polymers that form 3-D
networks, hence are strong and rigid.
Thermoplastics are long-chain polymers that slide
easily past one another when heated, hence, they tend
to be easy to form, bend, and break.
POLYMERS
POLYMER MATERIALS

Distinguishing features
Composed primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons)
Low melting temperature.
Some are crystals, many are not.
Most are poor conductors of electricity and heat.
Many have high plasticity.
A few have good elasticity.
Some are transparent, some are opaque
POLYMER MATERIALS

Polymers are attractive because they are usually

lightweight and inexpensive to make, and usually
very easy to process, either in molds, as sheets, or
as coatings.
They are poor conductors of heat and electricity,
and tend to be easy to bend, which makes them
very useful as insulation for electrical wires.
POLYMER MATERIALS
Applications and Examples
Adhesives and glues
Containers
Moldable products (computer casings, telephone handsets,
disposable razors)
Clothing and upholstery material (vinyls, polyesters, nylon)
Water-resistant coatings (latex)
Biodegradable products (corn-starch packing peanuts)
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Materials composed of two or more different materials
bonded together
combination of characteristics of each component materials
components are not dissolved in each other but can be
physically identified by an interface between components
May involve ceramics and steel (cermet), concrete and
steel (reinforced concrete)
COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Distinguishing features
Composed of two or more different materials (e.g.,
metal/ceramic, polymer/polymer, etc.)
Properties depend on amount and distribution of
each type of material.
Collective properties more desirable than possible
with any individual material.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Applications and Examples

Sports equipment (golf club shafts, tennis rackets,
bicycle frames)
Aerospace materials
Thermal insulation
Concrete
"Smart" materials (sensing and responding)
Brake materials
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
Materials that are doped to make them partially
conductive
Mostly are silicon-based and doped with boron or
phosphorous
Brittle, low-density, semi-conductor
Diodes, transistors, solar cells are semiconductors
Processing is a complicated, multi-step process
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
Applications and Examples
Computer CPUs
Electrical components (transistors, diodes)
Solid-state lasers
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
Flat panel displays
Solar cells
Radiation detectors
Microelectromechanical devices (MEMS)
Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs, and InSb
ADVANCED MATERIALS

Semiconductors
Biomaterials
Smart materials
Nanomaterials
ADVANCED MATERIALS
QUIZ 2
1-3. Give one distinguishing feature/property of the
following group of materials: metal (1), ceramic (2),
polymer (3).
4-11. Give two examples/applications of metals (4-5),
ceramics (6-7), polymers (8-9), and composites (10-
11).
12. Give one type of advanced material.
13-15. Explain the correlation between processing,
structure, properties, and performance.
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