Learning Spanish Guidebook

Topic Subtopic
Literature & Language Language Learning
Learning Spanish
How to Understand and Speak
a New Language
Course Workbook
Professor Bill Worden

The University of Alabama
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THE GREAT COURSES

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The Teaching Company.
Bill Worden, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Spanish
Director of Spanish Programs
The University of Alabama
D
r. Bill Worden is an Associate Professor of Spanish and the Director of
Spanish Programs in the Department of Modern Languages and Classics
at The University of Alabama. Dr. Worden received his A.B. in Mathematics
from Dartmouth College in 1985 and subsequently taught high school Spanish
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Madrid, he received his M.A. in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1996.
As a doctoral student at Brown University, Dr. Worden was awarded the David and Ruth Kossoff Prize for Leadership
in Language Teaching by the Department of Hispanic Studies and the Presidential Award for Excellence in Teaching
by the Graduate School. He also was chosen by fellow graduate students to give the address at the Graduate School
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Spanish and Advanced Grammar and Composition to undergraduate and graduate courses in 16th- and 17th-century
Spanish literature. He has directed doctoral dissertations on colonial Latin American literature, early modern Spanish
OLWHUDWXUHDQGth-century Latin American literature.
Dr. Wordens main area of research is the work of Miguel de Cervantes, especially his novel Don Quixote. Dr. Worden
KDV SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH HOGV RI HDUO\ PRGHUQ 6SDQLVK OLWHUDWXUH FRORQLDO &XEDQ WKHDWHU DQG th-century Spanish
literature. He also has published on pedagogical topics, including how to teach Spanish at the middle school and high
school levels and how to help undergraduate students make connections to Don Quixote,QDGGLWLRQ'U:RUGHQLVDQ
award-winning speaker who has lectured on such subjects as the prose of Cervantes, early modern Spanish poetry,
and approaches for helping beginning language students become comfortable speaking Spanish.
For a number of years, Dr. Worden served The University of Alabamas Department of Modern Languages and
Classics as the Director of the Spanish Language Program and was responsible for supervising all graduate teaching
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Foreign Language Teachers selected Dr. Worden as the winner of the annual Outstanding Foreign Language Teacher
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Dr. Laura Rojas-Arce, author of the workbook and coauthor of the speaking activities, grew up in Costa Rica,
where she studied psychology as an undergraduate student at the Universidad Hispanoamericana in Heredia. She
completed her doctoral studies with a focus on contemporary Central American literature and received her Ph.D. from
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i
Table of Contents
Professor Biography ..................................................................................................................................... i

Scope ...........................................................................................................................................................1
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Workbook Families .......................................................................................................................................
Lesson Guides
LESSON 1
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'HQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1RXQV ........................................................................................................................
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6XEMHFW3URQRXQVDQGWKH9HUESer ........................................................................................................... 15
LESSON 4
5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW ................................................................................................................
LESSON 5
,QGHQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR .......................................................................................................
LESSON 6
7KH9HUEEstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU ......................................................................................................
LESSON 7
5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW .....................................................................................................
LESSON 8
7KH9HUEIr in the Present........................................................................................................................... 46
LESSON 9
Expressing Time in Spanish .......................................................................................................................
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([SUHVVLRQV8VLQJWKH9HUETener ............................................................................................................. 59
LESSON 11
9HUEVOLNHHacerDQG,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV .................................................................................................. 66
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7KH9HUEVSaber and Conocer ................................................................................................................... 72
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6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV ................................................................................................................................ 78
ii
Table of Contents
LESSON 14
Ver, DarDQG2WKHU,UUHJXODU9HUEV ............................................................................................................
LESSON 15
The Present Progressive ............................................................................................................................ 89
LESSON 16
Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs ......................................................................................................... 95
LESSON 17
$IUPDWLYHV1HJDWLYHVDQG'HPRQVWUDWLYHV ...........................................................................................
LESSON 18
0RUH$IUPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV ............................................................................................
LESSON 19
,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV ...........................................................................................................................111
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Double Object Pronouns .......................................................................................................................... 116
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5HH[LYH9HUEV.........................................................................................................................................
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Talking about the Past: Acabar and Hace ................................................................................................
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Talking about the Past: Desde Cundo? ............................................................................................
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Formal Commands and Unequal Comparisons .......................................................................................
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,QIRUPDO&RPPDQGV .................................................................................................................................
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Superlatives and Equal Comparisons ...................................................................................................... 149
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5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH .............................................................................................................
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5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH .................................................................................................. 157
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1H[W6WHSVLQ,PSURYLQJ<RXU6SDQLVK ..................................................................................................... 166
iii
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Supplemental Material
Grammar Reference ................................................................................................................................. 172
Los glosarios / The Glossaries ................................................................................................................ 178
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic...................................................................................................... 180
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates ......................................................................................... 196
Glosario espaol-ingls / Spanish-English Glossary ................................................................................ 202
Glosario ingls-espaol / English-Spanish Glossary ................................................................................ 219
Resources for Further Study .................................................................................................................... 236
Photographic Credits ................................................................................................................................ 238
iv
Scope
T
his course introduces learners to the Spanish language and the cultures of the Spanish-speaking world.
Because the course is designed for learners with no previous experience with the language, the lessons begin
with the building blocks of Spanish: the alphabet, the proper pronunciation of consonant and vowel sounds,
and greetings and responses to greetings. As you move forward in the course, you will be introduced to a variety of
fundamental grammar topics, ever-increasing vocabulary lists, and cultural information that will teach you about the
countries in the world where Spanish is spoken and help you understand how to use the grammar and vocabulary you
will learn about in their proper cultural context.
The purpose of this course is not simply to teach you about Spanish, but rather to develop your language skills so
that you can communicate successfully in the language. For that reason, the course includes a variety of components
designed to allow you to practice and improve your abilities in reading, writing, speaking, and understanding spoken
Spanish.
This course exposes learners to a variety of cultural aspects in the Spanish-speaking world, both in the video lessons
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wish to consult any standard introductory Spanish textbook for reference.
Throughout the course, you will learn more than a thousand of the most commonly used words in Spanish and become
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learn how to form the present tense of all verbs, as well as the present progressive construction, which is used to
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use several expressions that talk about past events. Moreover, you will learn how to conjugate and use one past
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competence in using, for example, nouns, adjectives, and adverbsall the necessary linguistic tools that will allow
you to communicate successfully in Spanish. This course offers the requisite linguistic and cultural knowledge that will
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1
Workbook Introduction
W
elcome to the workbook for Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language. The
exercises included here are designed to help develop your reading and writing skills in Spanish while you
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ZRUNERRNWVLQZLWKWKHRWKHUFRPSRQHQWVWKDWDFFRPSDQ\WKLVFRXUVHVRWKDW\RXOONQRZKRZEHVWWRPDNHXVHRIDOO
of them to help develop your Spanish skills.
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SURQXQFLDWLRQDQGGHQLWLRQRIDOOWKHQHZYRFDEXODU\ZRUGV7KHQLWZLOOEHWLPHWRSUDFWLFHZKDW\RXYHOHDUQHG7KH
speaking activities that follow the audio glossary are designed to help you improve your listening and speaking skills,
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want to do the speaking activities before or after you do the workbook exercises, but you should do both of these only
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\RXZLOOQGWKH*UDPPDU5HIHUHQFH*ORVVDU\E\7RSLF*ORVVDU\RI&RJQDWHV6SDQLVK(QJOLVK*ORVVDU\(QJOLVK
Spanish Glossary, and Resources for Further Study at the end of the workbook.
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presented in the audio glossary. Next, the General Review section summarizes the material covered in the lesson,
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$QVZHUVZKLFKZLOODOORZ\RXWRFKHFN\RXUZRUN,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH$FWLYLWLHVLQFOXGHGDIWHUHYHU\OHVVRQWKLVZRUNERRN
also contains six Cultural Readings about different aspects of Latin American culture.
The Activities in this workbook are contextualized in a series of short stories dealing with several families and their
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America. The principal characters in the stories are the Corts Ruiz family, the Quirs Garca family, and the Gonzlez
Fallas family. The Corts Ruiz family has three sons, and the Quirs Garca family has two daughters and a son.
Those two families also have two very young granddaughters. The Gonzlez Fallas family, who just recently moved to
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Most of the words used in the Activities will be ones you will have already been introduced to in the course. When this
is not the case, the workbook will give the English for the Spanish word. The six Cultural Readings do indeed include
vocabulary and grammar you will have already seen in the course. But they also purposely include some material a
bit beyond your current level of comprehension. This will force you to make some educated guesses while readinga
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good understanding of it. The English translation for the Cultural Readings can be found after the Correct Answers, so
you will be able to see how well your understood what you read.
And now, its time to get to work. Or, as we would say in Spanish: A trabajar!>/HWVZRUN@

Workbook Families
Luis Corts Navarro Cecilia Ruiz Ramrez Esteban Quirs Snchez /XLVD*DUFtD9HJD
Alberto Diego Javier Erica Felipe Elena
Diana Mariana
Carlos Gonzlez Prez Alejandra Fallas Urea
Pablo Marisol

Lesson Introduction to the Spanish Language
1
I. Vocabulario nuevo / New Vocabulary
hola hello Cmo est usted?+RZDUH\RX">IRUPDOVLQJXODU@
Qu tal? Hows it going? Cmo estn ustedes?+RZDUH\RX">IRUPDOSOXUDO@
Cmo ests?+RZDUH\RX">LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@
Bien, gracias. Y t? Fine, thanks. And you? Bien, gracias. Y ustedes? Fine, thanks. And you?
>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ >IRUPDOSOXUDO@
Bien, gracias. Y usted? Fine, thanks. And you?

>IRUPDOVLQJXODU@
bien well regular so-so
Estoy bien.,PZHOO ms o menos so-so
mal not well no muy bien not very well
Estoy mal.,PQRWZHOO
buenos das good morning buenas tardes good afternoon
buen da good morning buenas noches good evening, good night
Me llamo. My name is. Cmo te llamas?:KDWV\RXUQDPH">LQIRUPDO

VLQJXODU@
Soy. ,DP Cmo se llama usted?:KDWV\RXUQDPH">IRUPDO

VLQJXODU@
Mi nombre es. My name is. mucho gusto nice to meet you
encantadoSOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>VSHDNHU Es un placer.,WVDSOHDVXUH
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encantadaSOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>VSHDNHU igualmente likewise

IHPLQLQH@
gracias thank you muy bien, gracias very well, thank you
muy very bastante bienMXVWQH
bienvenidosZHOFRPH>SOXUDO@ Le presento a./HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>IRUPDO

VLQJXODU@
Te presento a. Let me introduce you to. Les presento a. /HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>SOXUDO@

>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@
adis good-bye hasta maana see you tomorrow
chao bye hasta pronto see you soon
hasta luego see you later nos vemos see you
4
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el curso course la lengua language
los Estados Unidos United States el espaol Spanish language
el aspecto aspect el castellano Spanish language
la cultura culture
introductorio introductory solo alone, only
importante important
II. Repaso general / General Review

A. Approach to Learning a New Language
Successful language learners have a positive reaction when faced with the unfamiliar. So, rather than allowing
yourself to feel frustrated, confused, or annoyed when listening to Spanish, try to maintain a positive outlook and
ZRUNWRXQGHUVWDQGDQ\WKLQJ\RXFDQ,WFDQKHOSWRWKLQNRIFRPPXQLFDWLQJLQ6SDQLVKDVDSX]]OHWREHVROYHGRUDQ
interesting challenge to be met. When you hear spoken Spanish, focus on whats being said, dont be distracted by
negative thoughts, and listen for cognates, which are words that are the same or almost the same in two languages.
Spanish and English share many cognates, including curso / course; introductorio / introductory; profesor /
professor; importante / important; aspecto / aspect; cultura / culture; and mucho / much.
B. The Spanish Language

The Spanish language, known as either espaol or castellanoGHYHORSHGLQWKH,EHULDQ3HQLQVXODLQWKHUHJLRQRI
Castile, or Castilla in Spanish. According to the United Nations, Spanish is the third most-spoken language in the
world, after Mandarin Chinese and English. Roughly half a billion people speak Spanish, which is spoken on four
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territory of Puerto Rico.
Spanish is also spoken more and more each year in the mainland United States. According to the latest census data,
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FRXQWU\VSRSXODWLRQ$UHSRUWE\WKH,QVWLWXWR&HUYDQWHVDJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQLQ6SDLQWKDWIRFXVHVRQ
the Spanish language, concluded that there are more Spanish speakers in the United States than there are in Spain.
C. 9DULHWLHVRI6SRNHQ6SDQLVK
The three main differences that distinguish how Spanish is spoken in one place versus another are vocabulary, accent,
and grammar. Differences in vocabulary result in different words being used in different places to refer to the same
thing. To say the computer, for example, in Latin America youd say la computadora, while in Spain its much more
common to say el ordenador.
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Perhaps the most notable difference in accent among Spanish speakers relates to the way to pronounce the letter z
and the letter c followed by e or i,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDWKHOHWWHUz and the letter combinations ce and ci are pronounced
with an s sound, while in northern and central Spain this is pronounced with a th sound. The Spanish word for shoe
is zapato, which in Madrid is pronounced as thapato and in Latin America is pronounced sapato.
There are not many grammatical differences among regions, but there are a few, and one deals with the plural form of
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an informal, plural way to say you, which is vosotros in the masculine or vosotras in the feminine. But vosotros and
vosotras are not used in Latin America; instead, ustedes is used for the plural you in all cases.
Despite these differences in vocabulary, accent, and grammar, hundreds of millions of Spanish speakers communicate
successfully across all the countries where the language is spoken. Speakers of Spanisheven from different
regionsunderstand each other extremely well.
5
D. 3URQXQFLDWLRQRI9RZHOV
Pronouncing words in Spanish is simpler than it is in English because when you look at a letter in Spanish, with
very rare exceptions you know exactly how to pronounce the sound of that letter. One challenging aspect of Spanish
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DWUVW
(DFK RI WKH YH YRZHOVa, e, i, o, umakes just one sound in Spanish, a short sound that stays the same from
beginning to end.
A, found in the common Spanish word casa, is the easiest vowel sound to make. For the other four vowel
sounds, focus on keeping the vowel sound short and uniform.
E makes the sound pronounced in the English word taNH,WVQRWH\\\\<RXGRQWFORVHLWRIIDWWKHHQGDV
you often do in English.
I makes the sound pronounced in the word fee,WVQRWL\\\\
O makes the sound pronounced in toOO,WVQRWRZZZZ
U makes the sound pronounced in ruOH,WVQRWXZZZZ
The video lessons, audio glossaries, and speaking activities model proper pronunciation in Spanish.
E. Greetings
Among the very common greetings in Spanish are hola>KHOOR@Qu tal?>+RZVLWJRLQJ"@DQGCmo ests? and
Cmo est usted?>+RZDUH\RX"@Cmo ests? is the informal way to say How are you? to someone. Cmo
est usted? also asks How are you? but is used with someone you address formally.
Three ways to introduce yourself are Me llamo Bill>,FDOOP\VHOI%LOORU0\QDPHLV%LOO@Soy Bill>,DP%LOO@DQGMi

nombre es Bill>0\QDPHLV%LOO@
&RPPRQH[SUHVVLRQVXVHGZKHQ\RXPHHWVRPHRQHIRUWKHUVWWLPHDUHmucho gusto>QLFHWRPHHW\RX@encantado
>SOHDVHGWRPHHW\RXPDVFXOLQHIRUP@encantada>SOHDVHGWRPHHW\RXIHPLQLQHIRUP@Es un placer>,WVDSOHDVXUH@
and igualmente>OLNHZLVH@
Greetings dependent on the time of day include buenos das or buen da >JRRG PRUQLQJ@ buenas tardes >JRRG
DIWHUQRRQ@DQGbuenas noches>JRRGHYHQLQJRUJRRGQLJKW@:D\VWRVD\JRRGE\HLQFOXGHadis>JRRGE\H@chao
>E\H@hasta luego>VHH\RXODWHU@hasta maana>VHH\RXWRPRUURZ@hasta pronto>VHH\RXVRRQ@DQGnos vemos
>VHH\RX@
F. How Best to Approach This Course

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FRXUVHPDWHULDOVDVZHOO,QRUGHUWRPDNHVLJQLFDQWSURJUHVVZLWK\RXUODQJXDJHVNLOOV\RXOOQHHGWRSUDFWLFHZKDWV
presented in the video lessons.
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of all new vocabulary words. Then, it will be time to practice what youve learned. The speaking activities for each lesson
are designed to help you improve your listening and speaking skills. And the workbook exercises will allow you to practice
\RXUUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJ<RXFDQGHFLGHLI\RXZDQWWRGRWKHVSHDNLQJDFWLYLWLHVEHIRUHRUDIWHU\RXGRWKHZRUNERRN
exercises, but you should do both of these only after watching the video lesson and listening to the audio glossary.
,I\RXDUHDEOHWRLQYROYHVRPHRQHHOVHZLWK\RXUVWXGLHV\RXDUHHQFRXUDJHGWRGRVR/DQJXDJHVDUHPHDQWIRU
social interaction, so take the course with a friend or seek out opportunities to speak Spanish with someone who
already knows the language. The more contact you have with Spanish, both within the course and beyond it, the better
your progress will be.
6
G. *OREDO,PSRUWDQFHRIWKH6SDQLVK/DQJXDJH
Although it might seem that Spanish has gained importance in the United States only recently, in 1787 Thomas
Jefferson wrote the following about the Spanish language in a letter to his nephew: Bestow great attention on this,
and endeavor to acquire an accurate knowledge of it. Our future connections with Spain and Spanish America, will
render that language a valuable acquisition. What was true in Jeffersons time remains true today. Spanish is a
world language, and its importance now extends beyond its use in other countries to the mainland of the United
States.
Acquiring Spanish is a way of broadening your horizons and becoming more connected to the diverse traditions that
are being lived out across oceans and right next door. A sincere desire to learn accompanied by diligent practice
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6SDQLVKDUHVLJQLFDQW$IWHUDOOKDOIDELOOLRQSHRSOHDUHZDLWLQJWRWDONZLWK\RX
Buenos das! Buenas tardes! Buenas noches!
III. Actividades / Activities

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y conociendo a sus vecinos. / Carlos Gonzlez and Alejandra Fallas have just moved with their family to the
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a. Completa las siguientes frases con la expresin apropiada. / Complete the following sentences with the appropriate
expression.
1. Esteban: Hola, ___________________ estn?
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7
b. Escribe una expresin similar a la expresin original. / Write an expression similar to the original expression.
1. Encantado. _____________________________ 4. Ms o menos. ____________________________________
4XpWDO"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB0LQRPEUHHV __________________________________
0X\ELHQJUDFLDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB1RVYHPRV ______________________________________
c. Escoge una respuesta apropiada en cada situacin. / Choose an appropriate answer in each situation.
1. Hola. Cmo est?

D,JXDOPHQWH E%LHQJUDFLDV<XVWHG" F+DVWDOXHJR
/HSUHVHQWRD/XLVD
D0iVRPHQRV E%LHQJUDFLDV F0XFKRJXVWR
%XHQDVWDUGHV4XpWDO"
D,JXDOPHQWH E0X\ELHQ<XVWHG" F1RVYHPRV
4. Hasta maana.
D5HJXODU E(QFDQWDGR F+DVWDSURQWR
5. Cmo te llamas?
D,JXDOPHQWH E%XHQRVGtDV F0HOODPR&DUORV
%XHQDVQRFKHV&yPRHVWiV"
D%LHQJUDFLDV<W~" E<XVWHG" F(QFDQWDGD
d. Agrega la expresin apropiada. / Add the appropriate expression.
%XHQDV DHVWiXVWHG"
&yPRWH EWDO"
4Xp FJXVWR
0XFKR G&DUORV
5. Les e. presento a mi amigo.
+DVWD IOODPDV"
&yPR JSURQWR
0LQRPEUHHV KWDUGHV
8
IV. Respuestas correctas / Correct Answers

a. 1. Cmo estn?
%LHQJUDFLDV0X\ELHQJUDFLDV
&yPRVHOODPDXVWHG"
4. Me llamo Carlos / Soy Carlos / Mi nombre es Carlos.
5. Soy Esteban / Mi nombre es Esteban / Me llamo Esteban.
0XFKRJXVWR
0XFKRJXVWR(QFDQWDGD(VXQSODFHU
,JXDOPHQWH
b. 0XFKRJXVWR,JXDOPHQWH(VXQSODFHU 5HJXODU

&yPRHVWiXVWHG"&yPRHVWiV" 6R\0HOODPR
%LHQJUDFLDV +DVWDOXHJR+DVWDSURQWR$GLyV&KDR
c. E%LHQJUDFLDV<XVWHG"

F0XFKRJXVWR
E0X\ELHQ<XVWHG"
F+DVWDSURQWR
F0HOODPR&DUORV
D%LHQJUDFLDV<W~"
d. K%XHQDVWDUGHV
I&yPRWHOODPDV"
E4XpWDO"
F0XFKRJXVWR
H/HVSUHVHQWRDPLDPLJR
J+DVWDSURQWR
D&yPRHVWiXVWHG"
G0LQRPEUHHV&DUORV
9
Lesson 'HQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1RXQV

elWKH>PDVFXOLQHVLQJODU@ losWKH>PDVFXOLQHSOXUDO@
laWKH>IHPLQLQHVLQJXODU@ lasWKH>IHPLQLQHSOXUDO@
el libro book la mano hand
la silla chair el mapa map
la mesa table el problema problem
la casa house el sistema system
la clase class el da day
el reloj watch, clock el cuaderno notebook, workbook
el lpiz pencil el aguaZDWHU>IHPLQLQH@
la pared wall la letra letter
la msica music el hotel hotel
el televisor television set la familia family
el papel paper
interesante interesting clsico classical
popular popular central central
inteligente intelligent
la educacin education la libertad liberty, freedom
la nacin nation la posibilidad possibility
la leccin lesson la actitud attitude
la universidad university la virtud virtue
el pianista male pianist el seor Mr., man
la pianista female pianist la seora Mrs., woman
el dentista male dentist la seorita Miss, young woman
la dentista female dentist el profesor male professor
el futbolista male soccer player la profesora female professor
la futbolista female soccer player el doctor male doctor
el chico boy la doctora female doctor
la chica girl llamar to call
en in hay there is, there are
de of, from

/HVVRQ'HQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1RXQV
el norte north el sur south
el oeste west el este east

A. Geography of the Spanish-Speaking World
Spanish is spoken in Europe, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, and Africa. The countries
ZKHUH6SDQLVKLVVSRNHQDVDQRIFLDOODQJXDJHZLWKLQHDFKRIWKHVHUHJLRQVDUHDVIROORZV
Europe: Spain.
North America: Mexico.
Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama.
The Caribbean: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.
6RXWK$PHULFD9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD(FXDGRU3HUX%ROLYLD3DUDJXD\&KLOH8UXJXD\$UJHQWLQD
Africa: Equatorial Guinea.
$V\RXOHDUQHGLQWKHUVWOHVVRQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVKDVPRUH6SDQLVKVSHDNHUVWKDQ6SDLQLQIDFWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
has more Spanish speakers than any other country except Mexico. Spanish is also widely spoken in Canada, Belize,
and the Philippines.
B. Nouns
All nouns in Spanish have a gender, meaning that they are either masculine or feminine. Most nouns that end in -o are
masculine, while most that end in -a are feminine. Beyond gender, nouns also have a number, meaning that they are
either singular or plural.
C. 'HQLWH$UWLFOHV
:KLOHWKHLVWKHRQO\GHQLWHDUWLFOHLQ(QJOLVKLQ6SDQLVKWKHUHDUHIRXUIRUPVRIWKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHelPDVFXOLQH
VLQJXODUlaIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUlosPDVFXOLQHSOXUDODQGlasIHPLQLQHSOXUDO([DPSOHVRIGHQLWHDUWLFOHVXVHG
with nouns include el libro >WKH ERRN@ la mesa >WKH WDEOH@ los cuadernos >WKH QRWHERRNV RU WKH ZRUNERRNV@ las
seoras>WKHZRPHQ@:KHQWKHSUHSRVLWLRQde>RI@LVIROORZHGE\WKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHel, de + el contracts to del. So, El
cuaderno del curso is The workbook of the course, or The courses workbook.
Although nouns ending in -o are usually masculine and nouns ending in -a are usually feminine, there are many nouns
in Spanish that have an ending other than -o or -a. For that reason, you should always learn a new noun with its
DFFRPSDQ\LQJGHQLWHDUWLFOH$V\RXOHDUQIRUH[DPSOHWKDWWKHKRWHOLVel hotel, you are reinforcing that hotel is a
masculine noun. And you need to know the gender of a noun, for example, so that you can use the proper form of an
adjective to describe the noun.
'HQLWHDUWLFOHVKDYHDYDULHW\RIXVHVLQ6SDQLVK$VLVWKHFDVHZLWK(QJOLVKWKH\FDQUHIHUWRVRPHWKLQJVSHFLF
For example, The class is interesting is La clase es interesante 8QOLNH (QJOLVK GHQLWH DUWLFOHV DUH DOVR XVHG
when talking about a noun in a general sense. To say, for example, Freedom is important, you would say La libertad
es importante'HQLWHDUWLFOHVDUHDOVRQHHGHGZKHQVSHDNLQJRUZULWLQJDERXWSHRSOHZLWKWLWOHVVXFKDVseor,
seora, seorita, profesor, profesora, doctor, and doctora. To say Professor Ana Cano is popular, for example,
you would say La profesora Ana Cano es popular1RGHQLWHDUWLFOHLVQHHGHGZKHQWDONLQJGLUHFWO\WRDSHUVRQZLWK
a title, so Hello, Professor Cano is Hola, Profesora Cano.
D. Knowing the Gender of a Noun

<RXKDYHOHDUQHGWKDWQRXQVHQGLQJLQ-aDUHXVXDOO\IHPLQLQH:RUGVHQGLQJLQWKHVXI[HV-in, -ad, and -tud are also
DOPRVWDOZD\VIHPLQLQH([DPSOHVRIIHPLQLQHQRXQVZLWKWKHVHVXI[HVLQFOXGHla leccin>OHVVRQ@la posiblilidad
>SRVVLELOLW\@DQGla virtud>YLUWXH@>1RWH7HFKQLFDOO\la leccin, for example, means the lesson. But throughout the
ZRUNERRNDQGDXGLRJORVVDULHVDOWKRXJKWKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHDSSHDUVEHIRUHWKHQRXQLQ6SDQLVKDQGFDQWKHUHE\KHOS
\RXUHPHPEHUWKHQRXQVJHQGHUWKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHWKHGRHVQRWDSSHDUEHIRUHWKHQRXQLQ(QJOLVK@
11
,Q WKH ZD\ WKDW QRXQV HQGLQJ LQ -o are usually masculine, nouns ending in -r and -l are also usually masculine.
Examples of masculine nouns ending in -r and -l include el televisor>WHOHYLVLRQVHW@DQGel hotel >KRWHO@
Words ending in -ista look feminine because they end in -a. But these words actually can be either masculine or
feminine, as seen, for example, in el futbolista>PDOHVRFFHUSOD\HU@DQGla futbolista>IHPDOHVRFFHUSOD\HU@6SDQLVK
words ending in -ma also look feminine because of the -a ending, but many of these words are actually masculine,
including el sistema>V\VWHP@DQGel problema>SUREOHP@
6SHFLF ZRUGV WKDW VHHP WR EH RQH JHQGHU EXW DUH WKH RWKHU LQFOXGH el da >GD\@ DQG el mapa >PDS@ ZKLFK DUH
masculine, and la mano>KDQG@ZKLFKLVIHPLQLQH
Feminine nouns beginning with the sound -a in a stressed syllable use el rather than la DV WKHLU GHQLWH DUWLFOH El
agua>ZDWHU@IRUH[DPSOHLVLQGHHGDIHPLQLQHQRXQEXWLWXVHVel rather than laDVLWVGHQLWHDUWLFOH>1RWH,Ila
ZHUHXVHGDVWKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHIRUagua, then the two a sounds when pronounced would run together and sound like
laaaagua. Using el instead of laDYRLGVWKLVSUREOHP@)HPLQLQHQRXQVEHJLQQLQJZLWKWKHVRXQGa in a syllable that is
QRWVWUHVVHGNHHSWKHXVXDOGHQLWHDUWLFOHRIlaHJla actitud>DWWLWXGH@
E. Making Nouns Plural

The three rules for making a noun plural in Spanish are as follows.
1. ,IDQRXQHQGVLQDYRZHODGG-s: la silla>FKDLU@ las sillas.

,IDQRXQHQGVLQDFRQVRQDQWRWKHUWKDQz, add -es: el papel>SDSHU@ los papeles
,IDQRXQHQGVLQDz, change the z to c and add -es: el lpiz>SHQFLO@ los lpices
F. The Alphabet in Spanish

7KH6SDQLVKDOSKDEHWKDVOHWWHUV7KH\LQFOXGHWKHXVHGLQ(QJOLVKSOXVWKHOHWWHUDVVHHQLQEspaaZKLFK
comes right after the letter n in the alphabet.
G. Pronunciation of Several Consonant Sounds

Pronunciation is not about letters, and its not about spellingits about sound. So, listen carefully when you hear
words in Spanish and do your best to reproduce the sounds you hear.
The letters f, l, m, and n are pronounced the same in Spanish as they are in English and are found in such words as la
profesora>IHPDOHSURIHVVRU@la libertad>OLEHUW\IUHHGRP@la msica>PXVLF@DQGla nacin>QDWLRQ@
The letter s is always pronounced as s and never as z. The name Jos, for example, is pronounced with an s sound,
not a z sound.
The letter h is silent in Spanish, so el hotel>KRWHO@IRUH[DPSOHVKRXOGEHSURQRXQFHGDVel otel. When h follows c, it

makes a ch sound, as found in la chica>JLUO@
The letter t in Spanish is never aspirated when pronounced, meaning that you produce no puff of air when you make
the sound of t,QIDFWWKHt in Spanish sounds like a combination of t and d.
The sound that corresponds with single r in Spanish is similar to the sound made when d is pronounced in English.
The sound corresponding to j in Spanish, as used in the names Juan and Jos, has no exact equivalent in English.
Both the audio glossaries and the speaking activities offer numerous opportunities for you to listen to the pronunciation
of words in Spanish and practice your own pronunciation. The best way to improve your pronunciation is to listen
carefully when you hear Spanish and speak a lot of Spanish yourself.

/HVVRQ'HQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1RXQV

a.$JUHJDHODUWtFXORGHQLGRDSURSLDGRDFDGDVXVWDQWLYR$GGWKHDSSURSULDWHGHQLWHDUWLFOHWRHDFKQRXQ
1. ________ universidad 4. ________ lpices 7. ________ mapas
BBBBBBBBOLEURV BBBBBBBBVLVWHPD BBBBBBBBHGXFDFLyQ
BBBBBBBBGtD BBBBBBBBFXDGHUQRV BBBBBBBBDFWLWXG
b. La familia Gonzlez Fallas desempaca las cajas que tienen las cosas que necesitan en su nueva casa. / The
Gonzlez Fallas family is unpacking the boxes that have the things they need in their new home.
$\XGDDODIDPLOLD*RQ]iOH])DOODVDGHVHPSDFDUVXVFRVDV$JUHJDHODUWtFXORGHQLGRDSURSLDGRDFDGDVXVWDQWLYR
+HOSWKH*RQ]iOH])DOODVIDPLO\XQSDFNWKHLUWKLQJV$GGWKHDSSURSULDWHGHQLWHDUWLFOHWRHDFKQRXQ
1. ________ televisor BBBBBBBBDOIRPEUD>UXJ@
BBBBBBBBPHVDV 7. ________ cuadernos
BBBBBBBBOiPSDUDV>ODPSV@ 8. ________ mapas
4. ________ papeles 9. ________ libros
BBBBBBBBFRPSXWDGRUD>FRPSXWHU@ BBBBBBBPHVDV
c. La familia Gonzlez Fallas no recuerda cuntas cosas tienen en las cajas. / The Gonzlez Fallas family doesnt
remember how many things they have in the boxes.
$\~GDORVKDFLHQGRHOSOXUDOGHODVVLJXLHQWHVFRVDVTXHKDQGHVHPSDFDGR+HOSWKHPE\PDNLQJWKHSOXUDORIWKH
following things they have unpacked.
1. el cuaderno ____________ ODFDPD>EHG@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
ODOiPSDUDBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8. el reloj ____________________
HOWHOHYLVRUBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODELFLFOHWD>ELF\FOH@BBBBBBBBBB
HO]DSDWR>VKRH@BBBBBBBBB HOSHUIXPH>SHUIXPH@BBBBBBBB
5. el mapa _______________ 11. el papel ___________________
6. la alfombra ____________ HOOiSL]BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

d. Escoge la respuesta correcta. / Choose the correct answer.
&XiO>:KDW@HVHOSOXUDOGHreloj" DUHORMHV EUHORMV FUHORMHFHV
&XiOHVHOVLQJXODUGHtelevisores" DWHOHYLVR EWHOHYLVRU FWHOHYLVRUH
&XiOHVHOSOXUDOGHhotel" DKRWHO EKRWHOHV FKRWHOV
4. Cul es el singular de doctoras" DGRFWRU EGRFWRUDV FGRFWRUD
&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHsistema" DOD EODV FHO
&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHmano" DHO EOD FORV
&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHproblemas" DORV EODV FHO
&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHdentistas" DORV EODV FOD
&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHfutbolistas" DORV EODV FOD
&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHpapel" DOD EHO FODV

a. 1. la universidad 4. los lpices 7. los mapas
ORVOLEURV HOVLVWHPD ODHGXFDFLyQ
HOGtD ORVFXDGHUQRV ODDFWLWXG
b. 1. el 6. la
ODV ORV
ODV ORV
4. los 9. los
OD ODV
c. 1. los cuadernos 7. las camas

ODVOiPSDUDV ORVUHORMHV
ORVWHOHYLVRUHV ODVELFLFOHWDV
ORV]DSDWRV ORVSHUIXPHV
5. los mapas 11. los papeles
ODVDOIRPEUDV ORVOiSLFHV
d. DUHORMHV
EWHOHYLVRU
EKRWHOHV
FGRFWRUD
FHO
EOD
DORV
DORVDQGEODV
DORVDQGEODV
EHO
14
Lesson Subject Pronouns and the Verb Ser

yo, l he
t\RX>VLQJXODULQIRUPDO@ ella she
usted\RX>VLQJXODUIRUPDO@
nosotrosZH>PDVFXOLQH@ ustedes\RX>SOXUDOIRUPDO@
nosotrasZH>IHPLQLQH@ ellosWKH\>PDVFXOLQH@
vosotros\RX>PDVFXOLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@ ellasWKH\>IHPLQLQH@
vosotras\RX>IHPLQLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@
ser to be Hablen! 6SHDN>SOXUDOFRPPDQG@
No esperen! 'RQWZDLW>SOXUDOFRPPDQG@
alto tall accidental accidental
simptico nice usual usual
antiptico unfriendly normal normal
guapo good-looking optimista optimistic
bonito pretty pesimista pessimistic
feo ugly activo active
joven young responsable responsible
viejo old
largo long embarazada pregnant
corto short in length elegante elegant
grande big excelente excellent
pequeo small fantstico fantastic
avergonzado embarrassed
el accidente accident el taxi taxi
la cuestin question, issue el telfono telephone
la pregunta question el colegio high school
15
la persona person el amigo male friend
el vecino male neighbor la amiga female friend
la vecina female neighbor el novio boyfriend
el hombre man la novia girlfriend
la mujer woman
y and s yes
o or no no, not
pero but ahora now

A. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU$ELOLW\WR6SHDN
,WVLPSRUWDQWDVDEHJLQQLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQHUWKDW\RXWDNHHYHU\RSSRUWXQLW\WRVSHDN6SDQLVK'RQWZDLWXQWLO\RXYH
learned more vocabulary and grammar. Hablen espaol ahora!>6SHDN6SDQLVKQRZ@7KHEHVWZD\WRLPSURYH
your spoken Spanish is to speak more.
B. Subject Pronouns
The singular subject pronouns in Spanish are yo , t \RX >VLQJXODU LQIRUPDO@ usted \RX >VLQJXODU IRUPDO@
l he; and ella she. The plural subject pronouns are nosotros ZH >PDVFXOLQH@ nosotras ZH >IHPLQLQH@
vosotros\RX>PDVFXOLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@vosotras\RX>IHPLQLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@ustedes\RX>SOXUDOIRUPDO@
ellosWKH\>PDVFXOLQH@DQGellasWKH\>IHPLQLQH@
The informal, singular way to say you is t; the formal, singular way to say you is usted,I\RXUHVSHDNLQJWRD
family member, a friend, or someone else youre well acquainted with, youll probably use t<RXOOXVHusted when
WDONLQJZLWKVRPHRQH\RXKDYHDIRUPDOUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKRUZLWKVRPHRQH\RXGRQWNQRZZHOO,I\RXUHQRWVXUHZKLFK
pronoun to use, its better to use usted, because using the informal t can be seen as rude by someone you dont
know well.
The vosotros and vosotrasIRUPVZKLFKDUHSOXUDOLQIRUPDOZD\VWRVD\\RXDUHXVHGRQO\LQ6SDLQ,Q/DWLQ$PHULFD

the plural of t is ustedes and the plural of usted is ustedes; vosotros and vosotras are never used in Latin America.
The pronouns nosotros, vosotros, and ellos are used when referring to a group of all men or a mixed group of men
and women. Even a group of many women and just one man would be referred to with these masculine pronouns. The
pronouns nosotras, vosotras, and ellas are used only when every member of the group is female.
C. 7KH9HUEser
7KHLQQLWLYHIRUPZKLFKLVWKHYHUEIRUPIRXQGLQWKHGLFWLRQDU\RIDOO6SDQLVKYHUEVHQGVLQ-ar, -er, or -ir. Ser, the
LQQLWLYH IRUP PHDQLQJ WR EH KDV WKH IROORZLQJ VL[ IRUPV LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.
Conjugating a verb means giving its proper verb forms for different subjects in a given tense. Ser is conjugated with
the subject pronouns in the present tense as follows.
Ser with singular subject pronouns: yo soy; t eres; usted, l, or ella es

Ser with plural subject pronouns: nosotros or nosotras somos; vosotros or vosotras sois;
ustedes, ellos, or ellas son
Any singular subject that is not yo or t uses the verb form esHJLa clase es importante
Any plural subject that is not nosotros, nosotras, vosotros, or vosotras uses the verb form sonHJLos amigos
son optimistas
16
/HVVRQ6XEMHFW3URQRXQVDQGWKH9HUESer
SerLVXVHGWRLGHQWLI\DSHUVRQRUWKLQJElla es ClaudiaWRWDONDERXWRQHVSURIHVVLRQSon doctoresRULJLQ

RUQDWLRQDOLW\Roberto es de ChileRUWRGHVFULEHLQKHUHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVRPHRQHRUVRPHWKLQJCarla es
inteligente; El hotel es elegante
D. Cognates
Spanish and English share many cognates, which are words that are the same or similar in two languages. Sometimes
Spanish cognates are spelled the same as the word in English: normal, hotel, usual. Other Spanish cognates are
spelled similar to, but not the same as, the word in English: activo, responsable, excelente<RXUFRPSUHKHQVLRQRI
Spanish will improve if you listen for cognates when conversing and look for them when reading.
Occasionally, a Spanish word will look like an English word but mean something else. These words are called false
cognates. Examples include largoZKLFKORRNVOLNHODUJHEXWPHDQVORQJDQGcolegioZKLFKORRNVOLNHFROOHJH
EXW PHDQV KLJK VFKRRO )DOVH FRJQDWHV KRZHYHU DUH UHODWLYHO\ UDUH FRPSDUHG WR WKH YDVW QXPEHU RI FRJQDWHV
shared by English and Spanish.
E. Adjectives
$GMHFWLYHVLQ6SDQLVKPXVWDJUHHLQQXPEHUDQGJHQGHUZLWKWKHQRXQEHLQJPRGLHG6RLIWKHVXEMHFWLVPDVFXOLQH
singular, the adjective must also be masculine singular, and if the subject is feminine plural, the adjective must also be
feminine plural.
Adjectives ending in -o have four forms. For example, viejo, meaning old, has the following four forms: viejo
PDVFXOLQHVLQJXODUviejaIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUviejosPDVFXOLQHSOXUDOviejasIHPLQLQHSOXUDO
Adjectives ending in -e have two forms, as can be seen in responsable PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH VLQJXODU DQG
responsablesPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSOXUDO
Adjectives ending in -ista have two forms, as can be seen in pesimista PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH VLQJXODU DQG
pesimistasPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSOXUDO

a. Decide si debes dirigirte a las siguientes personas de una manera formal o informal. / Decide if you should address
the following people in a formal or informal way.
<RXDUHDERXWWRFDOO\RXUIULHQGWRDVNKLPWRZDWFKWKHJDPHZLWK\RX ________________________________
<RXUXQFOHZDQWVWRERUURZ\RXUFDU ____________________________________________________________
<RXUERVVMXVWVHQW\RXDQHPDLO ______________________________________________________________
<RXUQHLJKERULVLQYLWLQJ\RXWRDJDWKHULQJRQ6DWXUGD\ ____________________________________________
5. The CEO of the company is entering the room. ____________________________________________________
<RXMXVWPHWVRPHRQH_______________________________________________________________________
7. The President of the United States is coming to your town. __________________________________________
<RXDQG\RXUVLVWHUDUHJRLQJWRFHOHEUDWHKHUELUWKGD\ _____________________________________________
9. Someone called and it was a wrong number. _____________________________________________________
<RXPHHWDUDQGRPSHUVRQDWWKHVXSHUPDUNHW __________________________________________________
17
b. Alejandra est hablando sobre su familia con su vecina Cecilia. / Alejandra is talking about her family with her
neighbor Cecilia.
Agrega la conjugacin correcta del verbo ser. / Add the correct conjugation of the verb ser.
&DUORVBBBBBBBBBBPLHVSRVR>P\KXVEDQG@
3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBPLKLMR>VRQ@
0DULVROBBBBBBBBBPLKLMD>GDXJKWHU@
3DEOR\0DULVROBBBBBBBBBPLVKLMRV>FKLOGUHQ@
<RBBBBBBBBBBODHVSRVD>ZLIH@GH&DUORV
<RBBBBBBBBBBODPDGUH>PRWKHU@GH3DEOR\0DULVRO
7. Nosotros __________ la familia Gonzlez Fallas.
&DUORVBBBBBBBBHOSDGUH>IDWKHU@GH3DEOR\0DULVRO
9. De dnde ________ usted y Luis?
c. /D IDPLOLD *RQ]iOH] )DOODV FRQWLQ~D FRQRFLHQGR D ORV PLHPEURV GH VX QXHYR YHFLQGDULR HQ 9LOOD &HOHVWH 7KH
*RQ]iOH])DOODVIDPLO\FRQWLQXHVWRPHHWWKHPHPEHUVRIWKHLUQHZQHLJKERUKRRGLQ9LOOD&HOHVWH
Completa el dilogo entre Alejandra, Luisa, Pablo y Marisol usando el verbo ser y palabras para saludarse y
presentarse. / Complete the dialogue between Alejandra, Luisa, Pablo, and Marisol using the verb ser and words to
greet others and introduce oneself.
$OHMDQGUD+ROD0HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB$OHMDQGUD
/XLVD0XFKRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/XLVD
$OHMDQGUD/HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD3DEOReOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLKLMR
/XLVD(QFDQWDGD0LQRPEUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/XLVD
3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(OODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLKHUPDQD0DULVRO
Marisol: Qu tal?
/XLVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQJUDFLDV
/XLVD/HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLKLMD(OHQD(OODBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDQWHGHODXQLYHUVLGDG
0DULVROBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJXVWR
(OHQD,JXDOPHQWH(ULFD\)HOLSHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLVKHUPDQRV
d. Elena est hablando con Marisol. / Elena is talking with Marisol.
Qu pronombres personales necesita Elena para hablar de? / What subject pronouns does Elena need to talk
about?
18
/HVVRQ6XEMHFW3URQRXQVDQGWKH9HUESer
1. Mis amigos y yo ______________.
0LVYHFLQDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(OH[QRYLR>H[ER\IULHQG@GH(OHQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Los ex-novios de Marisol y de Elena ______________.
5. Una amiga de Elena ______________.
6. Elena y su familia ______________.
7. Los amigos de Pablo ______________.
8. Las amigas de Elena _________________.
9. Elena ______________.
3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/RVKHUPDQRV>VLEOLQJV@GH(OHQD(ULFD\)HOLSH\(OHQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/DKHUPDQD>VLVWHU@GH(OHQD\(OHQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0DULVROBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
14. Marisol y su familia ________________.
e. Luisa est hablando con su esposo Esteban sobre los nuevos vecinos. / Luisa is talking with her husband Esteban
about the new neighbors.
Completa las frases usando la forma correcta de los adjetivos y el verbo ser si es necesario. / Complete the sentences
using the correct form of the adjectives and the verb ser if its necessary.
DFWLYRD IDQWiVWLFRD DOWRD JXDSRD
VLPSiWLFRD inteligente excelente responsable VLPSiWLFRD
/XLVD $OHMDQGUDHVXQDEXHQDSHUVRQDBBBBBBBBBBBXQDPXMHUPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(VWHEDQ &DUORV\3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWDPELpQ>DOVR@
/XLVD &DUORV$OHMDQGUD3DEOR\0DULVROBBBBBBBBBBBBODIDPLOLD*RQ]iOH])DOODV
(VWHEDQ 3DEORMXHJDWUHVGHSRUWHV>SOD\VWKUHHVSRUWV@eOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQFKLFRBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/XLVD <3DEORHVWiHQODHVFXHODVHFXQGDULD>LVLQKLJKVFKRRO@6XVQRWDV>+LVJUDGHV@BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBeOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(VWHEDQ (OHQD\0DULVROWDPELpQWLHQHQ>KDYH@QRWDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(OODVBBBBBBBBBBBPX\
BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
19

a. 1. informal 6. formal
LQIRUPDO IRUPDO
IRUPDO LQIRUPDO
4. informal 9. formal
IRUPDO IRUPDO
b. 1. es 6. soy
HV VRPRV
HV HV
4. son 9. son
5. soy
c. 1. llamo 8. es
JXVWR 0X\
0HOODPR6R\0LQRPEUHHV SUHVHQWRD
4. presento 11. es
HV 0XFKR
HV VRQ
7. Mucho gusto. / Encantado. / Es un placer.
d. 1. nosotros 8. ellas
HOODV \R
pO pO
4. ellos 11. nosotros
HOOD QRVRWUDV
QRVRWURV XVWHGW~
7. ellos 14. ustedes / vosotros
e. 1. Es 8. son
VLPSiWLFDIDQWiVWLFD IDQWiVWLFDV
VRQ HV
4. simpticos / fantsticos 11. inteligente
VRQ IDQWiVWLFDV
HV VRQ
7. activo 14. inteligentes
$V LV WKH FDVH ZLWK DOO RI WKHVH H[DPSOHV WKH ZD\ \RX DGGUHVV WKHVH SHRSOH GHSHQGV RQ WKH FORVHQHVV RI \RXU
UHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHP,WVDOVRSRVVLEOHWKDW\RXPLJKWDGGUHVV\RXUXQFOHLQDIRUPDOZD\
7KH ZRUG fantstica already conveys the idea of something extremely good, so it would be odd to say muy
fantstica because it would be redundant. Simptica is the better answer.

Lesson Regular -ar Verbs in the Present
4
cubano Cuban venezolano9HQH]XHODQ
dominicano Dominican colombiano Colombian
puertorriqueo Puerto Rican ecuatoriano Ecuadorian
norteamericano1RUWK$PHULFDQ peruano Peruvian
mexicano Mexican boliviano Bolivian
guatemalteco Guatemalan chileno Chilean
salvadoreo Salvadoran paraguayo Paraguayan
hondureo Honduran argentino Argentine
nicaragense Nicaraguan uruguayo Uruguayan
costarricense Costa Rican espaol Spaniard
panameo Panamanian ecuatoguineano Equatorial Guinean
el caf coffee el trabajador worker
hablar to speak, to talk trabajar to work
bailar to dance llegar to arrive
tomar to take, to drink estudiar to study
ayudar to help cantar to sing
comprar to buy cocinar to cook
preparar to prepare indicar to indicate
escuchar to hear ordenar to order
viajar to travel dedicar to dedicate
fuerte strong contento happy
egostaVHOVK famoso famous
trabajador hard-working formal formal
hablador talkative informal informal
ideal ideal bueno good
tmido timid malo bad
terrible terrible mucho a lot
fenomenal phenomenal muchos many
paciente patient poco little
impaciente impatient pocos few


A. &RQMXJDWLQJ9HUEVLQ6SDQLVK
$V \RX OHDUQHG LQ DQ HDUOLHU OHVVRQ WKH LQQLWLYH IRUP RI D YHUE LV WKH IRUP WKDW DSSHDUV LQ WKH GLFWLRQDU\ DQG LV D
QRQFRQMXJDWHGYHUEIRUP$OO6SDQLVKYHUEVKDYHLQQLWLYHIRUPVHQGLQJHLWKHULQ-ar, -er, or -ir, so the three kinds of
verbs in Spanish are -ar verbs, -er verbs, and -ir verbs.
7KH LQQLWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE KDV WZR SDUWV WKH VWHP RI WKH ZRUG ZKLFK LV HYHU\WKLQJ EHIRUH WKH HQGLQJ DQG WKH
HQGLQJLWVHOIZKLFKLVHLWKHU-ar, -er, or -ir)RUH[DPSOHWKHVWHPRIviajarWRWUDYHOLVviaj-, and the verbs ending
is -ar2QFH\RXYHLGHQWLHGWKHVWHPRIDYHUE\RXFRQMXJDWHWKHYHUEE\DGGLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHHQGLQJWRWKHVWHP
for the given subject.
B. Conjugating Regular -ar9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW

The present tense endings for regular -ar verbs are -o, -as, -a, -amos, -is, and -an. The following is an example of a
regular -ar verb conjugated in the present tense.
ayudar>WRKHOS@
yo ayudo nosotros, nosotras ayudamos
W~ D\XGas vosotros, vosotras ayudis
l, ella, usted ayuda ellos, ellas, ustedes ayudan
The verb form ayudamos, for example, can mean We help, We do help, We are helping, or evenin certain
contextsWe are going to help.
C. :KHQWR8VH6XEMHFW3URQRXQVEHIRUH9HUEV
Because the ending of a verb indicates the verbs subject, most often Spanish speakers do not include a subject
pronoun before the verb. There are, however, two common cases in which subject pronouns are used. They are often
used before verbs in the third-person singular and plural because there can be many possible subjects for these verb
forms. Trabaja muchoIRUH[DPSOHFRXOGPHDQ<RXZRUNDORWZLWKWKHVXEMHFWEHLQJustedRULWFRXOGEH+H
works a lot, or She works a lot. To clarify, then, its common to include a subject with a third-person form of the verb
and say, for example, Usted estudia mucho.
$QRWKHUWLPHWRXVHDVXEMHFWSURQRXQLVWRHPSKDVL]HWKHVXEMHFW,IIRUH[DPSOHSHRSOHDURXQG\RXDUHVD\LQJWKDW
they dont sing much, and you actually do, it would be appropriate to say Yo canto muchoHPSKDVL]LQJ,do sing a lot.
D. More Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns

Adjectives ending in -dor in the masculine singular have four forms, as can be seen with the adjective meaning
talkative: hablador, habladora, habladores, habladoras. Any adjective of nationality that ends in a consonant also
has four forms, as seen in the adjective meaning French: francs, francesa, franceses, francesas. Except for
adjectives ending in -o, -dor, and ones ending in consonants that express nationality, almost all other adjectives in
6SDQLVKKDYHWZRIRUPVHJfenomenal, fenomenales; terrible, terribles
E. Placement of Adjectives
$GMHFWLYHVLQ6SDQLVKDOPRVWDOZD\VIROORZWKHQRXQPRGLHGHJlas doctoras ideales7RPRGLI\DQRXQZLWKWZR
adjectives, put the adjectives after the noun and put yDQGEHWZHHQWKHPHJel pianista famoso y egosta
Bueno and maloFDQJREHIRUHRUDIWHUWKHPRGLHGQRXQ%HIRUHPDVFXOLQHQRXQVERWKRIWKHVHDGMHFWLYHVGURSWKH
-oHJel buen hombre; el mal da$GMHFWLYHVRITXDQWLW\SUHFHGHWKHPRGLHGQRXQHJmuchos estudiantes;
poca agua

/HVVRQ5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
F. Pronunciation of Consonants
The double-r sound requires that you roll your r, creating a sound that does not exist in English. The sound is required
when a word has the letter combination rr, when a word starts with r, and after the letters l, n, and sHJcarro, Ral,
alrededor, Enrique, Israel<RXPDNHWKHVRXQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJZLWKrr by having your tongue vibrate up against the
center of the roof of your mouth.
At the start of a word or after the letters n and l, you pronounce d as you would in English. After a vowel, the sound of
the d should be like the th sound of the English word this. When saying the name David, for example, you should
SURQRXQFHWKHUVWd similar to the d sound made in English and the second d similar to the th of this.
There are variations by country, but in many places, both y and ll are pronounced similar to the way y is pronounced
in English.

a. Cecilia Ruiz Ramrez es una secretaria ejecutiva en un banco muy importante de su ciudad. Ella est explicando
lo que hace generalmente durante la semana. / Cecilia Ruiz Ramrez is an executive secretary at a major bank in her
city. She is explaining what she usually does during the week.
Completa las frases siguientes con la conjugacin del verbo en presente. / Complete the following sentences with the
present tense conjugation of the verb.
7RGRVORVGtDV>(YHU\GD\@\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUFDIpFRQPLHVSRVR>P\KXVEDQG@/XLV0LHVSRVR
\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDUDOWUDEDMR>DWZRUN@DODVGHODPDxDQD0LVFROHJDV>P\FROOHDJXHV@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDUDODV1RVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUFDIpDODV(QPLWUDEDMR
\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVFXFKDUDPXFKDVSHUVRQDVTXH>WKDW@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODUHQODVUHXQLRQHV
>PHHWLQJV@<RDYHFHV>DWWLPHV@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODUWDPELpQ>DOVR@SHURJHQHUDOPHQWH>JHQHUDOO\@\R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUODVQRWDV>QRWHV@LPSRUWDQWHVGHODVUHXQLRQHV0LDVLVWHQWH>0\DVVLVWDQW@WDPELpQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUQRWDVHQODVUHXQLRQHV7RGRVORVGtDVPLDVLVWHQWH\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
OODPDUDPXFKDVSHUVRQDV7DPELpQ\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYLDMDUDGRVVLPSRVLRV>V\PSRVLXPV@FDGDDxR
>HDFK\HDU@(QFDVDPLHVSRVR\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSUHSDUDUODFHQD>GLQQHU@MXQWRV>WRJHWKHU@$OEHUWR
PLKLMR>VRQ@QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDUDFHQDU>WRKDYHGLQQHU@FRQ>ZLWK@QRVRWURVSRUTXH>EHFDXVH@
pOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUDEDMDUPX\WDUGH>ODWH@'LHJRPLRWUR>RWKHU@KLMR\VXV>KLV@DPLJRVDYHFHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDUDFHQDUFRQQRVRWURV(OORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRFLQDUHOSRVWUH>GHVVHUW@
b. De la historia anterior, escribe la forma negativa de los siguientes verbos. / From the previous story, write the
negative form of the following verbs.
0LVFROHJDV\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUFDIpDODVGHODPDana.
(OORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDUDODVGHODPDana.
<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODUQXQFD>QHYHU@HQODVUHXQLRQHV
'LHJRPLKLMR\VXSURIHVRUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDUDFRPHUFRQQRVRWURV

c.5HVSRQGHDODVSUHJXQWDVGHIRUPDDUPDWLYD$QVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQVDIUPDWLYHO\
1. Bailas mucho? ________________________________________________________________.
&ODUD\5REHUWREDLODQWDQJR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(VWXGLDVHQODXQLYHUVLGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7~\WX>\RXU@IDPLOLDSUHSDUDQODFHQDMXQWRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5. Tomas agua todos los das? ______________________________________________________.
,VDEHOFRPSUDODFRPLGDHQHOVXSHUPHUFDGR>VXSHUPDUNHW@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7. Andrea Bocelli a veces canta en espaol? ___________________________________________.
8. Cocinas pizza con amigos? _______________________________________________________.
/DVFKLFDVPLUDQHOI~WERO>VRFFHU@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(VFXFKDQXVWHGHVP~VLFDHQHOFDUUR>FDU@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
d. Cecilia Ruiz Ramrez est en un simposio esta semana. Ella est impresionada por la organizacin del simposio. /
Cecilia Ruiz Ramrez is at a symposium this week. She is impressed by the organization of the symposium.
Escoge el adjetivo de cantidad correcto. / Choose the correct adjective of quantity.
(QODPHVDKD\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRPXFKDPXFKRVPXFKDVFRPLGD>IRRG@
(QODUHFHSFLyQ>UHFHSWLRQGHVN@KD\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRPXFKDPXFKRVPXFKDVSURJUDPDV

>SURJUDPV@GHOVLPSRVLR
(QHOVDOyQ>PHHWLQJURRP@QRUWHKD\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRFRSRFDSRFRVSRFDVFDIp
(QHOVDOyQRHVWHKD\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRFRSRFDSRFRVSRFDVSHUVRQDV
(QHOVDOyQVXUKD\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRPXFKDPXFKRVPXFKDVSHUVRQDV
(QODUHFHSFLyQKD\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRPXFKDVPXFKRVPXFKDVEHELGDV>GULQNV@SHUR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRFRSRFDSRFRVSRFDVVHUYLOOHWDV>QDSNLQV@
e. Luis Corts Navarro es el dueo de una agencia de viajes. El conoce a muchas personas de distintas nacionalidades.
eO HVWi PLUDQGR XQ iOEXP GH IRWRV \ HVWi UHFRUGDQGR ODV QDFLRQDOLGDGHV GH VXV DPLJRV \ DPLJDV /XLV &RUWpV
Navarro is the owner of a travel agency. He knows many people of different nationalities. He is looking at a photo
album and is remembering his friends nationalities.
Escoge el adjetivo correcto. / Choose the correct adjective.

/HVVRQ5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
*HUDUGR0DUWtQH]HVPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVLPSiWLFRVLPSiWLFDVLPSiWLFRVVLPSiWLFDVeOHVGH
ODFLXGDG>FLW\@GH*XDGDODMDUD0p[LFReOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPH[LFDQRPH[LFDQDPH[LFDQRV
PH[LFDQDV
+DJHQ+RIIPHLWHU\VXHVSRVD>ZLIH@%ULJLWWHVRQGH1~UHPEHUJ(OORVVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDFWLYRDFWLYD
DFWLYRVDFWLYDV\VRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOHPiQDOHPDQDDOHPDQHVDOHPDQDV
(O5H\>.LQJ@)HOLSH9,HVGH0DGULG\HVPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOWRDOWDDOWRVDOWDV6XHVSRVD/HWL]LD
2UWL]HVGH2YLHGR$VWXULDV(OORVVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVSDxROHVSDxRODHVSDxROHVHVSDxRODV
3LHUUH'XERLVHVGH'LMRQ\VXIDPLOLDHVGH7RXORXVHeOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIUDQFpVIUDQFHVD
IUDQFHVHVIUDQFHVDeOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDQWHHVWXGLDQWHVGHPHGLFLQD>PHGLFLQH@
-XDQ0DQXHO5tRVHVGH%XHQRV$LUHVeO\VXKHUPDQRVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSURIHVRUSURIHVRUD
SURIHVRUHVSURIHVRUDV(OORVVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDUJHQWLQRDUJHQWLQDDUJHQWLQRVDUJHQWLQDV
/DIDPLOLD)ORUHV4XLVSHHVGH/LPD(OORVVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHUXDQRSHUXDQDSHUXDQRV
SHUXDQDV
*UDFLHOD0HUFHGHV5DPtUH]9LOODOEDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHQWLVWDGHQWLVWDV(OODWUDEDMDHQ&DSLDWi(OODHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUDJXD\RSDUDJXD\DSDUDJXD\RVSDUDJXD\DV

a. 1. tomo 9. toma
OOHJDPRV OODPDPRV
OOHJDQ 11. viajo
4. tomamos SUHSDUDPRV
5. escucho OOHJD
6. hablan 14. trabaja
7. hablo 15. llegan
8. tomo 16. cocinan
b. QRWRPDPRV QRKDEOR

QROOHJDQ QROOHJDQ
c. 1. S, bailo mucho. 7. S, Andrea Bocelli a veces canta en espaol.

6t&ODUD\5REHUWREDLODQWDQJR 8. S, cocino pizza con amigos. / S, mis amigos y yo
6tHVWXGLRHQODXQLYHUVLGDG cocinamos pizza.
4. S, preparamos la cena juntos. 6tODVFKLFDVPLUDQHOI~WERO
5. S, tomo agua todos los das. 6tHVFXFKDPRVP~VLFDHQHOFDUUR
6t,VDEHOFRPSUDODFRPLGDHQHOVXSHUPHUFDGR

d. 1. mucha 5. muchas
PXFKRV 6. muchas
SRFR 7. pocas
4. pocas
e. 1. simptico / mexicano 5. profesores / argentinos

DFWLYRVDOHPDQHV 6. peruanos
DOWRHVSDxROHV 7. dentista / paraguaya
4. francs / estudiante

Lesson ,QGHQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR
5
unDDQ>PDVFXOLQHVLQJODU@ unosVRPH>PDVFXOLQH@
unaDDQ>IHPLQLQHVLQJXODU@ unasVRPH>IHPLQLQH@
el estudiante male student el bisbol baseball
la estudiante female student el examen exam
el guilaHDJOH>IHPLQLQH@ el kilmetro kilometer
el zapato shoe el kilo kilo
el deporte sport la cerveza beer
catlico Catholic extra extra
ensear to teach mirar to look at
caminar to walk llevar to wear, to carry
buscar to look for necesitar to need
cunto?, cunta? how much? para for
cuntos?, cuntas? how many? por favor please
cero zero seis six
uno one siete seven
dos two ocho eight
tres three nueve nine
cuatro four diez ten
cincoYH
once eleven diecisis sixteen
doce twelve diecisiete seventeen
trece thirteen dieciocho eighteen
catorce fourteen diecinueve nineteen
quinceIWHHQ veinte twenty
treinta thirty setenta seventy
cuarenta forty ochenta eighty
cincuentaIW\ noventa ninety
sesenta sixty cien one hundred


A. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU$ELOLW\WR&RPPXQLFDWHLQ6SDQLVK
%HLQJSURFLHQWLQ6SDQLVKUHDOO\PHDQVSHUIRUPLQJLWDVQHHGHG$QGSURSHUSHUIRUPDQFHRI6SDQLVKZKHQVSHDNLQJ
RUZULWLQJKDSSHQVRQO\DVWKHUHVXOWRIVXIFLHQWSUDFWLFH7KDWVZK\WKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHZD\WRLPSURYH\RXUDELOLW\WR
communicate in Spanish is to practice it as much as possible, whether by engaging with the audio glossary, speaking
activities, and workbook or by interacting with other Spanish speakers. Also, try to use Spanish even when youre
not studying the language by, for example, counting in Spanish in your daily life. The more contact you have with
Spanishthe more you speak it, read it, write it, or hear itthe quicker and more fully you will acquire the language.
B. ,QGHQLWH$UWLFOHV
:KLOHDDQGDQLQWKHVLQJXODUDQGVRPHLQWKHSOXUDODUHWKHLQGHQLWHDUWLFOHVLQ(QJOLVKLQ6SDQLVKWKHUHDUH
IRXU IRUPV RI WKH LQGHQLWH DUWLFOH un PDVFXOLQH VLQJXODU una IHPLQLQH VLQJXODU unos PDVFXOLQH SOXUDO unas
IHPLQLQHSOXUDO([DPSOHVRILQGHQLWHDUWLFOHVXVHGZLWKQRXQVLQFOXGHun zapato>DVKRH@una cerveza>DEHHU@
unos kilmetros >VRPHNLORPHWHUV@DQGunas guilas >VRPHHDJOHV@
,QJHQHUDOWKHLQGHQLWHDUWLFOHLQ6SDQLVKLVXVHGPXFKDVLWLVLQ(QJOLVK)RUH[DPSOH&DUORVLVWDNLQJDQH[DPLV
Carlos toma un examen8QOLNH(QJOLVKLQGHQLWHDUWLFOHVDUHW\SLFDOO\QRWXVHGZKHQWDONLQJDERXWRQHVSURIHVVLRQ
UHOLJLRQ RU QDWLRQDOLW\ HJ 0DUtD LV D GRFWRU LV Mara es doctora; Pedro is a Catholic is Pedro es catlico;
Teresa is a Spaniard is Teresa es espaola:KHQKRZHYHUWKHSURIHVVLRQUHOLJLRQRUQDWLRQDOLW\LVPRGLHGE\
DQDGMHFWLYHWKHQDQLQGHQLWHDUWLFOHLVXVHGHJMara es una doctora excelente; Pedro es un buen catlico;
Teresa es una espaola famosa
Feminine nouns beginning with the sound a in a stressed syllable use un rather than unaDVWKHLULQGHQLWHDUWLFOHUn
guila>DQHDJOH@IRUH[DPSOHLVLQGHHGDIHPLQLQHQRXQEXWLWXVHVun rather than unaDVLWVLQGHQLWHDUWLFOH>1RWH
,IunaZHUHXVHGDVWKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHIRUiJXLODWKHQWKHWZRa sounds would run together when pronounced and
sound like unaaaguila; using un instead of unaDYRLGVWKLVSUREOHP@)HPLQLQHQRXQVEHJLQQLQJZLWKWKHVRXQGa in
DV\OODEOHWKDWLVQRWVWUHVVHGNHHSWKHXVXDOGHQLWHDUWLFOHRIunaHJuna actitud>DQDWWLWXGH@
C. 1XPEHUVWR
Once you learn the numbers one to ten, you can use those numbers to help you learn ten to twenty and then the
multiples of ten from ten to one hundred. Notice the similarities and differences in the following numbers.
uno once diez

dos doce veinte
tres trece treinta
cuatro catorce cuarenta
cinco quince cincuenta
seis diecisis sesenta
siete diecisiete setenta
ocho dieciocho ochenta
nueve diecinueve noventa
diez veinte cien
Usually, a number doesnt change its form when modifying a noun. For example, siete stays the same in Hay siete
chicos and Hay siete chicas. Numbers that do change are those ending in -un or -una. For example, twenty-one men
uses the masculine form veintin hombres, while forty-one women uses the feminine form cuarenta y una mujeres.
D. Pronunciation
The Spanish letters b and v are associated with the same sound: the sound made when a b is pronounced in English.
Like the sound associated with the letter t, the sounds associated with the letters p, b, v, and k in Spanish are not
aspirated, meaning that you produce no puff of air when you pronounce words with these letters in them. When you

/HVVRQ,QGHQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR
say, for example, Bolivia or El taco es para Teresa\RXUPRXWKVKRXOGSURGXFHQRSXIIVRIDLU<RXFDQWHVWWKLVE\

putting your hand in front of your mouth when speaking; your hand should not feel any puffs of air when you pronounce
the sounds associated with t, p, b, v, and k.
The letters k and w are hardly used in Spanish because they only appear in words that come from other languages
HJel kilo, el whisky7KHVRXQGDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHOHWWHUw in Spanish is the same as it is in English.
The sounds made when pronouncing the letters c and g are as follows: The k sound is made when c appears before
a, o, or uHJla casa, el taco, CubaLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDWKHs sound is made when c appears before e or i, while in
Spain, the sound made is th, as in the English word this. So, Latin Americans would pronounce cero and cinco by
saying these words with an s sound, while someone from Madrid would say these words with a th sound. The sound
associated with z is always the same as the sound associated with ce and ci: Latin Americans would say zapato
>VKRH@E\SURQRXQFLQJDQs sound, while someone from Madrid would pronounce the word with a th sound.
The letter g is like c because the way its pronounced depends on the letter that follows it: The hard g sound is made
when g is followed by a, o, or uHJla galleta >FRRNLH@Gonzalo, GustavoWKH6SDQLVKj sound is made when the
letter following g is e or iHJArgentina, el gigante>JLDQW@
The letter x in Spanish is usually associated with the same sound produced by the xLQ(QJOLVKHJel taxi:LWK
certain Mexican place names, the x is pronounced with the sound made by jotaHJMxicoDWRWKHUWLPHVWKHx is
pronounced as an s, as in el xilfono>[\ORSKRQH@7KHOHWWHU is associated with the sound made in the English word
RQLRQHJEspaa

a. Marisol asiste ahora a una nueva escuela secundaria: la escuela Miguel de Cervantes. Marisol habla con su
madre Alejandra sobre las cosas que se encuentran en su aula de biologa. / Marisol is now attending a new high
school: Miguel de Cervantes High School. Marisol talks to her mother Alejandra about the things that can be found in
her biology classroom.
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4. _______ reloj BBBBBBBPDSDV
5. _______ libros BBBBBBBWHOpIRQR
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7. _______ cuadernos 15. _______ chicos
BBBBBBBGLFFLRQDULRV>GLFWLRQDULHV@ 16. _______ estudiantes altas

b. El padre de Marisol, Carlos Gonzlez, quiere aprender a hacer algo nuevo en su tiempo libre. / Marisols father,
Carlos Gonzlez, wants to learn how to do something new in his free time.
&RPSOHWDODVIUDVHVFRQHODUWtFXORLQGHQLGRFRUUHFWR&RPSOHWHWKHVHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHFRUUHFWLQGHQLWHDUWLFOH
&DUORVTXLHUHDSUHQGHUDKDFHUDOJRQXHYReOPLUDBBBBBBBBBBBBVLWLRVZHE>ZHEVLWHV@LQWHUHVDQWHV
BBBBBBBBBBBDPLJROHUHFRPHQGy>UHFRPPHQGHGWRKLP@WRPDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFXUVRHQFDVD$KRUDpO
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FiPDUD>FDPHUD@BBBBBBBBBBBBLGHDV>LGHDV@\BBBBBBBBBBBBEXHQDDFWLWXG
c. /D IDPLOLD *RQ]iOH] )DOODV HVWi FRQRFLHQGR D ORV YHFLQRV GH 9LOOD &HOHVWH (OORV KDEODQ VREUH ODV SURIHVLRQHV
TXHWRGRVWLHQHQ7KH*RQ]iOH])DOODVIDPLO\LVJHWWLQJWRNQRZWKHLUQHLJKERUVLQ9LOOD&HOHVWH7KH\WDONDERXWWKH
professions that everyone has.
&RPSOHWDODVIUDVHVFRQHODUWtFXORLQGHQLGRFRUUHFWR6LODIUDVHQRQHFHVLWDXQDUWtFXORHVFULEH;&RPSOHWHWKH
VHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHFRUUHFWLQGHQLWHDUWLFOH,IWKHVHQWHQFHGRHVQRWQHHGDQDUWLFOHZULWHDQ;
/XLV&RUWpVHVBBBBBBBBBBGXHxR>RZQHU@GHXQDDJHQFLDGHYLDMHV6X>+LV@HVSRVD>ZLIH@&HFLOLDHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBVHFUHWDULDHMHFXWLYD&HFLOLDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHFUHWDULDH[FHOHQWH6XKLMR>VRQ@$OEHUWR
es 4. _______________ dentista fantstico. Su hijo Diego es 5. _____________ estudiante. Su hijo Javier es
BBBBBBBBBBBBBLQJHQLHUR>HQJLQHHU@PX\UHVSRQVDEOH(ORWUR>RWKHU@YHFLQR(VWHEDQ4XLUyVQRVRORHV
7. _____________ doctor, l es 8. ____________ doctor muy famoso en el hospital. Luisa, la esposa de Esteban,
HVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQXWULFLRQLVWD>QXWULWLRQLVW@(OODHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQXWULFLRQLVWDPX\WUDEDMDGRUD
d. (VFULEHORVQ~PHURVFRUUHFWRV:ULWHWKHFRUUHFWQXPEHUV
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__________________.
(QFXiQWDVQDFLRQHVGH$PpULFD&HQWUDOVHKDEOD>LVVSRNHQ@HVSDxROFRPROHQJXDRFLDO"
___________________________.

/HVVRQ,QGHQLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR
IV. Lectura cultural / Cultural Reading

/HHHOWH[WRVLJXLHQWHVREUHODFRPLGDODWLQRDPHULFDQD\FRQWHVWDODVSUHJXQWDVGHIRUPDFLHUWR&RIDOVR)
5HDGWKHIROORZLQJWH[WDERXW/DWLQ$PHULFDQIRRGDQGDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQVDVHLWKHUWUXH&RUIDOVH)
La comida latinoamericana es ms que burritos, quesadillas y tacos. Aunque en los Estados Unidos una de las
comidas ms conocida es la comida mexicana, esta tambin est compuesta de una gran variedad de ingredientes,
FRORUHV\VDERUHV(QODFRPLGDODWLQRDPHULFDQDKD\XQDPH]FODGHFXOWXUDFRQLQXHQFLDLQGtJHQD\HXURSHDSRU
HMHPSORGH(VSDxD,WDOLDHLQFOXVRGHIULFD
(V LPSRUWDQWH QRWDU TXH OD FRPLGD YDUtD VHJ~Q OD UHJLyQ JHRJUiFD \ HO
pas. Estas variaciones gastronmicas dependen de los productos de cada
regin, de la cercana con el mar, de la geografa particular de cada zona y
de las tradiciones y orgenes culturales de cada pueblo. Por ejemplo, en el
norte de Mxico los tamales se envuelven con las hojas de maz y en el
sur con las hojas del pltano. Pero en general, en todo Mxico se utilizan
GLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHFKLOHVSDUDVD]RQDUODVFRPLGDV\SRUHVRHVFRP~QTXH
la comida mexicana sea muy picante. Los elementos bsicos en el pas
son las tortillas, el arroz, los frijoles, el ajo y los chiles picantes.
En Centroamrica, las comidas son similares a Mxico, pero cada pas

tiene sus propios platos tpicos. Tambin, en las costas se utilizan
muchos mariscos que pueden prepararse en estofados, a la parrilla,
crudos, o encurtidos como el ceviche. Aunque el ceviche se come en
&HQWURDPpULFD\$PpULFDGHO6XUHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHIDPRVRHOGH3HU~
El ceviche bsico consiste en pescado crudo marinado en ctricos
como el limn. Se le agregan condimentos como cebolla, chile,
pimienta y sal.
En el caso de la carne de res, los argentinos y uruguayos son los ms

conocidos en consumo y preparacin de carnes, seguidos de los
FRORPELDQRV YHQH]RODQRV \ EUDVLOHxRV (O SOiWDQR HV PX\ FRP~Q HQ
platos de comida colombiana y centroamericana. Los patacones
SOiWDQRVYHUGHVIULWRVGH&RORPELDVRQIDPRVRVHLQGLVSHQVDEOHVHQOD
comida colombiana. Son tradicionales tambin en los platos venezolanos
\SXHUWRUULTXHxRVSHURHVWRV~OWLPRVOHVOODPDQWRVWRQHV
1. La comida latinoamericana consiste solo en burritos, tacos y quesadillas. ______________________________
/DFRPLGDODWLQRDPHULFDQDWLHQHXQDLQXHQFLDLQGtJHQD\HXURSHD __________________________________
/RVWDPDOHVHQHOQRUWH\HOVXUGH0p[LFRVRQGLIHUHQWHV __________________________________________
4. Dos elementos bsicos de la comida de Mxico son los chiles picantes y los tostones. ____________________
5. Los argentinos y uruguayos son famosos por la preparacin de la carne de res. _________________________

V. Respuestas correctas / Correct Answers

a. 1. unos 9. un
XQD XQDV
XQRV 11. un
4. un XQRV
5. unos XQ
6. unas 14. una
7. unos 15. unos
8. unos 16 unas
b. 1. unos 5. una
8Q 6. unas
XQ 7. una
4. un
c. ; 6. un
; ;
XQD 8. un
4. un ;
; XQD
d. 1. cincuenta 5. cincuenta y dos

WUHLQWD\XQR 6. nueve
YHLQWLRFKR 7. seis
4. diez
Lectura cultural
) & & ) &
Latin American food is more than burritos, quesadillas, and tacos. Even though in the United States Mexican food is
RQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQNLQGV0H[LFDQIRRGLVDOVRFRPSRVHGRIDJUHDWYDULHW\RILQJUHGLHQWVFRORUVDQGDYRUV
,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDQIRRGWKHUHLVDPL[WXUHRIFXOWXUHZLWKLQGLJHQRXVDQG(XURSHDQLQXHQFHIURPIRUH[DPSOH6SDLQ
,WDO\DQGHYHQ$IULFD
,WV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW IRRG YDULHV DFFRUGLQJ WR JHRJUDSKLFDO UHJLRQ DQG FRXQWU\ 7KHVH JDVWURQRPLF YDULDWLRQV
depend on the products of each region, proximity to the sea, the particular geography of each zone, and the traditions
and cultural origins of each nation. For example, in the north of Mexico tamales are wrapped in corn husks and in the
south in banana leaves. But in general, in all of Mexico, different types of chili peppers are used to season food, and
for that reason its common for Mexican food to be spicy. The basic elements in the country are tortillas, rice, beans,
garlic, and hot chilis.
,Q&HQWUDO$PHULFDWKHIRRGLVVLPLODUWR0H[LFDQIRRGEXWHDFKFRXQWU\KDVLWVRZQW\SLFDOGLVKHV$OVRRQWKHFRDVWV
PDQ\VKHOOVKDUHXVHGWKDWFDQEHSUHSDUHGLQVWHZVRQWKHJULOOUDZRUSLFNOHGDVLQFHYLFKH$OWKRXJKFHYLFKH
LV HDWHQ LQ &HQWUDO$PHULFD DQG 6RXWK$PHULFD LW LV HVSHFLDOO\ IDPRXV LQ 3HUX %DVLF FHYLFKH FRQVLVWV RI UDZ VK
marinated in citrus fruit like lemon. Condiments like onion, chili peppers, pepper, and salt are added to it.
The Argentines and the Uruguayans are the most known for consuming and cooking beef, followed by the Colombians,
9HQH]XHODQV DQG %UD]LOLDQV %DQDQDV DUH YHU\ FRPPRQ LQ GLVKHV RI &RORPELDQ DQG &HQWUDO $PHULFDQ IRRG
Patacones IULHG JUHHQ EDQDQDV IURP &RORPELD DUH IDPRXV DQG LQGLVSHQVDEOH LQ &RORPELDQ IRRG 7KH\ DUH DOVR
WUDGLWLRQDOLQ9HQH]XHODQDQG3XHUWR5LFDQGLVKHVEXWSHRSOHWKHUHFDOOWKHPtostones.

Lesson The Verb EstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU
6
caliente hot aburrido bored
fro cold cansado tired
nervioso nervous enfermo sick
preocupado worried ocupado busy
frustrado frustrated preparado prepared
confundido confused ordenado organized, tidy
tranquilo calm desordenado disorganized, messy
triste sad roto broken
alegre happy abierto open
enojado angry cerrado closed
feliz happy
estar to be Repitan! 5HSHDW>IRUPDOFRPPDQG@
Empecemos!/HWVJHWVWDUWHG
el parque park la iglesia church
el hospital hospital el aeropuerto airport
la biblioteca library el mercado market
la tienda store el carro car
la RFLQDRIFH el dlar dollar
antes de Cristo B.C. despus de Cristo A.D.
cien one hundred setecientos seven hundred
doscientos two hundred ochocientos eight hundred
trescientos three hundred novecientos nine hundred
cuatrocientos four hundred mil thousand
quinientosYHKXQGUHG milln million
seiscientos six hundred


A. $SSURDFKWR/HDUQLQJ1HZ9HUEV
The three questions you should ask when learning any new verb are as follows.
1. What does it mean?

How do you use it?
How do you conjugate it?
B. 7KH9HUEestar
Using these three questions with our new verb produces the following answers.
1. The verb estar means to be.

EstarKDVWKUHHPDLQXVHVDQGWKHWZR\RXOOH[DPLQHQRZDUHDestar used to express the state or condition
RIVRPHRQHRUVRPHWKLQJHJ,PZHOOLVEstoy bien; The coffee is hot is El caf est calienteDQGE
estarXVHGWRH[SUHVVORFDWLRQHJEsts en la tienda? is Are you in the store?, except when talking
about origin, when ser is used: Soy de SevillaLV,DPIURP6HYLOOD
The conjugation of estar is as follows.
estar>WREH@
yo estoy nosotros, nosotras estamos

W~ HVWs vosotros, vosotras estis
l, ella, usted est ellos, ellas, ustedes estn
The yo form of estar has the same -oy ending as the yo form of ser7KHRWKHUYHHQGLQJVIRUestar are almost the
same as the regular -arHQGLQJVH[FHSWWKDWWKHHQGLQJVIRUestar have accents in the t, usted, and ustedesIRUPV
C. Communicating beyond Words

When speaking, make sure to use tone of voice, facial expressions, and gestures to communicate in addition to the words
\RXUH VD\LQJ 7KLQNLQJ DERXW WKH ZRUGV \RX ZDQW WR VD\ UHTXLUHV VLJQLFDQW PHQWDO HQHUJ\ IRU D EHJLQQLQJ ODQJXDJH
learner, but focusing only on the words youre saying can produce a robotic speech, devoid of emotion. So, when speaking,
do your best to remember to make use of your tone of voice, face, and body as tools to help you convey your message.
D. 1XPEHUVRYHU
Use the numbers one to ten to help you learn the multiples of one hundred from one hundred to one thousand. Notice
the similarities and differences in the following numbers.
uno cien
dos doscientos
tres trescientos
cuatro cuatrocientos
cinco quinientos
seis seiscientos
siete setecientos
ocho ochocientos
nueve novecientos
diez mil
One hundred cars is cien carros and one thousand churches is mil iglesias, but one million dollars is un milln
de dlares. Examples of years in Spanish are the following: 1578 is mil quinientos setenta y ochoDQGLVdos
mil diecienueve.
,QPXFKRIWKH6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOGWKHXVHRISHULRGVDQGFRPPDVZLWKQXPEHUVLVWKHRSSRVLWHRIZKDWLWLVLQ
WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV6RZKDWLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVZRXOGEHZULWWHQDVZRXOGEHZULWWHQDV

/HVVRQ7KH9HUEEstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU
E. Differences in Accents
,QDOOUHJLRQVZKHUH6SDQLVKLVVSRNHQce and ci are always pronounced the same as z,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDz makes the
s sound, as seen in the pronunciation of the words cero, cinco, and zapato, which in Latin America are pronounced
as sero, sinco, and sapato. This is called the seseoYDULHW\RI6SDQLVK,QQRUWKHUQDQGFHQWUDO6SDLQZKHUHs
is pronounced as an s and z is pronounced as th, these words are pronounced thero, thinco, and thapato. This
accent, which shows a distinction between the pronunciation of s and th sounds, is called the distincin variety of
Spanish, and it characterizes the Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain. Finally, there are just a few areas in
very southern Spain where the letters s and z are pronounced the same, but the sound made for both letters sounds
like th. This rare variety of Spanish is called the ceceo variety.
,QZKHQ6SDQLDUGVUVWZHQWWRWKH$PHULFDVWKH6SDQLVKVSRNHQLQ6SDLQZDVWKHseseo variety. During the 16th

century, distincin developed in Spain, but primarily in the northern and central parts of the country. So, by the late
VD6SDQLDUGOLYLQJLQ0DGULGRULQDPRUHQRUWKHUQFLW\ZRXOGEHSURQRXQFLQJZRUGVLQDZD\WKDWGLVWLQJXLVKHG
between the z of zapato and the s of casa0DQ\RIWKH6SDQLDUGVWKDWHPLJUDWHGIURPWKH,EHULDQ3HQLQVXODFDPHIURP
$QGDOXVLDLQVRXWKHUQ6SDLQRUIURPWKH&DQDU\,VODQGVDUHDVWKDWQHYHUGHYHORSHGWKHdistincin that characterized
more northern speech. Thats why speakers in Sevilla even today pronounce the z like Latin Americans instead of like
people from Madrid. Because speakers in southern areas spoke the seseo variety of Spanish and because so many
of them went to the Americas, the seseo variety of Spanish became the standard in Latin America.

a. -XDQ 0DQXHO 5tRV HO DPLJR DUJHQWLQR GH /XLV &RUWpV HVWi GH YLVLWD HQ 9LOOD &HOHVWH /XLV &RUWpV OHV HVWi
SUHVHQWDQGRD-XDQ0DQXHODVXVYHFLQRV-XDQ0DQXHO5tRVWKH$UJHQWLQHIULHQGRI/XLV&RUWpVLVYLVLWLQJ9LOOD
Celeste. Luis Corts is introducing Juan Manuel to his neighbors.
Completa el dilogo siguiente con las palabras y las conjugaciones apropiadas del verbo estar. / Complete the
following dialogue with the appropriate words and verb conjugations of estar.
cansado igualmente es un placer argentino das IHOL] HVWDU
Alejandra: Buenos 1. ______________, Luis.
/XLV +ROD$OHMDQGUD&yPRBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"7HSUHVHQWRD-XDQ0DQXHOeOHVPLDPLJRGH
Argentina.
$OHMDQGUD +ROD-XDQ0DQXHOBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
-XDQ0DQXHO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/XLVD (UHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"4XpLQWHUHVDQWH
Juan Manuel: S, mi familia y yo vivimos en Buenos Aires.
/XLVD <FyPRHVWiV"
-XDQ0DQXHO %XHQR>:HOO@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB0LYXHOR>LJKW@WDUGy>WRRN@
PXFKDVKRUDV>KRXUV@3HURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUTXH>EHFDXVH@/XLV
HVPLEXHQDPLJR\DKRUD>QRZ@HVWR\FRQ>ZLWK@pO\VXIDPLOLD
/XLV <&HFLOLD\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUTXH-XDQ0DQXHO
_____________ de visita.

b. De acuerdo a las siguientes situaciones, cul sera la emocin o la condicin esperada para estas personas? /
According to the following situations, what would be the expected emotion or condition for these people?
Completa las frases con la conjugacin apropiada de estar y el adjetivo correspondiente a la situacin. / Complete the
sentences with the appropriate conjugation of estar and the adjective corresponding to the situation.
HQDPRUDGR>LQORYH@ enojado nervioso aburrido
frustrado feliz cansado
/XLV&RUWpVWUDEDMDPXFKDVKRUDVHQVXWUDEDMReOVLHPSUH>DOZD\V@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&HFLOLDWLHQHTXH>KDVWR@SUHSDUDUXQLQIRUPHQDQFLHUR>QDQFLDOUHSRUW@HQTXLQFHPLQXWRV>PLQXWHV@
Ella ____________ muy ______________.
-XDQDHVWiGLYRUFLDGD>GLYRUFHG@eO\VXH[HVSRVR>H[KXVEDQG@QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0DULDQDHVPX\SHTXHxD\VLHPSUHWRPDORVMXJXHWHV>WR\V@GH'LDQDFXDQGRHVWiQHQHOSDUTXH'LDQD
_____________ ______________.
+D\XQH[DPHQHQODFODVHDODV/RVHVWXGLDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(ULFDHVWiHPEDUD]DGD>SUHJQDQW@(OOD\VXHVSRVRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$OEHUWRXQKRPEUHGHWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRV>\HDUV@YLYHHQODFDVDGHVXVSDGUHV\WLHQH>KDV@SRFRVDPLJRV
eOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$OEHUWRWDPELpQHVHJRtVWD\QRD\XGDDVXVSDGUHVDOLPSLDU>WRFOHDQ@ODFDVD6XVSDGUHVBBBBBBBBBBB
____________ con l.
*HQHUDOPHQWH>*HQHUDOO\@FyPRHVWiVHQXQDHVWD>SDUW\@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
c.)HOLSHWXYRXQDHVWDDQRFKH\DKRUDHVWiUHYLVDQGRVXFDVDGHVSXpVGHODHVWD7RGDODFDVDHVXQGHVDVWUH
Felipe had a party last night and is now looking over his house after the party. The whole house is a disaster.
Completa las frases con la conjugacin de estar y el adjetivo de condicin apropiados. / Complete the sentences with
the appropriate conjugation of estar and the appropriate adjective of condition.
abierto roto ordenado cerrado desordenado

/HVVRQ7KH9HUEEstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU
)HOLSHHVWiPX\SUHRFXSDGR\QHUYLRVRSRUTXHGHVSXpVGHODHVWDWRGDODFDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBB7RGDVODVSXHUWDV>GRRUV@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB\HOWHOHYLVRUBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBB/DVYHQWDQDV>ZLQGRZV@GHODFDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB\KD\PXFKRSROHQ
>SROOHQ@HQHODLUH6RORHOEDxR>EDWKURRP@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
d. Escribe en qu lugares se pueden localizar las siguientes personas o cosas. / Write in which places the following
people or things can be found.
iglesia RFLQD biblioteca supermercado
universidad hospital parque >VXSHUPDUNHW@
1. Las doctoras trabajan en los __________________.
/RVOLEURV\ODVUHYLVWDV>PDJD]LQHV@HVWiQHQODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
8QDVHFUHWDULDHMHFXWLYD>H[HFXWLYHVHFUHWDU\@JHQHUDOPHQWHWUDEDMDHQXQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Siempre compro mucha agua en el ______________________.
5. Los profesores ensean cursos en las ________________________________.
/RVGRPLQJRV>2Q6XQGD\V@KD\PXFKDVSHUVRQDVHQODVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7. Los chicos corren en los ______________________________.
e. Escribe los siguientes aos en espaol. / Write the following years in Spanish.
1. 1886 _______________________
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$'BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5. 711 B.C. ____________________


a. 1. das 7. cansado
HVWiV 8. estoy
(VXQSODFHU 9. feliz
,JXDOPHQWH HVWDPRV
5. argentino 11. felices
6. Estoy HVWi
b. 1. est cansado 6. estn muy felices

HVWiPX\QHUYLRVD 7. est aburrido / est frustrado
HVWiQHQDPRUDGRV 8. estn enojados / estn frustrados
4. est frustrada / est enojada 9. Estoy feliz
5. estn nerviosos
c. 1. est 6. roto
GHVRUGHQDGD 7. estn
HVWiQ 8. abiertas
4. abiertas / cerradas 9. est
5. est RUGHQDGR
d. 1. hospitales 5. universidades
ELEOLRWHFD 6. iglesias
RFLQD 7. parques
4. supermercado
e. 1. mil ochocientos ochenta y seis 5. setecientos once antes de Cristo

GRVPLOGLHFLHQXHYH 6. mil novecientos cuarenta y dos
PLOVHLVFLHQWRVFLQFR 7. dos mil treinta y cuatro
4. trescientos diecinueve despus de Cristo

Lesson Regular -er and -ir Verbs in the Present
7
comer to eat vivir to live
leer to read abrir to open
beber to drink recibir to receive
creer to believe, to think descubrir to discover
aprender to learn subir to go up
correr to run escribir to write
vender to sell decidir to decide
deber should asistir a to attend
mi / mis my nuestros / nuestrasRXU
tu / tus\RXU>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ vuestros / vuestras\RXU>LQIRUPDOSOXUDO@
su / susKLVKHUWKHLU\RXU>IRUPDOVLQJXODUDQG
SOXUDO@
no?,VQWWKDWVR" cierto? right?
verdad? right?
los parientes relatives el abuelo grandfather
los padres parents la abuela grandmother
la madre mother el to uncle
la mam mom la ta aunt
mami mommy el primo male cousin
el padre father la prima female cousin
el pap dad el sobrino nephew
papi daddy la sobrina niece
el esposo husband el nieto grandson
la esposa wife la nieta granddaughter
el hijo son el nombre name
la hija daughter el apellido last name
el hermano brother materno maternal
la hermana sister paterno paternal
la computadora computer el trabajo work, job
el diccionario dictionary la pluma pen


A. &RQMXJDWLRQRI5HJXODU9HUEV
,QDSUHYLRXVOHVVRQ\RXOHDUQHGWKDW-ar verbs have the following endings in the present.
estudiar>WRVWXG\@
estudio estudiamos
estudias estudiis
estudia estudian
,QWKLVOHVVRQ\RXOHDUQHGWKDW-er verb endings in the present can be formed by making just one change to the above
-ar endings: Replace any a you see in an -ar ending with the letter e. Making that one change gives us the following
-er endings in the present.
beber>WRGULQN@
bebo bebemos
bebes bebis
bebe beben
Making the following two changes to -er endings gives us the -ir endings in the present: emos imos, is s.
Those two changes give us the following -ir endings in the present.
dedidir>WRGHFLGH@
decido decidimos
decides decids
decide deciden
:KHQWZRYHUEVDUHXVHGWRJHWKHU\RXFRQMXJDWHWKHUVWDQGSXWWKHVHFRQGLQWKHLQQLWLYHIRUP7KLVFDQEHVHHQ
ZLWKDUVWYHUEOLNHdeberVKRXOGRUnecesitarWRQHHG:HVKRXOGUXQLVDebemos correr. They need to open
the book is Necesitan abrir el libro,QERWKRIWKHVHFDVHVWKHUVWYHUEdebemos, necesitanLVFRQMXJDWHGZKLOH
WKHVHFRQGYHUEcorrer, abrirLVLQWKHLQQLWLYHIRUP
B. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives agree in number and gender with the thing possessed. They are as follows.
mi / mis>P\@ nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras>RXU@

tu / tus>\RXULQIRUPDO@ vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras>\RXULQIRUPDO@
su / sus>KLVKHU\RXUIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ su / sus>WKHLU\RXUIRUPDOSOXUDO@
C. $VNLQJD<HV1R4XHVWLRQ
There are three ways to ask yes/no questions in Spanish.
1. Raise the pitch of your voice at the end of the sentence.

End the sentence with no?>,VQWWKDWVR"@verdad? >ULJKW"@RUcierto? >ULJKW"@
Put the verb before the subject.
Here are the ways to make the following statement into a question: Pedro vende su casa>3DEORLVVHOOLQJKLVKRXVH@
Pedro vende su casa? 6D\LWZLWKDULVLQJSLWFKDWWKHHQGRIWKHVHQWHQFH

Pedro vende su casa, no?; Pedro vende su casa, verdad?; Pedro vende su casa, cierto?
3. Vende Pedro su casa?

/HVVRQ5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW

a. Marisol est hablando por Skype con sus amigas Pilar y Carolina sobre su nueva escuela. / Marisol is talking on
Skype with her friends Pilar and Carolina about her new school.
Completa el dilogo siguiente con los adjetivos posesivos apropiados. / Complete the following dialogue with the
appropriate possessive adjectives.
0DULVRO +ROD&yPRHVWiQ"
3LODU 1RVRWUDVHVWDPRVPX\ELHQ<W~"
Marisol: Estoy un poco triste porque no estoy con ustedes, pero estoy bien.
Carolina: Cmo es 1. ________________ nueva escuela?
0DULVRO (
VPX\JUDQGH\PX\ERQLWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFODVHGHLQJOpVHVH[FHOHQWH\
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBOLEURVSDUDODFODVHVRQPX\LQWHUHVDQWHV
Carolina: Marisol, Hay muchos estudiantes en 4. ______________ clase de ingls?
0DULVRO (QBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFODVHKD\HVWXGLDQWHV
Pilar: Carolina y yo estamos en una clase de historia fenomenal y en una clase de matemticas terrible. En
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFODVHGHKLVWRULDWDPELpQKD\HVWXGLDQWHVSHURHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
clase de matemticas solo hay 15 estudiantes.
&DUROLQD 4XpWDOVRQORVPDHVWURV>WHDFKHUV@HQODQXHYDHVFXHOD"
Marisol: 8. Todos _____________ maestros son inteligentes, pero no todos son simpticos.
b. )HOLSH HVWi OLPSLDQGR VX FDVD GHVSXpV GH XQD HVWD +D\ PXFKRV REMHWRV SHUR )HOLSH QR VDEH D TXLpQHV
pertenecen. Felipe est hablando con su hermana Elena sobre los objetos encontrados. / Felipe is cleaning his house
after a party. There are many objects, but Felipe doesnt know to whom they belong. Felipe is talking with his sister
Elena about the found objects.
Completa las frases con los adjetivos posesivos correctos. / Complete the sentences with the correct possessive
adjectives.
41
1. Felipe: Elena, el telfono celular es de Rogelio, cierto?
Elena: No, es _______________ telfono celular.

DYXHVWURV EPL FVX
)HOLSH(OHQDHOOLEURGH,VDEHO$OOHQGHHVGHPDPLFLHUWR"
Elena: No, es de ______________ amiga Maribel.
DVX EYXHVWUDV FVXV
)HOLSH(OHQDORVSDSHOHVVRQGH0DULDQDYHUGDG"
Elena: No, son de ______________ ta.
DQXHVWURV EPLV FQXHVWUD
4. Felipe: Elena, las iPads son de Margarita y Lourdes, no?
Elena: No, son de _______________ amigos David y Miguel.
DPL EWXV FQXHVWUR
5. Felipe: Elena, las plumas son de Sebastin, no?
Elena: No, son __________________ plumas.
DWX EQXHVWURV FPLV
)HOLSH(OHQDORVFXDGHUQRVVRQGH6DQGUD\9DOHQWLQDYHUGDG"
Elena: No, son de ________________ sobrinas Diana y Mariana.
DQXHVWUDV EQXHVWUD FYXHVWUD
c. Contesta las siguientes preguntas. Conjuga el verbo en el presente. / Answer the following questions. Conjugate
the verb in the present.
/HHVOLEURVGHFLHQFLDFFLyQ>VFLHQFHFWLRQ@QR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
%HEHVPXFKDDJXDYHUGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7~\WXDPLJRYHQGpLVFDUURVHQYXHVWURWUDEDMRFLHUWR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7UDEDMDVKRUDVDODVHPDQD>KRXUVSHUZHHN@YHUGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7~\WXIDPLOLDFRPHQSL]]DHQFDVDYHUGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7~\WXIDPLOLDYLYHQHQORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFLHUWR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7. Los estudiantes asisten a una buena escuela? _________________________________________________.
'HEHQHVWXGLDUP~VLFDWXVKHUPDQRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

d. Luis Corts le est explicando a su amigo Juan Manuel Ros el parentesco de sus amigos en el vecindario. / Luis
Corts is explaining to his friend Juan Manuel Ros the kinship of his friends in the neighborhood.
Completa las frases con la informacin apropiada. Nota: Necesitas consultar la informacin de las familias del
YHFLQGDULRDOLQLFLRGHOFXDGHUQR&RPSOHWHWKHVHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWHLQIRUPDWLRQ1RWH<RXQHHGWRFRQVXOW
the information about the neighborhood families at the beginning of the workbook.
1. Diana es la __________________ de Luis y Cecilia.

DKHUPDQD EKLMD FQLHWD
-DYLHUHVHOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH/XLV\&HFLOLD
DDEXHOR EKLMR FVREULQR
0DULDQDHVODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH'LDQD
DQLHWD EDEXHOD FKHUPDQD
4. Carlos es el ______________________ de Pablo y Marisol.

DSDGUH FWtR FVREULQR
5. Erica, Felipe y Elena son los ____________ de Esteban y Luisa.

DQLHWRV EKLMRV FSULPRV
6. Erica es la ___________________ de Javier.

DSULPD EKHUPDQD FHVSRVD
7. Carlos es el ___________________ de Alejandra.

DWtR EHVSRVR FQLHWR
8. Mariana es la _________________ de Diego.

DKLMD EKHUPDQD FVREULQD
9. Luis y Cecilia son los ____________________ de Diana.

DWtRV ESULPRV FDEXHORV
$OEHUWR\'LHJRVRQORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH0DULDQD
DSULPRV EWtRV FKLMRV

e.$KRUDHVWXWXUQR&RQWHVWDODVVLJXLHQWHVSUHJXQWDV1RZLWV\RXUWXUQ$QVZHUWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQV
1. Quines son tus padres? __________________________________________.
4XLpQHVVRQWXVKHUPDQRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4XLpQHVVRQWXVDEXHORV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. El hijo de tu hija es tu _______________________________________________.
5. Los padres de tu padre son tus _______________________________________.
6. Las hijas de tu hermano son tus ______________________________________.
7. La hija de tus tos es tu _____________________________________________.
8. Los hermanos de tu madre son tus ____________________________________.
f. Puedes adivinar los apellidos de las siguientes personas? / Can you guess the last names of the following people?
1. Padres: Luis Corts Navarro y Cecilia Ruiz Ramrez.
Hijo: Alberto _______________________________.
3DGUHV(VWHEDQ4XLUyV6iQFKH]\/XLVD*DUFtD9HJD
Hija: Elena _________________________________.
3DGUHV&DUORV*RQ]iOH]3pUH]\$OHMDQGUD)DOODV8UHxD
Hijo: Pablo ________________________________.

a. 1. tu 5. mi / nuestra
0L1XHVWUD 6. nuestra
PLVQXHVWURV 7. nuestra
4. tu 8. mis / nuestros
b. EPL EWXV

DVX FPLV
FQXHVWUD DQXHVWUDV
44
c. 6tOHROLEURVGHFLHQFLDFFLyQ1RQROHROLEURVGHFLHQFLDFFLyQ
6tEHERPXFKDDJXD1RQREHERPXFKDDJXD
6tYHQGHPRVFDUURVHQQXHVWURWUDEDMR1RQRYHQGHPRVFDUURVHQQXHVWURWUDEDMR
6tWUDEDMRKRUDVDODVHPDQD1RQRWUDEDMRKRUDVDODVHPDQD
5. S, comemos pizza en casa. / No, no comemos pizza en casa.
6. S, vivimos en los Estados Unidos. / No, no vivimos en los Estados Unidos.
7. S, los estudiantes asisten a una buena escuela. / No, los estudiantes asisten a una mala escuela.
6tPLVKHUPDQRVGHEHQHVWXGLDUP~VLFD1RPLVKHUPDQRVQRGHEHQHVWXGLDUP~VLFD
d. FQLHWD FHVSRVD

EKLMR EHVSRVR
FKHUPDQD FVREULQD
DSDGUH FDEXHORV
EKLMRV EWtRV
e. 1. Mis padres son. 5. abuelos

0LVKHUPDQRVVRQ6R\KLMRKLMD~QLFR~QLFD 6. sobrinas
0LVDEXHORVVRQ 7. prima
4. nieto 8. tos
f. 1. Alberto Corts Ruiz

(OHQD4XLUyV*DUFtD
3DEOR*RQ]iOH])DOODV
45
Lesson The Verb Ir in the Present
8
nuevo new interrogativo interrogative
la manera way el adjetivo adjective
la palabra word el adverbio adverb
el vocabulario vocabulary la preposicin preposition
el verbo verb la tarea homework, chore
el sustantivo noun
ir to go terminarWRQLVK
pasar to happen
cmo? how? quin?ZKR">VLQJXODU@
qu? what? quines?ZKR">SOXUDO@
dnde? where? por qu? why?
adnde? to where? cundo? when?
la escuela school el cine movie theater
el restaurante restaurant el club club
la plaza city square, town square el caf caf
el museo museum la estacin de trenes train station
el banco bank la estacin de autobuses bus station
la farmacia pharmacy los servicios sanitarios restrooms
el supermercado supermarket el bao bathroom
el teatro theater
maana tomorrow porque because
a to ahora mismo right now
ms more Qu pasa? Whats happening?
posiblemente possibly
46
/HVVRQ7KH9HUEIr in the Present

A. Spelling Changes for y and o
,QDSUHYLRXVOHVVRQ\RXOHDUQHGWKDWy means and and oPHDQVRU,QWKLVOHVVRQ\RXOHDUQHGWKHIROORZLQJVSHOOLQJ
changes: y becomes e before a word beginning with an i sound; o becomes u before a word beginning with an o sound.
Examples of these changes include Roberto e Isabel>5REHUWDQG,VDEHO@DQGminuto u hora>PLQXWHRUKRXU@
B. Ir in the Present
The verb ir, meaning to go, has the following conjugation in the present.
ir>WRJR@
voy vamos
vas vais
va van
The yo form of voy is similar to the yo form of ser>WREH@ZKLFKLVsoy>,DP@7KHRWKHUYHHQGLQJV>-as, -a, -amos,

-ais, -an@DUHWKHVDPHDVWKHHQGLQJVIRUUHJXODU-ar verbs, with only one difference: There is no accent over the a in
the vosotros form vais.
The preposition a, meaning to, is often used after ir. For example, Elena va a la farmacia means Elena goes / is
JRLQJGRHVJRWRWKHSKDUPDF\:KHQXVHGEHIRUHWKHPDVFXOLQHGHQLWHDUWLFOHel>WKH@a + el contracts to al >WR
WKH@VR,DPJRLQJWRWKHEDQNLVVoy al banco,QDSUHYLRXVOHVVRQ\RXOHDUQHGWKDWde + el contracts to del>WRWKH@
HJEs el da del examenLV,WVWKHGD\RIWKHH[DP7KHRQO\WZRFRQWUDFWLRQVLQ6SDQLVKDUHal and del.
C. Ir Used to Talk about a Future Event

The construction ir + a + LQQLWLYR>LQQLWLYH@LVXVHGWRWDONDERXWDIXWXUHHYHQWE\H[SUHVVLQJVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVJRLQJ
to occur, so Vamos a caminar al supermercado is We are going to walk to the supermarket, and Voy a comerLV,
am going to eat.
D. Palabras interrogativas,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV
,QWHUURJDWLYHZRUGVDUHXVHGZKHQDVNLQJTXHVWLRQV7KHVHZRUGVZKLFKDOOKDYHDQDFFHQWPDUNLQFOXGHcunto?
>KRZPXFK"@cuntos?>KRZPDQ\"@cmo?>KRZ"@qu?>ZKDW"@dnde?>ZKHUH"@adnde?>WRZKHUH"@
cundo?>ZKHQ"@quin?>ZKR"VLQJXODU@quines?>ZKR"SOXUDO@DQGpor qu?>ZK\"@
E. Uses of estar and ser

,QJHQHUDOestarLVXVHGWRWDONDERXWORFDWLRQHJDnde estn los estudiantes? is Where are the students?;
Caracas est en VenezuelaLV&DUDFDVLVLQ9HQH]XHOD5HPHPEHUWKRXJKWKDWestar is not always used when
talking about location, because serLVXVHGWRWHOOZKHUHVRPHRQHLVIURPHJLeo y Sofa son de Panam, pero
Ana es de Chile is Leo DQG6RItDDUHIURP3DQDPDEXW$QDLVIURP&KLOH7RLGHQWLI\VRPHRQHRUVRPHWKLQJWKH
verb serLVXVHGHJQuin es? is Who is it?; Quines son las mujeres en el teatro? is Who are the women
LQWKHWKHDWHU"
F. :D\VWR/HDUQ1HZ9RFDEXODU\
Being able to acquire and use new vocabulary is one of the major challenges when learning a language. For that
reason, you should try different techniques to learn new words in order to determine which approach works best for you.
6RPH OHDUQHUV ZLOO QG WKDW OLVWHQLQJ WR WKH DXGLR JORVVDU\ D QXPEHU RI WLPHV IRU HDFK OHVVRQ ZLOO EHVW KHOS WKHP
UHPHPEHUQHZYRFDEXODU\$WUVW\RXVKRXOGVLPSO\UHSHDWWKH6SDQLVKZRUGIRUWKHJLYHQ(QJOLVKZRUG:LWKWLPH
and practice, you should be able to say the Spanish word for the given English word before hearing it.
0DNLQJ DQG XVLQJ DVKFDUGV LV DQRWKHU DSSURDFK WR OHDUQLQJ QHZ YRFDEXODU\ WKDW ZRUNV IRU PDQ\ OHDUQHUV 7KH
physical act of writing English on one side of the card and Spanish on the other can help you remember new words,
DQG ZULWLQJ ZRUGV LQ 6SDQLVK KHOSV \RX UHPHPEHU SURSHU VSHOOLQJ ,QFOXGLQJ D FRQQHFWRU RU EULGJH ZRUG RQ WKH
Spanish side of the card can help make it easier to remember new words in Spanish. Consider the case of the verb
47
correr, which means to run. As you think about to run, you might imagine a student running down a corridor in
school. So, on one side of the card you write, to run, and on the other you write correr in the middle of the card and
corridor in the upper-left corner. As you practice with the word, you start with the English to run, which makes you
think of corridor, which reminds you of correr. The connector can be a word, an image, or anything else that helps
\RXPDNHDFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH(QJOLVKDQG6SDQLVKZRUGV2QHDGGLWLRQDODGYDQWDJHRIPDNLQJDVKFDUGVLV
WKDWWKH\DOORZRWKHUVWRKHOS\RXOHDUQYRFDEXODU\,I\RXKDYHIULHQGVRUIDPLO\PHPEHUVLQWHUHVWHGLQKHOSLQJ\RX
LPSURYH\RXU6SDQLVKDVNWKHPWRTXL]\RXRQ\RXUDVKFDUGV

a.5HVSRQGHGHPDQHUDDUPDWLYDDODVVLJXLHQWHVSUHJXQWDVXWLOL]DQGRODFRQVWUXFFLyQir + a + LQQLWLYR. / Answer
WKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVDIUPDWLYHO\XVLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQir + aLQQLWLYH
9DVDOHHUORVOLEURVPDxDQD"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
9DLVDOODPDUSRUWHOpIRQRDYXHVWURKHUPDQR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
9DDLUDOFLQH)HUQDQGRFRQVXVDPLJRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
9DDWRPDUFDIp(OHQDDODVWUHVGHODWDUGH"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7XVDPLJRV\W~YDQDEDLODUHQHOFOXE"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6. Tus vecinos van a ir al teatro maana? _____________________________________________.
b. Esteban y Luisa quieren ir de vacaciones con sus hijos Felipe y Elena, pero no saben adnde ir. / Esteban and
Luisa want to go on vacation with their children Felipe and Elena, but they dont know where to go.
Lee el siguiente dilogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following dialogue and answer the questions.
(VWHEDQ 9DPRVGHYDFDFLRQHVD3XHUWR5LFR
/XLVD 1RTXLHUR>,GRQWZDQW@LUD3XHUWR5LFR3RU
qu no vamos a Ecuador?
)HOLSH 1RPDPL(FXDGRUHVWiPX\OHMRV>IDU@9DPRV
a Mxico.
(OHQD 3UHHUR>,SUHIHU@LUDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD
/XLVD <RFUHRTXH>WKDW@0p[LFRHVXQDEXHQDLGHD
)HOLSH 6tPDPL0p[LFRHVXQDEXHQDLGHD
(VWHEDQ (VWiELHQ9DPRVD0p[LFR
(OHQD 2.HQXQDxR>\HDU@YDPRVDOD5HS~EOLFD
Dominicana. Est bien?
(VWHEDQ 1 R(OHQDHVPXFKRGLQHUR>PRQH\@
Solo vamos a ir a Mxico para nuestras
YDFDFLRQHV(QGRVDxRVYDPRVDOD5HS~EOLFD
Dominicana, OK?
(OHQD 3DSL\PDPLSXHGHQ>FDQWKH\@LUFRQQRVRWURVPLVDPLJDV5HEHFD\$OLFLD"
/XLVD 1R(OHQDHVWHHVXQYLDMH>WULS@GHIDPLOLDQRGHDPLJRV
(VWHEDQ <FXiQGRGHEHPRVLUD0p[LFR"/DSUy[LPDVHPDQD>QH[WZHHN@RHQFXDWURVHPDQDV"
)HOLSH <RTXLHURLUODSUy[LPDVHPDQD
(OHQD <RTXLHURLUHQFXDWURVHPDQDVSRUTXHYR\DWHQHU>WRKDYH@ODVYDFDFLRQHVGHODXQLYHUVLGDG
(VWHEDQ 2.YDPRVD0p[LFRHQFXDWURVHPDQDV
48
1. Adnde va de vacaciones la familia Quirs Snchez?
________________________________________________________________.
4XpFUHH/XLVDGHODSRVLELOLGDGGHLUD0p[LFR"
__________________________________________________________________________.
3RUTXp(VWHEDQQRTXLHUH>GRHVQWZDQW@LUDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHQXQDxR"
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. Cundo va la familia a Mxico?
___________________________________________________________________________.
9DQDLUGHYDFDFLRQHVODVDPLJDVGH(OHQDFRQODIDPLOLD4XLUyV6iQFKH]"
______________________________________________________________________________.
&XiQGRYDODIDPLOLDDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD"
_____________________________________________________________________________.
c.$KRUDHVWXWXUQR&RPSOHWDODVVLJXLHQWHVSUHJXQWDV1RZLWV\RXUWXUQ&RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV
&XiQGRYDQGHYDFDFLRQHVW~\WXIDPLOLD"
____________________________________ en cinco das.
$GyQGHYDQXVWHGHV"
__________________________________________ Chile.
4XLpQHVWXIXWEROLVWDIDYRULWR"
____________________________ Lionel Messi de Argentina.
4. Dnde estudia espaol Ana?
______________________________________ en su casa.
5. Con quines vas al cine y al teatro? _________________________________________________ mis amigos.
6. Por qu viaja Roberto mucho a Panam? _____________________________ sus abuelos viven en Panam.
49
d. De las siguientes frases, escoge la opcin ms apropiada. / From the following sentences, choose the most
appropriate option.
1. Javier y Erica _________________________ salsa y merengue en el club.

DEDLODU EEDLODPRV FEDLODQ
/DIDPLOLD4XLUyV*DUFtDYDDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB0p[LFRHOSUy[LPRPHV
DYLVLWDU EYLVLWDQ FYLVLWiLV
&HFLOLDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQVXPDGUHWRGRV>HYHU\@ORVGtDV
DKDEODQ EKDEOD FKDEODU
4. Alejandra ________________ el caf todas las maanas.

DSUHSDUDQ ESUHSDUiLV FSUHSDUD
<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODUDGLRHQPLFDUUR
DHVFXFKR EHVFXFKDV FHVFXFKDPRV
6. Guillermo _________________ diez horas al da.

DWUDEDMDU EWUDEDMD FWUDEDMDV
7. Manuel, Sandra y yo ____________________ espaol a las cuatro de la tarde.

DHVWXGLiLV EHVWXGLDQ FHVWXGLDPRV
8. Leonor __________________ a casa a las seis de la tarde.

DOOHJDV EOOHJD FOOHJDU
<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOVXSHUPHUFDGR
DYR\LU ELUYR\ FLUYDV
9RVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBNDUDRNHHQHOEDU
DYDQFDQWDU EYDLVFDQWDU FYDPRVFDQWDU


a. 1. S, voy a leer los libros maana.
6tYDPRVDOODPDUSRUWHOpIRQRDQXHVWURKHUPDQR
6t)HUQDQGRYDDLUDOFLQHFRQVXVDPLJRV
4. S, Elena va a tomar caf a las tres de la tarde.
5. S, mis amigos y yo vamos a bailar en el club.
6. S, mis vecinos van a ir al teatro maana.
b. 1. La familia Quirs Snchez va de vacaciones a Mxico.

/XLVDFUHHTXH0p[LFRHVXQDEXHQDLGHD
(VWHEDQQRTXLHUHLUDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHQXQDxRSRUTXHHVPXFKRGLQHUR
4. La familia va a Mxico en cuatro semanas.
5. No, las amigas de Elena no van a ir de vacaciones con la familia Quirs Snchez.
/DIDPLOLDYDDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHQGRVDxRV
c. 9DPRVGHYDFDFLRQHVHQFLQFRGtDV
9DPRVD&KLOH
0LIXWEROLVWDIDYRULWRHV/LRQHO0HVVLGH$UJHQWLQD
4. Ana estudia espaol en su casa.
9R\DOFLQH\DOWHDWURFRQPLVDPLJRV
6. Roberto viaja mucho a Panam porque sus abuelos viven en Panam.
d. FEDLODQ EWUDEDMD

DYLVLWDU FHVWXGLDPRV
EKDEOD EOOHJD
FSUHSDUD DYR\LU
DHVFXFKR EYDLVFDQWDU
51
Lesson Expressing Time in Spanish
9
el presente present la semana week
el tiempo time, weather el QGHVHPDQD weekend
el segundo second el mes month
el minuto minute el ao year
la hora hour, time antes de before
hoy today despus de after
Qu hora es? What time is it? la tarde afternoon
el cuarto quarter por la tarde in the afternoon
la media hora half an hour la noche night
en punto on the dot, exactly por la noche at night
Son las tres.,WVWKUHHRFORFN la fecha date
a las cincoDWYHRFORFN Cul es la fecha de hoy? What is todays date?
el medioda noon la celebracin celebration
la medianoche midnight el cumpleaos birthday
la maana morning el Ao Nuevo1HZ<HDUV'D\
por la maana in the morning la Navidad Christmas
No entiendo. ,GRQWXQGHUVWDQG Qu quiere decir? What does it mean?
Entiendes? 'R\RXXQGHUVWDQG">LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@
lunes Monday viernes Friday
martes Tuesday sbado Saturday
mircoles Wednesday domingo Sunday
jueves Thursday
enero January julio July
febrero February agosto August
marzo March septiembre September
abril April octubre October
mayo May noviembre November
junio June diciembre December

Lesson 9Expressing Time in Spanish
la estacin season el otoo autumn
la primavera spring el invierno winter
el verano summer

A. Telling Time
The verb ser is always used to talk about time. What time is it? is Qu hora es?, and the answer to this question
almost always begins with son lasHJSon las dosLV,WVWZRRFORFN7RH[SUHVVPLQXWHVDIWHUDQKRXUy is used;
to express minutes before an hour, menosLVXVHGHJSon las tres y diezLV,WVWHQPLQXWHVDIWHUWKUHHSon las
ocho menos veinteLV,WVWZHQW\PLQXWHVEHIRUHHLJKWCuarto means quarter and mediaPHDQVKDOIVR,WV
quarter to eleven is Son las once menos cuartoDQG,WVYHWKLUW\LVSon las cinco y media. Es is used instead
of sonZKHQLWVRQHRFORFNQRRQRUPLGQLJKWHJEs la una; Es medioda; Es medianoche7RVD\DWDFHUWDLQ
time, use a las or a laHJLa clase termina a las cuatroLV7KHFODVVHQGVDWIRXURFORFN
When talking about time of day in general, porLVXVHGEXWZKHQWDONLQJDERXWDVSHFLFWLPHdeLVXVHGHJ:H

study in the afternoon is Estudiamos por la tarde; They eat at eight thirty in the morning is Comen a las ocho y
media de la maana
B. Days, Months, and the Date

Monday, which is lunes LV WKH UVW GD\ RI WKH ZHHN LQ WKH 6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJ ZRUOG 7KH GHQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG WR
H[SUHVVWKHLGHDRIRQDFHUWDLQGD\RUGD\VHJEl viernes hay clase is There is class on Friday; Los domingos
no trabajoLV2Q6XQGD\V,GRQWZRUN-DQXDU\LQ6SDQLVKLVenero; the other 11 months in Spanish are cognates
ZLWKWKHPRQWKVLQ(QJOLVK$OWKRXJKQDPHVRISHRSOHDQGSODFHVDUHFDSLWDOL]HGLQ6SDQLVKHJCarmen Gonzlez,
ParaguayGD\VRIWKHZHHNPRQWKVRIWKH\HDUQDWLRQDOLWLHVQDPHVRIODQJXDJHVDQGQDPHVRIUHOLJLRQVDUHQRW
FDSLWDOL]HGLQ6SDQLVKHJlunes, febrero, cubano, ingls, catlicas
What is todays date? is Cul es la fecha de hoy?. The answer to this question is, for example, Es el veintids
de marzo ZKLFK LV ,WV 0DUFK WZHQW\WKLUG 6SDQLVK W\SLFDOO\ XVHV FDUGLQDO QXPEHUV IRU WKH GDWH HJ Es el tres
de noviembre; Es el once de agosto H[FHSW ZKHQ LWV WKH UVW IRU ZKLFK 6SDQLVK VSHDNHUV RIWHQ XVH primero
HJ,WVWKHUVWRI-XQHLVEs el primero de junio:KHQVD\LQJWRGD\VGDWHWKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHel is not needed
HJ7RGD\LVWKHVHYHQWHHQWKRI0D\LVHoy es diecisiete de mayo
C. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU6SRNHQ6SDQLVK
One way to improve your ability to speak Spanish is to listen and repeat what is being said by a newscaster either
on the radio or on television. Newscasters tend to speak slowly and clearly, offering beginning language learners the
chance to repeat what they hear. This exercise is really about getting used to saying things in Spanish and much less
about understanding it, because beginning language learners will understand only some of what is said in the news.
Still, this repetition of Spanish is a valuable exercise to help you get used to making the sounds of spoken Spanish.
And this activity will be helpful in improving your ability to pronounce words in Spanish, because if you limit yourself to
saying only things you understand perfectly well, you wont actually be speaking much Spanish.
D. Understanding Spoken Spanish Better

,I\RXGRQWXQGHUVWDQGZKDWVRPHRQHLVVD\LQJ\RXPLJKWVD\No entiendoZKLFKLV,GRQWXQGHUVWDQG7RVD\
Do you understand?, you would say Entiendes? ZKLFKLVWKHLQIRUPDOVLQJXODUIRUPRUEntiende?ZKLFKLVWKH
IRUPDOVLQJXODUIRUPQu quiere decir?PHDQV:KDWGRHVPHDQ"HJQu quiere decir fecha? is What
does fechaPHDQ"8VLQJWKHVHH[SUHVVLRQVZKHQVSHDNLQJ6SDQLVKZLOOKHOS\RXXQGHUVWDQGPRUHRIZKDWLVEHLQJ
said to you.


a. Contesta las siguientes preguntas. / Answer the following questions.
&XiOHVODIHFKDGHOGtDGH6DQ9DOHQWtQ"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&XiOHVODIHFKDGHOGtDGH6DQ3DWULFLR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&XiOHVODIHFKDGHOGtDGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLD>LQGHSHQGHQFH@GHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV"
_____________________.
4. Cul es la fecha del da despus del Ao Nuevo?____________________________________.
5. La Noche Buena es la noche antes de la Navidad. Cul es la fecha de la Noche Buena?

_________________________________.
&XiQGRHVHO'tDGH$FFLyQGH*UDFLDV>7KDQNVJLYLQJ@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
b. Javier le est explicando a su nieta Diana los meses del ao. Puedes ayudarle a Javier? / Javier is explaining to
his granddaughter Diana the months of the year. Can you help Javier?
Los meses del ao son: / The months of the year are:
1. e __________________ 7. j _________________
I _________________ 8. a _________________
P ________________ 9. s _________________
4. a _________________ RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5. m _________________ 11. n _________________
6. j __________________ GBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
c. Diego es estudiante de maestra en negocios y les est explicando a sus padres Luis y Cecilia su horario para este
semestre en la universidad. / Diego is a masters degree student in business, and he is explaining to his parents Luis
and Cecilia his schedule for this semester at the university.
Completa el dilogo con la informacin necesaria. / Complete the dialogue with the necessary information.
'LHJR (
VWHVHPHVWUHWHQJR>,KDYH@FODVHVORVOXQHV>RQ0RQGD\V@GHSP
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDSPBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/RVPDUWHVWHQJR
FODVHVDOSPBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB\GHVSXpVDSPBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/RVPLpUFROHVQRWHQJRFODVHVSHURVLHPSUH>DOZD\V@KD\XQDUHXQLyQDSP
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQODFDIHWHUtD>FDIHWHULD@/RVMXHYHVYR\DFODVHVD
DPBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB\DDPBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB$SP
54
8. ___________________ voy a la biblioteca. Estoy muy contento porque los viernes no voy a la
XQLYHUVLGDG%XHQR>:HOO@TXpKRUDHV"
&HFLOLD 6RQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
'LHJR 2KQRQHFHVLWRLUDODXQLYHUVLGDG$GLyV
d. La abuela de Diana le compr un reloj muy bonito. Diana est aprendiendo a usar el reloj. / Dianas grandmother
bought her a very nice watch. Diana is learning how to use it.
Puedes ayudarle a Diana? / Can you help Diana?
1. Cecilia: Diana, qu hora es?

____________________________________________________.
&HFLOLD'LDQDTXpKRUDHV"
____________________________________________________.
&HFLOLD'LDQDTXpKRUDHV"
____________________________________________________.

____________________________________________________.

____________________________________________________.
55
e. Pablo es estudiante de la universidad, y Marisol es estudiante de secundaria. Ellos son hermanos, y estn hablando
sobre sus planes para esta semana. / Pablo is a college student, and Marisol is a high school student. They are
siblings, and they are talking about their plans for this week.
Completa la informacin con las respuestas ms lgicas. / Complete the information with the most logical answers.
1. Pablo: Los lunes tengo un examen de espaol __________________________________________________ .
DDODXQDGHODWDUGH EDPHGLDQRFKH FDODVWUHVGHODPDxDQD
0DULVRO/RVOXQHVYR\DOJLPQDVLR>J\PQDVLXP@ _________________________________________________ .
DMXVWR>MXVW@DQWHVGHODVGRVGHODPDxDQD EDOPHGLRGtD FDPHGLDQRFKH
3DEOR<RWDPELpQ>DOVR@YR\DOJLPQDVLRSHUR __________________________________________________ .
DDODVWUHV\PHGLDGHODPDxDQD ESRUODPDxDQD FDODVRQFH\PHGLDGHODQRFKH
0DULVRO/RVMXHYHVWHQJRPLODERUDWRULR>ODERUDWRU\@GHELRORJtD>ELRORJ\@ _____________________________ .
DSRUODWDUGH EDODXQDGHODPDxDQD FDODVRQFHGHODQRFKH
5. Pablo: Los viernes ____________________________________________ YR\FRQ>ZLWK@*XLOOHUPRDOEDU>EDU@
DDODVQXHYHGHODQRFKH EDODVVLHWHGHODPDxDQD FDQWHVGHQXHVWUDVFODVHV
6. Marisol: Los sbados ___________________________________________ 9LFWRULD\\REDLODPRV\FDQWDPRV
DHQQXHVWUDFODVHGHELRORJtD EHQXQEDUSRSXODU FHQHOPHUFDGR
56
f. Contesta las preguntas de acuerdo al horario de Marisol para el prximo mes. / Answer the questions according to
Marisols schedule for next month.
mayo
lunes martes mircoles jueves viernes sbado domingo

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Examen de Laboratorio de Recital de
espaol biologa ballet
DP SP
9
Examen de Concierto
clculo Shakira
SP
22
Examen de Cita con Fiesta de Clase de
biologa QJHOD cumpleaos P~VLFD
de Elena
SP SP
SP
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Clase de ballet Clase de ballet Clase de ballet Mirar el partido
GHI~WEROFRQ
amigas

Cita con el
dentista
DP
4XpIHFKD\DTXpKRUDHVHOUHFLWDOGHEDOOHW>EDOOHWUHFLWDO@GH0DULVRO"
Es_________________________________________.
&XiQGRHVHOH[DPHQGHFiOFXOR>FDOFXOXV@"
________________________________________.
4XpIHFKD\DTXpKRUDHVODHVWD>SDUW\@GHFXPSOHDxRVGH(OHQD"
_________________________________.
&XiQGRHVHOSDUWLGR>JDPH@GHI~WERO"
_____________________________________.
&XiQGRHVODFLWD>DSSRLQWPHQW@FRQHOGHQWLVWD\DTXpKRUD"
__________________________.
57
$TXpKRUDHVHOFRQFLHUWR>FRQFHUW@GH6KDNLUD"
_____________________________________.
$TXpKRUDHVODFODVHGHP~VLFD"
________________________________________________.

a. 1. Es el catorce de febrero. 4. Es el dos de enero.
(VHOGLHFLVLHWHGHPDU]R 5. Es el veinticuatro de diciembre.
(VHOFXDWURGHMXOLR (VHOFXDUWR>WKHIRXUWK@MXHYHVGHQRYLHPEUH
b. 1. enero 7. julio
IHEUHUR 8. agosto
PDU]R 9. septiembre
4. abril RFWXEUH
5. mayo 11. noviembre
6. junio GLFLHPEUH
c. 1. las cinco y media de la tarde / las cinco y treinta de la tarde

ODVRFKRPHQRVFXDUWRODVVLHWH\FXDUHQWD\FLQFR
PHGLRGtD
4. las cuatro y cuarto de la tarde / las cuatro y quince de la tarde
5. las seis y veinticinco de la tarde
6. las ocho de la maana
7. las diez menos cinco de la maana / las nueve y cincuenta y cinco de la maana
8. la una de la tarde
9. las ocho menos diez / las siete y cincuenta
d. 1. Son las diez y diez.

6RQODVFXDWURPHQRVWUHFH6RQODVGRV\FXDUHQWD\VLHWH
(VODXQD\YHLQWLFXDWUR
4. Son las doce y treinta y ocho.
5. Son las once menos dos. / Son las diez y cincuenta y ocho.
e. Da la una de la tarde Dpor la tarde

Eal medioda Da las nueve de la noche
Epor la maana Een un bar popular
f. 1. Es el ocho de mayo a las seis de la tarde.

(VHOGLH]GHPD\R
(VHOYHLQWHGHPD\RDODVFLQFR\PHGLDGHODWDUGH
4. Es el veintinueve de mayo.
5. Es el treinta y uno de mayo a las diez y veinticinco de la maana.
6. Es a las nueve de la noche.
7. Es a la una de la tarde.
58
Lesson Expressions Using the Verb Tener

el nmero number el estudio study
la caracterstica characteristic la capital capital city
la expresin expression el peridico newspaper
tener to have tener razn to be right
tener fro to be cold tener miedo to be afraid
tener calor to be hot tener cuidado to be careful
tener hambre to be hungry tener suerte to be lucky
tener sed to be thirsty tener treinta aos to be thirty years old
tener sueo to be tired tener que to have to do something
tener prisa to be in a hurry tener ganas de to feel like doing something
tener xito to be successful
muerto dead difcilGLIFXOW
nico only, unique QDOPHQWHQDOO\
fcil easy otro other, another
la suegra mother-in-law la hijastra stepdaughter
el suegro father-in-law el hijastro stepson
la cuada sister-in-law la hermanastra stepsister
el cuado brother-in-law el hermanastro stepbrother
la nuera daughter-in-law el medio hermano half brother
el yerno son-in-law el bisabuelo great-grandfather
la madrastra stepmother la bisnieta great-granddaughter
el padrastro stepfather el gemelo twin

A. 7KH9HUEtener
One of the most commonly used verbs in Spanish is tenerZKLFKPHDQVWRKDYH,QPDQ\FDVHVtener is used as
LWLVLQ(QJOLVKHJTenemos muchas sobrinasLV:HKDYHPDQ\QLHFHV7KHSUHVHQWWHQVHHQGLQJVIRUtener
are regular -er endings, but there is a g in the yo form and an ie in the stem of the t, usted, and ustedes forms. The
conjugation of tener is as follows.
59
tener>WRKDYH@
tengo tenemos
tienes tenis
tiene tienen
B. Expressions with tener

The verb tener is used with a number of different expressions in Spanish. Some of these expressions describe
SK\VLFDOFRQGLWLRQVHJtener fro is to be cold; tener hambreLVWREHKXQJU\ZKLOHRWKHUVGHVFULEHHPRWLRQDO
FRQGLWLRQVRUVLWXDWLRQVHJtener miedo is to be afraid; tener raznLVWREHULJKW$PRQJWKHPRVWFRPPRQO\
used tener expressions are tener que + LQQLWLYH>WRKDYHWRGRVRPHWKLQJ@DQGtener ganas de LQQLWLYH>WRIHHOOLNH
GRLQJVRPHWKLQJ@HJTengo que hablar con mi suegroLV,KDYHWRVSHDNZLWKP\IDWKHULQODZTienes ganas
de ir al teatro?LV'R\RXIHHOOLNHJRLQJWRWKHWKHDWHU"
C. Estar: Showing the Result of an Action

One way estar is used is to show the result of a previous action. This use of estar can be seen, for example, with the
verbs morir>WRGLH@DQGabrir>WRRSHQ@HJMi abuelo est muerto is My grandfather is dead; Las puertas estn
abiertas LV7KHGRRUVDUHRSHQ
D. Characteristics of Successful Language Learners

,PSURYLQJVNLOOVLQDVHFRQGODQJXDJHUHVXOWVIRUPVWD\LQJPRWLYDWHGDQGGHYHORSLQJJRRGOHDUQLQJKDELWV/DQJXDJH
learners make the most progress when studying the language becomes important to themimportant enough to
practice consistently, important enough to be comfortable making mistakes, and important enough to accept that
DFKLHYLQJSURFLHQF\WDNHVFRQVLGHUDEOHWLPHDQGHIIRUW,QIDFWVWXG\LQJDVHFRQGODQJXDJHVKDUHVPXFKLQFRPPRQ
with playing a sport or a musical instrument. Some of its about knowing what to do, but much more of it is practicing so
that what you do becomes natural, even automatic.
Successful language learners most often have some real-world connection to the language, such as a desire to travel,
a job situation, or a relationship that gives them a personal stake in being able to communicate in another language.
There are so many Spanish speakers in the United States right now that, if you look for them, you should be able to
QG RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR FRPPXQLFDWH LQ WKH ODQJXDJH ,W DOVR KHOSV WR EH LQWHUHVWHG QRW RQO\ LQ WKH ODQJXDJH EXW DOVR
LQ WKH FXOWXUH DQG KLVWRU\ RI WKH 6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJ ZRUOG 3UDFWLFH RIWHQ PDNH PLVWDNHV DQG KDYH VRPH IXQ<RXU
6SDQLVKSURFLHQF\LVVXUHWRLPSURYHDVORQJDVOHDUQLQJ6SDQLVKLVLPSRUWDQWWR\RX
E. When to Use the Dictionary

As a beginning language learner, you will certainly encounter words in Spanish you dont understand, so you should
consult a dictionary from time to time. Be careful, however, not to use the dictionary too much. Because there are many
words you wont recognize when you read them, you might be tempted to look up any words you dont understand.
But using the dictionary too much results in reduced reading comprehension, because going back and forth to the
dictionary so often means that you lose the point of the text youre reading.
2QHZD\WRWKLQNDERXWZKHQWRXVHWKHGLFWLRQDU\LVWKHIROORZLQJ<RXVKRXOGRQO\XVHWKHGLFWLRQDU\ZKHQ\RXUH
angry. This means that you should use the dictionary when you come across a word that you have seen so muchand
you still dont know what it meansthat it makes you angry. Using the dictionary only when youre angry means that
youll be looking up the most important wordsthe ones you come across often in your reading.
F. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU5HDGLQJ6NLOOV
,I\RXPDNHLWDKDELWWREHJLQHDFKGD\E\UHDGLQJWKHQHZVLQ6SDQLVKRQWKH,QWHUQHW\RXZLOOLPSURYH\RXUUHDGLQJ
VNLOOVZKLOH\RXQGRXWZKDWVKDSSHQLQJLQWKHZRUOG$FFHSWWKDW\RXUHQRWJRLQJWRXQGHUVWDQGHYHU\WKLQJ\RXUHDG
DQGWKDWVRND\<RXUSXUSRVHZLWKWKLVUHDGLQJLVQRWWRXQGHUVWDQGHYHU\ZRUGEXWUDWKHUWRUHDGLQ6SDQLVKWRJHWD
JHQHUDOVHQVHRIZKDWVJRLQJRQLQWKHZRUOGRISROLWLFVVSRUWVHQWHUWDLQPHQWRUZKDWHYHUVSHFLFWRSLFLQWHUHVWV\RX
Accepting less-than-perfect reading comprehension is like being willing to make mistakes in conversation. Dive in and
GR\RXUEHVWZLWKWLPHDQGSUDFWLFHLPSURYHGUHDGLQJSURFLHQF\ZLOOIROORZ

/HVVRQ([SUHVVLRQV8VLQJWKH9HUETener
Two popular websites with news from the United States are CNN en Espaol and Fox News Latino DVORQJDV\RX
ORRNDWWKHYHUVLRQLQ6SDQLVK)RUQHZVIURP0H[LFR\RXPLJKWFRQVXOWWKHZHEVLWHIRUWKHQHZVSDSHUEl Universal.
One good place to get news from Spain is the website for the newspaper El Pas,I\RXUHPRUHLQWHUHVWHGLQZKDWV
happening in some other country, do a Google search using the word peridico>QHZVSDSHU@DQGWKHQDPHRIWKH
country that interests you.

a. Contesta las siguientes preguntas usando el verbo tener. Nota: Necesitas consultar la informacin de las familias
del vecindario al inicio del cuaderno. / Answer the following questions using the verb tener1RWH<RXQHHGWRFRQVXOW
the information about the neighborhood families at the beginning of the workbook.
1. Cuntos hermanos tiene Elena? ____________________________________________________________ .
&XiQWDVKHUPDQRVWLHQH3DEOR" ____________________________________________________________ .
&XiQWRVKLMRVWLHQHQ/XLV\&HFLOLD" __________________________________________________________ .
4. Cuntos tos tienen Mariana y Diana? ________________________________________________________ .
&XiQWRVKHUPDQRVWLHQHXQDKLMD~QLFD" ______________________________________________________ .
&XiQWRVDxRVWLHQHHQXQDSHUVRQDTXHQDFLy>ZKRZDVERUQ@HQ" ________________________ .
b. Javier y Erica tienen dos hijas: Diana de cuatro aos y Mariana de un ao. Erica est embarazada otra vez, y
todos estn muy felices. Erica y Javier estn hablando sobre sus hijas y los planes para hoy. / Javier and Erica have
two daughters: Diana, who is four years old, and Mariana, who is one. Erica is pregnant again, and everyone is very
happy. Erica and Javier are talking about their daughters and the plans for today.
Completa el siguiente dilogo utilizando tener que y/o tener ganas de. Tienes que conjugar tener de manera correcta.
/ Complete the following dialogue using tener que and/or tener ganas de<RXKDYHWRFRQMXJDWHtener correctly.
(ULFD +R\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHYDUDODVQLxDV>JLUOV@DO
SDUTXH(OODVQHFHVLWDQHVWDUFRQ>ZLWK@RWURVQLxRV>FKLOGUHQ@
Javier: S, es una buena idea.
(ULFD 7DPELpQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDOVXSHUPHUFDGRSRUTXHQR
WHQHPRVSDxDOHV>GLDSHUV@SDUD0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
FRPSUDUVXFLHQWHV>HQRXJK@SDUDHOQGHVHPDQD
-DYLHU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLQYLWDU>WRLQYLWH@DFHQDU>WRKDYHGLQQHU@
a mis padres el viernes. Est bien?
61
(ULFD 6tSRUVXSXHVWR>RIFRXUVH@3HURHOYLHUQHV'LDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDOGHQWLVWDDODV
1RVRWUDVYDPRVDUHJUHVDUDFDVD>JRKRPH@DODV
-DYLHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODUFRQPLVSDGUHVSDUDSHGLUOHVTXHOOHJXHQ>DVNWKHPWRDUULYH@DODV
(ULFD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPHUGRVSRVWUHV>GHVVHUW@GLIHUHQWHV&XiOHV"
(ULFD 'LDQDVRORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPHUKHODGR>LFHFUHDP@SHUR\RTXLHURXQSDVWHO>FDNH@
-DYLHU 3RGHPRV>:HFDQ@FRPHUXQSDVWHO\KHODGR
(ULFD 2.<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODUFRQWXPDGUH(QODQRFKHHOODSXHGHFDQWDUOHXQDFDQFLyQ
>VRQJ@D'LDQDSRUTXHHOODWLHQHPLHGRGHODRVFXULGDG>GDUN@
c. Completa las siguientes frases utilizando expresiones con tener. / Complete the following sentences using
expressions with tener.
tener sueo tener hambre tener miedo tener xito
tener suerte tener ___ aos tener fro tener prisa
6RQODVGHODWDUGH\$OEHUWRQRKDFRPLGRQDGD>KDVQWHDWHQDQ\WKLQJ@KR\
Alberto ______________.
$OEHUWRWLHQHPXFKRVSDFLHQWHVSDWLHQWVWRGRVORVGtDVeOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPR>DV@GHQWLVWD
6RQODVGHODPDxDQDSHUR'LHJRWLHQHFODVHDODV(OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUDOOHJDUDOD
universidad.
'RQGH>:KHUH@\RYLYRKD\SRVLELOLGDGGHKXUDFDQHV>KXUULFDQHV@GHMXQLRDQRYLHPEUH
1RVRWURVVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQHVRV>WKRVH@PHVHV
*HQHUDOPHQWH>*HQHUDOO\@'LHJRQRHVWXGLDSDUDVXVH[iPHQHVSHURVXVQRWDV>JUDGHV@VRQPX\EXHQDV
eOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/XLVWUDEDMDPXFKRSRUODQRFKH\VRORGXHUPH>VOHHSV@FLQFRKRUDVeOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7. Diana, la nieta de Luis y Cecilia, ____________________ cuatro ________________.
3DEOR\0DULVROHVWiQHQXQEDUFRQDLUHDFRQGLFLRQDGR>DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ@PX\IXHUWH
Ellos ____________________.
d. Luis y Cecilia van a cenar en la casa de su hijo. / Luis and Cecilia are going to have dinner at their sons house.

/XLV 9DPRVDLUDODFDVDGH-DYLHU\(ULFDDODVVLHWHSRUTXH'LDQD
WLHQHXQDFLWD>DSSRLQWPHQW@FRQHOGHQWLVWD4XLHUHVOOHYDUDOJR
>VRPHWKLQJ@SDUDODFHQD"
&HFLOLD 6
LTXLHURSUHSDUDUXQSRVWUH>GHVVHUW@9R\DSUHSDUDUWUHVOHFKHV
SHURWHQJRTXHLUDOVXSHUPHUFDGRSRUORVLQJUHGLHQWHV>LQJUHGLHQWV@
/XLV 7HQJRTXHOODPDUDXQFOLHQWH>FOLHQW@DQWHVGHLUDOVXSHUPHUFDGR
&HFLOLD 2.9DPRVDODVFLQFRPHQRVFXDUWR
/XLV (VWiELHQ7HQJRTXHOHHUPLFRUUHRHOHFWUyQLFR>HPDLO@\OODPDUDOD
RFLQD
&HFLOLD <
RWDPELpQWHQJRTXHOHHUPLFRUUHRHOHFWUyQLFRSHURQRWHQJRTXH
OODPDUDODRFLQD
/XLV 7HQJRJDQDVGHOOHYDUPLJXLWDUUD>JXLWDU@SDUDFDQWDUOHVDODVQLxDV
&HFLOLD 4XpELHQ<RWDPELpQ>DOVR@TXLHUR>,ZDQW@FDQWDU
1. Qu prepara Cecilia para la cena? ____________________________________________.
3RUTXp&HFLOLDWLHQHTXHLUDOVXSHUPHUFDGR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4XpYDDOOHYDU/XLVDODFDVDGHVXKLMR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7LHQH&HFLOLDTXHOODPDUDODRFLQD"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

/HHHOWH[WRVLJXLHQWH\FRQWHVWDODVSUHJXQWDVGHIRUPDFLHUWR&RIDOVR)5HDGWKHIROORZLQJWH[WDQGDQVZHU
WKHTXHVWLRQVDVHLWKHUWUXH&RUIDOVH)
Aunque la lengua espaola es uno de los aspectos que une al mundo hispano, tambin existen muchas diferencias
entre regiones y pases. Ahora sabes que hay pases, reas y regiones que pronuncian consonantes y/o palabras de
PDQHUDGLIHUHQWH7DPELpQKD\SDODEUDVTXHHQXQSDtVWLHQHQXQVLJQLFDGRGLIHUHQWHTXHHQRWUR+D\SDODEUDVTXH
VRORWLHQHQXQXVRRVLJQLFDGRSDUWLFXODUHQXQDUHJLyQHVSHFtFDSHURQRH[LVWHQHQRWUDV3RUHMHPSORFDNHHQ
Argentina se dice torta, en Puerto Rico bizcocho, en Espaa tarta y en Mxico pastel. Otra palabra interesante es
popcorn, que en Colombia se dice crispetas, en Argentina pochoclo y en Espaa palomitas. Adems, bus en
Argentina se dice colectivo, en Cuba y Puerto Rico guagua, en Costa Rica bus y en Mxico camin.
Otra de las diferencias importantes es la correspondiente a la localizacin del pas dependiendo del hemisferio. Los
pases que estn al norte del ecuador tienen diferentes estaciones que los pases al sur del ecuador. Cuando es el
verano para los pases en el hemisferio norte, es el invierno para los pases del hemisferio sur. Otros pases solo tienen
una temporada seca y una temporada de lluvia, pero no tienen cuatro estaciones como los Estados Unidos, por ejemplo.
Otro de los contrastes entre los pases hispanos son los das feriados. Aunque muchos pases tienen los mismos
das feriados, no todos hacen las mismas celebraciones. Estas celebraciones van a ser diferentes dependiendo del
pas y las regiones dentro de cada pas. Esto se debe a que cada pas tiene su propia cultura y costumbres. Los das
feriados pueden ser nacionales o regionales, y muchas veces las celebraciones regionales dependen de creencias
religiosas y de los personajes santos asociados a una regin.
(QFXDQWRDO'tDGHOD,QGHSHQGHQFLD*XDWHPDOD(O6DOYDGRU&RVWD5LFD+RQGXUDV\1LFDUDJXDORFHOHEUDQFDGD
ao el 15 de septiembre, mientras que Mxico lo celebra el 16 de septiembre y Chile el 18 de ese mes. En agosto
HVWDFHOHEUDFLyQODWLHQHQ(FXDGRU%ROLYLD\8UXJXD\(QHOPHVGHMXOLRVHFHOHEUDHO'tDGHOD,QGHSHQGHQFLDSDUD

9HQH]XHOD$UJHQWLQD&RORPELD\3HU~3RUVXSXHVWRHVWHGtDHVXQDFHOHEUDFLyQPX\LPSRUWDQWHHQFDGDSDtV\
tiene sus orgenes en la historia independentista de Espaa.
1RVHSXHGHQHJDUODLQXHQFLDGH(VSDxDHQ+LVSDQRDPpULFD\HQFXDQWRDXQRGHORVIHULDGRVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUD
las familias se encuentra el Da de los Reyes Magos, que se celebra el seis de enero o la medianoche del cinco de
enero. La idea general y tradicional es que los Reyes MagosMelchor, Gaspar y Baltasarles llevan regalos a los
QLxRV(VWDFHOHEUDFLyQHVFRP~QHQPXFKRVGHORVSDtVHVKLVSDQRKDEODQWHV
1. Cake en Mxico es bizcocho. _______________________________
%XVVHGLFH>LVVDLG@LJXDO>WKHVDPH@HQWRGRVORVSDtVHVGH+LVSDQRDPpULFD _________________________
7RGRVORVSDtVHVHQ+LVSDQRDPpULFDWLHQHQFXDWURHVWDFLRQHVFRPRHQORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV _______________
4. Algunos pases tienen una temporada seca y una temporada lluviosa. __________________________
5. Cada pas en Hispanoamrica tiene su propia cultura y costumbres. _________________________
6. Todos los das feriados en Hispanoamrica son feriados nacionales. __________________________

a. (OHQDWLHQHGRVKHUPDQRV)HOLSH\eULFD
3DEORWLHQHXQDKHUPDQD0DULVRO
/XLV\&HFLOLDWLHQHQWUHVKLMRV$OEHUWR'LHJR\-DYLHU
4. Mariana y Diana tienen tres tosAlberto, Diego y Felipey una ta: Elena.
8QDKLMD~QLFDQRWLHQHKHUPDQRV
6. La persona tiene veinticinco aos.
b. 1. tengo ganas de 6. Tengo que / Tenemos que

WHQJRTXH 7. Tengo ganas de
7HQJRTXH 8. tiene ganas de
4. Tengo ganas de 9. Tengo que / Tengo ganas de
5. tiene que
c. 1. tiene hambre 5. tiene suerte

WLHQHp[LWR 6. tiene sueo
WLHQHSULVD 7. tiene cuatro aos
4. tenemos miedo 8. tienen fro
d. &HFLOLDSUHSDUDXQSRVWUHWUHVOHFKHV>DVSRQJHFDNHVRDNHGLQWKUHHNLQGVRIPLON@
&HFLOLDWLHQHTXHFRPSUDULQJUHGLHQWHVSDUDHOSRVWUH
/XLVYDDOOHYDUXQDJXLWDUUDDODFDVDGHVXKLMR
1R&HFLOLDQRWLHQHTXHOODPDUDODRFLQD
Lectura cultural
) ) ) & & )
64
Although the Spanish language is one of the aspects that unites the Hispanic world, there are also many differences
EHWZHHQUHJLRQVDQGFRXQWULHV<RXQRZNQRZWKDWWKHUHDUHFRXQWULHVDUHDVDQGUHJLRQVWKDWSURQRXQFHFRQVRQDQWV
and/or words in different ways. There are also words that have a different meaning in one country than in another. There
DUHZRUGVWKDWRQO\KDYHRQHXVHRUSDUWLFXODUPHDQLQJLQDVSHFLFUHJLRQEXWWKDWGRQWH[LVWLQRWKHUV)RUH[DPSOH
cake in Argentina is torta, in Puerto Rico bizcocho, in Spain tarta, and in Mexico pastel. Another interesting word
is popcorn, which in Colombia is crispetas, in Argentina pochoclo, and in Spain palomitas. Moreover, bus is
colectivo in Argentina, guagua in Cuba and Puerto Rico, bus in Costa Rica, and camin in Mexico.
Another of the important differences relates to the location of the country, depending on its hemisphere. The countries
that are north of the equator have different seasons than the countries to the south of the equator. When its summer
for the countries in the northern hemisphere, its winter for the countries of the southern hemisphere. Other countries
only have a dry season and a rainy season, but dont have four seasons, as in, for example, the United States.
Holidays are another of the contrasts among Hispanic countries. Although many countries have the same holidays, not
all celebrate them the same way. These celebrations will be different depending on the country and the regions within
each country. This is due to each country having its own culture and customs. Holidays can be national or regional,
and often the regional celebrations depend on the religious beliefs and the saints associated with a region.
$V IRU ,QGHSHQGHQFH 'D\ *XDWHPDOD (O 6DOYDGRU &RVWD 5LFD +RQGXUDV DQG 1LFDUDJXD FHOHEUDWH LW HDFK \HDU
on September 15th, while Mexico celebrates it on September 16th, and Chile celebrates it on September 18th ,WV
FHOHEUDWHG LQ $XJXVW LQ (FXDGRU %ROLYLD DQG 8UXJXD\ ,QGHSHQGHQFH 'D\ LV FHOHEUDWHG LQ -XO\ LQ 9HQH]XHOD
$UJHQWLQD&RORPELDDQG3HU~7KLVGD\LVRIFRXUVHDYHU\LPSRUWDQWFHOHEUDWLRQLQHDFKFRXQWU\DQGKDVLWVRULJLQV
in the history of independence from Spain.
7KHLQXHQFHRI6SDLQRQ6SDQLVK$PHULFDFDQQRWEHGHQLHGDQGDPRQJWKHPRUHLPSRUWDQWKROLGD\VIRUIDPLOLHVLV
(SLSKDQ\>7KH'D\RIWKH:LVH0HQ@ZKLFKLVFHOHEUDWHGRQ-DQXDU\th or at midnight on January 5th. The general
and traditional idea is that the Wise MenMelchior, Gaspar, and Balthasarbring gifts to children. This celebration is
common in many of the Spanish-speaking countries.
65
Lesson Verbs like Hacer and Interrogative Words
11
hacer to make, to do ganar to win, to earn
poner to put hacer ejercicio to exercise
salir to leave, to go out hacer una pregunta to ask a question
traer to bring KDFHUXQDHVWD to throw a party
explicar to explain
Cmo est Carla? How is Carla? Cmo es Carla? What is Carla like?
el ejercicio exercise la cama bed
la HVWD party la radio radio
la temperatura temperature el huracn hurricane
los grados degrees la precipitacin precipitation
Qu tiempo hace? Whats the weather like? Truena.,WVWKXQGHULQJ
Hace buen tiempo.,WVJRRGZHDWKHU Est nublado.,WVFORXG\
Hace mal tiempo.,WVEDGZHDWKHU Est despejado.,WVFOHDUFORXGOHVV
Hace sol.,WVVXQQ\ Llueve.,WVUDLQLQJ
Hace viento.,WVZLQG\ Est lloviendo.,WVUDLQLQJ
Hace fro.,WVFROG la lluvia rain
Hace calor.,WVKRW Hay niebla.,WVIRJJ\
Hace fresco.,WVFRRO Llovizna.,WVGUL]]OLQJ
Est a veinticinco grados. ,WVWZHQW\YHGHJUHHV Nieva.,WVVQRZLQJ
Hay tormenta. Theres a storm. Hay hielo.,WVLF\
Caen rayos.,WVOLJKWQLQJ
la puntuacin punctuation el punto y coma semicolon
el signo de puntuacin punctuation mark los signos de interrogacin question marks
el punto period, point los signos de exclamacin exclamation marks
dos puntos colon si if
la coma comma
66
/HVVRQ9HUEVOLNHHacerDQG,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV

A. Hacer and Expressions with hacer
The verb hacer means to make or to do, and its one of the most commonly used verbs in Spanish. Beyond its
QRUPDOXVHHJ,DOZD\VGRP\ZRUNLVSiempre hago mi trabajohacer is used in a number of expressions, such
as hacer una pregunta, which is to ask a question, and KDFHUXQDHVWD, which is to throw a party. Hacer is also
XVHGZLWKPDQ\RIWKHZHDWKHUH[SUHVVLRQVHJQu tiempo hace? is What is the weather like?; Hace solLV,WV
sunny; Hace mal tiempoLV,WVEDGZHDWKHU,I\RXFRQVXOWWKHZHEVLWHRI6SDLQV$JHQFLD(VWDWDOGH0HWHRURORJtD
>6WDWH0HWHRURORJLFDO$JHQF\@DWDHPHWHV\RXFDQVHHDPHWHRURORJLVWJLYLQJDZHDWKHUUHSRUW$OOSUHVHQWWHQVH
endings for hacer are regular; the only unusual form of the verb is the yo IRUPhagoZKLFKKDVDg.
B. 9HUEV&RQMXJDWHGOLNHhacer
9HUEVFRQMXJDWHGOLNHhacerPHDQLQJWKDWWKH\DOVRXVHUHJXODUHQGLQJVDQGKDYHDg in the yoIRUPLQFOXGHponer
>WRSXW@salir >WROHDYHWRJRRXW@DQGtraer >WREULQJ@7KHyo forms for these verbs are pongo, salgo, and traigo.
C. ,QWHUURJDWLYHV
The meaning of cmo is different when used with estar than it is when used with ser because estar expresses a state
or condition, while ser expresses an inherent characteristic of someone or something. Cmo estn las chicas?
asks How are the girls? while Cmo son las chicas? asks What are the girls like?
The interrogative qu >ZKDW@ LV XVHG GLUHFWO\ EHIRUH D QRXQ HJ Qu clases tomas este semestre? is What
FODVVHVDUH\RXWDNLQJWKLVVHPHVWHU"7KHLQWHUURJDWLYHVcul and cules>ZKLFKRUZKDW@DUHRIWHQXVHGDIWHUWKH
preposition de, as in Cules de las camas es tu cama?ZKLFKLV:KLFKRIWKHEHGVLV\RXUEHG"<RXXVHqu
ZKHQ DVNLQJ IRU D GHQLWLRQ RU H[SODQDWLRQ HJ Qu pasa aqu? is Whats happening here?; 4Xp VLJQLFD
salir?LV:KDWGRHVVDOLUPHDQ"7KHLQWHUURJDWLYHVcul and cules are used when you want someone to tell you
VRPHLQIRUPDWLRQQRWH[SODLQLWHJCul es la fecha de hoy? is What is todays date?; Cul es el nombre de
la profesora del curso?LV:KDWLVWKHQDPHRIWKHSURIHVVRURIWKHFRXUVH"
D. Punctuation
,Q 6SDQLVK LW LV QHYHU FRUUHFW WR SXW D FRPPD DIWHU WKH VHFRQGWRODVW LWHP LQ D OLVW HJ ,P JRLQJ WR EULQJ PDQ\
books, a notebook, and a computer is Voy a traer muchos libros, un cuaderno y una computadora
Questions in Spanish begin with an inverted question mark, which could be at the start of a sentence or at the start of
DFODXVHLQWKHPLGGOHRIDVHQWHQFHHJDnde estn las camas? is Where are the beds?; Si tenemos tiempo,
debemos salir despus de la clase?LV,IZHKDYHWLPHVKRXOGZHJRRXWDIWHUWKHFODVV"$QH[FODPDWLRQPXVW
EHJLQ ZLWK DQ LQYHUWHG H[FODPDWLRQ PDUN DQG HQG ZLWK DQ H[FODPDWLRQ PDUN HJ Que da fantstico! is What a
IDQWDVWLF GD\ 'HVSXpV GHO H[DPHQ TXp HVWD YDPRV D KDFHU is After the exam, what a party were going to
WKURZ

a. Contesta las siguientes preguntas sobre el pronstico del tiempo en Buenos Aires y Guadalajara. / Answer the
following questions about the weather forecast in Buenos Aires and Guadalajara.
67
Buenos Aires, Argentina Guadalajara, Mxico
hoy maana domingo hoy maana domingo

Soleado Parcialmente Parcialmente Soleado Parcialmente Tormenta
nublado nublado nublado

Temperatura Temperatura Temperatura Temperatura Temperatura Temperatura
mnima mnima mnima mnima mnima mnima

Probabilidad Probabilidad Probabilidad Probabilidad Probablidad Probabilidad
de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia
1. Cundo y dnde hay probabilidad de lluvia? ____________________________________________________
&XiOHVODWHPSHUDWXUDPtQLPDHQ%XHQRV$LUHVHOGRPLQJR" ______________________________________ .
&XiOHVODWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPDHOYLHUQHVHQ%XHQRV$LUHV" ______________________________________ .
4. Cul es la probabilidad de lluvia en Buenos Aires el sbado? ______________________________________ .
5. Cundo y dnde hay probabilidad de tormenta? ________________________________________________ .
6. Qu tiempo hace en Buenos Aires hoy? ______________________________________________________ .
7. Qu tiempo va a hacer en Guadalajara el sbado? ______________________________________________ .
8. Cul es la temperatura mxima de hoy en Guadalajara? _________________________________________ .
9. Cul es la temperatura mnima el sbado en Guadalajara? _______________________________________ .
b.'LDQDTXLHUHLUDODSLVFLQDGH9LOOD&HOHVWH(ULFDYDDUHYLVDUHOSURQyVWLFRGHOWLHPSR'LDQDZDQWVWRJRWRWKH
SRROLQ9LOOD&HOHVWH(ULFDLVJRLQJWRFKHFNWKHZHDWKHUIRUHFDVW
'LDQD 0DPLTXLHUR>,ZDQW@LUDODSLVFLQD
Erica: S, est bien, pero tenemos que llevar a tu hermana Mariana con nosotras.
'LDQD (VWiELHQPDPLSHURYDPRVDODSLVFLQD
(ULFD 0X\ELHQSHURSULPHUR>UVW@YR\DPLUDUHOSURQyVWLFRGHOWLHPSR
68
(ULFD 'LDQDSXHGHV>FDQ\RX@SRQHUODWHOHYLVLyQSRUIDYRU"
'LDQD 6tPDPL
Erica: Diana, hoy no vamos a ir a la piscina porque va a llover.
'LDQD 1RPDPLKDFHVRO
Erica: S, hace sol ahora, pero en una hora va a llover mucho.
Diana: Pero yo quiero ir a la piscina.
(ULFD <RVp>,NQRZ@SHURQRYDPRVDVDOLUSRUTXHYDDOORYHU
(ULFD 0DxDQDVtYDPRVFRQWXDPLJD9DOHULDHVWiELHQ"
'LDQD 6tPDxDQD
1. Por qu Erica y sus hijas no van hoy a la piscina? _______________________________________________ .
4XpWLHPSRKDFHDKRUD" ___________________________________________________________________ .
&XiQGRYDDOORYHU" ______________________________________________________________________ .
4. Cmo se llama la amiga de Diana? __________________________________________________________ .
5. Cundo van a ir a la piscina? _______________________________________________________________ .
c. Completa las frases con la opcin apropiada. / Complete the sentences with the appropriate option.
1. Hoy quiero ________________________ ejercicio a las seis y media de la tarde. Maana
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHMHUFLFLRFRQ9LFWRULDDODVFLQFRGHODWDUGH
DKDFHPRVKDFHU EKDFHUYDLVDKDFHU FKDFHUYR\DKDFHU
&XiOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHOQRPEUHGHWXQXHYRYHFLQR"
DHVWi EHV FVHU
&yPRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODSHUVRQDOLGDG>SHUVRQDOLW\@GHWXYHFLQR"
DHVWi EHV FVHU
4. <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODUDGLRWRGRVORVGtDVSHURQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODWHOHYLVLyQWRGRVORVGtDV
DSRQJRSRQHU ESRQJRSRQpLV FSRQJRSRQJR
&XiOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVLQJUHGLHQWHV>LQJUHGLHQWV@TXHQHFHVLWDVFRPSUDUHQHOVXSHUPHUFDGR"
DHVWiQ EHUHV FVRQ
69
6. ______________________________ vecinos tienes?

D&XiQWRV E&XiQWDV F&XiO
0DULVRO\9DOHULDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRGRVORVQHVGHVHPDQDFRQVXVDPLJRV
DVDOJDQ EVDOHQ FVDOLPRV
<W~"&XiQGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWXVDPLJRV"
DVDOH EVDOHV FVDOJR
<XVWHGHV"&XiQGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVOLEURVSDUDHVWXGLDU"
DWUDLJR EWUDH FWUDHQ
d. Escribe la expresin correspondiente a la imagen. / Write the expression corresponding to the image.
Hace fro. Hace calor. Hace fresco. Hace viento.
Est despejado. Est lloviendo. Hay niebla. Nieva.
1. _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________


a. 1. Hay probabilidad de lluvia el domingo en Guadalajara.
/DWHPSHUDWXUDPtQLPDHQ%XHQRV$LUHVHOGRPLQJRHVGHJUDGRV
/DWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPDHOYLHUQHVHQ%XHQRV$LUHVHVGHJUDGRV
4. No hay probabilidad de lluvia en Buenos Aires el sbado.
5. Hay probabilidad de tormenta el domingo en Guadalajara.
6. Hoy hace buen tiempo en Buenos Aires. / Hoy en Buenos Aires est soleado. / Hoy en Buenos Aires hace
sol.
7. El sbado en Guadalajara va a estar parcialmente nublado.
8. La temperatura mxima de hoy en Guadalajara es de 41 grados.
/DWHPSHUDWXUDPtQLPDHOViEDGRHQ*XDGDODMDUDHVGHJUDGRV
b. 1RYDQDODSLVFLQDSRUTXHYDDOORYHU /DDPLJDGH'LDQDVHOODPD9DOHULD

+DFHVRODKRUD 9DQDLUDODSLVFLQDPDxDQD
9DDOORYHUHQXQDKRUD
c. Fhacervoy a hacer DCuntos

Ees Esalen
Ees Esales
Fpongopongo Ftraen
Fson
d. +DFHFDORU (VWiOORYLHQGR

+DFHIUtR 1LHYD
71
Lesson The Verbs Saber and Conocer

saber to know facts, to know how to do something traducir to translate
conocer to know a person, place, or thing conducir to drive
producir to produce manejar to drive
reducir to reduce visitar to visit
ofrecer to offer saludar to greet
parecer to seem comunicarse to communicate
rpido fast que that
la respuesta answer
con with hacia toward
para for, to, in order to hasta until
por for, by, through contra against
sin without desde from, since
entre between, among
encima de on top of, over cerca de near to
sobre on, about lejos de far from
debajo de under al lado de next to
dentro de inside of a la derecha de to the right of
detrs de behind a la izquierda de to the left of
delante de in front of alrededor de around, about
enfrente de across from
la lmpara lamp la cmoda bureau
el silln armchair la alfombra rug
la puerta door el escritorio desk
la ventana window el estante bookshelf
el techo roof

/HVVRQ7KH9HUEVSaber and Conocer

A. Saber and conocer
Lets approach these verbs by asking the three questions we ask about any new verbs.
1. What do they mean?

How do you use them?
How do you conjugate them?
What do they mean? Both saber and conocer mean to know.
How do you use them? The verb saber expresses to know in the sense of knowing information or knowing how to
GRVRPHWKLQJHJEllos saben que Marta es simptica is They know that Marta is nice; Sabes hablar italiano?
LV'R\RXNQRZKRZWRVSHDN,WDOLDQ"7KHYHUEconocer expresses to know in the sense of being familiar with
someone or with a place or thing HJ No conocemos a Arturo is We dont know Arturo; Mis amigos conocen una
buena bibliotecaLV0\IULHQGVNQRZDJRRGOLEUDU\
How do you conjugate them? Both saber and conocer have irregular yo forms: yo s and yo conozco7KHRWKHUYH
forms for both verbs are regular.
B. The Personal a
:KHQWKHGLUHFWREMHFWRIDYHUELVDVSHFLFSHUVRQRUJURXSRISHRSOHWKHZRUGaPXVWSUHFHGHWKHGLUHFWREMHFW,Q
the world of grammar, this is called the personal a, or the a personalLQ6SDQLVKHJConozco a Julia, pero no
conozco a sus padresLV,NQRZ-XOLDEXW,GRQWNQRZKHUSDUHQWVA quin buscas? is Whom are you looking
IRU",IWKHSHUVRQRUJURXSLVQRWVSHFLFQRpersonal aLVQHHGHGHJNecesitamos unos nuevos amigos is
:HQHHGVRPHQHZIULHQGV7KHpersonal a is generally not used with tener or hayHJTengo cuatro tosLV,
have four uncles; Hay un chico al lado de m LV7KHUHVDER\QH[WWRPH
C. 9HUEVOLNHconocer
The verbs producir >WR SURGXFH@ reducir >WR UHGXFH@ ofrecer >WR RIIHU@ parecer >WR VHHP@ traducir >WR WUDQVODWH@
and conducir>WRGULYH@DUHFRQMXJDWHGOLNHconocer, meaning that they all have a z before the c in the yo form while
WKHRWKHUYHYHUEIRUPVLQWKHSUHVHQWDUHUHJXODU7KHSUHVHQWWHQVHRIWKHyo forms for these verbs are produzco,
reduzco, ofrezco, parezco, traduzco, and conduzco.
D. Using en and a
The preposition en>LQDW@LVXVHGZKHQWKHUHLVQRPRWLRQH[SUHVVHGHJEstamos en el parque is We are in the
park; Ella estudia en la universidadLV6KHVWXGLHVDWWKHXQLYHUVLW\,IZKDW\RXUHWDONLQJDERXWLQYROYHVPRWLRQ
use the preposition a>WR@ZKLFKLVRIWHQXVHGZLWKir>WRJR@DQGllegar>WRDUULYH@HJVamos a la tienda is We are
going to the store; Siempre llegan a la estacin de trenesLV7KH\DOZD\VDUULYHDWWKHWUDLQVWDWLRQ
E. Understanding Spoken Spanish

When listening to spoken Spanish, make use of context, cognates, and conjecture. <RXUHPRUHOLNHO\WRXQGHUVWDQG
what youre hearing if, as the other person is speaking, you focus on context while listening for possible cognates.
Conjecture is an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information. When you hear something beyond
your current level of comprehension, you must work to make sense of whats being said on the basis of incomplete
information because there are gaps in your understanding. Conjecture simply means that at times you should guess
ZKDWVEHLQJVDLG,QIDFWZKDWEHJLQQLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVRIWHQFRQVLGHUDZLOGJXHVVLVRIWHQDQLQIRUPHGJXHVV
Making use of context, cognates, and conjecture will help maximize your understanding of what you hear.

a. Un cliente de Luis Corts quiere viajar a El Salvador. El cliente le est pidiendo informacin sobre la ciudad. / A
customer of Luis Corts wants to travel to El Salvador. The customer is asking him for information about the city.

Escoge la respuesta correcta. / Choose the correct answer.
'yQGHHVWiHO*LPQDVLR>J\PQDVLXP@$GROIR3LQHGD"
D(OJLPQDVLRHVWiHQODFDUUHWHUD3DQDPHULFDQD
E(OJLPQDVLRHVWiHQWUHOD$YHQLGD1RUWH\ODFDUUHWHUD
Panamericana.
F(OJLPQDVLRHVWiHQWUHODFDUUHWHUD3DQDPHULFDQD\OD
Avenida Sur.
'yQGHHVWiOD3DUURTXLD,QPDFXODGD&RQFHSFLyQ"
D/DSDUURTXLDHVWiHQHO3DUTXH'DQLHO+HUQiQGH]
E/DSDUURTXLDHVWiHQWUHOD$YHQLGD1RUWH\OD$YHQLGD
Sur.
F/DSDUURTXLDHVWiHQODFDUUHWHUD3DQDPHULFDQD
'yQGHHVWiHO+RWHO(O3RUWDO"
D(OKRWHOHVWiHQOD$YHQLGD1RUWH
E(OKRWHOHVWiOHMRVGHOD3DUURTXLD,QPDFXODGD&RQFHSFLyQ
F(OKRWHOHVWiFHUFDGHO3DUTXH'DQLHO+HUQiQGH]
4. Dnde est el Liceo Antonio Machado?

D(OOLFHRHVWiGHWUiVGHOD,JOHVLD(O&DUPHQ
E(OOLFHRHVWiDOODGRGHO*LPQDVLR$GROIR3LQHGD
F(OOLFHRHVWiHQWUHOD$YHQLGD6XU\OD$YHQLGD1RUWH
5. Dnde est el Centro Comercial Kukulkn?

D(OFHQWURFRPHUFLDOHVWiOHMRVGHO*LPQDVLR$GROIR3LQHGD
E(OFHQWURFRPHUFLDOHVWiHQODFDOOH'DQLHO+HUQiQGH]
F(OFHQWURFRPHUFLDOHVWiGHODQWHGHO0LQLFHQWUR([SUHVV/D/LEHUWDG
b. El cliente de Luis no sabe exactamente dnde estn los pases en Amrica Central o Amrica del Sur. / Luiss
customer doesnt know exactly where the countries of Central America or South America are located.
74
1. Dnde est El Salvador?

D(O6DOYDGRUHVWiDORHVWHGH0p[LFR
E(O6DOYDGRUHVWiHQ$PpULFDGHO1RUWH Mxico Cuba Repblica Dominicana
Puerto Rico
F(O6DOYDGRUHVWiDOVXUGH*XDWHPDOD Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
'yQGHHVWi(FXDGRU" Panam Venezuela Guyana
Surinam
D(FXDGRUHVWiFHUFDGH$UJHQWLQD Colombia
Ecuador
E(FXDGRUHVWiHQWUH%ROLYLD\3DUDJXD\
F(FXDGRUHVWiFHUFDGH&RORPELD
Per Brasil
'yQGHHVWi%ROLYLD" Bolivia
AMRICA LATINA
D%ROLYLDHVWiHQWUH%UDVLO\&KLOH Paraguay
E%ROLYLDHVWiFHUFDGH*XDWHPDOD Chile
F%ROLYLDHVWiDOVXUGH3DUDJXD\ Uruguay
Argentina
4. Dnde est Uruguay?

D8UXJXD\HVWiFHUFDGH3HU~
E8UXJXD\HVWiDOHVWHGH$UJHQWLQD
F8UXJXD\HVWiHQWUH%UDVLO\%ROLYLD
'yQGHHVWiOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD"
D/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVWiRHVWHGH3XHUWR5LFR
E/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVWiDORHVWHGH&XED
F/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVWiHQWUH9HQH]XHOD\&RORPELD
c. Rogelio est buscando trabajo. Hoy tiene una entrevista de trabajo en la agencia de viajes de Luis Corts. / Rogelio
is looking for a job. Today he has a job interview in Luis Cortss travel agency.
Completa el siguiente dilogo entre Rogelio y Luis. / Complete the following dialogue between Rogelio and Luis
Corts.
/XLV %XHQRVGtDV5RJHOLR<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHU/XLV&RUWpV
5RJHOLR0XFKRJXVWRVHxRU&RUWpV
/XLV %XHQR>:HOO@5RJHOLRXVWHGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUH[SHULHQFLD>H[SHULHQFH@HQRWURVWUDEDMRV"
5RJHOLR1RVHxRU1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUH[SHULHQFLD
Luis: Por qu est buscando trabajo en una agencia de viajes?
5RJHOLRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDUDGPLQLVWUDFLyQHQWXULVPR\UHFUHDFLyQ>7RXULVPDQG5HFUHDWLRQ
0DQDJHPHQW@\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQHFHVLWDUGLQHURSDUDODXQLYHUVLGDG
/XLV 0X\ELHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHUPXFKRVREUHWHFQRORJtD>WHFKQRORJ\@"
75
5RJHOLR6tVHxRUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHUWUDEDMDUFRQ3KRWRVKRS\HVR>WKDW@HVLPSRUWDQWH
SDUDODSXEOLFLGDG>DGYHUWLVLQJ@HQXQDDJHQFLDGHYLDMHV
/XLV 6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUUD]yQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHURUJDQL]DU
>RUJDQL]H@HYHQWRV>HYHQWV@"
5RJHOLR6tVHxRU<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHURUJDQL]DUHYHQWRV3RUHMHPSOR\R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBRUJDQL]DUWRGRVORVHYHQWRVHQPLIDPLOLD7DPELpQ\R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBRIUHFHUPXFKDVHVWDVHQPLFDVD
/XLV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHUKDEODURWUDVOHQJXDV"
5RJHOLR6tVHxRU<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHUKDEODUDOHPiQ\IUDQFpV<R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUDGXFLUPXFKRVGRFXPHQWRV>GRFXPHQWV@SDUDPLVDPLJRV
/XLV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQRFHURWURVSDtVHV"
5RJHOLR6tVHxRUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQRFHURWURVSDtVHVSRUHMHPSOR(VSDxD)UDQFLD
Chile y Panam.
/XLV 0X\ELHQ5RJHOLR*UDFLDVSRUKDEODUFRQPLJR>ZLWKPH@
d. Escoge la respuesta correcta. No olvides conjugar el verbo. / Choose the correct answer. Dont forget to conjugate
the verb.
conocer conocer a saber
1. Esteban y Luisa ______________________ sus vecinos.
'LDQDQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPDQHMDUVXELFLFOHWD>ELF\FOH@
/XLVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODFXxDGDGH$QD
4. Luis __________________________ muchos pases de Europa y Asia.
5. Elena no ____________________________ cocinar.
$OEHUWR'LHJR\-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBMXJDU>WRSOD\@DMHGUH]>FKHVV@
7~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQEXHQUHVWDXUDQWHSDUDLUDFRPHUFRQWXIDPLOLD"
8VWHGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGyQGHHVWiODHVWDFLyQGHWUHQHV"
<RQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQDEXHQDXQLYHUVLGDGSDUDHVWXGLDUDGPLQLVWUDFLyQHQWXULVPR
76
e. Contesta las siguientes preguntas. / Answer the following questions.
entre a la izquierda encima enfrente a la derecha debajo
1. La lmpara est _______________________ del silln.
(OSHULyGLFRHVWiBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHODPHVD
(OWHOHYLVRUHVWiBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHOVLOOyQ
4. El telfono est ____________ la puerta y la ventana.
5. La alfombra est _____________________ de la mesa.

a. D D
E D
F
b. F E
F D
D
c. 1. soy Vp
WLHQH 11. organizo
WHQJR RIUH]FR
4. Estudio 6DEH
5. necesito 14. s
6. Sabe 15. traduzco
7. S 16. Conoce
8. tiene 17. Conozco
9. Sabe
d. 1. conocen a 6. saben
VDEH 7. Conoces
FRQRFHD 8. Sabe
4. conoce 9. conozco
5. sabe
e. 1. a la derecha 4. entre
HQFLPD 5. debajo
DODGHUHFKD
77
Lesson Stem-Changing Verbs

el cambio change el piano piano
la raz root, stem of a verb el nfasis emphasis
la conjugacin conjugation
sin m without me contigo ZLWK\RX>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@
hacia ti toward you prximo next
conmigo with me
comprender to understand poder to be able to
tocar to play an instrument, to touch almorzar to have lunch
pensar to think recordar to remember
cerrar to close mostrar to show
comenzar to begin volver to return
empezar to begin devolver to return something
entender to understand dormir to sleep
perder to lose morir to die
querer to want, to love jugar to play
mentir to lie servir to serve
preferir to prefer pedir to ask for
encontrarWRQG repetir to repeat
costar to cost
Qu elegante!+RZHOHJDQW

A. 6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
Stem-changing verbs in the present tense have regular endings but change stem in all the singular forms and in
WKHWKLUGSHUVRQSOXUDOIRUPWKHUHLVQRVWHPFKDQJHIRUWKHnosotros or vosotrosIRUPV7KHIRXUSRVVLEOHVWHP
changes are e ie, o ue, e i, and u ue jugar is the only verb with a u ue VWHPFKDQJH&RQMXJDWLRQVRI
stem-changing verbs in the present include the following.
querer>WRZDQWWRORYH@ encontrar>WRQG@
e ie o ue
quiero queremos encuentro encontramos

quieres queris encuentras encontris
quiere quieren encuentra encuentran
78
/HVVRQ6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV
servir>WRVHUYH@ jugar>WRSOD\@
ei u ue
sirvo servimos juego jugamos

sirves servs juegas jugis
sirve sirven juega juegan
Whats easy about stem-changing verbs is remembering that all endings are regular and that the stem change happens
RQO\LQWKHERRWLQDOOIRUPVH[FHSWWKHnosotros and vosotrosIRUPV:KDWVGLIFXOWDERXWVWHPFKDQJLQJYHUEVLV
remembering which verbs change stem and what the stem change is for each verb.
A commonly used stem-changing verb is costarPHDQLQJWRFRVWHJCunto cuesta la computadora? is How

much does the computer cost?; Cunto cuestan los zapatos?LV+RZPXFKGRWKHVKRHVFRVW"
B. Prepositional Pronouns
3URQRXQV XVHG DIWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ DOVR NQRZQ DV SUHSRVLWLRQDO SURQRXQV DUH WKH VDPH DV WKH VXEMHFW SURQRXQV
ZLWK WZR H[FHSWLRQV 7KH UVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP LV m and the second-person singular, informal form is ti. The
prepositional pronouns are as follows.
m nosotros, nosotras
ti vosotros, vosotras
usted ustedes
l ellos
ella ellas
Two forms that are irregular are conmigo, which means with me, and contigoZKLFKPHDQVZLWK\RXXVLQJWKH
LQIRUPDOVLQJXODUIRUPRI\RX
C. Knowing Where to Place Spoken Stress

Spanish has three rules that determine where to place the stress in a word when speaking.
1. When a word ends with a vowel or with the letter n or s\RXVWUHVVWKHVHFRQGWRODVWV\OODEOHHJcomen,
cervezas, trabajadora
When a word ends with a consonant that is not the letter n or s\RXVWUHVVWKHODVWV\OODEOHHJentender,
pared, accidental
:KHQDZRUGGRHVQRWIROORZWKHUVWWZRUXOHVDQDFFHQWPDUNLVXVHGWRVKRZZKLFKV\OODEOHVKRXOGEH
VWUHVVHGHJfrancs, ngela, repblica

a. Pronuncia cada una de las palabras en esta lista. Para cada palabra, subraya la slaba acentuadaes decir, la
slaba que lleva nfasis a la hora de hablar. / Pronounce each one of the words on this list. For each word, underline
the accented syllablein other words, the syllable that is emphasized when speaking.
1. chocolate 6. Honduras 11. contigo
KRVSLWDO 7. instrumento OHFFLRQHV
FDIp 8. ciudad GRUPLU
4. universidad 9. veintids 14. actividad
5. palabra DOPRU]DU 15. Mlaga
79
b. Pablo y sus amigos Sebastin y Guillermo estn hablando con Felipe. Ellos quieren convencer a Felipe de ir a la
universidad. / Pablo and his friends Sebastin and Guillermo are talking with Felipe. They want to convince Felipe to
go to college.
Completa el dilogo con la conjugacin correcta del verbo indicado. / Complete the dialogue with the correct
conjugation of the indicated verb.
Pablo: Debes tomar clases el prximo semestre
>VHPHVWHU@
)HOLSH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSUHIHULUWHQHUVRORPL
WUDEDMR1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHUHU
HVWUHVDUPH>VWUHVVRXW@SRUODVFODVHV\ODV
QRWDV>JUDGHV@
6HEDVWLiQ 6tQRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHUTXH
no quieres estresarte, pero la universidad no
es mala idea.
*XLOOHUPR 1RVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDU
MXQWRV>WRJHWKHU@HQODELEOLRWHFD6LQRVRWURV
QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQWHQGHUDOJR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRGHUHVWXGLDU
ms. Los lunes, mircoles y viernes
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOPRU]DUMXQWRV
en la cafetera. Los martes y jueves yo
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOPRU]DUFRQPLQRYLD
)HOLSH <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUDEDMDUWRGRVORVGtDVHQWRQFHV>VR@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
SUHIHULUWRPDUFODVHVSRUODQRFKH
3DEOR <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFUHHUTXHHVXQDEXHQDLGHDWRPDUFODVHVSRUODQRFKH
)HOLSH /DXQLYHUVLGDGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRVWDUPXFKRGLQHUR\QRVpVLDKRUDPLVPR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRGHUSDJDUWDQWRGLQHUR>VRPXFKPRQH\@
6HEDVWLiQ 6tHVPXFKRGLQHURSHURYDOHODSHQD>LWVZRUWKLW@
)HOLSH <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBMXJDUDOI~WEROFRQPLVDPLJRVORVViEDGRV\GRPLQJRV
6HEDVWLiQ (QODXQLYHUVLGDGWDPELpQ>DOVR@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRGHUMXJDUDOI~WERO
)HOLSH 9R\DBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHQVDUHQPLVRSFLRQHV>RSWLRQV@JUDFLDV1RVYHPRV
3DEOR*XLOOHUPR6HEDVWLiQ1RVYHPRV

/HVVRQ6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV
c. Escoge la preposicin o el pronombre preposicional correcto para las oraciones siguientes. / Choose the correct
preposition or prepositional pronoun for the following sentences.
ti m para conmigo contigo de

detrs de entre hasta sobre con
1. Los lunes tengo clases ____________________ las nueve de la maana y las cinco menos diez de la tarde.
(QODFODVHKDEODPRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODVLWXDFLyQSROtWLFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB&XED
+DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLVDPLJRVWRGRVORVGtDV
4XLHUHVLUDOVHPLQDULR>VHPLQDU@GHHVWDQRFKHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"
(VWDWDUHD>KRPHZRUN@HVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODFODVHGHLQJOpV
4XLHURLUDODHVWDSHURVLQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQRYR\DLU
7. Todos los das duermo _________________________ las ocho de la maana.
8. Shhhh, la profesora est _______________________________ nosotros.
d. Completa las respuestas de las siguientes preguntas. No olvides conjugar el verbo. / Complete the answers to the
following questions. Dont forget to conjugate the verb.
-XHJDVPXFKRDOI~WEROORVQHVGHVHPDQD"1R _______________________________________________ .
*HQHUDOPHQWHPLHQWHVDWXVDPLJRV"1R _____________________________________________________ .
3LHUGHVODVOODYHV>NH\V@GHWXFDUURIUHFXHQWHPHQWH>IUHTXHQWO\@"6t ________________________________ .
4. Cunto cuesta un buen diccionario? ____________________________SRUORPHQRV>DWOHDVW@YHLQWHGyODUHV
5. A qu hora almuerzas? ___________________________________________________________ al medioda.
6. Entiendes los verbos con cambio de raz en el presente? S, ______________________________________ .
81

a. 1. chocolate 9. veintids
KRVSLtal DOPRUzar
FDf 11. contigo
4. universidad OHFciones
5. palabra GRUmir
6. Honduras 14. actividad
7. instrumento 15. Mlaga
8. ciudad
b. 3UHHUR 9. trabajo
TXLHUR SUHHUR
VDEHPRV 11. creo
4. estudiamos FXHVWD
5. entendemos SXHGR
6. podemos 14. juego
7. almorzamos 15. puedes
8. almuerzo 16. pensar
c. 1. entre 5. para
VREUHGH 6. ti
FRQ 7. hasta
4. conmigo 8. detrs de
d. 1RQRMXHJRPXFKRDOI~WEROORVQHVGHVHPDQD
1RQRPLHQWRDPLVDPLJRV
6tSLHUGRODVOODYHVGHPLFDUURIUHFXHQWHPHQWH
4. Un buen diccionario cuesta por lo menos veinte dlares.
5. Almuerzo al medioda.
6. S, entiendo los verbos con cambio de raz en el presente.

Lesson Ver, Dar, and Other Irregular Verbs
14
maravilloso marvelous la Pascua Easter
juntos together la zona zone
exactamente exactly la verdad truth
enhorabuena congratulations nevada snow-covered
felicidades congratulations colorado red-colored
la sierra mountain range, saw RULGDFRYHUHGZLWKRZHUV
la montaa mountain rido arid
siempre always todos los das every day
a veces at times tarde late
de vez en cuando from time to time temprano early
a menudo often el domingo on Sunday
frecuentemente frequently los martes on Tuesdays
responder to answer corregir to correct
ver to see decir to say, to tell
dar to give venir to come
escoger to choose or to hear
proteger to protect
la telenovela soap opera el pas country
el presidente president la conversacin conversation
la situacin situation la inmigracin immigration
el lder leader legal legal
la reunin meeting ilegal illegal

A. U.S. State Names from Spanish
7KHYH86VWDWHVZLWKQDPHVWKDWFRPHGLUHFWO\IURP6SDQLVKDUH1HYDGDIURPnevada>VQRZFRYHUHG@&RORUDGR
from colorado >UHGFRORUHG@ 0RQWDQD IURP montaa >PRXQWDLQ@ )ORULGD IURP RULGD >FRYHUHG ZLWK RZHUV@ DQG
&DOLIRUQLDIURPWKHFWLRQDOLVODQGRI&DOLIRUQLDWKDWDSSHDUVLQWKHth-century Spanish book of chivalry entitled Las
sergas de Esplandin>The Great Deeds of Esplandin@

B. Ver and dar

The verbs ver>WRVHH@DQGdar>WRJLYH@ERWKDUHLUUHJXODULQWKHSUHVHQWVer has an extra e in the yo form and no
accent in the vosotros form. The yo form of dar ends in -oyWKHRWKHUYHHQGLQJVDUHWKHVDPHDVWKHUHJXODU-ar
endings in the present, except there is no accent in the vosotrosIRUP,QWKHSUHVHQWWKHVL[IRUPVRIdar rhyme with
the six forms of ir. The conjugations of these two verbs in the present are as follows.
ver>WRVHH@ dar>WRJLYH@
veo vemos doy damos

ves veis das dais
ve ven da dan
C. 9HUEVOLNHescoger
The verb escoger>WRFKRRVH@KDVDOOUHJXODUHQGLQJVLQWKHSUHVHQWEXWWKHyo form has a j instead of a g,IWKHyo
form included a g, it would make a hard g sound, as found in tengo. To maintain the j sound present in escoger DQG
for example, ArgentinaWKHIRUPLQVWHDGLVyo escojo. Other verbs conjugated like escoger include proteger>WR
SURWHFW@DQGWKHe i stem-changing verb corregir >WRFRUUHFW@7KHyo forms of these verbs in the present are yo
protejo and yo corrijo.
D. Decir, venir, and or

The present tense conjugations of decir>WRVD\@DQGvenir>WRFRPH@ZKLFKDUHERWKFOHDUO\-ir YHUEVKDYHWZRWKLQJV
in common: Both have a g in the yo form, and both are stem changing. Decir changes e i, and venir changes e
ie, except in the yo form. The conjugations of these verbs in the present are as follows.
decir>WRVD\@ venir>WRFRPH@
ei e ie
digo decimos vengo venimos

dices decs vienes vens
dice dicen viene vienen
Because venirLVDYHUERIPRWLRQOLNHir and llegarLWLVRIWHQXVHGZLWKWKHSUHSRVLWLRQaHJSiempre vengo a

clase tempranoLV,DOZD\VFRPHWRFODVVHDUO\
When conjugated in the present, or>WRKHDU@KDVDg in the yo form; a y in the t, usted, and ustedes forms; and an
accent in the nosotrosIRUP,WVSUHVHQWWHQVHFRQMXJDWLRQLVDVIROORZV
or>WRKHDU@
oigo omos
oyes os
oye oyen
E. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU/LVWHQLQJDQG6SHDNLQJ6NLOOV
:DWFKLQJWHOHYLVLRQLQ6SDQLVKLVRQHZD\WRLPSURYH\RXUOLVWHQLQJDQGVSHDNLQJVNLOOV6SHFLFQHWZRUNVWKDW\RX
might have access to where you live are Univisin, Telemundo, or Azteca. Although any program you watch can
be useful, news programs are ideal for beginning language learners because newscasters tend to speak slowly
and clearly. For someone new to the language, this is exactly the kind of spoken Spanish that you are most likely
to understand. Moreover, when watching the news, you will see clips or scenes of what the newscaster is talking
about. These images, accompanying what you hear, will help provide context for what youre hearing. When watching
television, as always when hearing Spanish, use cognates, context, and conjecture to help you make sense of what
youre hearing.
84
Lesson 14Ver, DarDQG2WKHU,UUHJXODU9HUEV
As has been mentioned in an earlier lesson, from time to time you should repeat what the newscaster is saying to work
on developing your speaking skills. This will help you get accustomed to the intonation used in Spanishmeaning the
way the voice rises and falls when speaking. And if youd like to read subtitles while watching television, have them be
in Spanish if possible. This entire all-Spanish experiencemeaning that both the words youre hearing and the words
youre reading are in Spanishwill help get you more accustomed to the language in its various aspects.

a. Resuelve el siguiente crucigrama. / Solve the following crossword puzzle.
1 RtU escoger proteger dar
venir corregir decir ver

5 6
Horizontal / Across
7~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODVUHXQLRQHVJHQHUDOPHQWHGLH]PLQXWRVWDUGH
5. La profesora ___________________ los exmenes de sus estudiantes cada mes.
8VWHGHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBP~VLFDFXDQGRPDQHMDQVXDXWRPyYLO
<RVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODYHUGDGWUXWK
Vertical / Down
/RVGRPLQJRVYRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHOtFXODV>PRYLHV@FRQYXHVWURVDPLJRV
0LKHUPDQR\\RVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORPLVPR>WKHVDPHWKLQJ@GHODFDUWD>PHQX@FXDQGR
vamos a un restaurante.
<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLSLHO>VNLQ@FRQWUDHOVROWRGRVORVGtDV
<RBBBBBBBBBP~VLFDFXDQGRWUDEDMRHQODFRPSXWDGRUD
7RGRVORVDxRVpOOH>WRKHU@BBBBBBBBBBXQUHJDOR>JLIW@DVXPHMRU>EHVW@DPLJDSRUVXFXPSOHDxRV
85
b. (ULFD\VXVKLMDV'LDQD\0DULDQDHVWiQHQHO]RROyJLFR>]RR@(ULFDDQGKHUGDXJKWHUV'LDQDDQG0DULDQDDUHDW
the zoo.
Completa el dilogo con la conjugacin correcta del verbo indicado. / Complete the dialogue with the correct
conjugation of the indicated verb.
(ULFD 'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBRtUHVH>WKDW@
VRQLGRVRXQG"
'LDQD 6tPDPL
(ULFD 6RQODVJXDFDPD\DV>PDFDZV@(VWiQFDQWDQGR
>7KH\DUHVLQJLQJ@
'LDQD 3RUTXpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDQWDU"
(ULFD 3RUTXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWDUIHOLFHV
(ULFD 'LDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUWRGRVORVFRORUHV>FRORUV@
GHVXVSOXPDV>IHDWKHUV@"
'LDQD 6t3RUTXpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUWDQWRV>VR
PDQ\@FRORUHV"
(ULFD 0PPPSRUTXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBUHSUHVHQWDU
>UHSUHVHQW@ORVFRORUHVGHODQDWXUDOH]D>QDWXUH@
(ULFD 9DPRVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUORVPRQRV>PRQNH\V@
'LDQD 1RPDPL1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHUHULU
(ULFD 3RUTXpQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHUHULU"7~
VLHPSUHOHV>WRWKHP@BBBBBBBBBBBBGDUFRPLGD
>IRRG@DORVPRQRV
Diana: Hoy no quiero ver los monos.
(ULFD %XHQRW~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHEHUHVFRJHUTXp
animal quieres ver ahora.
'LDQD <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHUHUYHUORVHOHIDQWHV

>HOHSKDQWV@
(ULFD 3HURW~VLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHQLUDYHUORV
HOHIDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDYHURWURVDQLPDOHV
ahora.
'LDQD 1RPDPL(VODSULPHUDYH]TXH0DULDQDYLVLWDHO
]RROyJLFR\TXLHURBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUORVHOHIDQWHV
con ella.
(ULFD /RVHOHIDQWHVVRQWXDQLPDOIDYRULWR>IDYRULWH@"
'LDQD 1RPDPL<RQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUXQDQLPDO
IDYRULWR7RGRVBBBBBBBBBBBBVHUPX\ERQLWRV
86
Lesson 14Ver, DarDQG2WKHU,UUHJXODU9HUEV
c. Lee el siguiente prrafo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Hoy, en la capital de los Estados Unidos, el presidente Obama se reuni con el presidente de Mxico, Enrique Pea
Nieto, para hablar de la situacin econmica de los dos pases. Durante las conversaciones, los dos presidentes
hablaron del Tratado de Libre Comercio de Amrica del Norte y del asunto de la inmigracin, tanto legal como ilegal,
entre Mxico y los Estados Unidos. Los dos lderes van a verse de nuevo en una semana cuando el presidente
mexicano y el presidente estadounidense viajen a Ro de Janeiro para una reunin de todos los jefes de Estado de
las Amricas.
&XiQGRYDQDYHUVH>PHHWVHHHDFKRWKHU@GHQXHYR>DJDLQ@ORVSUHVLGHQWHVGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV\0p[LFR"
___________________________________________________________________________________________
$GyQGHYDQDYLDMDUORVSUHVLGHQWHV" _________________________________________________________ .
3RUTXpYDQDKDFHUHOYLDMH>WULS@" ___________________________________________________________ .
4. Quines ms van a estar con los presidentes Pea Nieto y Obama? ________________________________ .
d. Lee el siguiente prrafo. Encuentra al menos cinco cognados y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following
SDUDJUDSK)LQGDWOHDVWYHFRJQDWHVDQGDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQV
El nhuatl
El nhuatl es una lengua que se habla principalmente en los pueblos indgenas nahuas en Mxico. Aunque el nhuatl,
FRQXQPLOOyQ\PHGLRGHKDEODQWHVHQHOSDtVHVODOHQJXDLQGtJHQDKDEODGDSRUHOPD\RUQ~PHURGHJUXSRVpWQLFRV
en Mxico, tambin existe una gran cantidad de dialectos entre estos grupos. El nhuatl es la lengua indgena ms
importante en Mxico, pero en ese pas existen ms de sesenta lenguas vivas. Adems de Mxico, hay otros pases
TXHD~QHPSOHDQOHQJXDVSUHKLVSiQLFDVFRPRSDUWHGHVXFRPXQLFDFLyQEiVLFDSRUHMHPSOR*XDWHPDOD(FXDGRU
3HU~\RWURV(OQiKXDWO\HOHVSDxROVHKDQLQXHQFLDGRHQWUHVtHLQFOXVROD5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODKDUHFRQRFLGR
varios prstamos lingsticos del nhuatl al espaol. Palabras como, por ejemplo, chocolate, tomate, aguacate,
guacamole y tamal son palabras en espaol que vienen de nhuatl.
Cognados: _________________, _____________________, _______________________,
_______________________, ________________________.
&LHUWR&R)DOVR)7UXH&RU)DOVH)
1. Un milln y medio de personas hablan nhuatl en Mxico. __________________________________________
(OHVSDxROHVODOHQJXDLQGtJHQDPiVLPSRUWDQWHGH0p[LFR ________________________________________
0p[LFRHVHO~QLFRSDtVTXHXWLOL]D>XVHV@OHQJXDVSUHKLVSiQLFDV _____________________________________
/D5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODQRKDUHFRQRFLGR>KDVQRWUHFRJQL]HG@ORVSUpVWDPRVOLQJtVWLFRV
>ORDQZRUGV@GHOQiKXDWO _____________________________________________________________________
87

a. 1. veis 6. oigo
YLHQHV 7. oyen
HVFRJHPRV KRUL]RQWDOGLJR
4. protejo YHUWLFDOGD
5. corrige
b. 1. oyen / os GDV
FDQWDQ 11. debes
HVWiQ TXLHUR
4. ves YLHQHV
5. tienen 9DPRV
6. representan 15. ver
7. ver 16. tengo
8. quiero 17. son
9. quieres
c. 9DQDYHUVHGHQXHYRHQXQDVHPDQD
9DQDYLDMDUD5tRGH-DQHLUR
9DQDKDFHUHOYLDMHSRUTXHKD\XQDUHXQLyQGHWRGRVORVMHIHVGH(VWDGRGHODV$PpULFD
4. Todos los jefes de Estado de las Amricas van a estar con ellos.
Today, in the capital of the United States, President Obama met with the president of Mexico, Enrique Pea Nieto, to
discuss the economic situation of the two countries. During the conversations, the two presidents discussed the North
American Free Trade Agreement and the issue of immigration, both legal and illegal, between Mexico and the United
States. The two leaders will meet again in a week when the Mexican president and U.S. president travel to Rio de
Janeiro for a meeting of all heads of state of the Americas.
d. Cognados: PLOOyQ >PLOOLRQ@ LQGtJHQD >LQGLJHQRXV@ Q~PHUR >QXPEHU@ JUXSRV >JURXSV@ pWQLFRV >HWKQLF@ H[LVWH
>H[LVWV@FDQWLGDG>TXDQWLW\@GLDOHFWRV>GLDOHFWV@LPSRUWDQWHV>LPSRUWDQW@SUHKLVSiQLFDV>SUH+LVSDQLF@FRPXQLFDFLyQ
>FRPPXQLFDWLRQ@ EiVLFD >EDVLF@ HMHPSOR >H[DPSOH@ LQXHQFLDGR >LQXHQFHG@ UHFRQRFLGR >UHFRJQL]HG@ YDULRV
>YDULRXV@FKRFRODWH>FKRFRODWH@WRPDWH>WRPDWR@WDPDO>WDPDOH@JXDFDPROH>JXDFDPROH@
& ) ) )
88
Lesson The Present Progressive
15
en este momento at this moment progresivo progressive
posible possible
el tenis tennis la felicidad happiness
la actividad activity la superioridad superiority
el tema topic la cosa thing
la comunidad community
ocurrir to occur, to happen cambiar to change
el comedor dining room el tenedor fork
la comida food el cuchillo knife
la bebida drink la cuchara spoon
el plato plate la cucharita teaspoon
el tazn bowl
el platillo saucer la servilleta napkin
la taza cup el mantel tablecloth
el vaso glass la sal salt
la copa wineglass, cocktail la pimienta pepper
el vino wine el azcar sugar
el desayuno breakfast almorzar to eat lunch
desayunar to eat breakfast la cena dinner
el almuerzo lunch cenar to eat dinner
la cafetera cafeteria la cocinera female cook
la cocina kitchen el mesero waiter
el cocinero male cook la mesera waitress

A. The Present Progressive
The present progressive is a construction used to talk about something happening right nowsomething in progress
at the moment the construction is being used. For that reason, its often used with expressions like ahora>QRZ@ahora
mismo>ULJKWQRZ@DQGen este momento>DWWKLVPRPHQW@
89
The construction consists of a form of estar in the present + present participle. To form the present participle, do the
following: For an -ar verb, drop the -ar ending and add -ando; for an -er or -ir verb, drop the -er or -ir ending and add
-iendoHJbailar bailando; aprender aprendiendo; abrir abriendo$QH[DPSOHRIWKHSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOH
being used is Estamos comiendo ahoraZKLFKLV:HDUHHDWLQJULJKWQRZ>1RWH7KH(QJOLVKVHQWHQFH7RPRUURZ
she is studying all day is Maana ella va a estudiar todo el da, using the ir + aLQQLWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQEHFDXVH
ZKDWVEHLQJGHVFULEHGLVQRWKDSSHQLQJULJKWQRZEXWUDWKHUZLOOKDSSHQLQWKHIXWXUH@
B. 9HUEVZLWK,UUHJXODU3UHVHQW3DUWLFLSOHV
There are two kinds of verbs with irregular present participles. One group of verbs with irregular present participles is
-er and -irYHUEVZLWKVWHPVWKDWHQGLQDYRZHO,QVWHDGRIDQHQGLQJLQ-iendo, the participle for these verbs is -yendo
with a yHJleer leyendo; or oyendo; traer trayendo
The second category of verbs with irregular present participles is the group of stem-changing -ir verbs. For -ir verbs
with a stem-changing e, the e becomes i in the present participle. For -ir verbs with a stem-changing o, the o becomes
uLQWKHSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHHJpedir pidiendo; dormir durmiendo
C. Traits Common to Successful Language Learners

Every language learner is different, but quite often, successful language learners share common traits that help them
as they progress with their studies. And if you can cultivate these traits as well, they will both help you improve your
ODQJXDJHVNLOOVPRUHTXLFNO\DQGPDNHLWPRUHOLNHO\WKDW\RXUHPDLQGHGLFDWHGWR\RXUVWXGLHV7KHWKUHHVSHFLFWUDLWV
WKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HPDQ\VXFFHVVIXOODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVDUHXUJHQF\EHOLHIDQGVHOHVVQHVV
8UJHQF\GRHVQWPHDQWKDW\RXVKRXOGEHUDFLQJWKURXJK\RXUOHVVRQV,WPHDQVUDWKHUERWKFDUU\LQJRQFRQVLVWHQWO\
ZLWKQHZOHVVRQVLQWHUDFWLQJZLWKWKHDXGLRJORVVDU\VSHDNLQJDFWLYLWLHVDQGZRUNERRNDQGNHHSLQJLQFRQWDFWZLWK
the language even beyond the course as much as possible. This is particularly important at the stage youre at right
QRZKDOIZD\WKURXJKWKHOHVVRQV4XLWHRIWHQWKHPLGGOHRIDUVWFRXUVHLQ6SDQLVKLVZKHQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVWHQGWR
become frustrated, give up, and stop studying. This happens because although theyve learned a fair amount, learners
realize that what they dont know is much greater than what they do know. This can lead some learners to become
IUXVWUDWHGZLWKWKHLUSURJUHVV%XWDVHQVHRIXUJHQF\KHOSVJKWIHHOLQJVRIIUXVWUDWLRQ6RPRYHWKURXJKWKHVHOHVVRQV
DVFRQVLVWHQWO\DQGGLOLJHQWO\DV\RXUHDVRQDEO\FDQDQGZRUNWRQGZD\VWRXVH6SDQLVKEH\RQGWKHFODVVDVZHOO
The second trait that characterizes successful beginning language learners is beliefmeaning maintaining faith that
the language-learning process really works and that it will work for you. Quite often, the learners who progress the
most in their language studies are those who truly believe that with time, practice, and consistent contact with the
ODQJXDJHWKHLU6SDQLVKVNLOOVZLOOLQGHHGLPSURYHVLJQLFDQWO\
7KHWKLUGWUDLWVKDUHGE\PDQ\VXFFHVVIXOODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVLVVHOHVVQHVV&OHDUO\\RXPDGHWKHGHFLVLRQWRVWXG\
6SDQLVKDQG\RXDUHWKHRQHWDNLQJWKLVFRXUVH%XWYHU\RIWHQZKHQDOHDUQHUJDLQVSURFLHQF\LQ6SDQLVKRWKHU
SHRSOHEHQHWDVZHOO0D\EH\RXUODQJXDJHVNLOOVZLOOKHOS\RXGR\RXUMREEHWWHUSHUKDSVWKHUHDUHSHRSOHLQ\RXU
community youll be able to help when youre bilingual. Whatever the case, be aware that your continued study of the
ODQJXDJHKDVSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVEH\RQG\RX$QGUHPHPEHULQJWKHVHEHQHWVWRRWKHUVPLJKWVHUYHDVDJRRGPRWLYDWLRQ
to continue your studies.

a. Todos los das Cecilia ve la nueva telenovela La oveja negra, pero hoy tiene que trabajar hasta tarde en un proyecto
muy importante. Ella llama a su amiga Alejandra para que ella le cuente lo que est pasando en la historia. / Every day
Cecilia watches the new soap opera The Black Sheep, but today she has to work late on a very important project. She
calls her friend Alejandra so that she can tell her whats happening in the story.
Completa las frases siguientes usando el presente progresivo. / Complete the following sentences using the present
progressive.

Lesson 15The Present Progressive
Cecilia: Hola, Alejandra. Qu ests haciendo ahora?
$OHMDQGUD +ROD&HFLOLDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHULa oveja negra.
$OHMDQGUD <W~"4XpHVWiVKDFLHQGR"1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLUDUODQRYHOD"
&HFLOLD 1RQRSXHGRSRUTXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUDEDMDUHQODRFLQD7HQJR
XQSUR\HFWRPX\LPSRUWDQWHTXHKDFHU0LDVLVWHQWH>DVVLVWDQW@\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVFULELUORVREMHWLYRV>REMHFWLYHV@GHOSUR\HFWRDKRUDPLVPR
$OHMDQGUD 2KQR4XpWHUULEOH
&HFLOLD /RVp3RUIDYRUSXHGHVGHFLUPHORTXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
RFXUULUHQODQRYHOD"
$OHMDQGUD &ODUR/DQRYHODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHPSH]DUHQHVWHPRPHQWR
QJHO(UQHVWRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODUFRQHOFDQWLQHUR>EDUWHQGHU@
eOHVWiPX\FRQIXQGLGRSRUTXHpOTXLHUHD$QWRQLHWD0DUtDSHURpOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHQVDUTXHWDPELpQTXLHUHD$GHOD/XFHUR
&HFLOLD 3HUR$GHOD/XFHURQRTXLHUHDQJHO(UQHVWRFLHUWR"
$OHMDQGUD 1RHVWR\VHJXUD>VXUH@$KRUD$GHOD/XFHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
OHHU\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBURPSHU>WRULSXS@ODVFDUWDV>OHWWHUV@
GHQJHO(UQHVWR
&HFLOLD 4XpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBRFXUULUFRQ0DUtD(VPHUDOGD\/XFHUR"
$OHMDQGUD (OODVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOORUDU>WRFU\@SRUTXHDKRUD$GHOD/XFHUR

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHPSDFDU>WRSDFN@SDUDLUDWUDEDMDUHQ
RWUDFLXGDG2KQRRRR
Cecilia: Qu pasa?
$OHMDQGUD $QWRQLHWD0DUtDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHPDU>WREXUQ@ODVFDUWDVGH
QJHO(UQHVWR<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHQVDUTXHHOODVDEHVREUH
$GHOD<DKRUDSDUHFHTXHQJHO(UQHVWRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
FDPLQDUKDFLDODFDVDGH$GHOD
&HFLOLD <(QULTXH$ORQVR"eOHVHOQRYLRGH$GHODYHUGDG"
$OHMDQGUD 6tpOHVVXQRYLR(QHVWRVPRPHQWRVpOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
PDQHMDUVXFDUURKDFLDODFDVDGH$GHOD
&HFLOLD\$OHMDQGUD2RRKKK
91
b.+R\KD\XQSDUWLGRGHI~WEROLPSRUWDQWHHQWRQFHV(ULFD-DYLHU\VXVKLMDVHVWiQYLVLWDQGRDORVSDGUHVGH(ULFD
para ver juntos el partido. / Today there is an important soccer game, so Erica, Javier, and their daughters are visiting
Ericas parents to see the game together.
Completa las frases siguientes usando el presente progresivo. / Complete the following sentences using the present
progressive.
Diana: Mami, estoy aburrida. Quieres jugar conmigo?
(ULFD 1RSXHGRPLDPRU>ORYH@<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRUPLUDWXKHUPDQLWD3XHGHVMXJDU

con tu abuelito.
'LDQD 1RPDPLDEXHOLWRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRFLQDUODFDUQH>PHDW@HQODSDUULOOD>JULOO@
(ULFD <DEXHOLWD"
'LDQD (OODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHUYLUODFRPLGD
(ULFD <WXWtR)HOLSH"
'LDQD 7tR)HOLSH\WtD(OHQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLUDURWURSDUWLGRGHI~WERO
(ULFD <WXSDSi"
'LDQD 3DSLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBRtUODVQRWLFLDV>QHZV@
(ULFD <WXDPLJR6HEDVWLiQ"
'LDQD eOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBMXJDUDOI~WEROFRQVXSDSi<\RQRTXLHURMXJDU

porque hace mucho calor.
Erica: Hijita, qu tal si juego contigo en diez minutos?
'LDQD 6t*UDFLDVPDPL
c. Completa las siguientes respuestas con el presente progresivo del verbo indicado. / Complete the following answers
with the present progressive of the indicated verb.
1. Qu ests haciendo en este momento? __________________ KDFHUORVHMHUFLFLRVHQHOFXDGHUQRGHOFXUVR
4XpHVWiKDFLHQGRWXPDVFRWD>SHW@DKRUD" ________________________________ GRUPLUHQHOVXHOR>RRU@
4XpHVWiQKDFLHQGRWXVDPLJRVHQHVWHPRPHQWR" _______________________________ OHHUHOSHULyGLFR

/HHHOWH[WRVLJXLHQWH\FRQWHVWDODVSUHJXQWDVGHIRUPDFLHUWR&RIDOVR)5HDGWKHIROORZLQJWH[WDQGDQVZHU
WKHTXHVWLRQVDVHLWKHUWUXH&RUIDOVH)

Lesson 15The Present Progressive
El tuk-tuk o mototaxi como medio de transporte

Entre los medios de transporte tradicionales, encontramos
alrededor del mundo trenes, autobuses, taxis, bicicletas,
carros, barcos o aviones. Otro de estos medios muy
populares especialmente en Asia es el tuk-tuk, el cual es
una versin del rickshaw, o carro de dos ruedas jalado por
una persona. La diferencia entre el rickshaw y el tuk-tuk es
TXHHVWH~OWLPRHVXQWULFLFORFRQPRWRUTXHVHXVDFDGD
vez ms en otros pases del mundo, incluyendo algunos
en Amrica Latina.
Este triciclo es muy popular para el transporte de personas,

especialmente en lugares con muchos turistas. Los pases
TXHORXWLOL]DQLQFOX\HQ&KLQD,QGLD7DLODQGLD,QGRQHVLD
\ DOJXQRV SDtVHV GH (XURSD FRPR ,WDOLD \ +RODQGD (Q
Centroamrica, hay versiones del tuk-tuk en El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua. Actualmente, en
Cuba se utiliza como taxi sobre todo en La Habana, en
donde les llaman coco taxi porque parece ser una fruta
del coco sobre un scooter. En Amrica del Sur, tambin
tienen este medio de transporte, por ejemplo, en Ecuador,
3HU~ \ &RORPELD (Q &RORPELD OR OODPDQ PRWRFDUUR \
es utilizado en ciudades pequeas.
Aunque este vehculo motorizado de tres ruedas no es tan rpido como los carros convencionales, es bastante
conveniente por dos razones: usa poca gasolina y produce poca contaminacin del medio ambiente. De hecho,
actualmente hay compaas en los Estados Unidos interesadas en producir un modelo de tuk-tuk elctrico.
1. El tuk-tuk es muy popular en Asia. _____________________________________________________________
(OULFNVKDZHVXQWULFLFORFRQPRWRU ____________________________________________________________
(OWXNWXNHVXQFDUURGHGRVUXHGDVMDODGRSRUXQDSHUVRQD ________________________________________
7RGRVORVSDtVHVGH&HQWURDPpULFDXWLOL]DQ>XVH@HOWXNWXN _________________________________________
8QDYHQWDMD>DGYDQWDJH@GHOWXNWXNHVTXHQRXVDPXFKDJDVROLQD___________________________________


a. 1. Estoy 18. leyendo
YLHQGR 19. est
HVWiV URPSLHQGR
4. mirando HVWi
5. estoy RFXUULHQGR
6. trabajando HVWiQ
7. estamos OORUDQGR
8. escribiendo HVWi
9. est HPSDFDQGR
RFXUULHQGR HVWi
11. est TXHPDQGR
HPSH]DQGR HVWR\
HVWi SHQVDQGR
14. hablando HVWi
15. est FDPLQDQGR
16. pensando HVWi
17. est PDQHMDQGR
b. 1. estoy 7. estn
GXUPLHQGR 8. mirando
HVWi 9. est
4. cocinando R\HQGR
5. est 11. est
6. sirviendo MXJDQGR
c. (VWR\KDFLHQGR (VWiQOH\HQGR

(VWiGXUPLHQGR
Lectura cultural
& ) ) ) &
The Tuk-Tuk or Motortaxi as a Means of Transportation
7UDGLWLRQDO PHDQV RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ ZH QG DURXQG WKH ZRUOG LQFOXGH WUDLQV EXVHV WD[LV ELF\FOHV FDUV ERDWV DQG
airplanes. Another of these popular means of transportation, especially in Asia, is the tuk-tuk, which is a version of the
rickshaw, a two-wheeled car pulled by a person. The difference between the rickshaw and the tuk-tuk is that the tuk-
tuk is a motorized tricycle thats used more and more in other countries of the world, including some in Latin America.
This tricycle is very popular for the transport of people, especially in places with many tourists. Countries that use
LW LQFOXGH &KLQD ,QGLD 7KDLODQG ,QGRQHVLD DQG VRPH (XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV VXFK DV ,WDO\ DQG +ROODQG ,Q &HQWUDO
America, there are versions of the tuk-tuk in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Nowadays, in Cuba
LWVXVHGPRVWO\DVDWD[LLQ+DYDQDZKHUHWKH\DUHFDOOHGFRFRWD[L>FRFRPHDQVFRFRQXW@EHFDXVHLWVHHPVWREH
DFRFRQXWRQWRSRIDVFRRWHU,Q6RXWK$PHULFDWKH\DOVRKDYHWKLVPHDQVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQIRUH[DPSOH(FXDGRU
3HUXDQG&RORPELD,Q&RORPELDLWVFDOOHGPRWRFDUURDQGLVXVHGLQVPDOOFLWLHV
Although this three-wheeled motorized vehicle is not as fast as conventional cars, its rather convenient for two reasons:
,WGRHVQWXVHPXFKJDVROLQHDQGLWGRHVQWSROOXWHWKHHQYLURQPHQWYHU\PXFK,QIDFWWKHUHDUHQRZFRPSDQLHVLQWKH
United States that are interested in producing an electric tuk-tuk model.
94
Lesson Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs
16
me me nos us
te\RX>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ os\RX>LQIRUPDOSOXUDO@
loKLPLW>PDVFXOLQHVLQJXODU@ losWKHP>PDVFXOLQH@
laKHULW>IHPLQLQHVLQJXODU@ lasWKHP>IHPLQLQH@
el tipo kind, type el dinero money
el objeto directo direct object
el t tea la mantequilla butter
el jugo de naranja orange juice la mermelada jam
la leche milk el cereal cereal
el pan bread los huevos eggs
el pan tostado toast el tocino bacon
tostar to toast funcionar to work, to function
hacer un brindis to make a toast
el refresco soft drink la pasta pasta
la cerveza beer los frijoles beans
el sndwich sandwich el arroz rice
la sopa soup la papa potato
el jamn ham la fruta fruit
el pavo turkey el postre dessert
el queso cheese salado salty
bastante rather, quite cierto certain
despacio slowly claro clear
probablemente probably todava still
a lo mejor maybe afortunadamente fortunately
bien well inmediatamente immediately
mal poorly actualmente at present
como like, as realmente actually
as so, like this cuidadoso careful
demasiado too much
95

A. Direct Object Pronouns
The direct object receives the action of the verb and answers the question what? or whom? with relation to the
YHUE<RXKDYHVHHQGLUHFWREMHFWVLQDQHDUOLHUOHVVRQZKHQ\RXOHDUQHGDERXWWKHa personalHJabuelos is the
direct object in Vemos a nuestros abuelosZKLFKLV:HVHHRXUJUDQGSDUHQWV'LUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDUHXVHGWR
replace direct object nouns to avoid redundancy.
7KHGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQDOZD\VJRHVEHIRUHDFRQMXJDWHGYHUEHJ0\EURWKHUVORRNDWPHLVMis hermanos me

miran,ORRNDWWKHPLVLos miro,IWKHUHVDno in the sentence, the noJRHVEHIRUHWKHSURQRXQHJNo te creo
LV,GRQWEHOLHYH\RX:KHQXVLQJDGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQWKHa personal is never used.
The eight direct object pronouns are as follows.
me nos
te os
lo los
la las
B. 'LUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV8VHGZLWK1RQFRQMXJDWHG9HUEV
<RX KDYH DOUHDG\ OHDUQHG WKDW GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV PXVW JR EHIRUH D FRQMXJDWHG YHUE +RZHYHU LQ WKH FDVH RI
D QRQFRQMXJDWHG YHUE HJ DQ LQQLWLYH RU D SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOH WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ FDQ JR HLWKHU EHIRUH WKH
FRQMXJDWHGYHUEZKHUHLWXVXDOO\JRHVRUDIWHUDQGDWWDFKHGWRWKHLQQLWLYHRUWKHSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHHJLo voy a
hacer and Voy a hacerloERWKPHDQ,PJRLQJWRGRLWLas estamos lavando and Estamos lavndolas both mean
:HDUHZDVKLQJWKHP:KHQDGGLQJGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVWRHLWKHULQQLWLYHVRUSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHV\RXPLJKWQHHG
WR DGG DQ DFFHQW WR PDLQWDLQ WKH RULJLQDO VWUHVV DV LQ lavndolas, which maintains the stress on the syllable van,
which is where the word is stressed in Las estamos lavando
C. Adverbs
Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; as a result, adverbs have only one form. Unlike
DGMHFWLYHVZKLFKDJUHHLQQXPEHUDQGJHQGHUZLWKWKHQRXQPRGLHGDGYHUEVGRQRWFKDQJHEDVHGRQWKHZRUG
WKH\DUHPRGLI\LQJ7KHUHDUHVRPHZRUGVWKDWFDQEHXVHGHLWKHUDVDQDGMHFWLYHRUDQDGYHUE,QWKHVHFDVHVWKH
ZRUGPXVWDJUHHZLWKWKHQRXQPRGLHGZKHQLWVXVHGDVDQDGMHFWLYHEXWLVXQYDULDEOHZKHQLWVXVHGDVDQDGYHUE
HJXVLQJpoco as an adjective: Hay pocas mujeres aqu is There are few women here; using poco as an adverb:
Las chicas leen poco is 7KHJLUOVGRQWUHDGPXFK
2QHZD\WRIRUPDQDGYHUELVWRDGGWKHVXI[-menteWRWKHIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUIRUPRIDQDGMHFWLYHHJactiva +
-mente activamente >DFWLYHO\]; general + -mente generalmente>JHQHUDOO\@:KHQWZRDGYHUEVDUHXVHGLQWKH
VDPHVHQWHQFHRQO\WKHVHFRQGQHHGVWKHVXI[-menteHJEl hombre canta fuerte y terriblemente is The man
VLQJVORXGO\DQGWHUULEO\$FRPPRQZD\WRPDNHDQDGYHUELDOH[SUHVVLRQLVWRXVHWKHSUHSRVLWLRQcon before a noun
HJcon frecuencia is frequently; con cuidado is carefully

a. El Dr. Esteban Quirs tiene una paciente que est muy enojada porque se siente mal todos los das. Ella dice que
todos los das est cansada y que nunca tiene energa. / Dr. Esteban Quirs has a patient who is very angry because
she feels bad every day. She says that every day shes tired and never has any energy.
(QHOVLJXLHQWHGLiORJRUHHPSOD]DORVREMHWRVGLUHFWRVVXEUD\DGRVFRQORVSURQRPEUHVDSURSLDGRV,QWKHIROORZLQJ
dialogue, replace the underlined direct objects with the appropriate pronouns.
96
Lesson 16Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs
Dr. Quirs: Usted come comidaVDOXGDEOH>KHDOWK\@"
Paciente: No, no 1. ________________ como.
Dr. Quirs: Usted ve muchos programasGHWHOHYLVLyQ>WHOHYLVLRQ

SURJUDPV@"
3DFLHQWH 6tFODURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHRKDVWDPX\
tarde en la noche.
Dr. Quirs: Usted toma pastillas>SLOOV@SDUDGRUPLU"
3DFLHQWH 6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPRWRGDVODVQRFKHV
'U4XLUyV 8VWHGWRPDRWURVPHGLFDPHQWRV>PHGLFLQHV@"
Paciente: S, tomo vitaminas>YLWDPLQV@WRGRVORVGtDV3HUR
4. __________________ tomo en la maana.
Dr. Quirs: Usted hace ejercicio?
3DFLHQWH 1RQXQFD>QHYHU@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDJR7DPSRFR>1HLWKHU@YHRGHSRUWHV>VSRUWV@
'U4XLUyV 8VWHGIXPD>VPRNH@cigarrillos>FLJDUUHWWHV@"
3DFLHQWH 6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIXPRSHURVRORFXDQGRHVWR\HVWUHVDGD>VWUHVVHG@
'U4XLUyV <FXiQGRHVWiHVWUHVDGD"
3DFLHQWH 7RGRVORVGtDV3HURGRFWRU\RPHVLHQWR>,IHHO@PDO\WHQJRGHPDVLDGRWUDEDMR1XQFDWHQJR
energa y estoy muy cansada. Pero yo tomo vitaminas todos los das.
Dr. Quirs: S, entiendo que 7. _______________________ toma, pero usted fuma, no come comida
VDOXGDEOHQRKDFHHMHUFLFLRHVWiVLHPSUHHVWUHVDGD\GXHUPHSRFDVKRUDV7LHQHTXHWHQHU
PXFKRPiVFXLGDGRFRQVXVDOXG
b. +DFHPX\EXHQWLHPSR(OHQD\VXVDPLJDV5HEHFD\$OLFLDYDQDKDFHUXQSLFQLFHQHOSDUTXH(OODVQHFHVLWDQ
VDEHUVLWLHQHQWRGDODFRPLGDTXHQHFHVLWDQ7KHZHDWKHULVJUHDW(OHQDDQGKHUIULHQGV5HEHFDDQG$OLFLDDUH
going to have a picnic in the park. They need to know if they have all the food they need.
Reemplaza los objetos directos subrayados con los pronombres apropiados. / Replace the underlined direct objects
with the appropriate pronouns.
97
Elena: Rebeca, tienes el caf? S, 1. ______________ tengo,

pero no tengo el pan.
$OLFLD <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQJR
Rebeca: Elena, tienes la mantequilla y la mermelada?
(OHQD 6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQJR7~WLHQHVHOjugo de naranja?
Rebeca: S, 4. _____________ tengo, pero yo no quiero jugo de

QDUDQMD<RTXLHURFDIpFRQOHFKH7LHQHVleche en el
UHIULJHUDGRU>UHIULJHUDWRU@(OHQD"
Alicia: No, no est en el refrigerador porque yo 5. ____________

tengo aqu.
Elena: Muy bien, gracias. Tienes los huevos, Alicia?
Alicia: 6. S, ___________ estoy preparando ahora mismo.
c.-DYLHUTXLHUHKDFHUXQDUHXQLyQGHDPLJRVGHODVHFXQGDULDHQVXFDVDeOHVWiSLGLpQGROHVD\XGDDWRGRVSDUD
hacer la reunin. / Javier wants to have a gathering of friends from high school at his home. He is asking everyone to
help with the gathering.
Escoge la respuesta correcta con el pronombre de objeto directo apropiado. / Choose the correct answer with the
appropriate direct object pronoun.
,QJULG3XHGHVOODPDUD3DWULFLD\9LUJLQLD"
D6tSXHGROODPDUQRVPDxDQD
E6tSXHGROODPDUODVPDxDQD
F6tSXHGROODPDUORVPDxDQD
,QJULG-DYLHUFXiQGRYDVDOLPSLDUWXFDVD"
D9R\DOLPSLDUORHOViEDGR
E9R\DOLPSLDUPHHOViEDGR
F9R\DOLPSLDUODHOViEDGR
,QJULG1HFHVLWDVD\XGDSDUDOLPSLDUWXFDVD"
D1RQRODQHFHVLWRJUDFLDV
E1RQRPHQHFHVLWRJUDFLDV
F1RQRQRVQHFHVLWRJUDFLDV
-DYLHU,QJULGPHOODPDVPiVWDUGH"4XLHURVDEHUVL3DWULFLD\9LUJLQLDSXHGHQYHQLU
D6tFODUR7HYR\DOODPDUHQODQRFKH
E6tFODUR0HYR\DOODPDUHQODQRFKH
F6tFODUR1RVYR\DOODPDUHQODQRFKH
9DQLD-DYLHUYDVDLQYLWDUD0DQULTXH\$QWRQLR"
D6tSRVLEOHPHQWHRVYR\DLQYLWDUDKRUD
E6tSRVLEOHPHQWHWHYR\DLQYLWDUDKRUD
F6tSRVLEOHPHQWHORVYR\DLQYLWDUDKRUD
98
Lesson 16Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs
-DYLHU9DQLDTXLHUHVW~KDFHUXQEULQGLVHQODUHXQLyQ"
D1R\RQRTXLHURKDFHUPH
E1R\RQRTXLHURKDFHUOR
F1R\RQRTXLHURKDFHUORV
7. Nstor: Quin va a comprar las cervezas, Javier?

D<R/DVYR\DFRPSUDUGHVSXpV
E<R/RVYR\DFRPSUDUGHVSXpV
F<R0HYR\DFRPSUDUGHVSXpV
-DYLHU9DQLDSXHGHVSUHSDUDUHOSRVWUH"7~FRFLQDVPX\ELHQ
D6tSRUVXSXHVWR<RPHSXHGRSUHSDUDU
E6tSRUVXSXHVWR<RRVSXHGRSUHSDUDU
F6tSRUVXSXHVWR<RORSXHGRSUHSDUDU
d. Elena, Rebeca y Alicia estn hablando. / Elena, Rebeca, and Alicia are talking.
Completa las frases con los adverbios apropiados. / Complete the sentences with the appropriate adverbs.
temprano mucho WDPELpQ aqu claro
ahora bastante posiblemente poco
$OLFLD &UHRTXHKDFHWLHPSRSHUIHFWR>SHUIHFW@KR\
5HEHFD <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORFUHR
$OLFLD 4XpOXJDU>SODFH@WDQ>VR@ERQLWR(VWHSDUTXHHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUDQTXLOR
(OHQD 6tSRUHVR>WKDWVZK\@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKD\PXFKRVQLxRV6RQODVRFKRGHODPDxDQDHV
4. __________________, pero 5. ____________________ en la tarde van a venir ms nios.
5HEHFD 9DPRVDHVWXGLDUMXQWDVSDUDHOH[DPHQGHOOXQHV"
$OLFLD 6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB3HUR\RYR\DHVWXGLDUVRORXQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(VWR\
muy cansada.
(OHQD <RQHFHVLWRHVWXGLDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7HQJRPLHGRGHHVHH[DPHQ
5HEHFD <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQJRPLHGR3RGHPRVHPSH]DUDHVWXGLDU
___________________, no?
(OHQD %XHQDLGHD
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99

a. 1. la 5. lo
ORV 6. los
ODV 7. las
4. las
b. 1. lo 4. lo
OR 5. la
ODV 6. los
c. 1. b 5. c
F 6. b
D 7. a
4. a 8. c
d. 1. tambin 6. claro
EDVWDQWH 7. poco
DTXt 8. mucho
4. temprano 9. tambin
5. posiblemente DKRUD

Lesson $IUPDWLYHV1HJDWLYHVDQG'HPRQVWUDWLYHV
17
esteWKLV>PDVFXOLQHVLQJXODU@ aqu here
eseWKDW>PDVFXOLQHVLQJXODU@ all there
aquelWKDWRYHUWKHUH>PDVFXOLQHVLQJXODU@ all over there
esto this aquello that
eso that
demostrativo demonstrative tpico typical
DUPDWLYRDIUPDWLYH til useful
negativo negative
el mundo world la regin region
el agua mineralPLQHUDOZDWHU>IHPLQLQH@ las espinacas spinach
el vino blanco white wine el pollo chicken
el vino tinto red wine el pescadoVK
el aperitivo appetizer la carne meat
la lechuga lettuce el bistec steak
el tomate tomato el pastel cake
las verduras vegetables el helado ice cream
la ensalada salad la carta menu
el maz corn el men menu
los guisantes peas
algo something tambin also
alguien someone oo eitheror
nada nothing tampoco neither
nadie no one nini neithernor
nunca never

A. Demonstrative Adjectives
English has two demonstrative adjectives: this and that. This is used to talk about something near the speaker,
while that is used to talk about something farther away. As for plurals, the plural of this is these, and the plural

of that is those. Spanish has three demonstrative adjectives: este>WKLV@LVXVHGWRWDONDERXWVRPHWKLQJQHDUWKH

speaker and is often used with the adverb aqu>KHUH@ese>WKDW@LVXVHGWRWDONDERXWVRPHWKLQJIDUWKHUDZD\DQGLV
often used with the adverb all>WKHUH@DQGaquel>WKDWRYHUWKHUH@LVXVHGWRWDONDERXWVRPHWKLQJHYHQIDUWKHUDZD\
and is often used with the adverb all>RYHUWKHUH@
Each of these demonstrative adjectives has four forms: masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and
feminine plural. These forms are as follows: este>WKLV@esta>WKLV@estos>WKHVH@estas>WKHVH@ese>WKDW@esa>WKDW@
esos>WKRVH@esas>WKRVH@aquel>WKDWRYHUWKHUH@aquella>WKDWRYHUWKHUH@aquellos>WKRVHRYHUWKHUH@aquellas
>WKRVH RYHU WKHUH@ 'HPRQVWUDWLYH DGMHFWLYHV XQOLNH PRVW DGMHFWLYHV LQ 6SDQLVK JR EHIRUH WKH PRGLHG QRXQ HJ
estas cartas>WKHVHPHQXV@esos guisantes>WKRVHSHDV@aquel aperitivo>WKDWDSSHWL]HURYHUWKHUH@
B. Demonstrative Pronouns
All of the demonstrative adjectives, which clearly are used to modify nouns, can also be used as demonstrative
SURQRXQVPHDQLQJWKDWWKH\FDQUHSODFHQRXQVDVZHOOHJDe los dos pasteles, SUHHUHVHVWHRHVH" is Of
WKHWZRFDNHVGR\RXSUHIHUWKLVRQHRUWKDWRQH"7KHUHDUHDOVRWKUHHQHXWHUGHPRQVWUDWLYHSURQRXQVWKDWDUHQRW
demonstrative adjectives: esto>WKLV@eso>WKDW@DQGaquello>WKDW@7KHVHWKUHHSURQRXQVZKLFKFDQQRWEHXVHGDV
DGMHFWLYHVDUHXVHGWRWDONQRWDERXWVRPHVSHFLFREMHFWEXWUDWKHUDERXWDVLWXDWLRQLQJHQHUDORUVRPHLGHDWKDW
has already been mentioned. For example, Qu es esto? is What is this?, a question often used by someone who
comes upon some odd situation he or she doesnt understand.
C. $IUPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV
,WFDQEHKHOSIXOWROHDUQDIUPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHH[SUHVVLRQVWRJHWKHUVRWKDW\RXUHOHDUQLQJDZRUGDQGLWVRSSRVLWH
HJ algo >VRPHWKLQJ@ DQG nada >QRWKLQJ@ alguien >VRPHRQH@ DQG nadie >QR RQH@ siempre >DOZD\V@ RU a veces
>DW WLPHV@ DQG nunca >QHYHU@ tambin >DOVR@ DQG tampoco >QHLWKHU@ oo >HLWKHURU@ DQG nini >QHLWKHUQRU@
TambinLVXVHGLI\RXDJUHHZLWKVRPHWKLQJDIUPDWLYHVRPHRQHKDVVDLGZKLOHtampoco is used if you agree with
VRPHWKLQJQHJDWLYHVRPHRQHKDVVDLGHJSiempre visito este museo. Yo tambinLV,DOZD\VYLVLWWKLVPXVHXP
Me too; No cocinamos mucho. Nosotros tampocoLV:HGRQWFRRNPXFK:HGRQWHLWKHU
'RXEOHQHJDWLYHVDUHJUDPPDWLFDOO\DFFHSWDEOHLQ6SDQLVK,QIDFWLWVYHU\FRPPRQWRSXWno before the verb and

DQRWKHU QHJDWLYH ZRUG DIWHU WKH YHUE HJ No viajan nunca is They never travel; No estudia nadie is No one
studies; No veo a nadieLV,GRQWVHHDQ\RQH%HVLGHVSXWWLQJno before the verb and a different negative word
DIWHULW\RXFDQDOVRVLPSO\SXWWKHQHJDWLYHZRUGEHIRUHWKHYHUEHJNunca viajan; Nadie estudia; A nadie veo
D. 9DULDWLRQVLQ*UDPPDUDQG9RFDEXODU\LQ6SDQLVK
<RXKDYHDOUHDG\OHDUQHGWKDWWKHVXEMHFWSURQRXQVvosotros and vosotrasWKHLQIRUPDOSOXUDOIRUPVRItDUHXVHG
only in Spain. Another regional difference in subject pronoun use deals with the use, or lack of use, of the subject
pronoun t,QFHUWDLQDUHDVRIWKH6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOGLQPDQ\SDUWVRI$UJHQWLQD8UXJXD\DQG3DUDJXD\DQG
in a number of Central American countriesspeakers use the subject pronoun vos instead of t. Someone speaking
informally to you using vos would not ask De dnde eres t? to say Where are you from?; instead, the speaker
would ask De dnde sos vos? Sos is the form of the verb ser that is used with vos6RLI\RXLQWHUDFWZLWKD
Spanish speaker using vos, just know that its a second-person singular subject pronoun.
As for vocabulary, its not surprising that different words are used in different regions. For example, a bowl in Spanish
could be un bol, un cuenco, un tazn, un plato, or un plato hondoGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRXQWU\,I\RXWDONWRVRPHRQH
ZKR XVHV D GLIIHUHQW ZRUG WKDQ \RX GR HJ zumo instead of jugo for juice or camarera instead of mesera for
ZDLWUHVVXVHWKHHQFRXQWHUDVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRH[SDQG\RXUYRFDEXODU\
E. 9DULHWLHVRI$FFHQWVLQ6SRNHQ6SDQLVK
6SDQLVK VSHDNHUV LQ GLIIHUHQW UHJLRQV RI WKH ZRUOG SURQRXQFH ZRUGV LQ WKH ODQJXDJH LQ GLIIHUHQW ZD\V <RX KDYH
learned that in northern and central Spain, a speaker would pronounce the z in zapato with a th sound, rather than
the s sound common in Latin America. Many speakers in el cono sur>WKHVRXWKHUQFRQH@UHJLRQWKDWLQFOXGHV&KLOH
Argentina, and Uruguay pronounce both the y and ll as a sh sound. And it is common in Spanish-speaking regions
of the Caribbean for speakers to drop the sounds associated with s and d, such that Cmo estn ustedes? might
sound more like Cmo et utee?.

/HVVRQ$IUPDWLYHV1HJDWLYHVDQG'HPRQVWUDWLYHV
There are two very interesting and useful academic websites that can help you become familiar with different varieties
of spoken Spanish. One website, maintained by The Ohio State University, is called the Digital Catalog of the Sounds
RI 6SDQLVK ,I \RX JR WR WKLV ZHEVLWH \RXOO EH DEOH WR ZDWFK VKRUW YLGHRV RI 6SDQLVK VSHDNHUV IURP 6SDLQ DOPRVW
DOOWKH6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJFRXQWULHVLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDDQGHYHQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV0RVWRIWKHYLGHRV\RXOOQGDOVR
include a transcript of the Spanish being spoken by the person in the video. So, as youre listening to the words
EHLQJVSRNHQ\RXFDQLI\RXZDQWUHDGWKHZRUGVDVZHOO$QRWKHUDFDGHPLFZHEVLWHLVFDOOHG6SDQLVK3URFLHQF\
([HUFLVHVDQG\RXFDQQGLWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DVDW$XVWLQZHEVLWH7KLVZHEVLWHDOVRLQFOXGHVYLGHRFOLSVRID
variety of Spanish speakers in different countries talking about a wide range of topics. And very often you can read the
text of what the person is saying as you listen to the Spanish.
,QWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK WKHVH WZR ZHEVLWHV ZLOO KHOS \RX JHW D VHQVH RI GLIIHUHQW ZD\V WKDW 6SDQLVK LV VSRNHQ LQ GLIIHUHQW
FRXQWULHV,WZLOODOORZ\RXWRFRPSDUHD0H[LFDQDFFHQWZLWKRQHIURP&KLOHDQGD*XDWHPDODQDFFHQWZLWKRQHIURP
Spain. Traveling to Spanish-speaking countries is another great way to become accustomed to the variety of ways
Spanish is pronounced in different regions of the world.

a. En la escuela secundaria donde estudia Marisol, hay una nueva estudiante. Su nombre es Gabriela, y est muy
QHUYLRVDSRUTXHQRFRQRFHDQDGLH,QWKHKLJKVFKRROZKHUH0DULVROVWXGLHVWKHUHLVDQHZVWXGHQW+HUQDPHLV
Gabriela, and she is very nervous because she doesnt know anybody.
&RPSOHWD ODV IUDVHV FRQ ODV H[SUHVLRQHV DUPDWLYDV R QHJDWLYDV DSURSLDGDV &RPSOHWH WKH VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH
DSSURSULDWHDIUPDWLYHRUQHJDWLYHH[SUHVVLRQV
siempre alguien tampoco

nini nadie tambin
Marisol: Hola, cmo te llamas?
Gabriela: Hola, soy Gabriela.
0DULVRO 0XFKRJXVWR3XHGHVVHQWDUWH>VLWGRZQ@DTXtFHUFDGHPLDVLHQWR>VHDW@
Gabriela: Muchas gracias.
0DULVRO &RQRFHVD9LFWRULD"
Gabriela: No, no conozco a 1. ___________________ en la escuela.
0DULVRO 9LFWRULDHVWDHV*DEULHOD
9LFWRULD (QFDQWDGD1RWHSUHRFXSHV>'RQWZRUU\@7RGRVDTXtVRQPX\VLPSiWLFRV7LHQHVWXVOLEURV"
Gabriela: No, no los tengo todava.
0DULVRO (VWiELHQ3XHGHVXVDUPLVOLEURV&RQRFHVDDOJ~Q>DQ\@SURIHVRU"
9LFWRULD 1RQRFRQR]FRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDORVSURIHVRUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODFRQVHMHUD
>FRXQVHORU@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQR]FRODFLXGDG>FLW\@
9LFWRULD 0DULVROBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVQXHYDHQHVWDFLXGDG<RSXHGROOHYDUODVDFRQRFHUOD
0DULVRO 6t9LFWRULDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPHD\XGDFRQODVFODVHVFRQODFLXGDG\FRQRWUDVSHUVRQDV
*DEULHOD 0XFKDVJUDFLDV(VPX\EXHQRQDOPHQWHFRQRFHUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

b.(VODKRUDGHDOPXHU]R\0DULVRO\9LFWRULDHVWiQKDEODQGRFRQ*DEULHOD,WVOXQFKWLPHDQG0DULVRODQG9LFWRULD
are talking to Gabriela.
(VFRJHODH[SUHVLyQDUPDWLYDRQHJDWLYDFRUUHFWD&KRRVHWKHFRUUHFWDIUPDWLYHRQHJDWLYHH[SUHVVLRQ
<RJHQHUDOPHQWHQRFRPRPXFKDFRPLGDHQHODOPXHU]RSHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPRXQ
UHIUHVFRFRQPLDOPXHU]RVLHPSUHWDPELpQ
1RFRPRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJXLVDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVSLQDFDVWDPSRFRWDPELpQQL
QL
1RVpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHODFRPLGDLWDOLDQDSHURFRPRSL]]DFRQPLVDPLJRVQDGDDOJR
7RPRPXFKDDJXDPLQHUDOSHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPRFDIpWDPSRFRQXQFD
5. Mis padres toman ______________________ vino blanco ____________________ vino tinto en la cena.
RRQLQL
*HQHUDOPHQWHFRPRKHODGRORVViEDGRV<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPRKHODGRORVViEDGRVWDPELpQ
WDPSRFR
(QPLIDPLOLDQRFRPHPRVFHQDGHVSXpVGHODVGHODQRFKH1RVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
FRPHPRVFHQDGHVSXpVGHODVGHODQRFKHWDPSRFRWDPELpQ
c.*DEULHOD0DULVRO\9LFWRULDHVWiQHVFRJLHQGRODFRPLGDTXHYDQDFRPHUHQODFDIHWHUtD*DEULHOD0DULVRODQG
9LFWRULDDUHFKRRVLQJWKHIRRGWKH\DUHJRLQJWRHDWLQWKHFDIHWHULD
Completa las frases con el adjetivo o pronombre demostrativo correcto. / Complete the sentences with the correct
demonstrative adjective or pronoun.
HVWHHVWDHVWRVHVWDVDTXt
HVHHVDHVRVHVDVDOOt
DTXHODTXHOODDTXHOORVDTXHOODVDOOi
*DEULHOD 4XLHURHQVDODGDFRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDWHVGHDTXtSHURQRFRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
de all.
9LFWRULD 1RPHJXVWDQ>,GRQWOLNH@ORVWRPDWHVSHURVtTXLHURFRPHUHVSLQDFDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXH
estn aqu.
0DULVRO <RQRTXLHURHQVDODGDJUDFLDV<RTXLHURVRSDSHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHDOOiHVWiPX\FDOLHQWH
3UHHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVRSDGHDOOt
0DULVRO <RTXLHURDUUR]EODQFR\SROOR
9LFWRULD <RWDPELpQTXLHURDUUR]SHURQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHDTXtTXLHUR
7. ______________________ arroz con maz que est all.

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*DEULHOD <RTXLHURSHVFDGR\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUGXUDVGHDOOi
9LFWRULD 4XLHUHQYHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRVWUHVGHDOOi"
0DULVRO*DEULHOD6tFODUR

a. 1. nadie 5. tambin
QL 6. siempre
QL 7. alguien
4. Tampoco
b. 1. siempre 5. oo
QLQL 6. tambin
QDGD 7. tampoco
4. nunca
c. 1. estos 6. este
DTXHOORV 7. ese
HVWDV 8. aquellas
4. aquella 9. aquellos
5. esa

Lesson 0RUH$IUPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV
18
A trabajar. Lets work. otra vez again
de nuevo again
mejor better alguno any, one
favorito favorite algunos some
diferente different ninguno none, not any
el inters interest el elefante elephant
el deseo desire el sol sun
la banderaDJ el cielo sky
la regin region el color color
el perro dog
rojo red rosado pink
anaranjado orange negro black
amarillo yellow marrn brown
verde green blanco white
azul blue gris gray
morado purple
la ropa clothing el suter sweater
la camisa shirt la chaqueta jacket
el saco suit jacket el abrigo coat
la corbata tie la blusa blouse
el cinturn belt la falda skirt
los pantalones pants el vestido dress
el traje suit la ropa interior underwear
los calcetines socks las medias stockings
los zapatos shoes los zapatos de tenis sneakers
el sombrero hat las botas boots
la gorra cap las sandalias sandals
la camiseta T-shirt

/HVVRQ0RUH$IUPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV

A. Useful Expressions
,Q 6SDQLVK WKH H[SUHVVLRQ A LQQLWLYH! means Lets YHUE HJ A comer! LV /HWV HDW A viajar! is Lets
WUDYHO%RWKde nuevo and otra vezPHDQDJDLQHJVamos a estudiar las nuevas palabras otra vez is Were
JRLQJWRVWXG\WKHQHZZRUGVDJDLQ
B. $IUPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV
7KHDIUPDWLYHDGMHFWLYHalguno means some or any, and its opposite is ninguno, meaning none or not any.
7KH IRXU IRUPV RI WKH DIUPDWLYH DGMHFWLYH DUH alguno, alguna, algunos, and algunas; the forms of the negative
adjective are ninguno, ninguna, ningunos, and ningunasDOWKRXJKWKHSOXUDOIRUPVRIningunoDUHUDUHO\XVHG,Q
JHQHUDOWKHVHDIUPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHDGMHFWLYHVDUHXVHGWRWDONDERXWZKHWKHUWKHUHDUHRUDUHQRWDQ\RIDFHUWDLQ
WKLQJHJTenis algunos de vuestros suteres? is Do you have some of your sweaters?; No vamos a tomar
ninguna clase LV :HUH QRW JRLQJ WR WDNH DQ\ FODVVHV %RWK alguno and ninguno drop the -o before masculine
singular nouns, forming the adjectives algn and ningnHJPili siempre lee algn libro is Pili is always reading
some book; Las doctoras no tienen ningn problemaLV7KHGRFWRUVGRQWKDYHDQ\SUREOHPV
$OORIWKHDERYHDIUPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHDGMHFWLYHVFDQDOVRIXQFWLRQDVSURQRXQVHJDe las clases del verano,

siempre hay algunas muy buenas is Of the summer classes, there are always some very good ones; No veo a
ninguno de los trabajadoresLV,GRQWVHHDQ\RIWKHZRUNHUV
C. 3URQRXQFLQJ6WURQJDQG:HDN9RZHOV
9RZHOVLQ6SDQLVKDUHGLYLGHGEHWZHHQVWURQJYRZHOVDQGZHDNYRZHOV7KHVWURQJYRZHOVDUHa, e, and o, while the
weak vowels are i and u. When pronounced, each strong vowel makes a sound that counts as its own syllable. So, for
H[DPSOHZKHQWZRVWURQJYRZHOVDUHQH[WWRHDFKRWKHUHDFKFRXQWVDVLWVRZQV\OODEOHHJfeo is a two-syllable
ZRUG>fe / o@canoaLVDWKUHHV\OODEOHZRUG>ca / no / a@
A diphthong is the combination of two vowels that together make up just one syllable. A diphthong is formed when
DVWURQJYRZHOLVQH[WWRDZHDNYRZHOHJFuaQGRLVDWZRV\OODEOHZRUG>cuan / do@EHFDXVHua counts as just
RQHV\OODEOHRUZKHQWZRZHDNYRZHOVDUHQH[WWRHDFKRWKHUHJLuisLVDRQHV\OODEOHZRUG$WULSKWKRQJLVWKH
FRPELQDWLRQRIWZRZHDNYRZHOVZLWKRQHVWURQJYRZHOHJParaguay contains a triphthong, with the y pronounced
the same as the vowel i
When a diphthong has a weak vowel with an accent mark, its no longer a diphthong pronounced as just one syllable.
,QVWHDGWKHYRZHOFRPELQDWLRQLVSURQRXQFHGDVWZRV\OODEOHVHJcafeteraKDVDWRWDORIYHV\OODEOHV>ca / fe / te /
r / a@EHFDXVHWKHDFFHQWRYHUWKHi makes that letter its own syllable; farmaciaRQO\KDVWKUHHV\OODEOHV>far / ma / cia@
because the iaGLSKWKRQJFRXQWVDVMXVWRQHV\OODEOH
D. The Letters and

<RX KDYH OHDUQHG WKDW WKH OHWWHU FRPELQDWLRQV ge and gi are pronounced in a way that sounds like je and ji HJ
Argentina and Gerardo+RZHYHUZKHQIROORZVWKHOHWWHUg, the g is pronounced as you would pronounce the
letter combination gwHJbilinge is bilingual; el pinginoLVWKHSHQJXLQ<RXSURQRXQFHOHWWHUoDV\RXZRXOG
pronounce an s. So, for example, the shortened form of the name of the soccer team from Barcelona is Bara,
pronounced barsa.

a.0DULVRO9LFWRULD\*DEULHODHVWiQFRQYHUVDQGRVREUHVXVSODQHVGHLUGHFRPSUDV0DULVRO9LFWRULDDQG*DEULHOD
are talking about their plans to go shopping.
&RPSOHWD ODV IUDVHV FRQ OD IRUPD FRUUHFWD GH ORV DGMHWLYRVSURQRPEUHV DUPDWLYRV R QHJDWLYRV &RPSOHWH WKH
VHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHFRUUHFWIRUPRIWKHDIUPDWLYHRUQHJDWLYHDGMHFWLYHVSURQRXQV

DOJ~Q alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas
QLQJ~Q ninguno, ninguna, ningunos, ningunas
*DEULHOD +D\BBBBBBBBBBBBBFHQWURFRPHUFLDO>PDOO@HQODFLXGDG>FLW\@"
9LFWRULD 6tKD\WUHVFHQWURVFRPHUFLDOHVDTXtFHUFD
*DEULHOD 4XLHURFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB]DSDWRV\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDPLVHWDV
>7VKLUWV@
0DULVRO <RWDPELpQTXLHURFRPSUDU]DSDWRVSHURQRQHFHVLWRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDPLVHWD
9LFWRULD 0DULVROWLHQHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHVWLGRSDUDODHVWDGHODSUy[LPDVHPDQD"
0DULVRO 1RWRGDYtDQRWHQJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHVWLGRSDUDHVDHVWD3RGHPRVLUDOFHQWUR
comercial con Gabriela, no?
9LFWRULD &ODUR*DEULHODYDVDQHFHVLWDUXQYHVWLGRERQLWRSDUDODHVWDGHOSUy[LPRViEDGR
Gabriela: Tengo un vestido negro muy elegante.
0DULVRO /DHVWDHPSLH]DDODVFXDWURGHODWDUGH(OQHJURQRHVHOPHMRU>EHVW@FRORUSDUDHVDKRUD7LHQHV
7. _______________________ vestido azul, rojo o verde?
Gabriela: No, no tengo 8.________________________ vestido de esos colores.
9LFWRULD 1RLPSRUWD>,WGRHVQWPDWWHU@9DPRVDLUMXQWDVGHFRPSUDV
b.0DULVRO9LFWRULD\*DEULHODHVWiQHQHOFHQWURFRPHUFLDO0DULVRO9LFWRULDDQG*DEULHODDUHDWWKHPDOO
Escoge la opcin correcta. / Choose the correct option.
(VWHYHVWLGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiHQYHQWD>RQVDOH@DPDULOORDPDULOODDPDULOORVDPDULOODV
$TXHOODFDPLVHWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD]XOD]XOHVHVPiV>PRUH@JUDQGHTXH>WKDQ@ODVRWUDV
/RVDEULJRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBURMRURMDURMRVURMDVVRQGHPDVLDGRJUDQGHV
/RV]DSDWRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQHJURQHJUDQHJURVQHJUDVVRQPX\HOHJDQWHV
*HQHUDOPHQWHQROOHYREOXVDVSHURHVWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUGHYHUGHVHVERQLWD
(VWRVSDQWDORQHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEODQFREODQFDEODQFRVEODQFDVHVWiQVXFLRV
(VWDIDOGDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJULVJULVHVFXHVWDFLQFXHQWDGyODUHV
1RPHJXVWDQ>,GRQWOLNH@ORVFDOFHWLQHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPRUDGRPRUDGDPRUDGRVPRUDGDV
c. Gabriela est hablando con la dependiente. / Gabriela is talking with the store clerk.
&RPSOHWD ODV IUDVHV FRQ OD IRUPD FRUUHFWD GH ORV DGMHWLYRVSURQRPEUHV DUPDWLYRV R QHJDWLYRV &RPSOHWH WKH
VHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHFRUUHFWIRUPRIWKHDIUPDWLYHRUQHJDWLYHDGMHFWLYHVSURQRXQV

/HVVRQ0RUH$IUPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV
DOJ~Q alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas
QLQJ~Q ninguno, ninguna, ningunos, ningunas
'HSHQGLHQWH+ROD3XHGRD\XGDUOD>KHOS\RX@"
*DEULHOD6tJUDFLDV1HFHVLWRXQYHVWLGRSDUDXQDHVWD
'HSHQGLHQWH3UHHUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWLOR>VW\OH@HQSDUWLFXODU>SDUWLFXODU@"
*DEULHOD1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQSDUWLFXODU3XHGHXVWHGUHFRPHQGDUPH>UHFRPPHQGWRPH@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHVWLGRV"
'HSHQGLHQWH3RUVXSXHVWR>2IFRXUVH@(VWHEODQFRHVSHUIHFWRSDUDXVWHG
*DEULHOD9R\DLUDXQDHVWDTXHHPSLH]DHQODWDUGH\WHUPLQDHQODQRFKH&UHRTXHHVWHEODQFRQRHVXQD
EXHQDRSFLyQ>RSWLRQ@
'HSHQGLHQWH/RODPHQWR>,PVRUU\@3HURHQHVWDWLHQGDQRWHQHPRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHVWLGRSDUDHVDV
horas. Solamente tenemos 5. ______________________ vestidos para el da.
Gabriela: Bueno, muchas gracias.
d. Responde a las siguientes preguntas. / Answer the following questions.
*HQHUDOPHQWHTXpURSDIRUPDOOOHYDXQKRPEUHDXQDHQWUHYLVWD>LQWHUYLHZ@GHWUDEDMR" ________________ .
'HTXpFRORUSXHGHVHUXQDPDQ]DQD>DSSOH@" _________________________________________________ .
4XpURSDOOHYDDOJXLHQHQHOLQYLHUQRFXDQGRKDFHPXFKRIUtR" ____________________________________ .
4. Qu colores tiene la bandera de Canad? _____________________________________________________ .


a. DOJ~Q DOJ~Q
DOJXQRV QLQJ~Q
DOJXQDV DOJ~Q
4. ninguna QLQJ~Q
b. 1. amarillo 5. verde
D]XO 6. blancos
URMRV 7. gris
4. negros 8. morados
c. DOJ~Q QLQJ~Q

QLQJXQR DOJXQRV
DOJXQRV
d. 1. Lleva un saco o un traje con una corbata.

8QDPDQ]DQDSXHGHVHUYHUGHURMDRDPDULOOD
/OHYDXQVXpWHUXQDEULJRERWDV\XQVRPEUHURGHLQYLHUQR
4. La bandera de Canad es roja y blanca.

Lesson Indirect Object Pronouns
19
me to me nos to us
teWR\RX>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ osWR\RX>LQIRUPDOSOXUDO@
le to him, to her, to usted les to them, to ustedes
la prenda item of clothing el impermeable raincoat
los pantalones cortos shorts la bufanda scarf
el traje de bao bathing suit los guantes gloves
el pijama pajamas el pauelo handkerchief
los jeans jeans los zapatos de tacn alto high-heel shoes
la cartera wallet la pulsera bracelet
la bolsa purse los aretes earrings
los lentes glasses el collar necklace
los lentes de sol sunglasses la joyera jewelry
el anillo ring el asiento seat
el algodn cotton el oro gold
la seda silk la plata silver
la lana wool la tela fabric
el cuero leather el material material
la talla size chico small
ir de compras to go shopping mediano medium
caro expensive grande large
barato inexpensive
expandir to expand expresar to express
gustar to be pleasing interesar to interest
encantar to be very pleasing molestar to bother

A. ,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV
With relation to the verb, the indirect object answers the questions to whom? or for whom?. Consider the sentence
6KHJLYHVKLPWKHZDOOHW,QWKDWVHQWHQFHWKHGLUHFWREMHFWDQVZHULQJWKHTXHVWLRQ:KDWGRHVVKHJLYH"LVWKH
111
wallet. The indirect object, answering the question to whom? or for whom?, is to him, which is the indirect object.
English also permits dropping the preposition to, resulting in the sentence She gives him the wallet. And in this
sentence, him is still the indirect object.
/LNHGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDOZD\VJREHIRUHDFRQMXJDWHGYHUEHJElla le da la cartera

is She gives him the wallet; Nos hacen muchas preguntasLV7KH\DVNXVPDQ\TXHVWLRQV,IWKHUHVDno in the
sentence, the noJRHVEHIRUHWKHLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQHJNo les decimos la verdad is We dont tell them the
WUXWK7KHVL[LQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDUHDVIROORZV
me nos
te os
le les
:KHQWKHLQGLUHFWREMHFWLVDVSHFLFSHUVRQRUSHRSOHLQWKHWKLUGSHUVRQWKHle or les must still be included in the

VHQWHQFHHJLe doy los platos al meseroLV,JLYHWKHSODWHVWRWKHZDLWHU7KHSURQRXQosPHDQLQJa vosotros
or a vosotrasLVRQO\XVHGLQ6SDLQ
B. 'LUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV8VHGZLWK1RQFRQMXJDWHG9HUEV
,Q WKH FDVH RI D QRQFRQMXJDWHG YHUE HJ DQ LQQLWLYH RU D SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV OLNH GLUHFW
REMHFWSURQRXQVFDQJRHLWKHUEHIRUHWKHFRQMXJDWHGYHUERUDIWHUDQGDWWDFKHGWRWKHLQQLWLYHRUWKHSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOH
HJTe vamos a dar el impermeable and Vamos a darte el impermeable both mean Were going to give you the
raincoat; Nos estn enseado los verbos and Estn enendonos los verbos both mean They are teaching us
WKHYHUEV:KHQDGGLQJLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVWRHLWKHULQQLWLYHVRUSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHV\RXPLJKWQHHGWRDGGDQ
DFFHQWWRPDLQWDLQWKHRULJLQDOVWUHVVDVLQensendonos, which maintains the stress on the syllable an, which is
where the word is stressed in Nos estn enseando los verbos
C. 9HUEVOLNHgustar
9HUEVWKDWXVHLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVLQFOXGHgustar>WREHSOHDVLQJ@encantar>WREHYHU\SOHDVLQJ@interesar>WR
LQWHUHVW@DQGmolestar>WRERWKHU@Me gusta el libro means The book is pleasing to me and can also be translated
DV,OLNHWKHERRN7KHVXEMHFWRIWKDWVHQWHQFHLVel libro. With verbs like gustar, the singular form of the verb is
XVHG ZKHQ LW LV IROORZHG E\ D VLQJXODU VXEMHFW RU E\ D YHUE HJ Nos encanta la msica is We love the music;
Os interesa estudiar?LV$UH\RXLQWHUHVWHGLQVWXG\LQJ"7KHSOXUDOIRUPRIDYHUEOLNHgustar is used when it is
IROORZHGE\DSOXUDOVXEMHFWHJNo me molestan los exmenes LV7KHH[DPVGRQWERWKHUPH
D. :D\VWR/HDUQ1HZ9RFDEXODU\
The single best way to learn new words is to use them, because once you use them, they start becoming yours. One
way to use the vocabulary youre being exposed to is to interact with the audio glossary, speaking activities, and
ZRUNERRNWKDWDUHSDUWRIWKLVFRXUVH,I\RXUHXVLQJDVKFDUGV\RXPLJKWVWDUWWRGHQHQHZZRUGVXVLQJ6SDQLVK
ZRUGV\RXDOUHDG\NQRZHJ\RXPLJKWGHQHcaro>H[SHQVLYH@DVcuesta mucho>LWFRVWVDORW@5HDGLQJDORWLVWKH
best way to come into contact with new words. As has been discussed previously, you dont need to understand every
ZRUG\RXUHDGWREHQHWIURPWKHDFWLYLW\RIUHDGLQJ
Three other ideas that will help you learn new words are as follows: Dont overuse words youve already acquired;
HVWDEOLVKDSHUVRQDOFRQQHFWLRQWRZRUGVDQGLQYROYH\RXUVHQVHVZKHQOHDUQLQJYRFDEXODU\,I\RXUHDOZD\VXVLQJ
WKHVDPHZRUGVLWVFRPPRQIRUEHJLQQLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVWRRYHUXVHIRUH[DPSOHbueno and malo\RXOOEH
communicating in a limited way and preventing yourself from using new vocabulary. So, approach each Vocabulario
nuevo >1HZ 9RFDEXODU\@ VHFWLRQ RI WKH ZRUNERRN ZLWK WKH LQWHQW RI QGLQJ ZD\V WR XVH WKRVH QHZ ZRUGV ZKHQ
VSHDNLQJRUZULWLQJ,I\RXGHVFULEH\RXUVHOIZLWKFHUWDLQZRUGV\RXOOSUREDEO\EHXVLQJYRFDEXODU\WKDW\RXOOUHWDLQ
Work to make personal connections to words so that theyll be easier for you to remember. Finally, involve your senses
LQWKHOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFH,I\RXUHUHDGLQJ6SDQLVKGRQWMXVWUHDGVLOHQWO\5HDGDORXGDWWLPHVWRJHW\RXUKHDULQJ
in play and to feel what your mouth does as its pronouncing new words. All of this will help you more easily remember
and use new vocabulary.

/HVVRQ,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV

a. Alejandra est llamando a Cecilia. Hoy no pueden mirar la telenovela juntas porque Alejandra tiene muchas cosas
que hacer. / Alejandra is calling Cecilia. Today they wont be able to watch the soap opera together because Alejandra
has a lot of things to do.
Completa las frases con el pronombre de objeto indirecto correcto. / Complete the sentences with the correct indirect
object pronoun.
me te le nos os les
$OHMDQGUD +ROD&HFLOLD4XpOiVWLPD>:KDWDVKDPH@SHURKR\QRYR\DYHUODWHOHQRYHODFRQWLJRSRUTXH
WHQJRPXFKDVFRVDVTXHKDFHU9DPRVDLUDXQDERGD>ZHGGLQJ@GHXQSULPRGH&DUORV\QHFHVLWR
FRPSUDUPXFKDVFRVDV7HQJRTXHFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD0DULVROXQYHVWLGRHOHJDQWH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBYR\DFRPSUDUD3DEORXQWUDMHQHJUR\YR\DFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
D3DEOR\0DULVRO]DSDWRVQXHYRV$ORVQRYLRV>FRXSOH@BBBBBBBBBBBBBYDPRVDUHJDODUXQD
PiTXLQD>PDFKLQH@GHKDFHUFDIp<RYR\DFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQVDFRD]XOSDUDPt\
VpTXHWHQJRXQDIDOGDSHUIHFWDSDUDODERGD7DPELpQSDUDPtBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYR\DFRPSUDU
XQRVMHDQV1RVRQSDUDODERGDSHURVRQPX\ERQLWRV$&DUORVQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
JXVWDQODVFRUEDWDVQLORVWUDMHV&XDQGRKDEODPRVpOVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGLFHTXHQR
OHJXVWDODURSDIRUPDO1RVpTXHFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDpO
&HFLOLD 4XL]iV>0D\EH@SXHGHVOOHYDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQDFDPLVDGHVXWLHQGDGHURSDIDYRULWD
Tienes joyera para la boda?
Alejandra: Ms o menos, mis joyas son muy viejas.
&HFLOLD 1RWHSUHRFXSHV>'RQWZRUU\@<RYR\DSUHVWDU>OHQG@BBBBBBBBBBBBBPLVMR\DV<QRWH
SUHRFXSHVSRUODWHOHQRYHODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODYR\DFRQWDU>WHOO@PDxDQD
b. Usando el contexto del dilogo previo, completa las frases siguientes utilizando el verbo gustar o molestar. / Using
the context of the previous dialogue, complete the following sentences using the verb gustar or molestar.
1. Carlos: No me ____________________ las corbatas.
&DUORV0HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODURSDIRUPDO
0DULVRO1RPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWRV]DSDWRVSRUTXHHOFRORUPHSDUHFHIHR
4. Alejandra: Me ______________________ este saco porque es muy chico, y necesito una talla mediana.
0DULVRO1RPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWHVXpWHUSDUDQDGD>DWDOO@SRUTXHPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODODQD
$OHMDQGUD$0DULVRO\DPtQRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRHVWDVMR\DVSRUTXHVRQSUHFLRVDV>EHDXWLIXO@
7. Pablo: A m s me _________________________ mis zapatos.
3DEOR0HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLVFRVDV*UDFLDVPDPL

c. Pablo le est pidiendo dinero a su padre. / Pablo is asking his father for money.
Completa las frases usando pronombres de objeto indirecto. / Complete the sentences using indirect object pronouns.
3DEOR 3DSLSXHGHVGDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGLQHUR"
Carlos: Para qu, Pablo?
3DEOR 4XLHURFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQUHJDOR>JLIW@DPDPL
Carlos: Por qu, Pablo? No es su cumpleaos, verdad?
3DEOR 1RQRHVVXFXPSOHDxRV3HURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXLHURGDUXQDVRUSUHVD>VXUSULVH@(OOD
VLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPSUDFRVDVDQRVRWURV
&DUORV 4XpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXLHUHVFRPSUDU"
3DEOR 1RVp&UHRTXHW~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSXHGHVD\XGDUFRQDOJXQDVLGHDV
&DUORV <RQXQFDVpTXpGDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDWXPDGUH
3DEOR 3HURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYDVDGDUGLQHUR"
&DUORV 6t3DEOR(VWR\HVFULEtHQGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQFKHTXH>FKHFN@
d. Completa las siguientes respuestas. / Complete the following answers.
1. Te gusta ms la ropa de algodn o la ropa de lana? ____________________la ropa de algodn.
$WXDPLJROHPROHVWDQODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVVREUHSROtWLFD>SROLWLFV@"1RD ____________________________ .
7HLQWHUHVDQORVGHSRUWHV"6t ______________________________________________________________ .
4. A tus padres les encanta la primavera? S, a ___________________________________________________ .
5. Te gusta ms la ropa formal o la ropa informal? __________________________ ropa informal.
6. Te molestan las personas que siempre llegan tarde? S, ___________________________________ .
7. Te interesa hacer amigos de otros pases? Si, __________________________________________________ .
8. A t te gusta ir de compras1? S, __________________________________________________.
114
/HVVRQ,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV

a. 1. comprarle 7. le
/H 8. me
FRPSUDUOHV 9. comprarle
4. les OOHYDUOH
5. comprarme 11. prestarte
6. me WH
b. 1. gustan 5. gustamolesta
PROHVWD 6. gustan
JXVWDQ 7. gustan
4. molesta 8. gustan
c. 1. darme 6. me
FRPSDUOH 7. darle
OH 8. me
4. nos 9. escribindote
5. le
d. 1. Me gusta ms la ropa de algodn.

1RDPLDPLJRQROHPROHVWDQODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVVREUHSROtWLFD1RDPLDPLJROHJXVWDQODV
conversaciones sobre poltica.
6tPHLQWHUHVDQORVGHSRUWHV
4. S, a mis padres les encanta la primavera.
5. Me gusta ms la ropa informal.
6. S, me molestan las personas que siempre llegan tarde.
7. S, me interesa hacer amigos de otros pases.
8. S, a m me gusta ir de compras.
115
Lesson Double Object Pronouns

el garaje garage el horno oven
la sala living room el microondas microwave oven
la habitacin bedroom el lavaplatos dishwasher
el dormitorio bedroom el fregadero kitchen sink
el pasillo hall el espejo mirror
el techo roof la ducha shower
el sueloRRU la baera bathtub
la almohada pillow el inodoro toilet
el armario closet el lavabo bathroom sink
el refrigerador refrigerator la residencia estudiantil dormitory
la estufa stove el regalo gift
primero UVW sexto sixth
segundo second sptimo seventh
tercero third octavo eighth
cuarto fourth noveno ninth
quinto IWK dcimo tenth
pensar en to think about Pienso leer.,SODQWRUHDG

A. Ordinal Numbers
Unlike most adjectives, ordinal numberssuch as primero>UVW@segundo>VHFRQG@tercero>WKLUG@HWFSUHFHGH
WKHQRXQWKH\PRGLI\HJLa casa de los Snchez es la cuarta casaLV7KH6iQFKH]VKRXVHLVWKHIRXUWKKRXVH
As is the case with the adjectives bueno>JRRG@malo>EDG@ninguno>QRQHQRWDQ\@DQGalguno>DQ\RQH@ZKLFK
\RX KDYH DOUHDG\ OHDUQHG DERXW WKH RUGLQDO QXPEHUV primero and tercero drop the -o before masculine singular
QRXQVHJel primer dormitorioLVWKHUVWEHGURRPel tercer pasilloLVWKHWKLUGKDOO
B. Double Object Pronouns

<RXKDYHOHDUQHGWKDWWKHLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDUHme, te, le, nos, os, and les and that the direct object pronouns
are me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, and las. When an indirect object pronoun and a direct object pronoun are used
WRJHWKHULQDVHQWHQFHFDOOHGDGRXEOHREMHFWSURQRXQWKHLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQDOZD\VSUHFHGHVWKHGLUHFWREMHFW
pronoun. As is the case when either a direct or an indirect object pronoun is used alone, if the sentence has only a
conjugated verb, the double object pronoun must go before the verb. And in sentences with a conjugated verb and
DQLQQLWLYHRUDSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHWKHGRXEOHREMHFWSURQRXQFDQJRHLWKHUEHIRUHWKHFRQMXJDWHGYHUERUDIWHUDQG
DWWDFKHGWRWKHLQQLWLYHRUSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOH
116
/HVVRQ'RXEOH2EMHFW3URQRXQV
Examples of double object pronouns include the following: They give it el dinero to us is Nos lo dan; Raquel says
it la verdad to me is Raquel me la dice,UHDGWKHP los libros WR\RX>VLQJXODULQIRUPDO@ is Te los leo; Were
going to give them las pizzas to you >SOXUDOLQIRUPDO@LVOs las vamos a dar or Vamos a droslas.
When the indirect object pronoun le or les precedes the direct object pronoun lo, la, los, or las, the le or les becomes
se ([DPSOHV RI GRXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV VKRZLQJ WKLV FKDQJH LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ , JLYH WKHP los papeles WR
her is Se los doy:HWHOOLWel problemaWRWKHPLVSe lo decimos<RX>T@ZULWHLWel libroIRUWKHPLVSe
lo escribes6KHLVH[SODLQLQJ LWla situacinWRKLPULJKWQRZLVSe la est explicando ahora mismo or Est
explicndosela ahora mismo.
Because se in a double object pronoun can mean to him, to her, to usted, to them, or to ustedes, it is common
WRVWDWHVSHFLFDOO\WRZKRPRUIRUZKRPVRPHWKLQJLVGRQHHJSe lo digo a Juan is ,PWHOOLQJLWWR-XDQVas a
decrselo a Sara y a LauraLV<RXDUHJRLQJWRVD\LWWR6DUDDQG/DXUD
C. Uses of pensar
Pensar>WRWKLQN@FDQEHXVHGWRRIIHUDQRSLQLRQHJPienso que el examen es difcilLV,WKLQNWKDWWKHH[DPLV
GLIFXOWEXWTXLWHRIWHQ6SDQLVKVSHDNHUVSUHIHUWRXVHcreer>WRWKLQNWREHOLHYH@WRRIIHUDQRSLQLRQHJCreo que
el examen es difcil
Pensar enPHDQVWRWKLQNDERXWVRPHWKLQJHJPienso mucho en mi familiaLV,WKLQNDORWDERXWP\IDPLO\

Pensar deLVXVHGWRDVNIRUDQRSLQLRQRIVRPHWKLQJHJQu piensas de la profesora? is What do you think
DERXWWKHSURIHVVRU"Pensar + LQQLWLYHPHDQVWRSODQWRGRVRPHWKLQJHJPensamos comer despus de las
ochoLV:HDUHSODQQLQJWRHDWDIWHUHLJKWRFORFN
D. Another Use of se
,QWKLVOHVVRQ\RXKDYHVHHQse used in double object pronouns. Se is also used in expressions like Se habla ingls
aqu, which is English is spoken here. At times, se carries the idea of what in English would be expressed by one,
you, or they HJSe vive bien en MxicoLV2QHOLYHVZHOOLQ0H[LFRRU<RXOLYHZHOOLQ0H[LFRSe dice que el
garaje es enormeLV7KH\VD\WKDWWKHJDUDJHLVHQRUPRXV
9HUEVXVHGZLWKseLQFRQWH[WVOLNHWKHVHDUHFRQMXJDWHGLQWKHWKLUGSHUVRQHJSe oyen francs e italiano en la

clase LV)UHQFKDQG,WDOLDQDUHKHDUGLQWKHFODVV

a. Pablo y su hermana Marisol estn en el centro comercial. Pablo quiere comprarle un regalo a su madre. / Pablo and
his sister Marisol are at the mall. Pablo wants to buy a present for his mother.
Escoge la respuesta apropiada. / Choose the appropriate answer.
1. Me gustan esas pulseras. Puede _______________ por favor?

DPRVWUiUWHOH
EPRVWUiUPHOD
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DGiUPHORV
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117
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DFRPSUiUWHOHV
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9DVDGDUOHODVRUHVDPDPLKR\"
D6tYR\DGiUPHODVHQODFHQD
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9DVDSUHSDUDUODFHQDSDUDPDPL"
D6tVHODYR\DSUHSDUDU
E6tODVHYR\DSUHSDUDU
F6tOHODYR\DSUHSDUDU
9DVDFRFLQDUOHVXSRVWUHIDYRULWR"
D1RQRYR\DFRFLQiUVHOH
E1RQRYR\DFRFLQiUPHOH
F1RQRYR\DFRFLQiUVHOR
9DVDSUHSDUDUPHPLFRPLGDIDYRULWD"1RQRYR\DBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
DSUHUDUiUWHVH
ESUHSDUiUWHOD
FSUHSDUiUPHOD
9DVDGDUOHORVDUHWHVDPDPLGXUDQWHODFHQD"
D1ROHVYR\DGDUPDxDQD
E1RVHORVYR\DGDUPDxDQD
F1RYR\DGiUPHOHVPDxDQD
b. Marisol est hacindole una pequea entrevista a su hermano para un proyecto en la escuela. / Marisol is doing a
little interview with her brother for a school project.
Contesta las siguientes preguntas utilizando los pronombres de objeto directo e indirecto. / Answer the following
questions using double object pronouns.
1. Les compras regalos a tus amigos para sus cumpleaos? No, no __________________________________ .
3UHSDUDVHVWDVGHFXPSOHDxRVSDUDWXVDPLJRV"1RQR ________________________________________ .
(VFULEHVFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRV>HPDLOV@DWXVDPLJRVFRQIUHFXHQFLD"1RQR ___________________________ .
4. Te pones lentes de sol cuando vas a la playa? S, _______________________________________________ .
c. Alberto est divorciado, y por problemas econmicos, vive con sus padres Luis y Cecilia. Ahora est un poco
PHMRU\HVWiEXVFDQGRXQDFDVDeOHVWiOODPDQGRDVXPDGUHSDUDFRQWDUOHVREUHODTXLQWDFDVDTXHYLR$OEHUWRLV
GLYRUFHGDQGEHFDXVHRIKLVQDQFLDOSUREOHPVKHOLYHVZLWKKLVSDUHQWV/XLVDQG&HFLOLD+HLVGRLQJDOLWWOHEHWWHU
QRZDQGLVORRNLQJIRUDKRXVH+HLVFDOOLQJKLVPRWKHUWRWHOOKHUDERXWWKHIWKKRXVHKHVDZ
Lee el siguiente prrafo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
118
$OEHUWR+RODPDPL(VWR\FDQVDGRGHYHUFDVDV3DUHFHTXHQRWHQJRPXFKDVXHUWHKR\/DTXLQWDFDVDTXHYL>,VDZ@
HVWHUULEOH/DVDODHVPX\SHTXHxD\WLHQHXQDDOIRPEUDPX\YLHMD6DEHVTXHVR\DOpUJLFR>DOOHUJLF@\QRPHJXVWDQ
las alfombras. La primera habitacin es muy grande, y la segunda es muy pequea. El bao solo tiene una ducha,
SHURQRKD\XQDEDxHUD/DFDVDQRWLHQHODYDSODWRV\ODHVWXIDQRVLUYH>GRHVQWZRUN@/DSULPHUDKDELWDFLyQWLHQHXQ
armario, y la segunda solo tiene una cmoda. En general, la casa tiene pocas ventanas y est cerca de una residencia
HVWXGLDQWLO&UHRTXHHVWDFDVDQRHVXQDEXHQDRSFLyQ>RSWLRQ@SDUDPt9R\DYLYLUFRQXVWHGHVXQSRFRPiV
1. Cmo es la segunda habitacin? ____________________________________________________________ .
4XpQROHJXVWDD$OEHUWRGHODVDOD" _________________________________________________________ .
4XpQRWLHQHHOEDxR" ____________________________________________________________________ .
4. Cuntas ventanas tiene la casa? ____________________________________________________________ .
9DDYLYLU$OEHUWRHQHVWDFDVDTXHDFDEDGHYHU>KHKDVMXVWVHHQ@" ________________________________ .
&XiOHVWXSDUWHIDYRULWDGHWXFDVD"&RPR>VLQFH@PHJXVWDFRFLQDU ________________________________ .
7LHQHVXQDDOIRPEUDHQODVDODGHWXFDVD"1R_________________________________________________ .
3LHQVDVVDOLUGHYDFDFLRQHVGHQWURGHSRFR>VRRQ@" ___________________ porque tengo demasiado trabajo.
4. En qu piensas frecuentemente? _____________________________________________ mejorar mi espaol.
IV. Lectura cultural / Cultural reading

/HHODOHFWXUDVLJXLHQWHVREUHODLQGXVWULDWH[WLO\FRQWHVWDODVSUHJXQWDVGHIRUPDFLHUWR&RIDOVR)5HDGWKH
IROORZLQJWH[WDERXWWKHWH[WLOHLQGXVWU\DQGDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQVDVHLWKHUWUXH&RUIDOVH)
La industria textil
Los constantes cambios en la economa global han hecho que los pases
busquen distintos medios para mejorar sus propias economas y mantenerse
HQHOPHUFDGRQDQFLHURJOREDO(VFRP~QTXHVHSLHQVHHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD
como una economa con base en la agricultura. Sin embargo, otra de las
industrias muy importantes para la regin en cuanto a exportaciones es la
industria textil. Las compaas dedicadas a estas actividades confeccionan
todo tipo de ropa y algunas veces tambin zapatos.
&RORPELD3DQDPi+RQGXUDV(O6DOYDGRU\3HU~VRQDOJXQRVGHORVSDtVHV
con altos niveles de exportacin, en especial hacia los Estados Unidos. No
solamente los diseos sino tambin la alta calidad de las prendas de vestir
han hecho que muchas compaas extranjeras inviertan y se interesen en la
produccin textil que se realiza en estos pases. En el pasado, se asociaban
las maquiladoras con empleados del gnero femenino. Hoy en da en las
maquiladoras, hay tantos empleados masculinos como femeninos.
Otro tipo de ropa que es caracterstico de la cultura en Amrica Latina es

la elaborada por mujeres indgenas. Estas prendas tienen muchos colores
y diferentes diseos que representan la cultura indgena. Muchas de estas
mujeres y sus familias han encontrado en la confeccin y venta de su
119
ropa una manera de mejorar su situacin econmica. En la regin de Altos de Chiapas, en Mxico, varias mujeres
indgenas se han organizado para vender su ropa. Aunque mantienen la tradicin del bordado multicolor a mano, ellas
han empezado a utilizar la mquina de coser tambin. Este grupo tiene ahora un nombre para su ropa: Taj Kotoltik,
TXHVLJQLFD(QWUH7RGDV\WLHQHQXQDH[KLELFLyQGHODVSUHQGDVTXHFRQIHFFLRQDQHQHO0XVHRGHOD&LXGDGGH
Mxico. Dentro de las innovaciones para la comercializacin de sus productos, ahora tienen su propio sitio web en
,QWHUQHWWDMNRWROWLNFRPP[
1. La economa en Hispanoamrica solo tiene una base en la agricultura. ________________________________
(QODLQGXVWULDWH[WLOVHFRQIHFFLRQDURSD\DOJXQDVYHFHV]DSDWRV ___________________________________
+R\HQGtDKD\KRPEUHV\PXMHUHVTXHWUDEDMDQHQODVPDTXLODGRUDV ________________________________
4. La ropa elaborada por mujeres indgenas tiene dos colores. _________________________________________
0XMHUHVLQGtJHQDVGH&RORPELD\3HU~WLHQHQVXSURSLDPDUFDGHURSD _______________________________

a. FPRVWUiUPHODV D6tVHODYR\DSUHSDUDU
DGiUPHORV F1RQRYR\DFRFLQiUVHOR
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F6tYR\DGiUVHODVHQODFHQD E1RVHORVYR\DGDUPDxDQD
b. 1RQRVHORVFRPSUR 1RQRVHORVHVFULERFRQIUHFXHQFLD

1RQRVHODVSUHSDUR 6tPHORVSRQJRFXDQGRYR\DODSOD\D
c. 1. La segunda habitacin es muy pequea.

$$OEHUWRQROHJXVWDODDOIRPEUDHQODVDOD/DVDODHVPX\SHTXHxD
(OEDxRQRWLHQHXQDEDxHUD
4. La casa tiene pocas ventanas.
1R$OEHUWRQRYDDYLYLUHQODFDVDSRUTXHQROHJXVWD1R$OEHUWRSUHHUHYLYLUXQSRFRPiVFRQVXV
padres.
d. 1. Como me gusta cocinar, mi parte favorita de mi casa es la cocina.

1RQRWHQJRQLQJXQDDOIRPEUDHQODVDODGHPLFDVD
1RQRSLHQVRVDOLUGHYDFDFLRQHVGHQWURGHSRFRSRUTXHWHQJRGHPDVLDGRWUDEDMR1RQRSXHGRVDOLUGH
vacaciones dentro de poco porque tengo demasiado trabajo.
4. Pienso frecuentemente en mejorar mi espaol.
Lectura cultural
) & & ) )

The Textile Industry
The constant changes in the global economy have resulted in countries looking for different ways to improve their own
HFRQRPLHVDQGPDLQWDLQWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHJOREDOQDQFLDOPDUNHW,WVFRPPRQWRWKLQNRI/DWLQ$PHULFDDVDQHFRQRP\
based in agriculture. Nevertheless, another of the very important industries for the region in terms of exports is the textile
industry. The companies dedicated to these activities make all sorts of clothing and sometimes shoes as well.
&RORPELD 3DQDPi +RQGXUDV (O 6DOYDGRU DQG 3HU~ DUH VRPH RI WKH FRXQWULHV ZLWK KLJK OHYHOV RI H[SRUWDWLRQ
especially to the United States. Not only the designs but also the high quality of the garments have made many foreign
FRXQWULHVLQYHVWDQGEHFRPHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQWKDWLVGRQHLQWKHVHFRXQWULHV,QWKHSDVWWKHWH[WLOH
factories were associated with women. Nowadays in the textile factories, there are as many male as female workers.
Another kind of clothing that is characteristic of Latin American culture is the clothing made by indigenous women.
These garments have many colors and different designs that represent the indigenous culture. Many of these women
DQGWKHLUIDPLOLHVKDYHIRXQGLQWKHPDNLQJDQGVHOOLQJRIWKHLUFORWKLQJDZD\WRLPSURYHWKHLUHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQ,Q
the region of Altos de Chiapas, in Mexico, various indigenous women have organized themselves to sell their clothing.
Although they maintain the tradition of multicolored hand embroidery, they have begun to use the sewing machine
as well. This group now has a name for its clothing: Taj Kotoltik, which means Among All the Women, and they
have a display of the garments that they make in the Museum of the City of Mexico. Among their innovations for the
FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRIWKHLUSURGXFWVWKH\QRZKDYHWKHLURZQZHEVLWHRQWKH,QWHUQHWWDMNRWROWLNFRPP[

Lesson 5HH[LYH9HUEV

me myself nos ourselves
te \RXUVHOI>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ os \RXUVHOYHV>LQIRUPDO@
se KLPVHOIKHUVHOI\RXUVHOI>IRUPDO@ seWKHPVHOYHV\RXUVHOYHV>IRUPDO@
tener que ver con to have to do with
la parte part la categora category
el miembro member varios various
el momento moment la ciudad city
en un momento in a moment
el YHUERUHH[LYRUHH[LYHYHUE delicioso delicious
rico rich, delicious casado married
explicar to explain
llamarse to call oneself secarse to dry oneself
despertarse to wake up afeitarse to shave
levantarse to get up cepillarse los dientes to brush your teeth
acostarse to go to bed maquillarse to put on makeup
dormirse to fall asleep ponerse la ropa to put on clothing
baarse to bathe oneself quitarse la ropa to take off clothing
lavarse to wash oneself vestirse to get dressed
ducharse to shower
la fruta fruit el pltano/la banana/el banano banana
la fresa strawberry la pera pear
la manzana apple la uva grape
la naranja orange el limn lemon
el meln melon la cebolla onion
el aguacate avocado el chile chili, chili pepper
la pia pineapple el chocolate chocolate
la toronja grapefruit el DQ custard
el brcoli broccoli el arroz con leche rice pudding
la zanahoria carrot los dulces candy

/HVVRQ5HH[LYH9HUEV

A. 5HH[LYH9HUEV
5HH[LYHYHUEVDUHXVHGWRGHVFULEHDQDFWLRQLQZKLFKWKHVXEMHFWDQGWKHREMHFWRIWKHDFWLRQDUHWKHVDPH2QH
PHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGUHH[LYHLVGLUHFWHGRUWXUQHGEDFNRQLWVHOIDQGWKDWVZKDWKDSSHQVZLWKUHH[LYHYHUEV7KH
VXEMHFWSHUIRUPVWKHDFWLRQEDFNRQLWVHOI7KHUHH[LYHSURQRXQVZKLFKPXVWDFFRPSDQ\UHH[LYHYHUEVDUHme, te,
se, nos, and os$QH[DPSOHRIWKHVHSURQRXQVVKRZQZLWKDUHH[LYHYHUEFRQMXJDWHGLQWKHSUHVHQWLVDVIROORZV
levantarse>WRJHWXS@
me levanto nos levantamos

te levantas os levantis
se levanta se levantan
/LNHGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVUHH[LYHYHUEVJREHIRUHDFRQMXJDWHGYHUEHJMe visto a las ochoLV,

JHWGUHVVHGDWHLJKWRFORFNDQGHLWKHUEHIRUHWKHFRQMXJDWHGYHUERUDIWHUDQGDWWDFKHGWRDQLQQLWLYHRUSUHVHQW
SDUWLFLSOHHJSe van a lavar las manos and Van a lavarse las manos are They are going to wash their hands;
Me estoy afeitando and Estoy afeitndomeDUH,DPVKDYLQJP\VHOI
B. :D\VWR3UDFWLFH)RRG9RFDEXODU\
2QH UHVRXUFH WKDW FDQ KHOS \RX JDLQ IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK IRRG YRFDEXODU\ LV WKH ZHEVLWH HOJRXUPHWFRP ,WV D SODFH
ZKHUH\RXFDQH[SORUHORWVRIUHFLSHVDQGDUWLFOHVUHODWHGWRIRRGDQGLWVHQWLUHO\LQ6SDQLVK<RXFDQDOVRSUDFWLFH
\RXUIRRGYRFDEXODU\LQIRUH[DPSOHD0H[LFDQUHVWDXUDQW,IWKHUHV6SDQLVKRQWKHPHQXUHDGWKH6SDQLVK$QG
LI\RXUZDLWUHVVRUZDLWHUVSHDNV6SDQLVKVSHDNDVPXFKRIWKHODQJXDJHDV\RXFDQ,QIDFW\RXFRXOGWHOO\RXU
server something like this: Estoy tomando un curso de espaol y mi tarea es hablar solo espaol aqu. Le
parece bien?ZKLFKLV,PWDNLQJD6SDQLVKFRXUVHDQGP\KRPHZRUNLVWRVSHDNRQO\6SDQLVKKHUH'RHVWKDW
seem okay to you?.
C. Uses of estar
The four basic uses of estar are as follows.
1. With the present participle to talk about something happening right now, a construction known as the present
SURJUHVVLYHHJEstamos trabajando ahora mismoLV:HDUHZRUNLQJULJKWQRZ
7RWDONDERXWWKHORFDWLRQRIVRPHRQHRUVRPHWKLQJHJLas zanahorias estn en la mesa is The carrots
DUH RQ WKH WDEOH >1RWH 7KH H[FHSWLRQV WR WKLV XVH RI estar are when talking about where someone or
VRPHWKLQJLVIURPDQGDERXWZKHUHDQHYHQWLVWDNLQJSODFH,QWKRVHWZRFDVHVserLVXVHGHJSomos de
Nicaragua is We are from Nicaragua; /DHVWDHVHQPLFDVDLV7KHSDUW\LVLQP\KRXVH@
7RWDONDERXWDSK\VLFDORUHPRWLRQDOVWDWHRUFRQGLWLRQLQFOXGLQJKRZGULQNVRUIRRGWDVWHHJLas meseras
estn ocupadas is The waitresses are busy; (ODQHVWiULFRLV7KHFXVWDUGLVGHOLFLRXV
4. To talk about something thats the result of a change, meaning the result of a previous action, such as the
DFWLRQRIG\LQJRUJHWWLQJPDUULHGHJNuestro to est muerto is Our uncle is dead; Estamos casados
LV:HDUHPDUULHG
To summarize, estar is used with the present progressive and to express location, mental, or physical condition or the
UHVXOWRIDQDFWLRQ,WPLJKWKHOS\RXWRUHPHPEHUWKHXVHVRIestar as the following words ending in -tion.
1. Ongoing action
Location
Condition and digestion
4. Result of a previous action

D. Uses of ser
The seven basic uses of ser are as follows.
1. 7RWDONDERXWWLPHHJMaana es el nueve de noviembreLV7RPRUURZLV1RYHPEHUQLQWK

7RLGHQWLI\VRPHRQHRUVRPHWKLQJHJSoy PacoLV,DP3DFR
7R GHVFULEH LQKHUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ HJ Nuestra madre es simptica y muy
inteligenteLV2XUPRWKHULVQLFHDQGYHU\LQWHOOLJHQW
4. With de WR WDON DERXW SRVVHVVLRQ FRPSRVLWLRQ RU RULJLQDWLRQ HJ Son tus libros? is Are they your
books?; La camisa es de algodnLV,WVDFRWWRQVKLUWMarta es de EspaaLV0DUWDLVIURP6SDLQ
>1RWH<RXPLJKWUHPHPEHUWKHVHWKUHHXVHVRIser with de by thinking about these three questions: De
quin es?>:KRVHLVLW"@SRVVHVVLRQDe qu es?>:KDWVLWPDGHRI"@FRPSRVLWLRQDe dnde es?
>:KHUHLVKHRUVKHIURP"@RULJLQDWLRQ@
5. 7RWDONDERXWDJHQHUDOL]DWLRQHJEs fcil preparar esta sopaLV,WVHDV\WRPDNHWKLVVRXS
6. 7RGHVFULEHWKHORFDWLRQRIDQHYHQWHJLas reuniones son en la biblioteca is The meetings are in the
OLEUDU\
7. With para WR VD\ IRU ZKRP RU IRU ZKDW VRPHWKLQJ LV LQWHQGHG HJ Los postres son para todos is The
GHVVHUWVDUHIRUHYHU\RQH

a. Diana tiene cuatro aos y su hermana Mariana tiene un ao. Ellas pueden hacer algunas cosas solas, pero
necesitan ayuda en otras. / Diana is four years old and her sister Mariana is one. They can do some things on their
own, but they need help with others.
(VFULEH95VLODIUDVHXVDXQYHUERUHH[LYRR15VLODIUDVHQRXVDXQYHUERUHH[LYR:ULWH95LIWKHVHQWHQFH
XVHVDUHH[LYHYHUERU15LIWKHVHQWHQFHGRHVQWXVHDUHH[LYHYHUE
0DULDQDVHGHVSLHUWDDODVGHODPDxDQD ___________________________________________________
'LDQDVHOHYDQWDDODVGHODPDxDQD _______________________________________________________
(ULFDEDxDD0DULDQDDODVGHODPDxDQD ___________________________________________________
4. Erica se baa a las 7:15 de la maana. _________________________________________________________
'LDQDJHQHUDOPHQWHVHEDxDDODVGHODPDxDQD _____________________________________________
6. Diana y Erica se lavan los dientes tres veces al da. _______________________________________________
7. Erica lava la ropa de sus hijas. ________________________________________________________________
8. Erica cepilla el pelo de Mariana. _______________________________________________________________
9. Erica se maquilla frecuentemente. _____________________________________________________________
$OJXQDVYHFHV'LDQDPDTXLOODD0DULDQD ______________________________________________________
b. Javier tiene un viaje de negocios maana y no sabe exactamente cmo debe organizar su horario. / Javier has a
business trip tomorrow and doesnt know exactly how he should organize his schedule.
&RPSOHWDHOVLJXLHQWHGLiORJRXWLOL]DQGRYHUERVUHH[LYRV&RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJGLDORJXHXVLQJUHH[LYHYHUEV

/HVVRQ5HH[LYH9HUEV
-DYLHU (ULFDSXHGHVOOHYDUPHDODHURSXHUWRPDxDQD"7HQJRTXHHVWDUHQHODHURSXHUWRDODVGHOD
PDxDQD(OYXHOR>LJKW@VDOHDODV
(ULFD -DYLHUHVPX\WHPSUDQR/DVQLxDV>JLUOV@QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHYDQWDUVHKDVWDPiVWDUGH1R

SXHGHVGHMDU>OHDYH@HOFDUURHQHODHURSXHUWR"
-DYLHU %XHQRSXHGRKDFHUHVR3HURDTXpKRUDWHQJRTXHBBBBBBBBBBBGHVSHUWDUVH"$ODV"
(ULFD 6t\RSXHGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHVSHUWDUVHWDPELpQDODVSDUDSUHSDUDUWHFDIp
-DYLHU %XHQRJUDFLDV6LQRVRWURVGRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHYDQWDUVHWDQWHPSUDQRYDPRVDHVWDUPX\

cansados.
(ULFD 1RLPSRUWD>,WGRHVQWPDWWHU@<RSXHGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRUPLUVHXQPRPHQWRPiVWDUGHHQOD
PDxDQD$TXpKRUDYDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDIHLWDUVH"
-DYLHU 1RVpTXL]iV>PD\EH@DODV9R\DBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEDxDUVHDODV\YR\D

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHVWLUVHDODV
c. Escoge el verbo correcto para las siguientes frases. / Choose the correct verb for the following sentences.
-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiHVSUHRFXSDGRSRUHOYLDMH
(ULFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiHVRFXSDGDFRQODVQLxDV
-DYLHU\(ULFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiQVRQFDVDGRV
-DYLHU\(ULFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiQVRQHVSRVRV
'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiQVRQKLMDVGH-DYLHU\(ULFD
-DYLHUVHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiHVEDxDQGRHQHVWHPRPHQWR
(ULFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiHVGHVSHUWiQGRVH
(OYXHORLJKWGH-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVHVWiDODV
4XpKRUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiHV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(VWiQ6RQODV
-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVHVWiLQJHQLHUR>HQJLQHHU@
-DYLHU\(ULFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiQVRQHQODFDVDDKRUD
-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVHVWiDOWR\DPDEOH
'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiQVRQGXUPLHQGR
(OPHMRUDPLJRGH-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVHVWiFRVWDUULFHQVH
1RVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVRPRVHVWDPRVXQDIDPLOLD
<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWR\VR\HVWUHVDGR>VWUHVVHG@SRUTXHWHQJRPXFKRWUDEDMR

<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWR\VR\KLMDGH(VWHEDQ\/XLVD
7~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWiVHUHVXQDSHUVRQDPX\VLPSiWLFD
d. Escoge la respuesta correcta. / Choose the correct answer.
frijoles brcoli aguacate postres naranja
1. Me gusta comer ensalada con ________________.
(Q&HQWURDPpULFDFRPHQPXFKRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0HJXVWDQWRGRVORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. En las maanas, nos gusta tomar jugo de ________________.
5. A Diana y a Mariana no les gusta el _____________________.
e. Completa las siguientes respuestas. / Complete the following answers.
1. A qu hora te levantas? ____________________________ a las siete de la maana.
$TXpKRUDWHDFXHVWDV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODVRQFHGHODQRFKH
6DEHVFRFLQDUDUUR]FRQOHFKH"1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Comes postres frecuentemente? S, __________________________ con frecuencia.

a. 95 95
95 7. NR
15 8. NR
95 95
95 15
b. 1. se levantan 5. dormirme
GHVSHUWDUPH 6. afeitarte
GHVSHUWDUPH 7. baarme
4. nos levantamos 8. vestirme
c. 1. est HV
HVWi 11. estn
HVWiQ HV
4. son HVWiQ
5. son 14. es
6. est 15. somos
7. est 16. estoy
8. es 17. soy
9. esSon 18. eres

/HVVRQ5HH[LYH9HUEV
d. 1. aguacate 4. naranja
IULMROHV 5. brcoli
SRVWUHV
e. 1. Me levanto a las siete de la maana.

0HDFXHVWRDODVRQFHGHODQRFKH
1RQRVpFRFLQDUDUUR]FRQOHFKH1RQRVpFRFLQDUOR
4. S, como postres con frecuencia. / S, los como con frecuencia.

Lesson Talking about the Past: Acabar and Hace

la gramtica grammar no solo not only
el pasado past sino tambin but also
la televisin television
permitir to allow, to permit acabarWRQLVK
montar to ride acabo de comer,MXVWDWH
volar WR\ esperar to wait for, to hope
ltimo last todo all, every
cada each todo el da all day
el dilema dilemma el programa program
el drama drama el tpico clich
a pie by foot el barco boat
la bicicleta bicycle el avin airplane
el autobs bus el coche car
el metro subway el automvil car
el tren train
olvidarse de to forget divertirse to enjoy oneself
acordarse de to remember enamorarse de to fall in love
alegrarse de to become happy

A. Pero, sino, and sino que
The conjuntion pero ZKLFK LV XVHG WR VKRZ FRQWUDVW FDQ EH XVHG ZLWK VHQWHQFHV WKDW VWDUW RXW DIUPDWLYHO\ RU
QHJDWLYHO\HJHace buen tiempo, pero no quiero ir al parqueLV,WVQLFHZHDWKHUEXW,GRQWZDQWWRJRWRWKH
park; No hay muchos trenes hoy, pero todos van a la ciudad is There arent many trains today, but they all go to
WKHFLW\
The conjunction sino can be used only if the sentence starts with a negation. The purpose of sino is to negate,
contradict, or show a direct contrast with what comes earlier in the sentence; for this reason, sino typically expresses
WKHLGHDRIEXWUDWKHUHJNo vamos en barco sino en avin is Were not going by boat but rather by plane;
Carlos no quiere comprar guantes, sino simplemente ver qu tipos hay en la tienda is Carlos doesnt want to
EX\JORYHVEXWUDWKHUVLPSO\VHHZKDWNLQGVWKHUHDUHLQWKHVWRUH

/HVVRQ7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVWAcabar and Hace
When following a conjugated verb, sino queLVQHHGHGHJ(OODQRPDQHMDVXFRFKHDODRFLQDVLQRTXHPRQWD

en bicicletaLV6KHGRHVQWGULYHKHUFDUWRWKHRIFHEXWUDWKHUULGHVDELF\FOH
B. 5HH[LYHDQG1RQUHH[LYH9HUEV
:KLOHDQLQQLWLYHIRUPHQGLQJLQ-seLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHYHUELVDUHH[LYHYHUEHJlavarseLVWRZDVKRQHVHOIDQ
LQQLWLYHWKDWGRHVQWHQGLQ-seLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHYHUELVQRQUHH[LYHHJlavarLVWRZDVK,QDSUHYLRXVOHVVRQ
\RXOHDUQHGWKDWLQWKHFDVHRIUHH[LYHYHUEVWKHVXEMHFWDQGREMHFWRIWKHYHUEDUHWKHVDPHHJSiempre nos
levantamos tempranoLV:HDOZD\VJHWXSHDUO\)RUQRQUHH[LYHYHUEVWKHVXEMHFWDQGREMHFWRIWKHYHUEDUH
GLIIHUHQWHJAna levanta a su hijo a las sieteLV$QDJHWVKHUVRQXSDWVHYHQ
C. Talking about the Recent Past

The verb acabar>WRQLVK@LVXVHGLQDFRQVWUXFWLRQWKDWDOORZV\RXWRWDONDERXWVRPHWKLQJWKDWMXVWKDSSHQHG7KH
constructionpresent tense of acabar + deLQQLWLYHLVXVHGWRH[SUHVVDUHFHQWSDVWHYHQWHJLa profesora
acaba de explicar la gramtica is The professor just explained the grammar; Acaban de enamorarse is They
MXVWIHOOLQORYH
D. Expressing How Long Something Has Been Going On

The construction that allows you to talk about how long something has been going on is as follows: hace + time
period + que SUHVHQW WHQVH RI YHUE HJ Hace dos meses que vivo aqu is , KDYH EHHQ OLYLQJ KHUH IRU WZR
months; Hace media hora que esperamos el autobs LV :H KDYH EHHQ ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH EXV IRU KDOI DQ KRXU
Although this construction might look complicated, remember that hace is always hace and que is always que. The
RQO\WZRHOHPHQWVRIWKLVFRQVWUXFWLRQWKDWYDU\DUHWKHWLPHSHULRGDQGWKHYHUEZKLFKLVDOZD\VFRQMXJDWHGLQWKH
SUHVHQWWHQVH7KHLGHDRIKRZORQJLVH[SUHVVHGE\cunto tiempoHJHace cunto tiempo que estudias
espaol? Hace tres meses que estudio espaol LV +RZ ORQJ KDYH \RX EHHQ VWXG\LQJ 6SDQLVK" , KDYH EHHQ
VWXG\LQJ6SDQLVKIRUWKUHHPRQWKV

a. Las amigas de Marisol, Pilar y Carolina, van a ir a un concierto de su grupo favorito. Ahora ellas estn esperando
al grupo en el aeropuerto. Marisol no puede ir con ellas porque tiene que estudiar para un examen muy difcil. Pilar y
Carolina estn envindole mensajes de texto a Marisol. / Marisols friends, Pilar and Carolina, are going to a concert of
their favorite group. They are now waiting for them in the airport. Marisol cant go with them because she has to study
IRUDYHU\GLIFXOWH[DP3LODUDQG&DUROLQDDUHWH[WLQJ0DULVRO
Completa estas frases utilizando acabar + de + LQQLWLYR. / Complete these sentences using acabar + de +
LQQLWLYH
Pilar: Hay muchas chicas en el aeropuerto. Nosotras

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDU
Carolina: /RVJXDUGDHVSDOGDV>ERG\JXDUGV@WDPELpQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDU
Pilar: (ODYLyQFRQORVPXFKDFKRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
DWHUUL]DU>WRODQG@
Carolina: Qu ests haciendo, Marisol?
Marisol: BBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHHUXQFDStWXOR>FKDSWHU@GH

mi libro.

Marisol: Ustedes van a desayunar ms tarde?
Pilar: 1RQRVRWUDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHVD\XQDUHQHOFDUUR
Marisol: <RWDPELpQBBBBBBBBBBBBGHVD\XQDUSHURHQODFRFLQD
Carolina: $TXtHVWiQ$TXtHVWiQ$TXtHVWiQ$TXtHVWiQ$TXtHVWiQ
Carolina: <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUPXFKDVIRWRV>SKRWRV@GHHOORV
Pilar: 7HYDPRVDHVFULELUGHVSXpV9DPRVDWRPDUPiVIRWRV
b. Lee los apuntes de una entrevista que le hizo Marisol a su hermano Pablo para un proyecto de la secundaria.
Luego contesta las preguntas. / Read the notes of an interview that Marisol conducted with her brother Pablo for a
high school project. Then answer the questions.
Nunca les compro regalos de cumpleaos a mis amigos porque no me gusta ir de compras. Tampoco me gusta hacer
HVWDVVRUSUHVD>VXUSULVH@SDUDPLVDPLJRV1RHVTXHQRPHJXVWH>,WVQRWWKDW,GRQWOLNH@KDFHUHVWDVVLQRTXH
ODV HVWDV VRUSUHVD QHFHVLWDQ PiV SODQLFDFLyQ >SODQQLQJ@ \ FXLGDGR$GHPiV >0RUHRYHU@ PLV DPLJRV \ \R VRPRV
PiV HVSRQWiQHRV >VSRQWDQHRXV@ \ WRPDPRV GHFLVLRQHV HQ HO PRPHQWR 1R HVFULER FRUUHRV HOHFWUyQLFRV >HPDLOV@ D
mis amigos sino que les envo mensajes de texto. Es ms fcil, y recibo una respuesta inmediatamente. Pero a mis
profesores les escribo correos electrnicos. Creo que no solo tengo buenos amigos, sino tambin buenos profesores.
Hace dos aos que no voy a la playa, pero s uso lentes de sol cuando voy a la playa. No solo llevo mis lentes
sino tambin una gorra. Si hago deportes, generalmente llevo una gorra tambin. Me gusta el sol, pero no me gusta
TXHPDUPH>JHWDVXQEXUQ@+DFHTXLQFHDxRVTXHSUDFWLFR>,SOD\@GHSRUWHV\QRSXHGRLPDJLQDU>LPDJLQH@PLYLGDVLQ
GHSRUWHV+DFHGRVDxRVTXHVR\FRHQWUHQDGRU>FRFRDFK@GHI~WEROHQPLH[VHFXQGDULD\PHHQFDQWD+DFHWUHV
VHPDQDVTXHQRPRQWRHQELFLFOHWDSRUTXHWHQJRSUREOHPDVHQXQDURGLOOD>NQHH@SHURPHHQFDQWDPRQWDUHQELFLFOHWD
3RUTXpD3DEORQROHJXVWDQODVHVWDVVRUSUHVD" ______________________________________________ .
&yPRVHFRPXQLFD3DEORFRQVXVSURIHVRUHV" _________________________________________________ .
+DFHFXDQWRWLHPSRTXH3DEORQRYDDODSOD\D" _______________________________________________ .
4. Qu lleva Pablo a la playa? ________________________________________________________________ .
+DFHFXiQWRWLHPSRTXH3DEORSUDFWLFDGHSRUWHV" _____________________________________________ .
+DFHFXiQWRTXH3DEORHVFRHQWUHQDGRUGHI~WERO" _____________________________________________ .
7. Por qu hace tres semanas que Pablo no monta en bicicleta?______________________________________ .
c. Escoge la respuesta correcta. / Choose the correct answer.
1. Pilar y Carolina no toman fotos con una cmara ____________________________ con su telfono celular.
DSHUR EVLQR FVLQRTXH
3LODU\&DUROLQDQROODPDQSRUWHOpIRQRD0DULVROBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHHQYtDQWH[WRV

/HVVRQ7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVWAcabar and Hace
$3DEOROHJXVWDQODVHVWDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQROHJXVWDRUJDQL]DUHVWDVVRUSUHVD
4. Marisol quiere ir al concierto _____________________ tiene que estudiar.

5. Pilar y Carolina estn en el aeropuerto _____________________ tambin van a ir al concierto.

1RDFDEDGHOOHJDUODSROLFtD>SROLFH@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVJXDUGDHVSDOGDVDFDEDQGHOOHJDU
7. A Pilar, Carolina y Marisol no solo les gustan los chicos del grupo musical __________________ tambin su
P~VLFD\VXVFDQFLRQHV>VRQJV@
4XpDFDEDVGHKDFHU"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHHUODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV>LQVWUXFWLRQV@GHOHMHUFLFLRd.
4XpDFDEDQGHKDFHUORVFKLFRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLUDUDOJXQRVSURJUDPDVHQODWHOHYLVLyQ
$TXpKRUDWHOHYDQWDVQRUPDOPHQWH"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODVVHLVGHODPDxDQD
+DFHFXDQWRWLHPSRTXHW~\WXVDPLJRVHVWXGLiLVHVSDxRO"BBBBBBBBBBBBBGRVPHVHV ________________ .
+DFHFXDQWRWLHPSRTXH3HGURWLHQHXQWHOpIRQRFHOXODU>FHOO@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBFXDWURDxRV ____________ .

a. 1. acabamos de llegar 5. acabamos de desayunar
DFDEDQGHOOHJDU 6. acabo de desayunar
DFDEDGHDWHUUL]DU 7. acabo de tomar
4. Acabo de leer
b. $3DEORQROHJXVWDQODVHVWDVVRUSUHVDSRUTXHQHFHVLWDQPiVSODQLFDFLyQ\FXLGDGR
3DEOROHVHQYtDFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRVDVXVSURIHVRUHV3DEOROHVHVFULEHFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRVDVXV
profesores.
+DFHGRVDxRVTXH3DEORQRYDDODSOD\D
4. Pablo lleva lentes de sol y una gorra a la playa.
5. Hace quince aos que Pablo practica deportes.
+DFHGRVDxRVTXH3DEORHVFRHQWUHQDGRUGHI~WERO
7. Porque Pablo tiene problemas en una rodilla.

c. EVLQR DSHUR

FVLQRTXH FVLQRTXH
DSHUR EVLQR
DSHUR
d. 1. Acabo de leer las instrucciones del ejercicio d.

/RVFKLFRVDFDEDQGHPLUDUDOJXQRVSURJUDPDVHQODWHOHYLVLyQ
1RUPDOPHQWHPHOHYDQWRDODVVHLVGHODPDxDQD
4. Hace dos meses que mis amigos y yo esudiamos espaol.
5. Hace cuatro aos que Pedro tiene un telfono celular.

Lesson Talking about the Past: Desde Cundo?

el intercambio exchange mejorar to improve
sumo extreme entrar to enter
sumamente extremely Desde cundo? Since when?
el ocio leisure el tiempo libre free time
los quehaceres chores Hay que estudiar.,WVQHFHVVDU\WRVWXG\
libre free
el concierto concert la pelcula movie
la orquesta orchestra el OPOP
la funcin show el OPHOP
el espectculo show el partido game
la entrada admission ticket acampar to camp
el boleto ticket la playa beach
pasear to take a walk las vacaciones vacation
limpiar to clean recoger la ropa to pick up clothing
ordenar la casa to straighten up the house sacar la basura to take out the trash
pasar la aspiradora to vacuum quitar el polvo to dust
barrer to sweep planchar to iron
recoger to pick up
la pareja partner, couple el almaVRXO>IHPLQLQH@
la media naranja soul mate el alma gemela soul mate
ya now, already Ya voy.,PFRPLQJ

A. Expressing How Long Something Has Been Going On
<RXYHDOUHDG\OHDUQHGWKDWRQHZD\WRWDONDERXWKRZORQJVRPHWKLQJKDVEHHQJRLQJRQLVZLWKWKHH[SUHVVLRQhace +
time period + queSUHVHQWWHQVHRIYHUEHJHace dos semanas que no planchoLV,KDYHQWLURQHGLQWZRZHHNV
Another way to express how long something has been going on is with the question Desde cundo + subject +
present tense of verb?HJDesde cundo vives en la ciudad?LV+RZORQJKDYH\RXEHHQOLYLQJLQWKHFLW\"
There are three ways that a question like this could be answered. One way is with the construction Desde que
VXEMHFW SUHVHQW WHQVH RI YHUE HJ Desde que trabajo en la universidad LV 6LQFH ,YH EHHQ ZRUNLQJ DW WKH

XQLYHUVLW\$VHFRQGZD\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQLVZLWKWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQDesdeVSHFLFSRLQWLQWLPHHJDesde

el mes pasadoLV6LQFHODVWPRQWK$WKLUGZD\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQLVZLWKWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQDesde hace + time
SHULRGHJDesde hace tres aosLV)RUWKUHH\HDUV
B. Hay que,QQLWLYH
The expression Hay queLQQLWLYHLVXVHGWRUHIHUWRVRPHWKLQJWKDWPXVWEHGRQHHJHay que leer mucho en
la claseLV,WVQHFHVVDU\WRUHDGDORWLQWKHFODVVHay que recoger la ropa antes de pasar la aspiradoraLV,WV
QHFHVVDU\WRSLFNXSWKHFORWKHVEHIRUHYDFXXPLQJ
C. Ir, venir, llevar, and traer

The verbs ir >WRJR@venir >WRFRPH@llevar >WRFDUU\WRWDNH@DQGtraer>WREULQJ@DUHDOOYHUEVRIPRWLRQ>1RWH7KHYHUE
llevarFDQDOVRPHDQWRZHDU@%RWKir and llevar express that the speaker is moving from where he or she is right now
DQGJRLQJVRPHZKHUHHOVHHJVoy a la biblioteca ahoraLV,PJRLQJWRWKHOLEUDU\QRZSiempre llevo mis libros a
ODRFLQDLV,DOZD\VWDNHP\ERRNVWRWKHRIFH7KHH[SUHVVLRQYa voyPHDQV,PRQP\ZD\RU,OOEHULJKWWKHUH
Venir and traer express motion in the opposite direction, meaning that someone else is moving toward the speaker
HJMi hijo viene ahora para ayudarme is My son is coming now to help me; Cuando visitan, siempre me traen
dulces LV:KHQWKH\YLVLWWKH\DOZD\VEULQJPHFDQG\
D. 7KH9DOXHRIDQintercambio
,QDGGLWLRQWRDOOWKHZRUN\RXUHGRLQJDVSDUWRIWKLVFRXUVHDQRWKHUJUHDWZD\WRLPSURYH\RXU6SDQLVKLVWRVHWXSDQ
intercambio>H[FKDQJH@ZLWKD6SDQLVKVSHDNHUIntercambios are conversation exchanges designed to allow both
speakers to practice their speaking and listening skills. The ideal person to set up a conversation exchange with would
be a Spanish speaker interested in improving his or her English.
There are different ways intercambios can work, but typically the two of you might meet for an hour, spending the
UVWKDOIKRXUVSHDNLQJ(QJOLVKDQGWKHVHFRQGKDOIKRXUVSHDNLQJ6SDQLVK7KHVHDUHQRWFODVVHVDQG\RXDUHQRW
your partners teacher. The goal of an intercambio is simply to talk about any subject that interests the two of you.
Occasionally, youll probably want to help your partner with issues related to pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar,
and he or she will help you as well. But in general, the purpose on an intercambio is increased communication in the
two languages. The more contact you have with the language, the better your Spanish skills will be. Intercambios will
also allow you to help others improve their English skills.

a.-DYLHUVLHPSUHHVWiKDEODQGRGH,JQDFLRVXPHMRUDPLJRFRVWDUULFHQVHSHURVXVVXHJURV(VWHEDQ\/XLVDQROR
FRQRFHQPX\ELHQ(OORVHVWiQKDFLpQGROHSUHJXQWDVD-DYLHUSDUDVDEHUPiVVREUH,JQDFLR-DYLHULVDOZD\VWDONLQJ
DERXW,JQDFLRKLV&RVWD5LFDQEHVWIULHQGEXWKLVSDUHQWVLQODZ(VWHEDQDQG/XLVDGRQWNQRZKLPYHU\ZHOO7KH\
DUHDVNLQJ-DYLHUTXHVWLRQVLQRUGHUWRNQRZPRUHDERXW,JQDFLR
Lee el dilogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the dialogue and answer the questions.
Esteban: De dnde es tu mejor amigo, Javier?

-DYLHU eOHVGH&RVWD5LFD
Luisa: Hace cunto tiempo que lo conoces?
Javier: Hace diez aos que lo conozco.
Luisa: Cunto tiempo hace que no lo ves?
Javier: Hace ms o menos seis meses que no lo veo.
Luisa: Cuntos aos tiene?
-DYLHU 7LHQHYHLQWLRFKRDxRVLJXDO>WKHVDPH@TXH\R

/HVVRQ7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVWDesde Cundo?
(VWHEDQ 9DVDLQYLWDUORDWXFDVDPX\SURQWR"
-DYLHU 6tTXLHURLQYLWDUORSHURVLHPSUHHVWiPX\RFXSDGR1RHVWR\VHJXUR>VXUH@VLYDDWHQHUWLHPSR
/XLVD $QRVRWURVQRVJXVWDUtD>ZHZRXOGOLNH@FRQRFHUOR3RGHPRVWRPDUXQFDIpWRGRVMXQWRVQR"
-DYLHU &ODUR4XpEXHQDLGHDeOYDDWUDHUPHFDIpGH&RVWD5LFD+DFHPXFKRWLHPSRTXHQRWRPRFDIpGH
Costa Rica.
Esteban: Mi caf favorito es el de Puerto Rico, pero no s nada del caf de Costa Rica. Bueno, podemos probar
>WU\@ORVGRVFDIpV
-DYLHU 9R\DOODPDUD,JQDFLRSDUDGHFLUOHHOSODQ>SODQ@
3RUTXp-DYLHUQRHVWiVHJXURVL,JQDFLRYDDSRGHUYLVLWDUOR" _____________________________________ .
&XiQWRVDxRVWLHQHQ-DYLHUH,JQDFLR"________________________________________________________ .
+DFHFXiQWRWLHPSRTXH-DYLHUH,JQDFLRVHFRQRFHQ" __________________________________________ .
4. Cul es el caf favorito de Esteban? _________________________________________________________ .
b. Erica est muy enojada con Javier porque l quiere invitar a su amigo y la casa no est lista para visitas. / Erica is
very upset with Javier because he wants to invite his friend and the house is not ready for visits.
Lee el dilogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the dialogue and answer the questions.
Luisa: Erica, por qu ests tan enojada?

(ULFD 0DPL-DYLHUTXLHUHLQYLWDUD,JQDFLR\ODFDVDHVXQGHVDVWUH>GLVDVWHU@
/XLVD 3HUR(ULFDFUHRTXHHVRQRHVXQSUREOHPD$GHPiVQRVDEHVVL,JQDFLRYDDYHQLUDQR
(ULFD <RVpPDPLSHURVDEHVKDFHFXiQWRWLHPSRTXHQROLPSLRODFDVD"
Luisa: No, no lo s.
(ULFD 'HVGHKDFHGRVPHVHV$GHPiV>0RUHRYHU@KDFHXQPHVTXHQRRUGHQRODFDVDKDFHGRVPHVHVTXH
no paso la aspiradora, y Javier est ms ocupado que yo con su trabajo.
/XLVD %XHQRSHURTXL]iV>PD\EH@QRKD\PXFKRSROYR
(ULFD 0DPLWRGRWLHQHSROYR+DFHGRVPHVHV\PHGLRTXHQRTXLWRHOSROYRGHODFDVD
/XLVD 'HVGHFXiQGRQRUHFRJHVORVMXJXHWHV>WR\V@GHODVQLxDV>JLUOV@"
Erica: Desde hace dos das. Ellas me ayudan porque siempre recogen los juguetes.
Luisa: Bueno, si los juguetes no estn por toda la casa, la casa va a parecer limpia.
1. Por qu Erica est enojada? __________________________________________________.
'HVGHFXiQGR(ULFDQRRUGHQDODFDVD"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
'HVGHFXiQGR(ULFDQRSDVDODDVSLUDGRUD"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Por qu Javier no puede ayudarle a Erica? ________________________________________.
5. Cmo le ayudan las nias a Erica? _____________________________________________.

Ir, venir, llevar y traer 9HUERVGHPRYLPLHQWR9HUEVRI0RWLRQ
c. Erica est tratando de limpiar la casa. / Erica is trying to clean the house.
1.___________________________ a ir al supermercado maana. Hoy necesito limpiar la casa.

D9R\ E/OHYR F9HQJR G7UDLJR
(ULFD-DYLHUSXHGHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiVEROVDV>EDJV@SDUDODDVSLUDGRUD"
DLU EOOHYDUPH FYHQLU GWUDHUPH
(ULFD0DPLSXHGHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODVQLxDVDOSDUTXHPLHQWUDV>ZKLOH@OLPSLRXQSRFR"
DLU EOOHYDU FYHQLU GWUDHU
(ULFD-DYLHUYDDBBBBBBBBBBBBBDQXHVWUDFDVD,JQDFLRHOSUy[LPRQGHVHPDQD"
DLU EOOHYDU FYHQLU GWUDHU
&XDQGR,JQDFLRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDIpGH&RVWD5LFD
DYDOOHYD EOOHYDYD FYLHQHWUDH GWUDHYLHQH
'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVXVMXJXHWHVGHODVDODDVXFXDUWR
DYDQ EOOHYDQ FYLHQHQ GWUDHQ
d. Hay + que + LQQLWLYR: Escoge la respuesta correcta. / Hay + queLQQLWLYH&KRRVHWKHFRUUHFWDQVZHU
limpiarla estudiar pasar organizarla comprar
6LTXLHUHVKDFHUXQDHVWDVRUSUHVD>VXUSULVH@KD\TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6LWLHQHVXQH[DPHQKD\TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6LW~FDVDHVWiVXFLDKD\TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Si quieres ir a un concierto, hay que ___________________ las entradas.
5. Si tu alfombra est sucia, hay que __________________ la aspiradora.

/HVVRQ7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVWDesde Cundo?

a. 3RUTXH,JQDFLRVLHPSUHHVWiPX\RFXSDGR
(OORVWLHQHQYHLQWLRFKRDxRV
+DFHGLH]DxRVTXHVHFRQRFHQ>WKH\YHNQRZHDFKRWKHU@(OORVVHFRQRFHQGHVGHKDFHGLH]DxRV
4. El caf de Puerto Rico es su favorito.
b. 3RUTXH-DYLHUTXLHUHLQYLWDUD,JQDFLRDODFDVD\ODFDVDHVXQGHVDVWUH3RUTXHODFDVDHVXQGHVDVWUH
Porque la casa no est limpia.
'HVGHKDFHXQPHV
'HVGHKDFHGRVPHVHV
4. Porque Javier est ms ocupado que Erica.
5. Ellas recogen sus juguetes. / Ellas recogen los juguetes.
c. D9R\ FYHQLU

GWUDHUPH FYLHQHWUDH
EOOHYDU EOOHYDQ
d. 1. organizarla 4. comprar
HVWXGLDU 5. pasar
OLPSLDUOD

Lesson Formal Commands and Unequal Comparisons

escucheOLVWHQ>XVWHGFRPPDQG@ abra el libroRSHQWKHERRN>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
barra el sueloVZHHSWKHRRU>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
tanto como as well as la frase sentence
la variedad variety la gente people
el mandato command el perfume perfume
la atencin attention depositar to deposit
prestar atencin to pay attention
la librera bookstore la zapatera shoe store
la pizzera pizzeria la panadera bakery
la frutera fruit store la perfumera perfume store
el gimnasio gymnasium el correoSRVWRIFH
el estadio stadium la calle street
el bar bar la autopista highway
el zoolgico zoo el HGLFLR building
la catedral cathedral
Es pan comido.,WVDSLHFHRIFDNH mayor older
mejor better menor younger
peor worse

A. Forming the usted Command
The way to form a command addressed to someone you refer to as usted is as follows: First, drop the -o ending from
the yo form of the verb in the present tense; then, for -ar verbs you add an -e, and for -er and -ir verbs you add an -a.
Examples of usted commands include the following: caminar camine; aprender aprenda; abrir abra.
Stem-changing verbs follow this same rule to form the ustedFRPPDQGHJpensar piense; dormir duerma;
servir sirva0DQ\YHUEVWKDWDUHLUUHJXODULQWKHSUHVHQWWHQVHKDYHUHJXODUusted command forms, meaning that
they follow the same rules as other verbs of dropping the -o of the yo form of the present tense and adding an -e for
-ar verbs or an -a for -er or -irYHUEVHJconocer conozca; or oiga; venir venga

/HVVRQ)RUPDO&RPPDQGVDQG8QHTXDO&RPSDULVRQV
B. ,UUHJXODUusted Commands
9HUEVHQGLQJLQ-car, -gar, and -zar have the following spelling changes in the usted command form: For verbs ending
in -car, the change is c qu; for verbs ending in -gar, the change is g gu; for verbs ending in -zar, the change is z
c. Examples of commands with these spelling changes include the following: buscar busque; pagar pague;
empezar empiece. These spelling changes keep the consonant sound near the end of the usted command the
VDPHDVLWLVLQWKHLQQLWLYH>1RWH7KHz c change occurs to avoid the letter combination ze, which is extremely
UDUHLQ6SDQLVK@
9HUEVWKDWGRQWHQGLQ-o in the yo form of the present tense obviously cant follow the rule of dropping the -o before
adding -e or -a. These irregular usted command forms are as follows: dar d >JLYH@estar est>EH@ser sea
>EH@saber sepa >NQRZ@ir vaya >JR@
$V\RXORRNDWWKRVHYHLUUHJXODUusted command forms, youll notice that even though the forms are irregular, the
endings are still what we would expect: -ar verbs have usted command forms that end in -e, while -er and -ir verbs
have usted command forms that end in -a. Also notice the accents in the commands d and est.
C. Negative and Plural Commands

Putting a noEHIRUHDFRPPDQGPDNHVLWQHJDWLYHHJNo comaLV'RQWHDW$GGLQJDQ-n to the usted command
makes it an ustedesFRPPDQGHJVengan a nuestra casa is the ustedesFRPPDQG&RPHWRRXUKRXVH$no
and an -n at the end of the command results in a negative ustedesFRPPDQGHJPor favor, chicos, no vayan
ahoraLV3OHDVHER\VGRQWJRQRZ
D. &RPSDULVRQVRI,QHTXDOLW\ZLWK$GMHFWLYHVDQG$GYHUEV
When making comparisons using an adjective, the construction used is as follows: ms or menos + adjective + que
HJEstoy ms nervioso que t LV,PPRUHQHUYRXVWKDQ\RXEl estadio es menos interesante que la catedral
LV7KHVWDGLXPLVOHVVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDQWKHFDWKHGUDO
The construction is the same when making comparisons using an adverb: ms or menos + adverb + queHJEllos
llegan ms tarde que nosotros is They arrive later than we do; Benito habla menos claramente que Celia is
%HQLWRVSHDNVOHVVFOHDUO\WKDQ&HOLD
,UUHJXODUFRPSDUDWLYHIRUPVLQFOXGHmejor>EHWWHU@peor>ZRUVH@mayor>ROGHU@DQGmenor>\RXQJHU@:KHQXVLQJ
these four adjectives, no ms or menosLVQHHGHGHJAnita es mayor que su hermana is Anita is older than her
sister; Esta librera es mejor que la otraLV7KLVERRNVWRUHLVEHWWHUWKDQWKHRWKHURQHMejor and peor can also
EHXVHGDVDGYHUEVHJElla escribe mejor que Rodrigo is She writes better than Rodrigo; Yo bailo peor que mi
madreLV,GDQFHZRUVHWKDQP\PRWKHU
E. Different Ways to Approach Learning Grammar

6RPH ODQJXDJH OHDUQHUV DFTXLUH JUDPPDU EHVW E\ OHDUQLQJ DQG IROORZLQJ UXOHV ,I \RXUH D UXOH IROORZHU ZKDW ZLOO
probably work for you is to memorize grammatical rules and then apply them when speaking or writing. Other learners
SUHIHUWRIRFXVRQKRZWKHZRUGVDQGH[SUHVVLRQVRIWKHODQJXDJHVRXQG,I\RXUHDVRXQGVULJKWWRPHODQJXDJH
learner, you should focus less on the rules and more on hearing and reading numerous examples in which a new
grammar point is used properly. With time and repeated exposure to the grammar, you will develop the ability to
produce correct Spanish. There is no one correct method to acquire a language; experiment with different ways to
learn grammar so that you can determine the approach that works best for you.


a. Luis Corts est preparando la publicidad para un viaje a Puerto Rico. / Luis Corts is preparing the advertising for
a trip to Puerto Rico.
Completa estas frases con mandatos de ustedes. / Complete these sentences with ustedes commands.
caminar GLVIUXWDU>WRHQMR\@ venir H[SORUDU>WRH[SORUH@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDGLVIUXWDUGHXQDVHPDQDHQHOSDUDtVR>SDUDGLVH@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUHO9LHMR6DQ-XDQ\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHO0RUUR\6DQ&ULVWyEDO
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHODVPHMRUHVFRPLGDV\EHELGDVGHO&DULEH
b. Cecilia acaba de salir de la reunin con su jefe, y l le ha pedido varias cosas. / Cecilia just left the meeting with her
boss, and he has asked her for several things.
Completa las frases utilizando mandatos de usted. / Complete the sentences using usted commands.
escribir llevar llamar comprar invitar cancelar
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVEROHWRVGHDYLyQSDUDHOVLPSRVLR>V\PSRVLXP@HQ3DQDPi
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDORVFOLHQWHVSRUWHOpIRQRSDUDKDEODUOHVVREUHHOYLDMHD3XHUWR5LFR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODUHXQLyQGHPDxDQDSRUTXH\D>QRZ@QRHVQHFHVDULD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHOLQIRUPH>UHSRUW@HVWDWDUGH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVFKHTXHV>FKHFNV@DOEDQFR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDORVHPSOHDGRV>HPSOR\HHV@DODHVWDGHHVWHQGHVHPDQD
c. El Doctor Esteban Quirs est hablando con dos de sus pacientes: Carmen y su esposo Manuel. / Doctor Esteban
Quirs is talking to two of his patients: Carmen and her husband Manuel.
Completa los mandatos en la forma de ustedes. / Complete the commands in the ustedes form.
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPHUGHVSXpVGHODVGLH]GHODQRFKH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBMXJDUPiVFRQVXVKLMRVHVEXHQRSDUDVXVDOXG>KHDOWK@
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUWDQWR>VRPXFK@DODRFLQD
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIXPDU>WRVPRNH@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDFHUHMHUFLFLRWUHVYHFHVDODVHPDQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEHEHUPXFKDDJXDWRGRVORVGtDV
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXVDU>WRXVH@ODFRPSXWDGRUDMXVWR>MXVW@DQWHVGHGRUPLU

/HVVRQ)RUPDO&RPPDQGVDQG8QHTXDO&RPSDULVRQV
d. Completa las oraciones utilizando comparaciones de desigualdad. / Complete the sentences using comparisons of
inequality.
mejor peor joven mayor viejo menor ms menos
'LDQDPLGH>PHDVXUHV@FHQWtPHWURV\0DULDQDPLGHFHQWtPHWURV'LDQDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOWD
_____________________ Mariana.
$OEHUWRWLHQHDxRV6XKHUPDQR-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV-DYLHUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXH$OEHUWR
-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV6XKHUPDQR'LHJRWLHQHDxRV'LHJRHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXH-DYLHU
8QDHQVDODGDWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDORUtDV>FDORULHV@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQDSL]]D
$OHMDQGUDVLHPSUHJDQDFXDQGRMXHJDDOWHQLVDVtTXH>VR@HOODMXHJDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHVXHVSRVR
Carlos.
6. Un carro nuevo cuesta _______________________ dinero _________________ un carro viejo.
7. Las computadoras viejas son ____________________ rpidas _________________ las computadoras nuevas.
/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJUDQGHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB3XHUWR5LFR

a. 9HQJDQ H[SORUHQ
&DPLQHQ 'LVIUXWHQ
b. 1. Compre 4. Escriba
/ODPH /OHYH
&DQFHOH ,QYLWH
c. 1. coman 5. Hagan
-XHJXHQ 6. Beban
YD\DQ 7. usen
4. fumen
d. 1. msque 5. mejor
PHQRU 6. msque
PD\RU 7. menosque
4. menosque 8. msque
141
Lesson Informal Commands

incorporar to incorporate Disclpeme.([FXVHPH>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
Perdneme.3DUGRQPH>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
la casita little house la paz peace
la abuelita granny humano human
el cuerpo body
la cabeza head la espalda back
el pelo hair el estmago stomach
la cara face el brazo arm
la frente forehead el codo elbow
el ojo eye la mueca wrist
la nariz nose el dedoQJHU
la mejilla cheek la cintura waist
la boca mouth la pierna leg
el labio lip la rodilla knee
el diente tooth el tobillo ankle
la lengua tongue, language el pie foot
la oreja ear el dedo del pie toe
el cuello neck los pulmones lungs
el hombro shoulder la garganta throat
el pecho chest el corazn heart

A. $IUPDWLYHW~&RPPDQGV
7KHDIUPDWLYHFRPPDQGXVHGZLWKVRPHRQH\RXDGGUHVVDVt is the same as the third-person singular form of the
verb in the present tense. Just conjugate the verb in the present as you would if the subject is l, ella, or usted; that
same conjugation serves as the t command. Consider the following tFRPPDQGVIRUWKHJLYHQLQQLWLYHVtocar
toca; aprender aprende; vivir vive; jugar juega; servir sirve; or oye.
There are only eight irregular t commands: venir ven; salir sal; poner pon; tener ten; hacer haz; ser
s; decir di; ir ve.

/HVVRQ,QIRUPDO&RPPDQGV
B. Negative t Commands
The negative t command is formed in the following way: no + usted command + -s,QRWKHUZRUGV\RXVWDUWZLWKno
and follow it with the usted command, with an -sDGGHGDWWKHHQGHJtocar no toques; aprender no aprendas;
vivir no vivas; ser no seas; hacer no hagas7KLVFRPPDQGIRUPRIIHUVDQRWKHUUHPLQGHURIWKHLPSRUWDQFH
of knowing how to form an usted command. Once you know the usted command, you are able to use it to form the
DIUPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHustedFRPPDQGWKHDIUPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHustedes command, and the negative t command.
C. $IUPDWLYHvosotros Commands
7KHZD\WRPDNHDQDIUPDWLYHFRPPDQGIRUDJURXS\RXDGGUHVVDVvosotros or vosotras is the following: Start
ZLWKWKHLQQLWLYHGURSWKH-r at the end, and replace it with a -dHJhablar hablad; tener tened; dormir
dormid7KHvosotros command is only used in Spain; a Latin American would use an ustedes command rather
than a vosotros command.
D. Using Pronouns with Commands

7KUHHW\SHVRISURQRXQVFDQEHXVHGZLWKFRPPDQGVGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDQGUHH[LYH
SURQRXQV7KHVHSURQRXQVJRDIWHUDIUPDWLYHFRPPDQGVDQGEHIRUHQHJDWLYHFRPPDQGVDVVKRZQEHORZ1RWLFH
WKDWWKHUVWWKUHHFRPPDQGVEHORZDUHtFRPPDQGVDQGWKHQDOWKUHHFRPPDQGVDUHusted commands.
,QQLWLYH Pronoun(s) $IUPDWLYH&RPPDQG Negative Command
t dar me + lo dmelo no me lo des

commands
despertarse se despirtate no te despiertes
hacer lo hazlo no lo hagas
usted acostarse se acustese no se acueste

commands
comer las cmalas no las coma
escribir le + la escrbasela no se la escriba

a. Mara tiene problemas para controlar el colesterol. Ella est poniendo atencin a las sugerencias que le da Luisa,
su nutricionista. / Mara has trouble controlling her cholesterol. She is paying attention to the suggestions that Luisa,
her nutritionist, is giving her.
$JUHJD ORV PDQGDWRV IRUPDOHV DSURSLDGRV FRQ SURQRPEUHV UHH[LYRV R GH REMHWR GLUHFWR R LQGLUHFWR $GG WKH
DSSURSULDWHIRUPDOFRPPDQGVZLWKUHH[LYHGLUHFWREMHFWRULQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQV
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPHUGHVSXpVGHODVGHODWDUGH\QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDFRVWDUVHWDUGH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRUPLUVHWHPSUDQR\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRUPLUSRUORPHQRVKRUDV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDPELDUVXGLHWD>GLHW@\VXHVWLOR>VW\OH@GHYLGDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDFHUSRUOR

PHQRVPLQXWRVGHHMHUFLFLRWRGRVORVGtDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHPSH]DUORVHMHUFLFLRVOHQWDPHQWH>VORZO\@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUSDFLHQFLD>SDWLHQFH@\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHURSWLPLVWD
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUPXFKDVYHFHVDORVUHVWDXUDQWHV6LYDDXQUHVWDXUDQWH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHGLUDOPHVHURDOPHVHURSODWRVVLQJOXWHQ>JOXWHQ@\FRQPHQRVJUDVD>IDW@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHYDUDOGRFWRUDVXGRFWRURWURH[DPHQGHVDQJUH>EORRG@PiVUHFLHQWH>UHFHQW@

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHHUODWDEOD>WDEOH@GHLQIRUPDFLyQGHODFRPLGDTXHFRPSUDHQHOVXSHUPHUFDGR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQVHxDUDODIDPLOLDDVXIDPLOLDDOHHUODWDEODGHLQIRUPDFLyQGHORVDOLPHQWRV>IRRG@
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEHEHUPiVGHXQDFRSDGHYLQRWLQWRDOGtD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBH[SOLFDUDOGRFWRUDVXGRFWRUVLWLHQHRWURVSUREOHPDVGHVDOXG>KHDOWK@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHFLUDOHVSRVRDVXHVSRVRTXHKDJDQHMHUFLFLRVMXQWRV
b. Erica est preocupada porque no tiene tiempo de hacer ejercicio. Est embarazada de nuevo y ya tiene dos hijas:
'LDQD \ 0DULDQD (OOD QR WLHQH HQHUJtD VXFLHQWH SDUD KDFHU HMHUFLFLR 6X PDGUH /XLVD OH GD FRQVHMRV SDUD KDFHU
actividad fsica con el tiempo que tiene. / Erica is worried because she has no time to exercise. She is pregnant again
and already has two daughters: Diana and Mariana. She doesnt have enough energy to exercise. Her mother Luisa is
giving her advice for engaging in physical activity within the time she has.
Completa las oraciones con un mandato informal. / Complete the sentences with an informal command.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWDFLRQDU>SDUN@WXFDUUROHMRVGHOVXSHUPHUFDGRRGHOFRQVXOWRULR>RIFH@PpGLFR

>PHGLFDO@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXVDUODVHVFDOHUDV>VWDLUV@\QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXVDUHOHOHYDGRU>HOHYDWRU@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHYDUDODVQLxDVDOSDUTXHGRVYHFHVDOGtD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDPLQDUSRUHOSDUTXH
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRQHUVH]DSDWRVLQFyPRGRV>XQFRPIRUWDEOH@SDUDFDPLQDU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDOLUGHFDVDSRUORPHQRV>DWOHDVW@GRVYHFHVDOGtDVLKDFHEXHQWLHPSR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDFHUHMHUFLFLROLJHUR>OLJKW@HQIUHQWHGHOWHOHYLVRU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDODSLVFLQDGHOYHFLQGDULR>QHLJKERUKRRG@FRQODVQLxDV
c.(OPHMRUDPLJRGH3DEORGHVXYHFLQGDULRDQWHULRUTXLHUHYLVLWDUORHOSUy[LPRQGHVHPDQD3DEORVEHVWIULHQG
from his former neighborhood wants to visit him next weekend.
Completa las indicaciones de cmo llegar a la nueva ciudad usando mandatos informales. / Complete the instructions
on how to get to the new city using informal commands.
'HVGHWXFDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUODFDOOH\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPDQHMDUSRUPLQXWRV
/XHJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWLQXDU>FRQWLQXH@KDFLDODDXWRSLVWDRHVWHSRUWUHVKRUDV'HVSXpV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGREODU>WXUQ@DODGHUHFKDSDUDWRPDUODVDOLGDKDFLDOD,(VWDHVXQD
DXWRSLVWDGHSHDMH>WXUQSLNH@HQWRQFHV>VR@QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBROYLGDUVHGHOOHYDUPRQHGDV>FRLQV@
HQHOFDUUR3RUIDYRUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUSDFLHQFLDSRUTXHVLHPSUHKD\PXFKRWUiFR>WUDIF@
'HVSXpVGHRWUDPHGLDKRUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWLQXDUHQODFDUUHWHUDQRUWHKDVWDOOHJDUD
ODDXWRSLVWDRHVWHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQGXFLUSRUKRUDVPiVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
PLUDUORVUyWXORV>VLJQV@HQODFDOOH<RYR\DHVSHUDUWHHQODVDOLGD$&RPRVRQPXFKDVKRUDVGHPDQHMDU
144
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRQHUP~VLFDHQWXFDUURSHURQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRQHUP~VLFD
FOiVLFD*XLOOHUPRQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRUPLUVHPLHQWUDVPDQHMDV
d. Escoge la respuesta correcta. Utiliza mandatos informales con los pronombres apropiados. / Choose the correct
answer. Use informal commands with the appropriate pronouns.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODYDUVHla herida>ZRXQGFXW@GHODURGLOOD

D/iYHPHOD E/iYHVHOH F/iYDWHOD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPSUDUel regaloDWXPDGUH

D&yPSUDVHOR E&yPSUHVHOR G&yPSUDWHOR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHYDUchocolatesDWXVREULQD
D/OpYDVHOR E/OpYHVHOR F/OpYDVHORV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDFRVWDUVHWHPSUDQR

D$FXpVWHVH E$FXpVWDWH F$FXpVWHVHOH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPSUDUlos ingredientes>LQJUHGLHQWV@

D&yPSUDORV E&yPSUDOHORV F&yPSUDODV
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRUPLUVHHQFODVH

DWHGXHUPHV EWHGXHUPDV FWHGXpUPHVH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWLUDU>VWUHWFK@ORVP~VFXORV>PXVFOHV@
D(VWtUHPHORV E(VWtUDORV F(VWtUHQRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGDUel juguete>WR\@DWXKHUPDQD

D'iVHOR E'iVHOD F'iPHOR
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPDTXLOODUVHHUHVPX\MRYHQ

DVHPDTXLOOH EWHPDTXLOODV FWHPDTXLOOHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFHSLOODUVHlos dientes

D&HStOODWHORV E&HStOOHVHORV F&HStOOHVHQRV
145
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRPDUel cafHVWiPX\FDOLHQWH

DWyPHOR EORWRPHV FODWRPHV
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBROYLGDUVHGHLUDOGRFWRUDODVGHODWDUGH

DWHROYLGHV EPHROYLGH FVHROYLGHQ
Desiertos de sal en Amrica Latina

Los desiertos de sal forman parte de los maravillosos atributos naturales del planeta Tierra. Estos desiertos son
JUDQGHVH[WHQVLRQHVGHWLHUUDGHPLOHVGHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVTXHSDUHFHQVHUVXSHUFLHVFXELHUWDVGHQLHYH6LQ
embargo, estn cubiertas de sal. Ests reas de temperaturas extremas tienen poca vegetacin por su composicin
de sal. En Amrica Latina se encuentran algunos de los desiertos de sal ms grandes del mundo. De los desiertos en
%ROLYLD&KLOH\$UJHQWLQDVHH[WUDHQYDULRVHOHPHQWRVGLIHUHQWHVDGHPiVGHVDOFRP~Q
Entre los desiertos de sal ms grandes del mundo se

HQFXHQWUDHOGH8\XQLHQ%ROLYLD(VWHGHVLHUWRPLGH
NLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRV\VHHQFXHQWUDDXQDDOWLWXGGH
metros. El desierto de Uyuni es uno de los lugares ms
visitados de Bolivia. Las personas que viven en el pueblo de
Colchani, cerca de este desierto, venden llamas pequeitas
y artesanas hechas de sal. En ese lugar existe un hotel
muy famoso que est construido totalmente de sal. El Hotel
Palacio de Sal tiene 16 habitaciones con pisos, paredes,
techos, muebles, camas, mesas y sillas todos hechos de sal.
Tambin tiene un campo de golf de nueve hoyos con greens
blancos. Para construir este hotel, se necesitaron alrededor
GHXQPLOOyQGHEORTXHVGHVDOGHFHQWtPHWURV+D\XQD
regla muy importante: No se puede lamer las paredes porque
podra daarlas.
(Q $UJHQWLQD ODV 6DOLQDV *UDQGHV WLHQHQ XQRV

kilmetros cuadrados y es tambin uno de los desiertos de
sal ms grandes del planeta, al igual que el de Atacama,
TXH HVWi HQ &KLOH (VWH ~OWLPR WLHQH XQRV NLOyPHWURV
cuadrados y es una de las mayores reservas del mineral litio,
que es muy utilizado por la industria de alta tecnologa.
1. Cules son tres pases que tienen desiertos de sal en Amrica Latina? ______________________________ .
3RUTXpKD\SRFDYHJHWDFLyQHQORVGHVLHUWRVGHVDO" ___________________________________________ .
4XpYHQGHQODVSHUVRQDVTXHYLYHQHQ&ROFKDQL" ______________________________________________ .
4. Cul es la regla del Hotel Palacio de Sal? _____________________________________________________ .
5. Cul es el mineral que se encuentra en grandes cantidades en el desierto de Atacama? ________________ .
146

a. 1. comase acueste 6. Llvele
'XpUPDVHGXHUPD 7. LeaEnsele
&DPELH+DJD(PSLHFH 8. beba
4. Tengasea 9. Explquele
5. vayapdale 'tJDOH
b. 1. Estaciona 5. te pongas
8VDQRXVHV 6. Sal
/OHYD 7. Haz
4. Camina 9H
c. 1. toma FRQWLQ~D
PDQHMD 8. Conduce
FRQWLQ~D 9. Mira
4. dobla SRQ
5. te olvides 11. pongas
6. ten WHGXHUPDV
d. F/iYDWHOD E(VWtUDORV

D&yPSUDVHOR D'iVHOR
F/OpYDVHORV FWHPDTXLOOHV
E$FXpVWDWH D&HStOODWHORV
D&yPSUDORV EORWRPHV
EWHGXHUPDV DWHROYLGHV
Lectura cultural
1. Bolivia, Chile y Argentina tienen desiertos de sal.
+D\SRFDYHJHWDFLyQSRUVXFRPSRVLFLyQGHVDO3RUTXHKD\PXFKDVDO
9HQGHQOODPDVSHTXHxLWDV\DUWHVDQtDVKHFKDVGHVDO
4. La regla es que no se puede lamer las paredes.
5. Se encuentra mucho litio.
Salt Deserts in Latin America
Salt deserts form part of the marvelous natural attributes of planet Earth. These deserts are great extensions of land of
thousands of square kilometers that seem to be surfaces covered with snow. Nevertheless, they are covered with salt.
7KHVHDUHDVRIH[WUHPHWHPSHUDWXUHKDYHOLWWOHYHJHWDWLRQEHFDXVHWKH\DUHFRPSRVHGRIVDOW,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDDUH
found some of the largest salt deserts of the world. From the deserts in Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, various different
elements are extracted in addition to common salt.
7KH 8\XQL VDOW DW LQ %ROLYLD LV DPRQJ WKH ODUJHVW VDOW GHVHUWV LQ WKH ZRUOG 7KLV GHVHUW PHDVXUHV VTXDUH
NLORPHWHUVDQGLVDWDQDOWLWXGHRIPHWHUV7KHGHVHUWRI8\XQLLVRQHRIWKHPRVWYLVLWHGSODFHVLQ%ROLYLD7KH
SHRSOHZKROLYHLQWKHWRZQRI&ROFKDQLQHDUWKLVGHVHUWVHOOOLWWOHOODPDVDQGFUDIWVPDGHRIVDOW,QWKDWSODFHWKHUH
LVDYHU\IDPRXVKRWHOWKDWLVHQWLUHO\PDGHRIVDOW7KH6DOW3DODFH+RWHOKDVURRPVZLWKRRUVZDOOVFHLOLQJV
IXUQLWXUHEHGVWDEOHVDQGFKDLUVDOOPDGHRIVDOW,WDOVRKDVDQLQHKROHJROIFRXUVHZLWKZKLWHJUHHQV$ERXWDPLOOLRQ
FHQWLPHWHUEORFNVRIVDOWZHUHQHHGHGWREXLOGWKLVKRWHO7KHUHLVDYHU\LPSRUWDQWUXOH<RXFDQWOLFNWKHZDOOV
because it could damage them.
147
,Q$UJHQWLQDWKH6DOLQDV*UDQGHV>*UHDW6DOW)ODWV@DUHVTXDUHNLORPHWHUVDQGDUHDOVRRQHRIWKHELJJHVWVDOW
GHVHUWVLQWKHSODQHWDVLVWKHVDOWDWLQ$WDFDPD&KLOH7KHVDOWDWLQ$WDFDPDLVVTXDUHNLORPHWHUVDQGLWKDV
one of greatest reserves of the mineral lithium, which is used extensively in the high-tech industry.
148
Lesson Superlatives and Equal Comparisons

al aire libre outdoors el boxeo boxing
la liga league el esqu skiing
el ftbol soccer el golf golf
el ftbol americano football el ciclismo cycling
el bsquetbol basketball
el jugador player el campen champion
el DFLRQDGR fan nadar to swim
la raqueta racquet la natacin swimming
el bate bat la piscina swimming pool
el palo de golf golf club levantar pesas to lift weights
la pelota ball entrenar to train
el baln ball el entrenador coach, trainer
el equipo team la competencia competition
esquiar to ski tomar el sol to sunbathe
el esqu acutico water skiiing montar a caballo to ride a horse
el buceo scuba diving hacer yoga to do yoga
bucear to scuba dive
crear to create conquistador conqueror
creador creator de hecho in fact
conquistar to conquer gratis free, at no cost

A. Deportes
One way to get more comfortable with the sports vocabularyboth the vocabulary presented in this lesson and sports
YRFDEXODU\ LQ JHQHUDOLV WR UHDG DERXW WKH VSRUWLQJ ZRUOG RQOLQH ,I\RX DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ VSRUWV WZR ZHEVLWHV WKDW
might interest you are the American website espndeportes.com and the Spanish website marca.com.
B. &RPSDULVRQVRI,QHTXDOLW\ZLWK9HUEVDQG1XPEHUV
<RXYH OHDUQHG WKDW DGMHFWLYHV DGYHUEV DQG QRXQV FDQ EH FRPSDUHG XVLQJ WKH VDPH EDVLF FRQVWUXFWLRQ ms or
menos + part of speech + queHJSoy ms trabajador que mi hermano LV,PPRUHKDUGZRUNLQJWKDQP\EURWKHU
Ana habla ms claramente que RalLV$QDVSHDNVPRUHFOHDUO\WKDQ5D~OHay menos chicas que chicos en la
claseLV7KHUHDUHIHZHUJLUOVWKDQER\VLQWKHFODVV
149
The difference when doing a comparison of inequality focused on the verb is that you use ms que or menos que with
nothing in between the ms or menos and the queHJNuestros abuelos siempre cocinan ms que nosotros is
Our grandparents always cook more than we do; Por qu estudian menos que los otros estudiantes? is Why
GRWKH\VWXG\OHVVWKDQWKHRWKHUVWXGHQWV"
When talking about numbers, the construction used is ms or menos + deQXPEHUHJA veces juego con ms
de dos equiposLV$WWLPHV,SOD\ZLWKPRUHWKDQWZRWHDPVHay menos de cinco millones de habitantes en el
pasLV7KHUHDUHIHZHUWKDQYHPLOOLRQUHVLGHQWVRIWKHFRXQWU\
C. Superlatives
When comparing more than two things and distinguishing which one exceeds the others, the construction used is as
IROORZVGHQLWHDUWLFOHms or menos + adjective + de HJBrasil es el ms grande de los pases en Amrica
del Sur LV%UD]LOLVWKHODUJHVWRIWKHFRXQWULHVLQ6RXWK$PHULFD,IWKHDGMHFWLYH\RXDUHXVLQJLVLUUHJXODUVXFKDV
mejor, peor, mayor, or menorQRms or menosZLOOEHQHHGHGLQWKHVXSHUODWLYHH[SUHVVLRQHJEsta piscina es
la mejor del vecindarioLV7KLVSRROLVWKHEHVWLQWKHQHLJKERUKRRG
D. Comparisons of Equality
When using an adjective or adverb to compare two things that are equal, the construction used is as follows: tan +
adjective or adverb + comoHJLas doctoras son tan simpticas como las profesoras is The doctors are as
nice as the professors; Paco corre tan lentamente como yo LV3DFRUXQVDVVORZO\DV,GR
,QDFRPSDULVRQRIHTXDOLW\ZLWKQRXQVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQXVHGLVDVIROORZVtanto/tanta/tantos/tantas + noun + como

HJIsabel practica tantos deportes como su amigoLV,VDEHOSOD\VDVPDQ\VSRUWVDVKHUIULHQGMis hermanos
tienen tanto dinero como mis padresLV0\VLEOLQJVKDYHDVPXFKPRQH\DVP\SDUHQWV<RXOOQRWLFHLQWKHVH
comparisons with nouns that the form of tantoZKLFKFRXOGEHtanto, tanta, tantos, or tantasPXVWDJUHHZLWKWKH
QRXQPRGLHGHJtanto fro, tanta sed, tantos problemas, tantas lecciones
,QDFRPSDULVRQRIHTXDOLW\ZLWKYHUEVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQXVHGLVDVIROORZVYHUEtanto como, which in English gets

translated to as much as HJNado tanto como TaraLV,VZLPDVPXFKDV7DUDLuisa gana tanto como otras
dentistasLV/XLVDHDUQVDVPXFKDVRWKHUGHQWLVWV
E. ([SDQGLQJ<RXU9RFDEXODU\
Successful language learners work constantly to expand their vocabulary by learning and then using new words.
Reading a lot helps enormously in the process of beginning to recognize and understand new words. The next step
LVWRVWDUWLQFRUSRUDWLQJWKHZRUGV\RXUHFRJQL]HLQWR\RXUVSHHFKVRWKDWWKH\EHFRPHZRUGV\RXXVH,I\RXYHUHDG
RUKHDUGDZRUGRUH[SUHVVLRQWKDW\RXFDQQRZXQGHUVWDQGVWDUWXVLQJLW,QIDFW\RXVKRXOGEHFRPHDWKLHIRIZRUGV
and expressions. Learn them, steal them, and begin using them often. The more you use new words and expressions,
the greater your ability will be to express yourself in Spanish, and the more interesting your conversations will become.

a. Comparaciones de desigualdad: Completa las siguientes frases. / Unequal comparisons: Complete the following
sentences.
ms menos mayor menor de
(ULFDWLHQHDxRV)HOLSHWLHQHDxRV(ULFDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXH)HOLSH
)HOLSHWLHQHDxRV(OHQDWLHQHDxRV(OHQDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXH)HOLSH
3DEORSUDFWLFD>SOD\V@WUHVGHSRUWHV6XPDGUH$OHMDQGUDSUDFWLFDXQGHSRUWH$OHMDQGUDSUDFWLFD
__________________________ deportes que Pablo.

/HVVRQ6XSHUODWLYHVDQG(TXDO&RPSDULVRQV
4. La casa de Luis y Cecilia tiene seis habitaciones. La casa de Carlos y Alejandra tiene cinco habitaciones. La
casa de Carlos y Alejandra tiene ______________________ habitaciones que la casa de Luis y Cecilia.
5. Esteban tiene 16 palos de golf. Luis tiene 11 palos de golf. Esteban tiene _______________________ palos de
golf que Luis.
/XLV\&HFLOLDWLHQHQKLMRV(OORVWLHQHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRVKLMRV
(VWHFXUVRGHHVSDxROWLHQHXQWRWDO>WRWDO@GHOHFFLRQHVDVtTXH>VR@HOFXUVRWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHFFLRQHVSHURWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHFFLRQHV
b. Comparaciones de igualdad: Completa las siguientes frases. / Equal comparisons: Complete the following
sentences.
-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV,JQDFLRWLHQHDxRV-DYLHUWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDxRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB,JQDFLR
&HOLQH'LRQFDQWDPX\ELHQ$GHOHFDQWDPX\ELHQ$GHOHFDQWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Celine Dion.
(VWHEDQWLHQHGRVFDUURV/XLVDWDPELpQWLHQHGRVFDUURV(VWHEDQWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBFDUURVBBBBBBBBB/XLVD
4. A Alejandra le gusta mucho la telenovela La oveja negra y a Cecilia tambin le gusta. A Alejandra le gusta La
oveja negra _____________ ______________ a Cecilia.
5. Cecilia tiene mucha hambre. Javier tambin tiene mucha hambre. Cecilia tiene __________________ hambre
_____________________ Javier.
6. Alberto come comida muy rpido. Luis come comida muy rpido. Alberto come _________________ rpido
______________________ Luis.
7. Diana y Mariana son hermanas muy felices. Diana es _____________ feliz _____________ Mariana.
c. Comparaciones superlativas: Completa las frases siguientes. / Superlatives: Complete the following sentences.
GHSRUWLVWD>DWKOHWLF@ mayor / menor grande / pequeo, pequea
alto, alta / bajo, baja caro, cara / barato, barata
$OEHUWRWLHQHDxRV'LHJRWLHQHDxRV-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV$OEHUWRHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHHOORV
/DFDVDGH/XLV\&HFLOLDWLHQHVHLVKDELWDFLRQHV/DFDVDGH&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDWLHQHFLQFRKDELWDFLRQHV/D
casa de Esteban y Luisa tiene siete habitaciones. La casa de Esteban y Luisa es __________________ ms
_____________________ de las tres casas.
3DEORSUDFWLFDWUHVGHSRUWHV6XDPLJR*XLOOHUPRSUDFWLFDGRVGHSRUWHV6XDPLJR6HEDVWLiQSUDFWLFDGRV
deportes. Pablo es ___________________ ms _______________________ de los tres.
151
$OEHUWRPLGH>PHDVXUHV@'LHJRPLGH\-DYLHUPLGH'LHJRHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV
___________________ de los tres.
*DEULHODWLHQHTXHFRPSUDUVXVOLEURV(OOLEURGHELRORJtD>ELRORJ\@FXHVWDHOGHLQJOpVFXHVWD\HOGH
KLVWRULD>KLVWRU\@FXHVWD(OOLEURGHKLVWRULDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPHQRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/DPRQWDxD$FRQFDJXDHQ$UJHQWLQDPLGHPHWURV/DPRQWDxD&KRSLFDOTXLHQ3HU~PLGH
PHWURV/DPRQWDxD&LWODOWpSHWOPLGHPHWURV&LWODOWpSHWOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV
_____________________.
(QWUHODVSHORWDVGHI~WEROGHEpLVERO\GHEiVTXHWEROODSHORWDGHEpLVEROHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV
______________________.

a. 1. mayor 5. ms
PHQRU 6. ms de
PHQRV 7. ms demenos de
4. menos
b. 1. tantos aos como 5. tanta hambre como

WDQELHQFRPR 6. tan rpido como
WDQWRVFDUURVFRPR 7. tan feliz como
4. tanto como
c. 1. el mayor de ellos 5. el menos caro

ODPiVJUDQGHGHODVWUHVFDVDV 6. la ms baja
HOPiVGHSRUWLVWDGHORVWUHV 7. la ms pequea
4. el ms alto de los tres

Lesson Regular -ar Verbs in the Preterite

ayer yesterday el mes pasado last month
anteayer the day before yesterday el ao pasado last year
anoche last night el lunes pasado last Monday
pasado past, last el sbado por la maana Saturday morning
la semana pasada last week el martes por la noche Tuesday night
el QGHVHPDQDSDVDGR last weekend
todo el da all day durante una semana during a week
toda la noche all night entonces then
ms tarde later luego later
por tres horas for three hours
bajar to take down criticar to criticize
avanzar to progress charlar to chat
explorar to explore DUPDU to declare
expresar to express existir to exist
comentar to comment on resultar to turn out to be
mencionar to mention considerar to consider
pronunciar to pronounce formar to form

A. When to Use the Preterite Tense
7KHSUHWHULWHWHQVHLVDSDVWWHQVHXVHGWRWDONDERXWDFRPSOHWHGSDVWDFWLRQ,WFDQEHXVHGWRWDONDERXWDFRPSOHWHG
DFWLRQWKDWRFFXUUHGDWDVSHFLFPRPHQWLQWKHSDVWRULWFDQWDONDERXWDQXPEHURIFRPSOHWHGDFWLRQVWKDWRFFXUUHG
DWVSHFLFPRPHQWVLQWKHSDVW7KHSUHWHULWHFDQDOVREHXVHGWRWDONDERXWDQDFWLYLW\WKDWODVWHGDVSHFLFDPRXQW
RIWLPHLQWKHSDVW([DPSOHVRIWKHSUHWHULWHLQ(QJOLVKLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ7KH\DUULYHG,ZDWFKHG:HVWXGLHG
7KH\DWH>1RWH$GLIIHUHQWSDVWWHQVHWKHLPSHUIHFWWHQVHLVXVHGWRGHVFULEHDUHSHDWHGSDVWDFWLRQRUDSDVW
action in progress. Examples of the Spanish imperfect translated into English include the following: We used to walk;
,XVHGWRVZLP7KH\ZHUHUHDGLQJ+HZDVGDQFLQJ@
B. Conjugating Regular -ar9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH

The preterite tense endings for regular -ar verbs are as follows: -, -aste, -, -amos, -asteis, -aron. The following is
an example of a regular -arYHUEcantar>WRVLQJ@FRQMXJDWHGLQERWKWKHSUHVHQWDQGWKHSUHWHULWHWHQVH

Present Tense Preterite Tense
canto cantamos cant cantamos

cantas cantis cantaste cantasteis
canta cantan cant cantaron
As you look at those two sets of conjugations, you should notice a few things.
1. The nosotros form of cantamos is the same in the present and the preterite; the context of how its used will
determine whether cantamosPHDQV,VLQJRU,VDQJ
The one form in the present that has an accent is the vosotros form of cantis; the two forms in the preterite
that have accents are yo cant and usted cant.
The present tense ending of the tIRUP-asLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJRIWKHtIRUP-aste
ZKLFKLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJRIWKHYRVRWURVIRUP-asteis
4. The present tense ending of the ustedesIRUP-anLQFOXGHVWKHUVWDQGODVWOHWWHUVRIWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJRI
the ustedesIRUP-aron
2QHQDOQRWHRQUHJXODU-ar verbs in the preterite is that all -ar stem-changing verbs are entirely regular in the preterite.
<RXOOUHPHPEHUWKDWcerrar>WRFORVH@KDVDQe ie stem change in all the singular forms and in the third-person plural
form of the present tense. Like all other stem-changing verbs that end in -ar, cerrarLVUHJXODULQWKHSUHWHULWHHJ
cerr, cerraste, cerr, cerramos, cerrasteis, cerraron
C. 9HUEV(QGLQJLQ-car, -gar, and -zar in the Preterite

9HUEVOLNHsacar>WRWDNHRXW@pagar>WRSD\@DQGcomenzar>WREHJLQ@LQIDFWDOOYHUEVZLWKDQLQQLWLYHIRUPHQGLQJ
in -car, -gar, or -zarhave a spelling change in the yo form of the preterite, and only in the yo form. This change is
made to make the consonant sounds made in the yoIRUPRIWKHSUHWHULWHWKHVDPHDVWKH\DUHLQWKHLQQLWLYHIRUP
The needed spelling changes in the yo form of the preterite are as follows: c qu; g gu; z cHJyo saqu; yo
pagu; yo comenc

a. Esteban Quirs fue a un seminario para mdicos la semana pasada y est contndole a su vecino Luis lo que
pas en esa semana. / Esteban Quirs went to a seminar for doctors last week and is telling his neighbor Luis what
happened that week.
Lee el siguiente prrafo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
(O OXQHV HPSH]y HO VHPLQDULR D ODV GH OD PDxDQD 1RVRWURV GHVD\XQDPRV KXHYRV UHYXHOWRV >VFUDPEOHG@
SDQ WRVWDGR FDIp \ MXJR GH QDUDQMD /D VHVLyQ >VHVVLRQ@ GHO OXQHV WHUPLQy D ODV GH OD WDUGH (Q OD QRFKH \R
FHQp FRQ XQRV DPLJRV HQ XQ EDU GHSRUWLYR >VSRUWV EDU@ PX\ JUDQGH \ PRGHUQR >PRGHUQ@ 0LUDPRV XQ SDUWLGR GH
EiVTXHWERO \ XQ HQFXHQWUR >PDWFK@ GH ER[HR (O PDUWHV HPSH]DPRV D ODV GH OD PDxDQD \ \R ROYLGp TXH OD
KRUD GH HPSH]DU FDPELy SDUD HO PDUWHV \ PH GHVSHUWp D ODV /OHJXp D ODV \ SRU VXSXHVWR >RI FRXUVH@
desayun solo. Despus de terminar ese da, caminamos alrededor de la ciudad y compramos unas cervezas que
WRPDPRVHQHOEDOFyQ>EDOFRQ\@GHODKDELWDFLyQGHOKRWHO(OPLpUFROHVHOVHPLQDULRHPSH]yRWUDYH]DODVGHOD
PDxDQD\\ROOHJXpWDUGHSRUTXHQRHVFXFKpPLDODUPD>DODUP@3RUODQRFKHHVFXFKDPRVXQFRQFLHUWRGHMD]]HQ
ODFLXGDG\OXHJRFDQWDPRVHQXQNDUDRNH>NDUDRNHEDU@KDVWDPHGLDQRFKH(OMXHYHVODVVHVLRQHVHPSH]DURQDODV
GHODPDxDQD\\RSUHSDUpXQDSHTXHxDSUHVHQWDFLyQ>SUHVHQWDWLRQ@SDUDODVGHODWDUGH'HVSXpVGHPL
SUHVHQWDFLyQ\RPDQHMpDOKRWHO\PHHQFRQWUpFRQ>,PHWXSZLWK@RWURVDPLJRV(OYLHUQHVWHUPLQDPRVDOPHGLRGtD
\WRGRVDOPRU]DPRVMXQWRVHQXQUHVWDXUDQWHGHFRPLGDEUDVLOHxD>%UD]LOLDQ@(QODWDUGHYLVLWDPRVOXJDUHVWXUtVWLFRV
GHOD]RQD$ODVGHODWDUGHPHLQYLWDURQDXQJLPQDVLRPX\IDPRVR\JUDQGH7RGRVSUDFWLFDPRV&URVV)LW\\R
VRORORJUp>PDQDJHG@KDFHUHMHUFLFLRVSRUPLQXWRV3RUHVDUD]yQKR\QRSXHGRFDPLQDUELHQ\HQHODHURSXHUWR
QHFHVLWpD\XGDFRQHOHTXLSDMH>OXJJDJH@SHURYR\DFDPLQDUPHMRUPDxDQD
154
/HVVRQ5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
1. Dnde cen Esteban el lunes? ________________________________________________.
$TXpKRUDHPSH]yHOVHPLQDULRHOPLpUFROHV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
3RUTXp(VWHEDQOOHJyWDUGHHOPLpUFROHV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Cundo cantaron Esteban y sus amigos en un karaoke? ____________________________.
5. Dnde almorz Esteban el viernes? ____________________________________________.
6. Por cunto tiempo logr Esteban hacer ejercicios en el gimnasio? ____________________.
b. Conjuga el verbo en el pretrito. / Conjugate the verb in the preterite tense.
(VWHEDQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUDEDMDUKRUDVSRUVHPDQDHOPHVSDVDGR
(VWHEDQ\/XLVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFHQDUMXQWRVDQRFKH
-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFXLGDU>WDNHFDUH@D'LDQD\0DULDQDWRGRHOGtDGHD\HU
$OEHUWRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLUDURWUDVFDVDVWRGDODVHPDQDSDVDGD
$QRFKH&HFLOLD\/XLVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEXVFDUEROHWRVGHDYLyQSRU,QWHUQHW
$OHMDQGUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSUDFWLFDUWHQLVSRUWUHVKRUDVHOMXHYHV
7~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHVD\XQDUFRQWXPDGUHHVWDPDxDQD
9RVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEDLODUHQODGLVFRWHFDKDVWDODV
'LHJRQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDUDQRFKHSDUDVXH[DPHQ
7~QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVFXFKDUODVQRWLFLDV>QHZV@GHD\HU
c./RVSDGUHVGH&DUORVYDQDLUDFHQDUDVXFDVDDODV&DUORVOHD\XGyD$OHMDQGUDDWHQHUWRGROLVWR&DUORVV
SDUHQWVDUHJRLQJWRKLVKRPHWRHDWGLQQHUDW&DUORVKHOSHG$OHMDQGUDWRJHWHYHU\WKLQJUHDG\
&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDVHOHYDQWDURQVHOHYDQWyDODVGHODPDxDQD

&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDGHVD\XQDVWHGHVD\XQDURQMXQWRVDODVGHODPDxDQD
&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDPLUDPRVPLUDURQODVQRWLFLDVGHODPDxDQD
&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDOLPSLDURQOLPSLDVWHWRGDODFDVD
$OHMDQGUDFRPSUDVWHFRPSUyODFRPLGDHQHOVXSHUPHUFDGR
&DUORVODYpODYyHOFDUUR
&DUORVTXLWDURQTXLWyHOSROYRGHODVDOD
$OHMDQGUDEXVFyEXVTXpUHFHWDVGHFRFLQD>UHFLSHV@SRU,QWHUQHW
&DUORVSDVDUSDVyODDVSLUDGRUDHQORVFXDUWRV
&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDSUHSDUDURQSUHSDUDVWHLVODFHQDMXQWRV
$OHMDQGUDVHPDTXLOODVWHVHPDTXLOOyGHVSXpVGHTXHWHEDxDVWHVHEDxy
/RVSDGUHVGH&DUORVOOHJDVWHLVOOHJDURQDODVGHODWDUGH
155
1. Pagaste mucho por la computadora? No, ___________________ mucho porque el tipo que yo
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPSUDUVRORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRVWDUGyODUHV
4XpPLUDVWHHQODWHOHYLVLyQDQWHD\HU"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODVQRWLFLDV\XQSURJUDPDGHGHSRUWHV
&RFLQDVWHDQRFKH"1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUTXHPLHVSRVRPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSUHSDUDUODFHQD
4. Hablaste con tu mejores amigos la semana pasada? S, ________________________________.
5. Ayudaste a tu pareja con los quehaceres de la casa? No, __________________ ayer, pero s
_______________ mucho la semana pasada.

a. 1. El lunes cen en un bar deportivo.
(OPLpUFROHVHOVHPLQDULRHPSH]yDODVGHODPDxDQD
/OHJyWDUGHSRUTXHQRHVFXFKyVXDODUPD
4. Esteban y sus amigos cantaron en un karaoke el mircoles por la noche.
5. El viernes Esteban almorz en un restaurante de comida brasilea.
6. Por veinte minutos.
b. 1. trabaj 6. practic
FHQDURQ 7. desayunaste
FXLGy 8. bailasteis
4. mir 9. estudi
5. buscaron HVFXFKDVWH
c. 1. se levantaron 7. quit
GHVD\XQDURQ 8. busc
PLUDURQ 9. pas
4. limpiaron SUHSDUDURQ
5. compr 11. se maquillse ba
6. lav OOHJDURQ
d. 1RQRSDJXpPXFKRSRUTXHHOWLSRTXH\RFRPSUpVRORFRVWyGyODUHV
0LUpODVQRWLFLDV\XQSURJUDPDGHGHSRUWHV
1RQRFRFLQpSRUTXHPLHVSRVRPHSUHSDUyODFHQD
4. S, habl con mis mejores amigos la semana pasada.
5. No, no ayud ayer, pero s ayud mucho la semana pasada.
156
Lesson Regular -er and -ir Verbs in the Preterite

Conoc a Juan. ,PHW-XDQ caber WRW
Quise llegar. ,WULHGWRDUULYH andar to walk, to go
No quise trabajar. ,UHIXVHGWRZRUN repasar to review
Supe la respuesta. ,IRXQGRXWWKHDQVZHU
la terminacin ending la explicacin explanation
la formacin formation el aula classroom
el muchacho boy el nio boy
la muchacha girl la nia girl
general general enorme enormous
por lo general generally comn common
capaz capable absoluto absolute
VXFLHQWHVXIFLHQW contrario contrary
dispuesto willing disponible available
convencido convinced resuelto resolved
satisfechoVDWLVHG agotado used up
acostumbrado accustomed escondido hidden
sentado seated

A. Conjugating Regular -er and -ir9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
Regular -er and -ir verbs use the same endings in the preterite. These endings are as follows: -, -iste, -i, -imos,
-isteis, and -ieron. The following is an example of a regular -arYHUErepasar>WRUHYLHZ@FRQMXJDWHGQH[WWRDUHJXODU
-erYHUEcomer>WRHDW@DQGDUHJXODU-irYHUEabrir>WRRSHQ@
repasar comer abrir
repas repasamos com comimos abr abrimos

repasaste repasasteis comiste comisteis abriste abristeis
repas repasaron comi comieron abri abrieron
As you look at these three sets of conjugations, you should notice several things.
157
1. The endings for -er and -ir verbs are the same, and they all start with the letter i ,Q IDFW WKH -er and -ir
HQGLQJVIRUIRXUVXEMHFWVyo, t, nosotros, vosotrosFDQEHIRUPHGE\FKDQJLQJWKHUVWOHWWHURIWKH-ar
ending to iHJ ; aste iste; amos imos; asteis isteis
The differences in endings between -ar and -er/-ir verbs are as follows for the usted and ustedes forms:
i; aron ieron
For -ar verbs, the two forms in the preterite that have accents are the yo and ustedIRUPVHJyo repas;
usted repas/LNHZLVHIRU-er and -ir verbs, the two forms in the preterite that have accents are the yo and
ustedIRUPVHJyo com; usted comi; yo abr; usted abri
4. As is the case for all -ir verbs, the nosotros form of abrimos is the same in the present and the preterite; the
context of how the verb is used will determine whether abrimosPHDQV,RSHQRU,RSHQHG
Most -erVWHPFKDQJLQJYHUEVDUHHQWLUHO\UHJXODULQWKHSUHWHULWH<RXOOUHPHPEHUWKDWvolver>WRUHWXUQ@KDVDQo ue
stem change in all the singular forms and in the third-person plural form of the present tense. Like most stem-changing
verbs that end in -er, volverLVUHJXODULQWKHSUHWHULWHHJvolv, volviste, volvi, volvimos, volvisteis, volvieron
B. 5HH[LYH9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
-XVW DV LV WKH FDVH ZLWK UHH[LYH YHUEV LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH FRQMXJDWHG UHH[LYH YHUEV LQ WKH SUHWHULWH QHHG WR EH
SUHFHGHG E\ D UHH[LYH SURQRXQ 7KH IROORZLQJ LV WKH UHH[LYH YHUE despertarse >WR ZDNH XS@ FRQMXJDWHG LQ WKH
preterite. Note that although despertarse is an e ie stem-changing verb in the present, its regular in the preterite.
despertarse
me despert nos despertamos

te despertaste os despertasteis
se despert se despertaron
C. Ver and dar in the Preterite

The verb ver>WRVHH@XVHVUHJXODU-erHQGLQJVLQWKHSUHWHULWHEXWKDVQRDFFHQWVZKHUHWKH\W\SLFDOO\DUHLQWKHyo
and ustedIRUPV$OWKRXJKdar>WRJLYH@LVDQ-ar verb, it has the same endings in the pretertite as verDQGOLNHver,
KDVQRDFFHQWVLQWKHSUHWHULWH
ver dar
vi vimos di dimos
viste visteis diste disteis
vio vieron dio dieron
D. 9HUEVOLNHtener in the Preterite

When conjugated in the preterite, the verb tener>WRKDYH@KDVDQXQXVXDOVWHPtuv-DQGDQXQXVXDOVHWRIHQGLQJV
-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron7KHHQGLQJVIRUtener are, in fact, kind of a combination of the regular -ar endings
with the regular -er/-ir endings. The following are the forms of tener in the preterite shown after a regular -ar and a
regular -er verb.
repasar comer tener
repas repasamos com comimos tuve tuvimos

repasaste repasasteis comiste comisteis tuviste tuvisteis
repas repasaron comi comieron tuvo tuvieron
<RXOOQRWLFHWKDWWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJVIRUtener are the -ar endings without the accent for the yo and usted forms
HJ-e of tuve; -o of tuvo7KHRWKHUIRXUHQGLQJVDUHWKHVDPHDVWKHUHJXODU-er/-irHQGLQJVHJ-iste of tuviste;
-imos of tuvimos; -isteis of tuvisteis; -ieron of tuvieron
9HUEVWKDWDUHFRQMXJDWHGOLNHtener and their stem in the preterite are as follows.
158
/HVVRQ5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
9HUE 3UHWHULWH6WHP 9HUE 3UHWHULWH6WHP
tener [WRKDYH@ tuv- querer >WRZDQWWRORYH@ quis-

estar >WREH@ estuv- venir >WRFRPH@ vin-
poder>WREHDEOHWR@ pud- hacer>WRPDNHWRGR@ hic-
poner>WRSXW@ pus-
andar>WRZDONWRJR@ anduv- decir >WRVD\WRWHOO@ dij-
saber>WRNQRZ@ sup- traer >WREULQJ@ traj-
caber>WRW@ cup- conducir >WRGULYH@ conduj-
haber>WKHUHLVWKHUHDUH@ hub-
The preterite of haber is huboHJHubo un accidente anocheLV7KHUHZDVDQDFFLGHQWODVWQLJKW7KHusted

form of hacer in the preterite is hizoZLWKDz instead of a c to maintain the same sound as the one made in the other
forms of hacer LQ WKH SUHWHULWH 7KH WKLUGSHUVRQ SOXUDO HQGLQJ IRU decir, traer, and conducir is -eron instead of
-ieronHJEllos me dijeron muchoLV7KH\WROGPHDORW7RORRNDWWKHFRQMXJDWLRQRIMXVWRQHRIWKHVHYHUEVWKH
following is venir in the preterite. Note that it has the same preterite endings as tener.
venir
vine vinimos
viniste vinisteis
vino vinieron
E. 9HUEV7KDW&KDQJH0HDQLQJLQWKH3UHWHULWH
There are some commonly used verbs that have one meaning in the present and a related but somewhat different
meaning in the preterite. Among these verbs are conocer, saber, and querer. Remember that the preterite talks about
VRPHWKLQJWKDWKDSSHQHGDWDVSHFLFWLPHLQWKHSDVW$QGWKHWKUHHYHUEVZHUHWDONLQJDERXWconocer>WRNQRZD
SHUVRQSODFHRUWKLQJ@saber>WRNQRZIDFWVRUKRZWRGRVRPHWKLQJ@DQGquerer>WRZDQWRUWRORYH@DUHDOOUHDOO\
verbs of state rather than verbs of action. But when we use the preterite with these verbs, were talking about something
WKDWKDSSHQHGDWDVSHFLFPRPHQWLQWKHSDVWVRWKHVHYHUEVFKDQJHPHDQLQJWRH[SUHVVDQDFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQDVWDWH
,Q WKH SUHWHULWH conocer PHDQV WR PHHW ZLWK WKH LGHD RI PHHWLQJ VRPHRQH IRU WKH UVW WLPH HJ Finalmente
conoc a Ral la semana pasadaLV,QDOO\PHW5D~OODVWZHHNSaberLQWKHSUHWHULWHPHDQVWRQGRXWHJNo
supe la verdad hasta aos despusLV,GLGQWQGRXWWKHWUXWKXQWLO\HDUVODWHU:KHQXVHGDIUPDWLYHO\querer in
WKHSUHWHULWHPHDQVWRWU\DQGZKHQXVHGQHJDWLYHO\LWPHDQVWRUHIXVHHJQuise ganar, pero perdLV,WULHGWR
ZLQEXW,ORVW/DVPXFKDFKDVQRTXLVLHURQLUDODHVWDLV7KHJLUOVUHIXVHGWRJRWRWKHSDUW\

a. Lee el siguiente prrafo sobre Diego y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following paragraph about Diego and
answer the questions.
+DFHFLQFRDxRV'LHJRWUDWyGH>WULHGWR@HPSH]DUXQDHPSUHVD>EXVLQHVV@SURSLD>KLVRZQ@&RQSRFRGLQHUR\XQD
SHTXHxDRFLQDHPSH]yDWUDEDMDUYHQGLHQGRDUWtFXORV>VXSSOLHV@HVFRODUHV>VFKRRO@\GHRFLQDeOPLVPR>KLPVHOI@
WXYRIXQFLRQHV>UROHV@GHMHIH>ERVV@VHFUHWDULR>VHFUHWDU\@\UHFHSFLRQLVWD>UHFHSWLRQLVW@eOPLVPRHQWUHJy>GHOLYHUHG@
WRGRVORVSHGLGRV>RUGHUV@\YLDMyPXFKRVNLOyPHWURVSDUDFRPSODFHU>SOHDVH@DWRGRVVXVFOLHQWHV>FOLHQWV@7RGRVDOLy
PiVRPHQRVELHQSHURDORVGRVDxRVOOHJyXQDHPSUHVDPXOWLQDFLRQDO>PXOWLQDWLRQDO@DODFLXGDG\'LHJRQRSXGR
FRQWURODU>FRQWURO@ORVSHGLGRVHOLQYHQWDULR>LQYHQWRU\@ORVJDVWRV>H[SHQVHV@QLODVJDQDQFLDV>SURWV@1XQFDHQWHQGLy
FyPRQHJRFLDU>QHJRWLDWH@FRQHPSUHVDVPXOWLQDFLRQDOHV\WDPSRFRDSUHQGLyFyPRHTXLOLEUDU>EDODQFH@ODVH[LJHQFLDV
>GHPDQGV@GHORVFOLHQWHVPiVJUDQGHVFRQVXFDSDFLGDG>FDSDFLW\@GHSHGLGRV\HQWUHJDV>GHOLYHULHV@'HVSXpVGH
FXDWURDxRVFRQVXFRPSDxtD>FRPSDQ\@pOGHFLGLyFHUUDUVXQHJRFLR>EXVLQHVV@$KRUDHVWiHQODXQLYHUVLGDG\HVWi
HVWXGLDQGRSDUDREWHQHU>JHW@XQDPDHVWUtDHQDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHHPSUHVDV>0%$@eOHVSHUDWHQHUVXSURSLRQHJRFLR
GHQXHYRDXQTXH>HYHQLI@VHD>LWLV@XQQHJRFLRGLIHUHQWH
159
&XiQGRHPSH]y'LHJRVXQHJRFLRGHDUWtFXORVHVFRODUHV\GHRFLQD" ______________________________ .
4XLpQHQWUHJyORVSHGLGRV" ________________________________________________________________ .
4XpOOHJyDODFLXGDG" ____________________________________________________________________ .
4. Nombra una cosa que Diego no pudo hacer despus de que lleg la empresa multinacional. ______________ .
5. Cundo cerr Diego su compaa? __________________________________________________________ .
b.$\HU'LHJRWXYRXQGtDGLItFLOHQODXQLYHUVLGDG<HVWHUGD\'LHJRKDGDGLIFXOWGD\DWWKHXQLYHUVLW\
Completa las oraciones con la forma correcta del verbo en el pretrito. / Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verb in the preterite.
Diego es muy inteligente y generalmente no estudia para sus exmenes. Ayer tuvo un da difcil. Diego no
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVFXFKDUVXDODUPD\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHVSHUWDUVHPXFKRPiVWDUGHeO
QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRQHUDWHQFLyQHQFODVH\QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHUPLQDUVXWDUHD'LHJR
QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRGHUHVWDFLRQDU>SDUN@VXFDUURHQHOPLVPR>VDPH@OXJDUGHVLHPSUH\SRUHVR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUTXHFDPLQDUPiVSDUDOOHJDUDVXFODVH/DHVXGLDQWHTXHOHJXVWDHQOD
XQLYHUVLGDGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRQHUVHRWURFRORUHQVXSHOReOODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLUDU
SHURQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDEHU>GLGQWUHDOL]H@TXHHOODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHQWDUVH>WRVLWGRZQ@
FHUFDGHpOHQODFDIHWHUtD(OQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBUHYLVDU>WRFKHFN@VXFRUUHRHOHFWUyQLFR>HPDLO@
\QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUHOPHQVDMH>PHVVDJH@GHOSURIHVRUFXDQGRHVWHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
FDQFHODU>WRFDQFHO@ODFODVH'LHJRQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHUHUHVWXGLDUSDUDVXH[DPHQSHURFRPR
pO\VXVFRPSDxHURVQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUFODVHV'LHJRDOQDOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHFLGLU
estudiar un poco para su examen.
c. Ema, la estudiante que le gusta a Diego, puso ms atencin en clase. / Ema, the student that Diego likes, paid more
attention in class.
(PDQRHVWR\HVWXYRHQFODVHSRUTXHHOODYLHURQYLRHOPHQVDMHGHOSURIHVRUDWLHPSR

(PDKLFHKL]RODWDUHDSRUTXHHOODVtHVFXFKRHVFXFKyDOSURIHVRU
(PDHVWXGLDHVWXGLyD\HU\DQWHD\HUSDUDHOH[DPHQ
(PDTXLVLVWHTXLVRVDOXGDUD'LHJRSHURpOQRODUHFRQRFLyUHFRQRFLPRV>UHFRJQL]H@HQODFDIHWHUtD
(PDOHGLVWHGLRODWDUHDDOSURIHVRU
Presente o pretrito / Present or Preterite

d.(VFULEHHOYHUERFRUUHFWRVHJ~QHOFRQWH[WR:ULWHWKHFRUUHFWYHUEDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFRQWH[W
'LHJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQRFHUD(PDHOVHPHVWUHSDVDGR(OORVQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODU
ODVSULPHUDVVHPDQDVGHOVHPHVWUH/DSULPHUDYH]TXH'LHJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVDOXGDUD(PDIXH>LW

/HVVRQ5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
ZDV@HQODFDIHWHUtD8QDPLJRGH'LHJRORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSUHVHQWDUHQHVHOXJDU$TXHOGtD(PD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUHFHUPX\VLPSiWLFDSHURWDPELpQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUHFHUWtPLGD$KRUD
'LHJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUDxRV\(PD\FRPR>OLNH@'LHJRHOODWDPELpQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
HVWXGLDUDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHHPSUHVDV\SRUHVRHOORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHUFRPSDxHURVHQYDULDVFODVHV
(PDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYLYLUDPLQXWRVGH'LHJRSHURpOQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQRFHUVX
FDVD(OORVQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDUMXQWRVSHUR'LHJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHUHULQYLWDUOD
SURQWRDVDOLU(OORVDOJXQDVYHFHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODUGHVSXpVGHFODVHVSHURDXQTXH'LHJRQR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUVXQ~PHURGHWHOpIRQRHOORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHUDPLJRVHQ
)DFHERRN$KRUD'LHJRQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRGHUHQWHQGHUFyPRpOQRODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
UHFRQRFHUHORWURGtDHQODFDIHWHUtD

a. 1. Hace cinco aos. / Hace cinco aos que empez su negocio.
'LHJRHQWUHJyORVSHGLGRV'LHJRORVHQWUHJy
8QDHPSUHVDPXOWLQDFLRQDOOOHJy
'LHJRQRSXGRDFRQWURODUORVSHGLGRVEFRQWURODUHOLQYHQWDULRFFRQWURODUODVJDQDQFLDVGHTXLOLEUDUODV
exigencias de los clientes.
5. Diego cerr su compaa despus de cuatro aos.
b. 1. escuch 9. supo
VHGHVSHUWy VHVHQWy
SXVR 11. revis
4. termin YLR
5. pudo FDQFHOy
6. tuvo 14. quiso
7. se puso 15. tuvieron
8. mir 16. decidi
c. 1. estuvovio 4. quisoreconoci
KL]RHVFXFKy 5. dio
HVWXGLy
d. 1. conoci YLYH
KDEODURQ 11. conoce
VDOXGy HVWXGLDQ
4. present TXLHUH
5. pareci 14. hablan
6. pareci 15. tiene
7. tiene 16. son
8. estudia 17. puede
9. son 18. reconoci
161
Lesson Irregular Verbs in the Preterite

huir to run away contribuir to contribute
incluir to include destruir to destroy
LQXLUWRLQXHQFH caer to fall
construir to build
la construccin construction la destruccin destruction
la contribucin contribution la LQXHQFLDLQXHQFH
organizar to organize el asistente assistant
la entrevista interview el contador accountant
la entrevista de trabajo job interview el dueo owner
entrevistar to interview el gerente manager
emplear to employ el secretario secretary
contratar to hire el supervisor supervisor
despedirWRUH el empleado employee
el cajero automtico automated teller machine retirar to withdraw
el cheque check la tarjeta de crdito credit card
el dinero en efectivo cash la tarjeta de dbito debit card
cambiar to change, to exchange la transaccin bancaria bank transaction
el prstamo loan

A. 9HUEV(QGLQJLQ-uir in the Preterite
9HUEV HQGLQJ LQ -uir have a spelling change in the usted and ustedes forms in the preterite: the i of the ending
becomes y. This can be seen, for example, with the verb huir>WRUXQDZD\@LQWKHSUHWHULWHHJusted huy; ustedes
huyeron9HUEVOLNHhuir include destruir>WRGHVWUR\@incluir>WRLQFOXGH@LQXLU>WRLQXHQFH@construir>WREXLOG@
and contribuir>WRFRQWULEXWH@1RWLFHIRUH[DPSOHWKDWWKHUHLVDy in the third-person singular and plural forms of
destruir when it is conjugated in the preterite.
destruir
destru destruimos
destruiste destruisteis
destruy destruyeron

/HVVRQ,UUHJXODU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
B. 9HUEVOLNHcreer in the Preterite

Like verbs ending in -uir, the verb creer>WRWKLQNWREHOLHYH@DOVRKDVDy in the third-person singular and plural forms
LQWKHSUHWHULWHHJusted crey; ustedes creyeron0RUHRYHUcreer also has accents in the preterite in all forms
except the third-person plural form. Creer is conjugated in the preterite as follows.
creer
cre cremos
creste cresteis
crey creyeron
9HUEVOLNHcreer in the preteritemeaning verbs with accents in all forms but the ustedes form and a y in the third-
person singular and plural formsinclude caer>WRIDOO@leer>WRUHDG@DQGor>WRKHDU@
C. Ser and ir in the Preterite

The verbs ser>WREH@DQGir >WRJR@KDYHWKHVDPHFRQMXJDWLRQLQWKHSUHWHULWH<RXOOQHHGWRXVHWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH
sentence to determine if the word is referring to ser or ir. The conjugation of both verbs in the preterite is as follows.
ser / ir
fui fuimos
fuiste fuisteis
fue fueron
Clearly, all six verb forms start with fu-. The endings for the yo, t, nosotros, and vosotrosIRUPV-i, -iste, -imos,
-isteisDUHDFWXDOO\UHJXODU-er/-irHQGLQJVH[FHSWWKHUHVQRDFFHQWLQWKHyo form; in fact, there are no accents on
DQ\RIWKHVL[IRUPV7KHWKLUGSHUVRQIRUPVDUHusted fue and ustedes fueron. Often when ir is used in the preterite,
it is followed by a, while ser is not followed by aHJLos supervisores fueron a la reunin is The supervisors went
to the meeting; Fue difcil terminar el trabajoLV,WZDVGLIFXOWWRQLVKWKHMRE
D. Stem-Changing -ir9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
Stem-changing verbs ending in -irDOVRFKDQJHVWHPLQWKHSUHWHULWHEXWQRWLQWKHERRWDVWKH\GRLQWKHSUHVHQW
WHQVH 7KH SUHWHULWH VWHP FKDQJH IRU -ir YHUEV KDSSHQV LQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU DQG SOXUDO IRUPV7KH VSHFLF
changes that happen are as follows.
1. 9HUEVWKDWFKDQJHe ie or e i in the present change e i in the preterite.

9HUEVWKDWFKDQJHo ue in the present change o u in the preterite.
Once again, these changes happen in the usted and ustedes forms of the preterite. Preterite tense conjugations
showing these stem changes in the third-person singular and plural forms include the following.
servir dormir
serv servimos dorm dormimos

serviste servisteis dormiste dormisteis
sirvi sirvieron durmi durmieron
E. &RQMXJDWLQJ9HUEVLQ'LIIHUHQW7HQVHV
As you have learned throughout this course, there are many irregular verbs in both the present and preterite tenses
in Spanish. And it is certainly a challenge for the beginning language learner to learn what the irregular verbs are and
how to conjugate them in both the present and the preterite. The good news is that every verb tense you learn in future
6SDQLVKVWXGLHVZLOOEHVLJQLFDQWO\HDVLHUWKDQZKDW\RXYHDOUHDG\OHDUQHG7KHUHDUHUHODWLYHO\IHZLUUHJXODUYHUEV
in, for example, the imperfect, future, and conditional tenses, so know that as you continue your Spanish studies, you
KDYHDOUHDG\OHDUQHGWKHWZRPRVWGLIFXOWWHQVHVLQWKHODQJXDJH


a. Lee las siguientes oraciones y conjuga el verbo correctamente. Usa el pretriito. / Read the following sentences and
conjugate the verb correctly. Use the preterite.
'LHJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSUHIHULUHVWXGLDUDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ>DPLQLVWUDWLRQ@GHQHJRFLRV>EXVLQHVV@HQOD

universidad.
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$OHMDQGUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDHUVHD\HUHQODFDQFKD>FRXUW@GHWHQLV&XDQGRHVR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDVDUODUDTXHWDGHWHQLVVHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHVWUXLU
'LDQD\0DULDQDOHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPHQWLUDVXPDPi(OODVOHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHFLU

TXHVXYHFLQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPHUWRGRVORVGXOFHV
'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSUHIHULUFRPHUWRGRVORVGXOFHVHVFRQGLGRVHQHODUPDULR
(ULFD'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDOSDUTXHD\HU\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKXLUGHODOOXYLD
TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDHUHQODWDUGH
'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQVWUXLUXQDSHTXHxDFLXGDGFRQOHJRV
<RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLQFOXLUD&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDHQWUHORVLQYLWDGRV>JXHVWV@DPLHVWD
b. Completa las oraciones con la forma correcta del verbo en el pretrito. / Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verb in the preterite.
$OHMDQGUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDSUDFWLFDUWHQLVD\HU(QODWDUGHGHD\HUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOORYHU
PXFKR\$OHMDQGUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDHUVH\WRGDVXURSDEODQFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDPELDU
DFRORUPDUUyQ(OODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDOFHQWURFRPHUFLDODFRPSUDURWUDVSUHQGDVGHURSD(OOD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUDWDUGH>WRWU\WR@SDJDUFRQVXWDUMHWDGHFUpGLWRSHURQRODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
HQFRQWUDUHQVXFDUWHUD(QWRQFHV>6R@$OHMDQGUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDXQFDMHURDXWRPiWLFRHQ
HOFHQWURFRPHUFLDOSHURHOFDMHURDXWRPiWLFRQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDFHSWDU>WRDFFHSW@VXWDUMHWD
GHGpELWR(OODQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRGHUUHWLUDUGLQHURHQHIHFWLYRGHOFDMHUR3RUVXHUWHHOOD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUVXFKHTXHUD>FKHFNERRN@HQVXEROVD(OODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDJDUFRQ
XQFKHTXH$KRUDHOODWLHQHURSDOLPSLD
c. Escoge la respuesta correcta. / Choose the correct answer.
+DFHXQRVPHVHV5RJHOLRHODPLJRGH)HOLSHIXLIXHDXQDHQWUHYLVWDGHWUDEDMRDODDJHQFLDGHYLDMHVGH

don Luis.
<RWDPELpQIXLIXHDXQDHQWUHYLVWDGHWUDEDMRFRQGRQ/XLV
'RQ/XLVGHVSHGLPRVGHVSLGLyDGRVSHUVRQDVSHURFRQWUDWpFRQWUDWyDWUHV
/XLV\VXDVLVWHQWHHQWUHYLVWDVWHLVHQWUHYLVWDURQDSHUVRQDV
164
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&XDQGR'LHJRHPSH]DVWHLVHPSH]yVXHPSUHVDSHGtSLGLyXQSUpVWDPRDOEDQFR

/XLV\&HFLOLDLQYHUWLPRVLQYLUWLHURQ>WRLQYHVW@HQODEROVDGHYDORUHV>VWRFNPDUNHW@D\HU
/XLV\&HFLOLDRUJDQL]DVWHRUJDQL]DURQXQUHSRUWHGHWRGDVODVWUDQVDFFLRQHVEDQFDULDV
$OHMDQGUD\\RIXLVWHLVIXLPRVDOEDQFRDQWHD\HU
<RGHSRVLWyGHSRVLWpGLQHURHQPLFXHQWDDFFRXQW
0DUtD\W~WUDEDMDPRVWUDEDMDVWHLVWRGRHOGtDHQODRFLQD
1. Cundo construyeron la casa de ustedes? ______________________________________________ en 1985.
&RQWULEXLVWHFRQGLQHURDXQDLJOHVLDHOPHVSDVDGR"6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/HtVWHHOSHULyGLFRD\HU"1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Mentiste a tus padres alguna vez? S, de hecho les __________________________________________ ayer.
7~SDUHMD\WXIXHURQDOFLQHODVHPDQDSDVDGD"6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

a. SUHULy SUHULHURQ
LQX\y 6. fueron / huyeron / cay
VHFD\ySDVyGHVWUX\y 7. construyeron
4. mintieron / dijeron / comi 8. inclu
b. 1. fue 7. encontr
OORYLy 8. fue
VHFD\y 9. acept
4. cambi SXGR
5. fue 11. vio
6. trat SDJy
c. 1. fue 6. invirtieron
IXL 7. organizaron
GHVSLGLyFRQWUDWy 8. fuimos
4. entrevistaron 9. deposit
5. empez / pidi WUDEDMDVWHLV
d. 1. Construyeron nuestra casa en 1985. / Construimos nuestra casa en 1985.

6tFRQWULEXtFRQGLQHURDXQDLJOHVLDHOPHVSDVDGR
1RQROHtHOSHULyGLFRD\HU1RQROROHtD\HU
4. S, de hecho les ment ayer.
5. S, fuimos al cine la semana pasada.
165
Lesson Next Steps in Improving Your Spanish

la profesin profession la tecnologa technology
el maestro teacher el enfermero nurse
el abogado lawyer el director de escuela school principal
el hombre de negocios businessman el trabajador social social worker
la mujer de negocios businesswoman el policaSROLFHRIFHU
el arquitecto architect
el sitio web website el usuario user
la pgina web web page el enlace link
el blog blog la conexin connection
el correo electrnico e-mail el buscador search engine
el mensaje de texto text message
chatear to chat online la contrasea password
acceder a InternetWRDFFHVVWKH,QWHUQHW el/la Internet,QWHUQHW
descargar to download la conexin inalmbrica wireless connection
navegar por la redWRVXUIWKH,QWHUQHW el telfono inalmbrico cordless phone
el nombre de usuario username el telfono celular/el celular/el mvil cell phone
Trato de leer mucho.,WU\WRUHDGDORW animar to encourage

A. 9HUEV)ROORZHGE\D3UHSRVLWLRQ
<RXKDYHDOUHDG\OHDUQHGVHYHUDOYHUEVWKDWDUHIROORZHGE\DSUHSRVLWLRQasistir a is to attend; salir de is to leave;
jugar a is to play a sport. Other verbs that are followed by a preposition include tratar ZKLFKLVIROORZHGE\deDQG
entrarZKLFKLVIROOZHGE\a or enSiempre trato de estudiar antes de un examen LV,DOZD\VWU\WRVWXG\EHIRUH
an exam. As for entrar, Latin Americans tend to follow it with a, while Spaniards tend to follow it with en. So, to say
At times we enter the building late, a Latin American would say $YHFHVHQWUDPRVDOHGLFLRWDUGH, and a Spaniard
would say $YHFHVHQWUDPRVHQHOHGLFLRWDUGH.
B. 9HUEV7KDW1HHGD3UHSRVLWLRQEHIRUHDQ,QQLWLYH
<RXYHOHDUQHGLQJHQHUDOWKDWLQ6SDQLVKLI\RXSODFHRQHYHUEGLUHFWO\DIWHUDQRWKHUWKHUVWYHUELVWKHRQHWKDWLV
FRQMXJDWHGDQGWKHVHFRQGYHUEQHHGVWREHLQWKHLQQLWLYHIRUPHJEllos quieren navegar por la red is They
ZDQWWRVXUIWKH,QWHUQHWNo puedes hablar conmigo ahoraLV<RXFDQWWDONWRPHQRZ
166
/HVVRQ1H[W6WHSVLQ,PSURYLQJ<RXU6SDQLVK
%XW WKHUH DUH VRPH YHUEV WKDW PXVW EH IROORZHG E\ D SUHSRVLWLRQ EHIRUH DQ LQQLWLYH 7ZR H[DPSOHV RI WKLV \RXYH
seen already are acabar de>WRKDYHMXVWGRQHVRPHWKLQJ@DQGir a>WREHJRLQJWRGRVRPHWKLQJ@HJElena acaba
de dormir is Elena just slept; Vamos a chatear LV :H DUH JRLQJ WR FKDW RQOLQH )RXU RWKHU YHUEV WKDW QHHG D
SUHSRVLWLRQ EHIRUH DQ LQQLWLYH DQG VSHFLFDOO\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ a DUH empezar >WR EHJLQ@ comenzar >WR EHJLQ@
aprender>WROHDUQ@DQGensear>WRWHDFK@&RQVLGHUWKHVHH[DPSOHVEs hora de empezar a trabajarLV,WVWLPHWR
begin to work; Al medioda, los abogados empiezan a llegar al restaurante is At noon, the lawyers begin arriving
at the restaurant; Pedro debe aprender a manejar is Pedro should learn to drive; Su hermano lo ense a mentir
LV+LVEURWKHUWDXJKWKLPWROLH
C. ,PPHUVLQJ<RXUVHOILQ6SDQLVK
One good way to improve your Spanish is to force yourself to speak it. So, if you have someone you can speak
Spanish with, meet and decide that you will speak only Spanish for an hour, a dinner, or a certain eventyou decide.
Of course, more time is better, but no matter how much time you spend speaking Spanish, the important thing is to
FRQWLQXH ZLWK LW 7KH LPSRVVLELOLW\ RI XVLQJ (QJOLVK UHDOO\ IRUFHV \RX WR WU\ WR tratar de JXUH RXW KRZ WR H[SUHVV
yourself in Spanish. And your companion doesnt need to be a native speaker; he or she could be another Spanish
language learner like you.
.QRZ WKDW ZKHQ \RX KDYH GLIFXOWLHV H[SUHVVLQJ \RXUVHOI LWV RND\ 2IWHQ D SUREOHP LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLOO OHDG D
learner to study a bit moremaybe grammar, maybe vocabulary. But the learner tends to be motivated because the
studying is designed to solve a real communication problem that occurred during the immersive experience.
D. The Learning Curve of a Language Learner

Sometimes language learners imagine that their progress in studying a language will be a steadily ascending
curve, starting with a baseline knowledge of zero and gradually but steadily moving upward toward communicative
competence. The reality, however, is that while the progress of a language learner has many ups, it also has some
GRZQV$QGWKHUHDUHGHQLWHO\SHULRGVZKHQ\RXUVNLOOVSODWHDXDQG\RXVHHPQRWWREHLPSURYLQJDWDOO
So, you need to know that its entirely normalto be expected, eventhat there will be times when you feel stuck,
and you think that youve stopped improving or even gotten worse with your Spanish skills. When this happens, dont
give up. Continue your studies and keep in contact with the language as much as possible. The more you hear, speak,
read, and write Spanish, the more quickly youll notice that your Spanish really is getting better.

a. Lee el prrafo y contesta las preguntas que siguen. / Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
/XLVD HVWi SODQHDQGR >SODQQLQJ@ XQD UHXQLyQ GH YHFLQRV (OOD TXLHUH KDFHU OD UHXQLyQ HQ VX FDVD$GHPiV TXLHUH
ver a sus nietas Diana y Mariana, y por eso tambin invit a la reunin a su hija Erica y a su yerno Javier. Ella envi
>VHQW@ XQ FRUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR OD VHPDQD SDVDGD SHUR QR WRGRV HQYLDURQ XQD UHVSXHVWD /XLVD YD D PDQGDUOHV RWUR
PHQVDMH D VXV YHFLQRV /D UHXQLyQ YD D VHU PDxDQD D ODV GH OD WDUGH /XLVD TXLHUH KDEODUOHV PDxDQD VREUH
ODQHFHVLGDG>QHHG@GHWHQHUXQVHUYLFLRGHSROLFtDSULYDGR>SULYDWH@HQHOYHFLQGDULR(OODWDPELpQHVWiSUHRFXSDGD
SRUTXH ~OWLPDPHQWH >ODWHO\@ DOUHGHGRU GHO YHFLQGDULR KD\ PXFKD EDVXUD >WUDVK@ $OJXQRV GH ORV YHFLQRV OH GLMHURQ
D /XLVD TXH HVWRV VRQ DVXQWRV >LVVXHV@ LPSRUWDQWHV GH GLVFXWLU >GLVFXVV@ (OOD OHV GLMR D WRGRV TXH SXHGHQ OOHYDU
VXV L3DGV SDUD WRPDU QRWDV >QRWHV@ \ DGHPiV >PRUHRYHU@ WRGRV SXHGHQ XVDU VX FRQH[LyQ LQDOiPEULFD /XLVD HVWi
envindole un mensaje de texto a su hija para recordarle sobre la reunin.
1. Cules son dos expresiones que hablan de acciones en el futuro?

________________________________________________________________________________________ .
&XiOHVVRQWUHVYHUERVFRQMXJDGRVHQHOSUHWpULWR"
________________________________________________________________________________________ .
167
&XiOHVXQHMHPSORGHOXVRGHOSUHVHQWHSURJUHVLYRTXHH[SUHVDDOJRTXHRFXUUHDKRUDPLVPR"

________________________________________________________________________________________ .
4. Cules son tres ejemplos del uso del objeto indirecto?

________________________________________________________________________________________ .
5. Cul es un uso de estar para expresar una emocin?

________________________________________________________________________________________ .
b. Completa las oraciones usando el pretrito. / Complete the sentences using the preterite.
&XDQGR'LHJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHPSH]DUVXFRPSDxtD>FRPSDQ\@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHGLUXQ
VHUYLFLRGH,QWHUQHWFRQFRQH[LyQLQDOiPEULFDeOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPSUDUXQDFRPSXWDGRUDXQWHOpIRQR
FHOXODU\RWURLQDOiPEULFR$OSULQFLSLRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUSUREOHPDVSDUDDFFHGHUD,QWHUQHW\OD
FRQH[LyQQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHUODPHMRU\SRUHVRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOODPDUDODFRPSDxtDGH,QWHUQHW
SDUDVROLFLWDU>DVNIRU@XQDFRQH[LyQPiVUiSLGD(QODFRPSDxtDHOORVOHBBBBBBBBBBBBBD\XGDU\'LHJR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBREWHQHU>WRJHW@XQDPHMRUFRQH[LyQ&XDQGRpOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFHUUDUVXHPSUHVD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHQGHUWRGDVODVFRVDVGHVXRFLQD
c. Escoge la opcin correcta. / Choose the correct answer.
1. Luisa ____________________ un blog para hablar de nutricin desde hace cinco aos.
DWXYR EYDDWHQHU FWLHQH
(QHVWHPRPHQWR/XLVD\(VWHEDQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUXQDSiJLQDZHEFRQLQIRUPDFLyQVREUH
medicina y nutricin.
DTXLVLHURQ EYDQDTXHUHU FTXLHUHQ
/XLVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDWRGRVORVYHFLQRVGHOYHFLQGDULR\SRUHVRODUHXQLyQYDDVHUHQVXFDVD
DFRQRFLy EYDDFRQRFHU FFRQRFH
4. Elena y su esposo _______________________ a la reunin de maana.

DIXHURQ EYDQDLU FYDQ
$OHMDQGUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGLUHFWRUDGHHVFXHODSRUXQRVDxRVDQWHVGHFDVDUVH>WRJHWPDUULHG@
DIXH EYDDVHU FHV
168
6. A Alejandra le gusta mucho su nuevo telfono celular y todos los das ______________________ mensajes de
texto.
DPDQGy EYDQDPDQGDU FPDQGD
(OSULPHUDxRGHXQLYHUVLGDG3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQHVWXGLDUHQIHUPHUtD>QXUVLQJ@SHURDKRUDQR
___________________ estudiar enfermera.
DSHQVyTXLHUH EYDQDSHQVDUTXLVR FSLHQVDTXLHUH
$KRUDW~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRVFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRV
DWXYLVWH EYDVDWHQHU FWLHQHV
$\HUW~\WXVDPLJRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQHOPHMRUUHVWDXUDQWHGHODFLXGDG
DFRPLHURQ EYDQDFRPHU FFRPHQ
7XVDPLJRV\WXBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRVFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRVD\HUGXUDQWHHOWUDEDMR
DHQYLDURQ EYDQDHQYLDU FHQYtDQ
IV. Lectura cultural / Cultural reading
El cacao
El rbol del cacao es originario de Amrica, probablemente
de los Andes. La planta del cacao es una planta tropical que
requiere un clima caliente y constantes lluvias. La cosecha de
esta fruta puede obtenerse durante varios meses del ao, y
en algunos pases ocurre en cualquier momento. Esta fruta
es la base para lo que conocemos como chocolate y tambin
para el mole, por ejemplo, una salsa que es una especialidad
de Puebla, Mxico. Parece que los productos derivados del
cacao se consuman mucho tiempo antes de la llegada de los
espaoles al Nuevo Mundo, incluyendo bebidas fermentadas.
$GHPiV GH VXV XVRV JDVWURQyPLFRV DQWHV GH VH
utilizaba el grano del cacao como moneda en Mesoamrica.
Hay muchas variedades de la planta de cacao, pero en general, la planta tiene altos niveles de antioxidantes que
pueden ayudar a combatir el envejecimiento y ayudar con los problemas cardiovasculares. A pesar de ser un producto
RULJLQDULRGH$PpULFDKR\HQGtDORVSULQFLSDOHVSURGXFWRUHVGHOFDFDRFRQGHODSURGXFFLyQPXQGLDOVRQORV
SDtVHVHQIULFDGHO2HVWHLQFOX\HQGR&RVWDGH0DUO&DPHU~Q\*KDQD(Q$VLDVHFXOWLYDODSODQWDHQ,QGRQHVLD
\0DODVLDPLHQWUDVTXHHQODV$PpULFDVKD\FDFDRHQ&RORPELD(FXDGRU%UDVLO0p[LFR\OD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD
Para muchos pequeos agricultores y comerciantes, el cacao representa una fuente de ingresos importante.
Aunque Nicaragua no es uno de los principales pases productores del cacao en el mundo, tiene proyectos de cultivo,
FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\H[SRUWDFLyQTXHKDQRULJLQDGRJUDQGHVEHQHFLRVSDUDODSREODFLyQQLFDUDJHQVH(Q0DWDJDOSD
se produce uno de los mejores cafs de Nicaragua, pero los pequeos agricultores de la ciudad han encontrado en la
produccin del cacao otra oportunidad de tener una mejor rentabilidad e ingresos en sus cultivos. Gracias al cacao,
169
algunos nicaragenses han encontrado respuestas a sus problemas econmicos que no haban podido solucionar
solo con el cultivo del caf.
1. Qu requiere la planta del cacao? _____________________________________________.
&XiOHVVRQWUHVSULQFLSDOHVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVGHFDFDR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4XLpQHVSURGXFHQHOGHODSURGXFFLyQPXQGLDOGHOFDFDR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
4. Dnde se produce uno de los mejores cafs de Nicaragua? _________________________.

a. 1. va a mandarles / va a ser
LQYLWyHQYLyHQYLDURQGLMHURQGLMR
HVWiSODQHDQGRHVWiHQYLiQGROH
4. va a mandarles / quiere hablarles / le dijeron / les dijo / est envindole / recordarle
5. est preocupada
b. 1. empez 6. llam
SLGLy 7. ayudaron
FRPSUy 8. obtuvo
4. tuvo 9. cerr
5. fue YHQGLy
c. FWLHQH FPDQGD

FTXLHUHQ DSHQVyTXLHUH
FFRQRFH EYDVDWHQHUFWLHQHV
EYDQDLUFYDQ DFRPLHURQ
DIXH DHQYLDURQ
Lectura cultural
1. Requiere un clima caliente y constantes lluvias.
(QWUHRWURV&RVWDGH0DUO&DPHU~Q\*KDQDVRQSULQFLSDOHVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVGHFDFDR
/RVSDtVHVGHIULFDGHO2HVWH
4. En la ciudad de Matagalpa.
Cocoa
The cacao tree is native to the Americas, probably from the Andes. The cocoa plant is a tropical plant that requires a
hot climate and constant rains. The harvesting of this fruit can be done during various months of the year, and in some
countries it occurs at any time. This fruit is the basis for what we know as chocolate and also for mole, for example, a
VDXFHWKDWLVDVSHFLDOW\RI3XHEOD0H[LFR,WVHHPVWKDWWKHSURGXFWVGHULYHGIURPFRFRDZHUHEHLQJFRQVXPHGORQJ
EHIRUHWKHDUULYDORIWKH6SDQLDUGVLQWKH1HZ:RUOGLQFOXGLQJIHUPHQWHGEHYHUDJHV,QDGGLWLRQWRLWVJDVWURQRPLF
XVHVEHIRUHWKHFRFRDEHDQZDVXVHGDVFXUUHQF\LQ0HVRDPHULFD
There are many varieties of the cocoa plant, but in general the plant has high levels of antioxidants that can help
WRJKWDJLQJDQGKHOSZLWKFDUGLRYDVFXODUSUREOHPV'HVSLWHEHLQJDSURGXFWRULJLQDWLQJLQ$PHULFDQRZDGD\VWKH
SULQFLSDOSURGXFHUVRIFRFRDZLWKRIZRUOGZLGHSURGXFWLRQDUHWKHFRXQWULHVRI:HVW$IULFDLQFOXGLQJ,YRU\&RDVW

&DPHURRQDQG*KDQD,Q$VLDWKHSODQWLVFXOWLYDWHGLQ,QGRQHVLDDQG0DOD\VLDZKLOHLQWKH$PHULFDVWKHUHLVFRFRD
in Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republc. For many small farmers and businesspeople,
cocoa represents an important source of income.
Although Nicaragua is not one of the main cocoa-producing countries in the world, it has projects of cultivation,
FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQDQGH[SRUWWKDWKDYHSURGXFHGJUHDWEHQHWVIRUWKH1LFDUJXDQSHRSOH2QHRI1LFDUDJXDVEHVW
coffees is produced in Matagalpa, but the small farmers of the city have found in the production of cocoa another
RSSRUWXQLW\WRKDYHEHWWHUSURWDELOLW\DQGUHYHQXHVLQWKHLUIDUPLQJ7KDQNVWRFRFRDVRPH1LFDUDJXDQVKDYHIRXQG
answers to their economic problems that they had not been able to solve by only growing coffee beans.
171
Grammar Reference
Articles
'HQLWH$UWLFOHV ,QGHQLWH$UWLFOHV
masc. fem. masc. fem.
sing. el la sing. un una

pl. los las pl. unos unas
The two contractions in Spanish are as follows.
a + el = al de + el = del
Feminine nouns beginning with the sound a in a stressed syllable use el rather than laDVWKHLUGHQLWHDUWLFOHDQGun
rather than unaDVWKHLULQGHQLWHDUWLFOHHJel guila rpida, un guila rpida
Nouns
Words ending in -o are usually masculine; words ending in the letters -r and -lDUHDOVRXVXDOO\PDVFXOLQHHJel
maestro, el televisor, el papel:RUGVHQGLQJLQ-aDUHXVXDOO\IHPLQLQHZRUGVHQGLQJLQWKHVXI[HV-in, -ad, and
-tudDUHDOVRDOPRVWDOZD\VIHPLQLQHHJla mesa, la nacin, la posibilidad, la virtud:RUGVHQGLQJLQ-ista can
EHHLWKHUPDVFXOLQHRUIHPLQLQHHJel dentista, la dentista
The rules for making a noun plural are as follows.
1. ,IDQRXQHQGVLQDYRZHODGGDQ-s: la silla las sillas.

,IDQRXQHQGVLQDFRQVRQDQWRWKHUWKDQz, add -es: el papel los papeles.
,IDQRXQHQGVLQDz, change the z to c and add -es: el lpiz los lpices.
Adjectives
$GMHFWLYHVPXVWDJUHHLQQXPEHUDQGJHQGHUZLWKWKHQRXQPRGLHG$GMHFWLYHVHQGLQJLQ-o and -dor and adjectives
of nationality ending in a consonant have four forms.
masc. fem. masc. fem. masc. fem.
sing. guapo guapa hablador habladora ingls inglesa

pl. guapos guapas habladores habladoras ingleses inglesas
Almost all other adjective have two forms.
masc. & fem. masc. & fem.
sing. elegante fenomenal

pl. elegantes fenomenales
$GMHFWLYHVLQ6SDQLVKW\SLFDOO\IROORZWKHQRXQPRGLHGHJQueremos ver la casa grande y los parques bonitos
Possessive Adjectives
mi / mis nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras
tu / tus vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras
su / sus su / sus
3RVVHVVLYHDGMHFWLYHVSUHFHGHWKHPRGLHGQRXQHJTengo mis libros y ella tiene sus papeles

Grammar Reference
Demonstrative Adjectives
masc. fem. masc. fem. masc. fem.
sing. este esta ese esa aquel aquella

pl. estos estas esos esas aquellos aquellas
'HPRQVWUDWLYHDGMHFWLYHVSUHFHGHWKHPRGLHGQRXQHJMe gusta esta computadora aqu
Demonstrative adjectives, which modify a noun, can also be used as demonstrative pronouns, which take the place of
DQRXQHJ&XiOGHORVUHVWDXUDQWHVSUHHUHVHVHRDTXHO"
Adverbs
2QHZD\WRIRUPDQDGYHUELVWRDGGWKHVXI[-menteWRWKHIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUIRUPRIDQDGMHFWLYHHJactiva +
mente activamente; general + mente generalmente$FRPPRQZD\WRPDNHDQDGYHUELDOH[SUHVVLRQLVWR
use the preposition conEHIRUHDQRXQHJcon frecuencia, con cuidado
Pronouns
Subject Pronouns Prepositional Pronouns
yo nosotros, nosotras m nosotros, nosotras

t vosotros, vosotras ti vosotros, vosotras
usted ustedes usted ustedes
l ellos l ellos
ella ellas ella ellas
5HH[LYH3URQRXQV 'LUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV ,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV
me nos me nos me nos

te os te os te os
se se lo los le les
la las
'LUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDQGUHH[LYHSURQRXQVJRHLWKHUEHIRUHDFRQMXJDWHGYHUERUDIWHU
DQGDWWDFKHGWRDQLQQLWLYHRUDSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOH([DPSOHVLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ
Lo vamos a hacer maana or Vamos a hacerlo maana.
Les quiero dar todo el dinero or Quiero darles todo el dinero.
Me estoy poniendo los zapatos or Estoy ponindome los zapatos.
The indirect object pronoun always precedes the direct object pronoun when both are used in the same sentence
HJSi tengo los papeles, te los puedo mostrar
Both le and les become se before lo, la, los, and las HJ Cuando los estudiantes quieren ms tiempo, sus
maestros siempre se lo dan
Verbs
Present 7HQVHRI5HJXODU9HUEV
Once you learn the regular -ar endings in the present tense, you can learn the -er and -ir endings by knowing the following.
1. The -er endings have just one difference from the -ar endings: Change a e for every -ar ending, and that
gives you the -er endings.
There are only two differences between the -er endings and the -ir endings: emos imos and is s.

bailar comer vivir
bailo bailamos como comemos vivo vivimos

bailas bailis comes comis vives vivs
baila bailan come comen vive viven
Present 7HQVHRI&RPPRQO\8VHG,UUHJXODU9HUEV
ser estar ir
soy somos estoy estamos voy vamos

eres sois ests estis vas vais
es son est estn va van
tener venir dar
tengo tenemos vengo venimos doy damos

tienes tenis vienes vens das dais
tiene tienen viene vienen da dan
The following verbs have irregular yo forms in the present tense: saberyo sconoceryo conozcohaceryo
hagoponer yo pongo traer yo traigo salir yo salgo verbs ending in -ger, such as proteger yo protejo
and verbs ending in -cer or -cir, such as ofreceryo ofrezcoDQGconducir yo conduzco
Present 7HQVHRI6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV
9HUEVWKDWFKDQJHVWHP
1. Have one of four stem changes: e ie, e i, o ue, u ue.

Have regular endings.
&KDQJHVWHPLQDOOVLQJXODUIRUPVDQGLQWKHWKLUGSHUVRQSOXUDOLQWKHERRW
querer pedir recordar jugar
quiero queremos pido pedimos recuerdo recordamos juego jugamos

quieres queris pides peds recuerdas recordis juegas jugis
quiere quieren pide piden recuerda recuerdan juega juegan
Talking about Something Happening Right Now

The present progressive, used to talk about something happening right now, is formed as follows: estar in the present
+ present participle. To form the present participle, do the following: For an -ar verb, drop the -ar ending and add -ando;
for an -er or -ir verb, drop the -er or -ir ending and add -iendoHJbailar bailando; aprender aprendiendo;
abrir abriendo
9HUEV HQGLQJ LQ -er or -ir WKDW KDYH VWHPV HQGLQJ LQ D YRZHO KDYH LUUHJXODU SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOHV ,QVWHDG RI HQGLQJ
in -iendo, the participle for these verbs ends in -yendo with a y HJ leer leyendo; or oyendo; traer
trayendo
An example of the present progressive being used is Estamos comiendo ahora.
Talking about the Future

Two ways to talk about the future are as follows.
1. 8VHWKHSUHVHQWWHQVHHJMaana te doy la computadora

Use the construcion ir + aLQQLWLYHHJEsta noche vamos a trabajar mucho
174
Grammar Reference
Talking about the Recent Past

Acabar in the present + deLQQLWLYHLVXVHGWRH[SUHVVDUHFHQWSDVWHYHQWHJLa profesora acaba de explicar
la leccin
Expressing How Long Something Has Been Going On

A construction that expresses how long something has been going on is hace + time period + que + present tense of
YHUEHJHace cuatro meses que estudiamos espaol
Another way to express how long something has been going on is with the question Desde cundo + subject +
present tense of verb?HJDesde cundo trabajas aqu?
There are three ways that a question like this could be answered. One way is with the construction Desde que +
VXEMHFWSUHVHQWWHQVHRIYHUEHJDesde que trabajo en la universidad$VHFRQGZD\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQLV
with the construction DesdeVSHFLFSRLQWLQWLPHHJDesde el mes pasado$WKLUGZD\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQ
is with the construction Desde haceWLPHSHULRGHJDesde hace tres aos
Usted and ustedes Commands

To form an usted command:
1. Drop the -o ending from the yo form of the verb in the present tense.
For -ar verbs, add an e, and for -er and -ir verbs, add an a.
Examples of usted commands include the following: caminar camine; aprender aprenda; abrir abra.
Stem-changing verbs follow this same rule to form the ustedFRPPDQGHJpensar piense; dormir duerma;
servir sirva0DQ\YHUEVWKDWDUHLUUHJXODULQWKHSUHVHQWWHQVHKDYHUHJXODUusted command forms, meaning that
WKH\IROORZWKHVDPHUXOHVDVRWKHUYHUEVHJconocer conozca; or oiga; venir venga
9HUEVHQGLQJLQ-car, -gar, and -zar have the following spelling changes in the usted command form: For verbs ending
in -car, the change is c qu; for verbs ending in -gar, the change is g gu; for verbs ending in -zar, the change is z
cHJtocar toque; buscar busque; pagar pague
The irregular usted command forms are as follows: dar d; estar est; ser sea; saber sepa; ir vaya.
Putting a no before an usted FRPPDQG PDNHV LW QHJDWLYH HJ No coma$GGLQJ DQ -n to the usted command
makes it an ustedesFRPPDQGHJAmigos, vengan a nuestra casa$no and an -n at the end of the command
results in a negative ustedesFRPPDQGHJPor favor, chicos, no vayan ahora
$IUPDWLYHW~ Commands
7KH DIUPDWLYH t FRPPDQG LV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH HJ estudiar
estudia; comer come; abrir abre; jugar juega; servir sirve; or oye
There are eight irregular t commands: venir ven; salir sal; poner pon; tener ten; hacer haz; ser
s; decir di; ir ve.
Negative t Commands
The negative t command is formed in the following way: no + usted command + -sHJtrabajar no trabajes;
tener no tengas; vivir no vivas; ser no seas; hacer no hagas
$IUPDWLYHYRVRWURV Commands
To make a vosotros command, drop the -rRIWKHLQQLWLYHDQGUHSODFHLWZLWKD-dHJhablar hablad; tener
tened; dormir dormid7KHvosotros command is only used in Spain; a Latin American would use an ustedes
command rather than a vosotros command.
175
Using Pronouns with Commands

7KUHHW\SHVRISURQRXQVFDQEHXVHGZLWKFRPPDQGVGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDQGUHH[LYH
SURQRXQV7KHVHSURQRXQVJRDIWHUDIUPDWLYHFRPPDQGVDQGEHIRUHQHJDWLYHFRPPDQGVDVVKRZQEHORZ1RWLFH
WKDWWKHUVWWKUHHFRPPDQGVEHORZDUHtFRPPDQGVDQGWKHQDOWKUHHFRPPDQGVDUHusted commands.
,QQLWLYH Pronoun(s) $IUPDWLYH&RPPDQG Negative Command
t dar me + lo dmelo no me lo des

commands
despertarse se despirtate no te despiertes
hacer lo hazlo no lo hagas
usted acostarse se acustese no se acueste

commands
comer las cmalas no las coma
escribir le + la escrbasela no se la escriba
Preterite Tense
Once you learn the regular -ar endings in the preterite tense, you can learn the -er/-ir endings and the endings for
verbs like tener by knowing the following.
1. The endings for -er and -ir verbs are the same, and they all start with the letter i ,Q IDFW WKH -er and -ir
HQGLQJVIRUIRXUVXEMHFWVyo, t, nosotros, vosotrosFDQEHIRUPHGE\FKDQJLQJWKHUVWOHWWHURIWKH-ar
ending to iHJ ; aste iste; amos imos; asteis isteis
The differences in endings between -ar and -er/-ir verbs are as follows for the usted and ustedes forms:
i; aron ieron.
The preterite endings for verbs like tener are the -ar endings without the accent for the yo and usted forms
HJ-e of tuve; -o of tuvo7KHRWKHUIRXUHQGLQJVDUHWKHVDPHDVWKHUHJXODU-er/-irHQGLQJVHJ-iste of
tuviste; -imos of tuvimos; -isteis of tuvisteis; -ieron of tuvieron
9HUEV(QGLQJLQ-ar 9HUEV(QGLQJLQ-er/-ir 9HUEVOLNHtener
repasar abrir poder

repas repasamos abr abrimos pude pudimos
repasaste repasasteis abriste abristeis pudiste pudisteis
repas repasaron abri abrieron pudo pudieron
9HUEVHQGLQJLQ-car, -gar, and -zar have the following spelling change in the yo form of the preterite: c qu; g gu;
z cHJyo saqu; yo pagu; yo comenc
Stem-changing verbs ending in -irDOVRFKDQJHVWHPLQWKHSUHWHULWHEXWQRWLQWKHERRWDVWKH\GRLQWKHSUHVHQW

WHQVH 7KH SUHWHULWH VWHP FKDQJH IRU -ir YHUEV KDSSHQV LQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU DQG SOXUDO IRUPV7KH VSHFLF
changes that happen are as follows.
1. 9HUEVWKDWFKDQJHe ie or e i in the present change e i in the preterite.

9HUEVWKDWFKDQJHo ue in the present change o u in the preterite.
servir dormir
serv servimos dorm dormimos

serviste servisteis dormiste dormisteis
sirvi sirvieron durmi durmieron
176
Grammar Reference
The verbs ser and ir have the same conjugation in the preterite.
ser / ir
fui fuimos
fuiste fuisteis
fue fueron
Comparisons
Comparisons RI,QHTXDOLW\
When making comparisons using an adjective, the construction used is as follows: ms or menos + adjective + que
HJEstoy ms nervioso que t
The construction is the same when making comparisons using an adverb: ms or menos + adverb + queHJEllos
llegan ms tarde que nosotros
When doing a comparison of inequality focused on the verb, the construction used is as follows: ms que or menos
queHJNuestros abuelos siempre cocinan ms que nosotros
When talking about numbers, the construction used is as follows: ms or menos + deQXPEHUHJA veces ella
tiene ms de dos trabajos
When comparing more than two things and distinguishing which one exceeds the others, the construction used is as
IROORZVGHQLWHDUWLFOHms or menos + adjective + de HJBrasil es el ms grande de los pases en Amrica
del Sur
,UUHJXODUFRPSDUDWLYHIRUPVLQFOXGHmejor, peor, mayor, and menor. When using these four adjectives, no ms or
menosLVQHHGHGHJAnita es mayor que su hermana; Carlos y Juan son los mejores de la clase
Comparisons of Equality
When using an adjective or adverb to compare two things that are equal, the construction used is as follows: tan
+ adjective or adverb + como HJ Las doctoras son tan simpticas como las profesoras; Paco corre tan
lentamente como yo
,QDFRPSDULVRQRIHTXDOLW\ZLWKQRXQVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQXVHGLVDVIROORZVtanto/tanta/tantos/tantas + noun + como

HJIsabel practica tantos deportes como su amigo; Es cierto que tengo tanta hambre como t
,QDFRPSDULVRQRIHTXDOLW\ZLWKYHUEVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQXVHGLVDVIROORZVYHUEtanto comoHJLeemos tanto

como las muchachas
177
Los glosarios / The Glossaries
T
he glossaries included in this workbook are tools that will help you acquire Spanish vocabulary so that you can
XVH LW HIIHFWLYHO\ ZKHQ FRPPXQLFDWLQJ LQ WKH ODQJXDJH )ROORZLQJ WKHVH EULHI LQWURGXFWRU\ QRWHV \RX ZLOO QG
four different glossaries.
1. Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic: This glossary groups words together by function so that you can
study in one place, for example, the colors, months of the year, weather expressions, parts of the body, etc.
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates: This glossary includes Spanish words that are cognates with
English words. Reviewing these words will help you gain a sense of how many Spanish words are similar to
English words, and learning these cognates will aid your listening and reading comprehension greatly. Roughly
one-third of all the Spanish words presented in this course are cognates with English words. To get the most
RXWRIWKLVJORVVDU\\RXVKRXOGXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHIROORZLQJVXI[HVDUHHTXLYDOHQWLQ(QJOLVKDQG6SDQLVK
(QJOLVK6XI[ 6SDQLVK6XI[ ([DPSOH&RJQDWHV
-tion -cin celebration la celebracin

-sion -sin expression la expresin
-ity -idad activity la actividad
-ive -ivo progressive progresivo
-ity -idad possibility la posibilidad
-ed -ado frustrated frustrado
-ly -mente exactly exactamente
-tude -tud attitude la actitud
-logy -loga technology la tecnologa
1. Glosario espaol-ingls / Spanish-English Glossary: This glossary gives you the English for a Spanish
word.
Glosario ingls-espaol / English-Spanish Glossary: This glossary gives you the Spanish for an English
word.
7KHZRUGV\RXZLOOQGLQWKHVHJORVVDULHVDUHWKHRQHVWKDWDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHOHVVRQV7KURXJKRXWWKHFRXUVH
the focus has been on high-frequency words, meaning words that are used most often by native speakers of Spanish.
<RXUDELOLW\WROHDUQDQGXVHWKHYRFDEXODU\SUHVHQWHGLQWKHVHJORVVDULHVZLOOJRDORQJZD\WRZDUGGHWHUPLQLQJKRZ
successful you are in communicating with other Spanish speakers.
NB: Typically, Spanish nouns are presented in glossaries in the following way.
paredZDOOI >ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWpared is wall LQ(QJOLVKDQGLVDIHPLQLQHQRXQ@
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZWKHJHQGHURIDQRXQEHFDXVHLI\RXZDQWWRVD\IRUH[DPSOH7KHZDOOLVZKLWH\RXQHHGWR
know that paredLVIHPLQLQHVR\RXFDQFRUUHFWO\XVHWKHDSSURSULDWHGHQLWHDUWLFOHlaDQGWKHDSSURSULDWHIRUPRI
WKHDGMHFWLYHblancaWRVD\La pared es blanca.
The problem with glossaries using the above format is that they promote the following kind of mental processing by the
learner of Spanish: pared means wall and is feminine, so the way to say the wall must be la pared. Thats too much
thinking and takes too much time.
,Q WKHVH JORVVDULHV WKH 6SDQLVK ZRUG LV SUHVHQWHG ZLWK WKH GHQLWH DUWLFOH SUHFHGLQJ LW 6R pared is presented as
follows.
178
Los glosarios / The Glossaries
la paredZDOO >WKHDXGLRJORVVDU\OLNHZLVHSUHVHQWVWKHDUWLFOHEHIRUHWKHQRXQ@
With this kind of glossary entry, you are encouraged to learn that la paredPHDQVWKHZDOOHYHQWKRXJKWKH(QJOLVK
LVSURYLGHGDVZDOOUDWKHUWKDQWKHWHFKQLFDOO\FRUUHFWWKHZDOO7KHYHU\IDFWWKDWpared is preceded by la tells you
that its a feminine noun.
:KHQ\RXVWXG\YRFDEXODU\DQGWREHDVXFFHVVIXOODQJXDJHOHDUQHU\RXPXVWVWXG\QHZZRUGVLQRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQG
DQGXVHWKHP\RXVKRXOGOHDUQQRXQVZLWKWKHLUDSSURSULDWHGHQLWHDUWLFOHel or laSUHFHGLQJWKHP7KDWZD\LI\RX
want to say in Spanish The wall is white, you automatically know that this would be La pared es blanca, because all
along you have learned that the way to say the wall is la pared. Knowing that, blanca must be the appropriate form
of the adjective to use, because pared is clearly a feminine noun.
7KHUHZLOOEHDIHZFDVHVLQZKLFKWKHGHQLWHDUWLFOHXVHGEHIRUHWKHQRXQLVnotLQGLFDWLYHRIWKHQRXQVJHQGHU,Q
those few cases, the glossary entry will appear as follows.
el aguaZDWHU>IHP@
The above entry means that to say the water you say el aguaEXWWKH>IHP@IROORZLQJWKHZRUGPHDQVWKDWLWLV
feminine. So, to say, for example, The water is cold, you would say El agua est fraXVLQJWKHIHPLQLQHIRUPfra
because aguaLVIHPLQLQH2QFHDJDLQWKHUHDUHYHU\IHZZRUGVOLNHWKLVLQ6SDQLVK,QDOPRVWDOOFDVHVWKHGHQLWH
DUWLFOHel or laSUHFHGLQJWKHQRXQZLOOWHOO\RXWKHQRXQVJHQGHUZRUGVSUHFHGHGE\el are masculine, while words
preceded by la are feminine.
When adjectives are presented, the masculine singular form of the adjective is included.
:KHQ SHRSOH DQG SURIHVVLRQV DUH SUHVHQWHG VRPHWLPHV ERWK WKH PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH IRUPV HJ OD
dentista female dentist; el dentistaPDOHGHQWLVWDUHLQFOXGHG$WRWKHUWLPHVRQO\WKHPDVFXOLQHIRUPHJHO
arquitectoDUFKLWHFWLVLQFOXGHG$V\RXOHDUQLQWKHFRXUVHWKHIHPLQLQHIRUPRIWKLVQRXQZRXOGEHWKHIROORZLQJ
la arquitecta.
For stem-changing verbs, the stem change is noted. That mostrar, for example, is an o to ue stem-changing verb can
be seen in mostrarRXHWRVKRZ
The abbreviations used in the glossaries are as follows.
masc. masculine sing. singular dir. direct inf. informal

fem. feminine pl. plural ind. indirect form. formal
adj. adjective obj. object
pron. pronoun
179
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
Los saludos / Greetings gracias thank you
saludar to greet muy bien, gracias very well, thank you
hola hello bastante bienMXVWQH
Qu tal? Hows it going? bienvenidosZHOFRPH>SO@
Cmo ests?+RZDUH\RX">LQIVLQJ@ Te presento a./HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>LQI

VLQJ@
Cmo est usted? +RZDUH\RX">IRUPVLQJ@
Le presento a./HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>IRUP
Cmo estn ustedes?+RZDUH\RX">IRUPSO@ VLQJ@
Bien, gracias. Y t?)LQHWKDQNV$QG\RX">LQI Les presento a. /HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>SO@
VLQJ@
adis good-bye
Bien, gracias. Y usted? Fine, thanks. And you?
>IRUPVLQJ@ chao bye
Bien, gracias. Y ustedes? Fine, thanks. And hasta luego see you later
\RX">IRUPSO@
hasta maana see you tomorrow
bien well
hasta pronto see you soon
Estoy bien.,PZHOO
nos vemos see you
mal not well
Qu pasa? Whats happening?
Estoy mal.,PQRWZHOO
Perdneme.3DUGRQPH>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
regular so-so
Disclpeme.([FXVHPH>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
ms o menos so-so
enhorabuena congratulations
no muy bien not very well
felicidades congratulations
buenos das good morning
Qu elegante!+RZHOHJDQW
buen da good morning
buenas tardes good afternoon Palabras de comunicacin /

Communication Words
buenas noches good evening, good night
comunicarse to communicate
Me llamo. My name is.
la comunicacin communication
Soy. ,DP
No entiendo.,GRQWXQGHUVWDQG
Mi nombre es. My name is.
Entiendes?'R\RXXQGHUVWDQG">LQIVLQJ@
Cmo te llamas?:KDWV\RXUQDPH">LQIVLQJ@
entender HLHWRXQGHUVWDQG
Cmo se llama usted? Whats your name?
comprender to understand
>IRUPVLQJ@
Qu quiere decir? What does it mean?
mucho gusto nice to meet you
Cmo est Carla? How is Carla?
encantadoSOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>VSHDNHUPDVF@
Cmo es Carla? What is Carla like?
encantadaSOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>VSHDNHUIHP@
no?,VQWWKDWVR"
Es un placer.,WVDSOHDVXUH
verdad? right?
igualmente likewise
cierto? right?

hablar to speak, to talk julio July
hablador talkative agosto August
llamar to call septiembre September
escuchar to hear octubre October
or to hear noviembre November
animar to encourage diciembre December
decir to say, to tell

Las estaciones / Seasons
la expresin expression
la estacin season
corregirHLWRFRUUHFW
la primavera spring
la verdad truth
el verano summer
la conversacin conversation
el otoo autumn
expresar to express
el invierno winter
comentar to comment on
mencionar to mention Los periodos de tiempo / Time Periods

el momento moment
criticar to criticize
el segundo second
charlar to chat
el minuto minute
DUPDU to declare
la hora hour, time
el mandato command
el da day
Los das de la semana /
la maana morning
Days of the week
lunes Monday la tarde afternoon
martes Tuesday la noche night
mircoles Wednesday la semana week
jueves Thursday el QGHVHPDQD weekend
viernes Friday el mes month
sbado Saturday el ao year
domingo Sunday todo el da all day
el viernes on Friday toda la noche all night
los martes on Tuesdays por tres horas for three hours
durante una semana during a week

Los meses del ao /
Months of the Year Otras palabras del tiempo /
enero January Other Time Words
febrero February el tiempo time, weather
marzo March ahora now
abril April ahora mismo right now
mayo May el presente present
junio June hoy today
181
maana tomorrow frecuentemente frequently
ayer yesterday todos los das every day
anoche last night tarde late
anteayer the day before yesterday temprano early
la semana pasada last week en este momento at this moment
el QGHVHPDQDSDVDGR last weekend en un momento in a moment
el mes pasado last month pasado past, last
el ao pasado last year entonces then
el lunes pasado last Monday luego later
desde cuando since when

Las expresiones de tiempo /
el sbado por la maana Saturday morning Weather expressions
el martes por la noche Tuesday night Qu tiempo hace? Whats the weather like?
Qu hora es? What time is it? Hace buen tiempo.,WVJRRGZHDWKHU
el cuarto quarter Hace mal tiempo.,WVEDGZHDWKHU
la media (hora) half an hour Hace sol.,WVVXQQ\
en punto on the dot, exactly Hace viento.,WVZLQG\
Son las tres.,WVWKUHHRFORFN Hace fro.,WVFROG
a las cincoDWYHRFORFN Hace calor.,WVKRW
el medioda noon Hace fresco.,WVFRRO
la medianoche midnight Est a veinticinco grados. ,WVWZHQW\YHGHJUHHV
por la maana in the morning Hay tormenta. Theres a storm.
por la tarde in the afternoon Caen rayos.,WVOLJKWQLQJ
por la noche at night Truena.,WVWKXQGHULQJ
la fecha date Est nublado.,WVFORXG\
Cul es la fecha de hoy? What is todays date? Est despejado.,WVFOHDUFORXGOHVV
el cumpleaos birthday Llueve.,WVUDLQLQJ
el Ao Nuevo1HZ<HDUV'D\ Est lloviendo.,WVUDLQLQJ
la Navidad Christmas la lluvia rain
antes de before Hay niebla.,WVIRJJ\
despus de after Llovizna.,WVGUL]]OLQJ
antes de Cristo B.C. Nieva.,WVVQRZLQJ
despus de Cristo A.D. Hay hielo.,WVLF\
ms tarde later la temperatura temperature
siempre always los grados degrees
a veces at times el huracn hurricane
de vez en cuando from time to time la precipitacin precipitation
a menudo often

veintitrs twenty-three
Los nmeros ordinales / Ordinal numbers
veinticuatro twenty-four
el nmero number
veinticincoWZHQW\YH
primero UVW
veintisis twenty-six
segundo second
veintisiete twenty-seven
tercero third
veintiocho twenty-eight
cuarto fourth
veintinueve twenty-nine
quinto IWK
treinta thirty
sexto sixth
treinta y uno thirty-one
sptimo seventh
treinta y dos thirty-two
octavo eighth
treinta y tres thirty-three
noveno ninth
dcimo tenth 0~OWLSORVGHKDVWD

0XOWLSOHVRIWR
Los nmeros hasta 33 / Numbers to 33 diez ten
cero zero veinte twenty
uno one treinta thirty
dos two cuarenta forty
tres three cincuentaIW\
cuatro four sesenta sixty
cincoYH setenta seventy
seis six ochenta eighty
siete seven noventa ninety
ocho eight cien one hundred
nueve nine
\PiVGHDQG0RUH7KDQ
diez ten
cien one hundred
once eleven
doscientos two hundred
doce twelve
trescientos three hundred
trece thirteen
cuatrocientos four hundred
catorce fourteen
quinientosYHKXQGUHG
quinceIWHHQ
seiscientos six hundred
diecisis sixteen
setecientos seven hundred
diecisiete seventeen
ochocientos eight hundred
dieciocho eighteen
novecientos nine hundred
diecinueve nineteen
mil thousand
veinte twenty
milln million
veintiuno twenty-one
veintids twenty-two

Los colores / Colors Las personas / People

el color color la persona person
rojo red la gente people
anaranjado orange el muchacho boy
amarillo yellow la muchacha girl
verde green el nio boy
azul blue la nia girl
morado purple el chico boy
rosado pink la chica girl
negro black el seor Mr., man
marrn brown la seora Mrs., woman
blanco white la seorita Miss, young woman
gris gray el hombre man
la mujer woman
Las nacionalidades / Nationalities
el vecino male neighbor
cubano Cuban
la vecina female neighbor
dominicano Dominican
el amigo male friend
puertorriqueo Puerto Rican
la amiga female friend
norteamericano1RUWK$PHULFDQ
el novio boyfriend
mexicano Mexican
la novia girlfriend
guatemalteco Guatemalan
la pareja partner, couple
salvadoreo Salvadoran
la media naranja soul mate
hondureo Honduran
el alma gemelaVRXOPDWH>IHP@
nicaragense Nicaraguan
el trabajador male worker
costarricense Costa Rican
la trabajadora female worker
panameo Panamanian
el miembro member
venezolano9HQH]XHODQ
colombiano Colombian La familia / Family

ecuatoriano Ecuadorian la familia family
peruano Peruvian el pariente relative
boliviano Bolivian los padres parents
chileno Chilean la madre mother
paraguayo Paraguayan la mam mom
argentino Argentine mami mommy
uruguayo Uruguayan el padre father
espaol Spaniard el pap dad
ecuatoguineano Equatorial Guinean papi daddy
184
el esposo husband el bisnieto great-grandson
la esposa wife la bisnieta great-granddaughter
el hijo son el gemelo twin
la hija daughter casado married
el hermano brother muerto dead
la hermana sister nico only, unique
el abuelo grandfather
Las profesiones / Professions
la abuela grandmother
la profesin profession
la abuelita granny
el trabajo work, job
el to uncle
el pianista male pianist
la ta aunt
la pianista female pianist
el primo male cousin
el dentista male dentist
la prima female cousin
la dentista female dentist
el sobrino nephew
el futbolista male soccer player
la sobrina niece
la futbolista female soccer player
el nieto grandson
el profesor male professor
la nieta granddaughter
la profesora female professor
el nombre name
el doctor male doctor
el apellido last name
la doctora female doctor
materno maternal
el maestro teacher
paterno paternal
el abogado lawyer
la suegra mother-in-law
el hombre de negocios businessman
el suegro father-in-law
la mujer de negocios businesswoman
la cuada sister-in-law
el arquitecto architect
el cuado brother-in-law
el enfermero nurse
la nuera daughter-in-law
el director de escuela school principal
el yerno son-in-law
el trabajador social social worker
la madrastra stepmother
el policaSROLFHRIFHU
el padrastro stepfather
el cocinero male cook
la hijastra stepdaughter
la cocinera female cook
el hijastro stepson
el mesero waiter
la hermanastra stepsister
la mesera waitress
el hermanastro stepbrother
el asistente assistant
el medio hermano half brother
el contador accountant
la media hermana half sister
el dueo owner
el bisabuelo great-grandfather
el gerente manager
la bisabuela great-grandmother
185
el secretario secretary el tobillo ankle
el supervisor supervisor el pie foot
el empleado employee el dedo del pie toe
la entrevista interview los pulmones lungs
la entrevista de trabajo job interview la garganta throat
entrevistar to interview el corazn heart
emplear to employ
La ropa / Clothing
contratar to hire
la ropa clothing
despedirHLWRUH
llevar to wear, to carry
Las partes del cuerpo / Parts of the body la camisa shirt
el cuerpo body el saco suit jacket
la cabeza head la corbata tie
el pelo hair el cinturn belt
la cara face los pantalones pants
la frente forehead el traje suit
el ojo eye los calcetines socks
la nariz nose los zapatos shoes
la mejilla cheek el sombrero hat
la boca mouth la gorra cap
el labio lip la camiseta T-shirt
el diente tooth el suter sweater
la lengua tongue, language la chaqueta jacket
la oreja ear el abrigo coat
el cuello neck la blusa blouse
el hombro shoulder la falda skirt
el pecho chest el vestido dress
la espalda back la ropa interior underwear
el estmago stomach las medias stockings
el brazo arm los zapatos de tenis sneakers
el codo elbow las botas boots
la mueca wrist las sandalias sandals
la mano hand la prenda item of clothing
el dedoQJHU los pantalones cortos shorts
la cintura waist el traje de bao bathing suit
la pierna leg el pijama pajamas
la rodilla knee los jeans jeans
186
el impermeable raincoat la universidad university
la bufanda scarf la residencia estudiantil dormitory
los guantes gloves el hotel hotel
el pauelo handkerchief el restaurante restaurant
los zapatos de tacn alto high-heel shoes la cafetera cafeteria
la talla size la plaza city square, town square
ir de compras to go shopping el museo museum
caro expensive el banco bank
barato inexpensive la farmacia pharmacy
chico small el supermercado supermarket
mediano medium el teatro theater
grande large el cine movie theater
el club club
Los accesorios y los materiales /
Accessories and materials el caf caf
la cartera wallet la discoteca discotheque
la bolsa purse la estacin de trenes train station
los lentes glasses la estacin de autobuses bus station
los lentes de sol sunglasses los servicios sanitarios restrooms
el anillo ring la librera bookstore
la pulsera bracelet la pizzera pizzeria
los aretes earrings la frutera fruit store
el collar necklace la zapatera shoe store
la joyera jewelry la panadera bakery
el algodn cotton la perfumera perfume store
la seda silk el gimnasio gymnasium
la lana wool el estadio stadium
el cuero leather el bar bar
el oro gold el zoolgico zoo
la plata silver la catedral cathedral
la tela fabric el correoSRVWRIFH
el material material la calle street
la autopista highway
Los lugares pblicos / Public Places
el HGLFLR building
la ciudad city
el parque park
la comunidad community
el hospital hospital
la escuela school
la biblioteca library
el colegio high school
187
la tienda store el diccionario dictionary
la RFLQDRIFH el lpiz pencil
la iglesia church la pluma pen
el aeropuerto airport la letra letter
el mercado market la palabra word
pronunciar to pronounce
En el aula / In the Classroom
la frase sentence
el aula FODVVURRP>IHP@
el vocabulario vocabulary
el curso course
la gramtica grammar
la clase class
el verbo verb
asistir a to attend
elYHUERUHH[LYRUHH[LYHYHUE
ensear to teach
la raz root, stem of a verb
aprender to learn
la conjugacin conjugation
escuchar to listen
la terminacin ending
estudiar to study
el sustantivo noun
Hay que estudiar.,WVQHFHVVDU\WRVWXG\
el adjetivo adjective
A estudiar!/HWVVWXG\
el adverbio adverb
la educacin education
la preposicin preposition
repasar to review
la atencin attention
el objeto indirecto indirect object
prestar atencin to pay attention
la leccin lesson
leer to read
el cuaderno notebook, workbook
Trato de leer mucho.,WU\WRUHDGDORW
la tarea homework, chore
escribir to write
el examen exam
la actividad activity
el cambio change
la pregunta question
la formacin formation
hacer una pregunta to ask a question
la explicacin explanation
responder to answer
el nfasis emphasis
la respuesta answer
fcil easy
el papel paper
difcilGLIFXOW
el mapa map
el tipo kind, type
el tema topic
la comprensin comprehension
la cuestin question, issue
explicar to explain
el estudiante male student
mejorar to improve
la estudiante female student
la computadora computer En la casa / At Home

el libro book la casa house
188
la casita little house el silln armchair
el comedor dining room la puerta door
la cocina kitchen la ventana window
el garaje garage la cmoda bureau
la sala living room la alfombra rug
el televisor television set el escritorio desk
la televisin television el estante bookshelf
la radio radio
En el comedor / In the Dining Room
el telfono telephone
el comedor dining room
el piano piano
comer to eat
la habitacin bedroom
beber to drink
el dormitorio bedroom
cocinar to cook
la cama bed
la comida food
el estudio study
la bebida drink
el pasillo hall
el plato plate
la pared wall
el tazn bowl
el techo roof
el tenedor fork
el sueloRRU
el cuchillo knife
el reloj watch, clock
la cuchara spoon
la silla chair
la cucharita teaspoon
la mesa table
el platillo saucer
la almohada pillow
la taza cup
el armario closet
el vaso glass
el refrigerador refrigerator
la copa wineglass, cocktail
la estufa stove
el vino wine
el horno oven
la servilleta napkin
el microondas microwave oven
el mantel tablecloth
el lavaplatos dishwasher
la sal salt
el fregadero kitchen sink
la pimienta pepper
el espejo mirror
el azcar sugar
el bao bathroom
el desayuno breakfast
la ducha shower
desayunar to eat breakfast
la baera bathtub
el almuerzo lunch
el inodoro toilet
almorzarRXHWRHDWOXQFK
el lavabo bathroom sink
la cena dinner
la lmpara lamp
cenar to eat dinner
189
tostar to toast el postre dessert
hacer un brindis to make a toast salado salty
la carta menu el aperitivo appetizer
el men menu la lechuga lettuce
el tomate tomato
Las bebidas / Drinks
las verduras vegetables
la bebida drink
la ensalada salad
beber to drink
el maz corn
el aguaZDWHU>IHP@
los guisantes peas
el agua mineralPLQHUDOZDWHU>IHP@
las espinacas spinach
el caf coffee
el pollo chicken
el t tea
el pescadoVK
el jugo de naranja orange juice
la carne meat
la leche milk
el bistec steak
el refresco soft drink
el pastel cake
la cerveza beer
el helado ice cream
el vino blanco white wine
la fruta fruit
el vino tinto red wine
la fresa strawberry
La comida / Food la manzana apple
comer to eat la naranja orange
el pan bread el pltano banana
el pan tostado toast la banana banana
la mantequilla butter el banano banana
la mermelada jam la pera pear
el cereal cereal la uva grape
los huevos eggs el limn lemon
el tocino bacon el meln melon
el sndwich sandwich el aguacate avocado
la sopa soup la pia pineapple
el jamn ham la toronja grapefruit
el pavo turkey el brcoli broccoli
el queso cheese la zanahoria carrot
la pasta pasta la cebolla onion
los frijoles beans el chile chili, chili pepper
el arroz rice el chocolate chocolate
la papa potato el DQ custard
la fruta fruit el arroz con leche rice pudding

los dulces candy la playa beach
rico rich, delicious las vacaciones vacation
delicioso delicious
El transporte / Transportation
Los quehaceres / Chores a pie by foot
los quehaceres chores caminar to walk
limpiar to clean andar to walk, to go
ordenar la casa to straighten up the house la bicicleta bicycle
pasar la aspiradora to vacuum montar to ride
barrer el sueloWRVZHHSWKHRRU montar en bicicleta to ride a bicycle
recoger to pick up el carro car
recoger la ropa to pick up clothing el coche car
sacar la basura to take out the trash el automvil car
quitar el polvo to dust conducir to drive
planchar to iron manejar to drive
el taxi taxi
Los pasatiempos / Hobbies
el autobs bus
el ocio leisure
el metro subway
libre free
el tren train
el tiempo libre free time
el barco boat
la HVWD party
el avin airplane
KDFHUXQDHVWD to throw a party
volar RXHWR\
la celebracin celebration
el regalo gift A viajar! / Lets Travel!

tocar to play an instrument, to touch viajar to travel
la msica music el mundo world
el concierto concert la regin region
la orquesta orchestra el kilmetro kilometer
la funcin show los Estados Unidos United States
el espectculo show la cultura culture
la entrada admission ticket la lengua language
el boleto ticket el espaol Spanish language
al aire libre outdoors el castellano Spanish language
pasear to take a walk la nacin nation
la pelcula movie la libertad liberty, freedom
el OPOP el norte north
el OPHOP el oeste west
acampar to camp el sur south
191
el este east la pelota ball
explorar to explore el baln ball
el presidente president el equipo team
la situacin situation el campen champion
el lder leader ganar to win, to earn
la reunin meeting nadar to swim
el pas country la natacin swimming
la capital capital city la piscina swimming pool
la inmigracin immigration levantar pesas to lift weights
legal legal entrenar to train
ilegal illegal el entrenador coach, trainer
traducir to translate la competencia competition
visitar to visit esquiar to ski
el intercambio exchange el esqu acutico water skiing
el buceo scuba diving

Los deportes / Sports
bucear to scuba dive
el deporte sport
tomar el sol to sunbathe
el partido game
montar a caballo to ride a horse
el ejercicio exercise
hacer yoga to do yoga
hacer ejercicio to exercise
jugarXXHWRSOD\ La tecnologa / Technology

el bisbol baseball la tecnologa technology
el tenis tennis el sitio web website
la liga league la pgina web web page
el ftbol soccer el blog blog
el ftbol americano football el correo electrnico e-mail
el bsquetbol basketball el mensaje de texto text message
el boxeo boxing el usuario user
el esqu skiing el enlace link
el golf golf la conexin connection
el ciclismo cycling funcionar to work, to function
el jugador player el buscador search engine
rpido fast chatear to chat online
el DFLRQDGR fan acceder a InternetWRDFFHVVWKH,QWHUQHW
la raqueta racquet descargar to download
el bate bat navegar por la redWRVXUIWKH,QWHUQHW

el nombre de usuario username
el palo de golf golf club

la contrasea password qu? what?

el/la Internet,QWHUQHW dnde? where?
la conexin inalmbrica wireless connection adnde? to where?
el telfono inalmbrico cordless phone quin? ZKR">VLQJ@
el telfono celular cell phone quines?ZKR">SO@
el celular cell phone por qu? why?
el mvil cell phone cundo? when?
El dinero / Money /DVH[SUHVLRQHVDUPDWLYDV\QHJDWLYDV

el dinero money $IUPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV
el dinero en efectivo cash DUPDWLYRDIUPDWLYH
el dlar dollar negativo negative
el cajero automtico automated teller machine algo something
el cheque check alguien someone
gratis free, at no cost tambin also
cambiar to change, to exchange oo eitheror
el prstamo loan nada nothing
depositar to deposit nadie no one
retirar to withdraw nunca never
la tarjeta de crdito credit card tampoco neither
la tarjeta de dbito debit card nini neithernor
la transaccin bancaria bank transaction alguno any, one
algunos some
La puntuacin / Punctuation
ninguno none, not any
la puntuacin punctuation
el signo de puntuacin punctuation mark Las conjunciones / Conjunctions
el punto point, period y and
dos puntos colon o or
la coma comma pero but
el punto y coma semicolon si if
los signos de interrogacin question marks no solo not only
los signos de exclamacin exclamation marks sino tambin but also
pues well
Las palabras interrogativas /
Interrogative words bueno well, so
interrogativo interrogative que that
cunto?, cunta? how much? porque because
cuntos?, cuntas? how many? oo eitheror
cmo? how? nini neithernor

ya now, already
Las preposiciones / Prepositions
Ya voy.,PFRPLQJ
a to
despacio slowly
en in
probablemente probably
de of, from
con with
tanto como as well as
para for, to, in order to
a lo mejor maybe
por for, by, through
bien well
sin without
mal poorly
como like, as
hacia toward
as so, like this
hasta until
demasiado too much
contra against
todava still
desde from, since
de hecho in fact
encima de on top of, over
por lo general generally
sobre on, about
afortunadamente fortunately
debajo de under
inmediatamente immediately
dentro de inside of
actualmente at present
detrs de behind
realmente actually
delante de in front of
exactamente exactly
enfrente de across from
sumamente extremely
cerca de near to
correctamente correctly
lejos de far from
QDOPHQWHQDOO\
al lado de next to
a la derecha de to the right of Expresiones con tener / Tener Expressions
a la izquierda de to the left of tener to have
alrededor de around, about tener fro to be cold
tener calor to be hot

Los adverbios / Adverbs
tener hambre to be hungry
s yes
tener sed to be thirsty
no no, not
tener sueo to be tired
bastante rather, quite
tener prisa to be in a hurry
muy very
ms more tener xito to be successful
aqu here tener razn to be right
all there tener miedo to be afraid
all over there tener cuidado to be careful
de nuevo again tener suerte to be lucky
otra vez again tener treinta aos to be thirty years old
194
tener queLQQLWLYHWRKDYHWRGRVRPHWKLQJ mentir to lie
tener ganas de to feel like doing something nevar to snow
tener que ver con to have to do with preferir to prefer
despertarse to wake up
9HUERVUHH[LYRV5HH[LYH9HUEV
divertirse to enjoy oneself
llamarse to call oneself
despertarseHLHWRZDNHXS ei

despedirWRUH
levantarse to get up
servir to serve
acostarseRXHWRJRWREHG
pedir to ask for
dormirseRXHWRIDOODVOHHS
repetir to repeat
baarse to bathe oneself
vestirse to get dressed
lavarse to wash oneself
ducharse to shower o ue
secarse to dry oneself encontrarWRQG
afeitarse to shave costar to cost
cepillarse los dientes to brush your teeth poder to be able to
maquillarse to put on makeup almorzar to have lunch
ponerse la ropa to put on clothing recordar to remember
quitarse la ropa to take off clothing mostrar to show
vestirseHLWRJHWGUHVVHG volver to return
olvidarse de to forget devolver to return something
acordarse de RXHWRUHPHPEHU dormir to sleep
alegrarse de to become happy morir to die
llover to rain
divertirseHLHWRHQMR\RQHVHOI
tronar to thunder
enamorarse de to fall in love
volarWR\
Verbos con cambio de raz /
acostarse to go to bed
Stem-Changing Verbs
dormirse to fall asleep
e ie
acordarse to remember
pensar to think
cerrar to close u ue
comenzar to begin jugar to play
empezar to begin
entender to understand
perder to lose
querer to want, to love
195
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates
boliviano Bolivian
A
las botas boots
abril April
el boxeo boxing
absoluto absolute
el brcoli broccoli
acampar to camp
accidental accidental C
el accidente accident el caf caf, coffee
la actitud attitude la cafetera cafeteria
la actividad activity el campen champion
activo active la capital capital city
el adjetivo adjective la caracterstica characteristic
el adverbio adverb el carro car
el aeropuerto airport la catedral cathedral
DUPDUWRDIUPWRGHFODUH la categora category
DUPDWLYRDIUPDWLYH catlico Catholic
agosto August la celebracin celebration
el aire air el celular cell phone
argentino Argentine central central
rido arid el cereal cereal
el arquitecto architect cero zero
el asistente assistant la chaqueta jacket
el aspecto aspect chatear to chat online
la atencin attention chao ciao, bye
el automvil automobile el cheque check
avanzar to advance el chile chili, chili pepper
chileno Chilean
B
el chocolate chocolate
la banana banana
el cine cinema, movie theater
el banano banana
claro clear
el banco bank
la clase class
el bar bar
clsico classical
el bsquetbol basketball
el club club
el bate bat
colombiano Colombian
el bisbol baseball
el color color
el blog blog
la coma comma
196
comentar to comment on la dentista female dentist
comenzarHLHWRFRPPHQFHWREHJLQ el dentista male dentist
comprender to comprehend, to understand depositar to deposit
la comprensin comprehension descubrir to discover
la computadora computer la destruccin destruction
comn common destruir to destroy
comunicarse to communicate el diccionario dictionary
la comunidad community diciembre December
el concierto concert diferente different
la conexin connection difcilGLIFXOW
la conjugacin conjugation el dilema dilemma
considerar to consider la discoteca discotheque
la construccin construction el doctor male doctor
construir to construct, to build la doctora female doctor
contento content, happy el dlar dollar
contrario contrary dominicano Dominican
la contribucin contribution el drama drama
contribuir to contribute
E
convencido convinced
ecuatoguineano Equatorial Guinean
la conversacin conversation
ecuatoriano Ecuadorian
correcto correct
correctamente correctly
egostaHJRWLVWLFDOVHOVK
costarRXHWRFRVW
costarricense Costa Rican
el elefante elephant
el creador creator
elegante elegant
crear to create
emplear to employ
criticar to criticize
el nfasis emphasis
cubano Cuban
enorme enormous
la cuestin question, issue
la ensalada salad
la cultura culture
entrar enter
el curso course
espaol Spaniard
D el espaol Spanish language
decidir to decide el espectculo spectacle, show
dedicar to dedicate las espinacas spinach
delicioso delicious el esqu skiing
demostrativo demonstrative esquiar to ski
197
el estadio stadium el golf golf
los Estados Unidos United States guatemalteco Guatemalan
el estmago stomach
H
la estudiante female student
hondureo Honduran
el estudiante male student
la hora hour, time
estudiar to study
el estudio study
el hotel hotel
exactamente exactly
humano human
el examen exam
el huracn hurricane
excelente excellent
existir to exist I
expandir to expand ideal ideal
explorar to explore ilegal illegal
expresar to express impaciente impatient
la expresin expression importante important
extra extra incluir to include
incorporar to incorporate
F
indicar to indicate
la familia family
la LQXHQFLDLQXHQFH
famoso famous
LQXLUWRLQXHQFH
fantstico fantastic
informal informal
la farmacia pharmacy
inmediatamente immediately
favorito favorite
la inmigracin immigration
febrero February
fenomenal phenomenal
el inters interest
el OPOP
interesante interesting
el OPHOP
interesar to interest
la formacin formation
el/la Internet,QWHUQHW
formal formal
interrogativo interrogative
formar to form
introductorio introductory
frustrado frustrated
la fruta fruit J
funcionar to function, to work el jamn ham
los jeans jeans

G
julio July
el garaje garage
junio June
general general
el gimnasio gymnasium
198
mucho much, a lot

K
el museo museum
el kilo kilo
la msica music
el kilmetro kilometer
N
L
la nacin nation
la lmpara lamp
negativo negative
la leccin lesson
nervioso nervous
legal legal
nicaragense Nicaraguan
la libertad liberty, freedom
no no, not
el lder leader
normal normal
la liga league
el norte north
el limn lemon
norteamericano1RUWK$PHULFDQ
M noviembre November
la mam mom el nmero number
mami mommy
O
la manera manner, way
el mapa map
octubre October
maravilloso marvelous
ocupado occupied, busy
marzo March
ocurrir to occur, to happen
el material material
el oeste west
materno maternal
la RFLQDRIFH
mayo May
optimista optimistic
mePH>GLUREMSURQ@ me to me, for me;
me myself organizar to organize
el meln melon la orquesta orchestra
mencionar to mention
P
paciente patient
el men menu
panameo Panamanian
el mercado market
los pantalones pants
el metro metro, subway
el pap poppa, dad
mexicano Mexican
el papel paper
el miembro member
paraguayo Paraguayan
milln million
el parque park
el mineral mineral
la parte part
el minuto minute
pasar to pass, to happen
el momento moment
la pasta pasta
la montaa mountain
199
paterno paternal prximo proximate, next
la pera pear puertorriqueo Puerto Rican
perdonar to pardon el punto point, period
el perfume perfume la puntuacin punctuation
permitir to permit, to allow

R
la persona person
la radio radio
pesimista pessimistic
rpido rapid, fast
la raqueta racquet
el rayo ray, lightning, lightning bolt
el piano piano
reducir to reduce
el pijama pajamas
el refrigerador refrigerator
la pizzera pizzeria
la regin region
el plato plate
repetirHLWRUHSHDW
la plaza plaza, city square, town square
la residencia estudiantil student residence,
el policaSROLFHRIFHU dormitory
popular popular responder to respond, to answer
la posibilidad possibility responsable responsible
posible possible el restaurante restaurant
posiblemente possibly resultar to result, to turn out to be
la precipitacin precipitation rico rich, delicious
preferirHLHWRSUHIHU

S
preparado prepared
la sal salt
preparar to prepare
salvadoreo Salvadoran
las sandalias sandals
presentar to present, to introduce
el sndwich sandwich
el presente present
el secretario secretary
el presidente president
segundo second
el problema problem
septiembre September
producir to produce
servirHLWRVHUYH
el sistema system
el sitio web website
la situacin situation
el programa program
solo solo, alone, only
progresivo progressive
la sopa soup
pronunciar to pronounce
el suter sweater
proteger to protect
VXFLHQWHVXIFLHQW

la superioridad superiority
U
el supermercado supermarket
ltimo ultimate, last
el supervisor supervisor
nico unique, only
T la universidad university
tarde tardy, late uruguayo Uruguayan
el taxi taxi usual usual
el t tea
V
el teatro theater
las vacaciones vacation
la tecnologa technology
la variedad variety
el telfono telephone;
el telfono celular cellular phone varios various
la televisin television vender to vend, to sell
el televisor television set venezolano9HQH]XHODQ
la temperatura temperature el verbo verb; el YHUERUHH[LYRUHH[LYHYHUE
el tenis tennis la virtud virtue
terminarWRWHUPLQDWHWRQLVK visitar to visit
terrible terrible el vocabulario vocabulary
tmido timid Y
tpico typical el yoga yoga
el tipo type, kind
Z
el tomate tomato
la zona zone
tostarWRWRDVWEUHDG
el zoolgico zoo
tranquilo tranquil, calm
la transaccin bancaria bank transaction
el tren train

Glosario espaol-ingls / Spanish-English Glossary
A afortunadamente fortunately
a to; a + verb OHWVLQQLWLYH agosto August

a lo mejor maybe; a menudo often
agotado used up
abierto open
el agua ZDWHU>IHP@
el abogado lawyer
el aguacate avocado
el abrigo coat
el guila HDJOH>IHP@
abril April
ahora now; ahora mismo right now
abrir to open
el aire air
absoluto absolute
alegrarse de to become happy
la abuela grandmother
alegre happy
el abuelo grandfather
la alfombra rug
aburrido ERUHGZLWKestarERULQJZLWKser
algo something
acabar WRQLVK
el algodn cotton
acabar de LQQLWLYH to have just done something
alguien someone
acampar to camp
alguno any, one; algunos some
acceder to access;
acceder a Internet WRDFFHVVWKH,QWHUQHW all over there
accidental accidental all there
el accidente accident el alma VRXO>IHP@HOalma gemela soul mate
acordarse deRXH to remember la almohada pillow
acostarseRXH to go to bed almorzarRXH to eat lunch
acostumbrado accustomed el almuerzo lunch
la actitud attitude alrededor de around, about
la actividad activity alto tall
activo active amarillo yellow
actualmente at present la amiga female friend
adis good-bye el amigo male friend
el adjetivo adjective anaranjado RUDQJHDGM
adnde? to where? andar to walk, to go
el adverbio adverb el anillo ring
el aeropuerto airport animar to encourage
afeitarse to shave el ao year; el Ao Nuevo 1HZ<HDUV'D\
el DFLRQDGR fan anoche last night
DUPDU to declare anteayer the day before yesterday
DUPDWLYR DIUPDWLYH antes de before

antes de Cristo B.C. el banano banana
antiptico unfriendly baarse to bathe oneself
el apellido last name el banco bank
el aperitivo appetizer la bandera DJ
aprender to learn la baera bathtub
aquel that over there el bao bathroom
aquello that el bar bar
aqu here barato inexpensive
los aretes earrings el barco boat
argentino Argentine barrer to sweep
rido arid el bsquetbol basketball
el armario closet bastante rather, quite
el arquitecto architect la basura trash
el arroz rice; el arroz con leche rice pudding el bate bat
as so, like this beber to drink
el asiento seat la bebida drink
el asistente assistant el bisbol baseball
asistir a to attend la biblioteca library
el aspecto aspect la bicicleta bicycle
la atencin attention bien well
el aula FODVVURRP>IHP@ bienvenidos ZHOFRPH>PDVFSO@
el autobs bus el bisabuelo great-grandfather
el automvil car la bisnieta great-granddaughter
la autopista highway el bistec steak
avanzar to progress, to advance blanco white
avergonzado embarrassed el blog blog
el avin airplane la blusa blouse
ayer yesterday la boca mouth
ayudar to help el boleto ticket
el azcar sugar boliviano Bolivian
azul blue la bolsa purse
bonito pretty
B
las botas boots
bailar to dance
el boxeo boxing
bajar to take down
el brazo arm
el baln ball
el brindis WRDVWWRFHOHEUDWH
la banana banana

el brcoli broccoli la cartera wallet
bucear to scuba dive la casa house
el buceo scuba diving casado married
bueno good; well, so el castellano Spanish language
la bufanda scarf la catedral cathedral
el buscador search engine la categora category
buscar to look for catlico Catholic
catorce fourteen
C
la cebolla onion
caber WRW
la celebracin celebration
la cabeza head
el celular cell phone
cada each
la cena dinner
caer to fall
cenar to eat dinner
el caf caf, coffee
central central
la cafetera cafeteria
cepillarse los dientes to brush your teeth
el cajero automtico automated teller machine
cerca de near to
los calcetines socks
el cereal cereal
caliente hot
cero zero
la calle street
cerrado closed
el calor heat
cerrarHLH to close
la cama bed
la cerveza beer
cambiar to change, to exchange
la chaqueta jacket
el cambio change
charlar to chat
caminar to walk
chatear to chat online
la camisa shirt
chao bye
la camiseta T-shirt
el cheque check
el campen champion
la chica girl
cansado tired
chico small
cantar to sing
el chico boy
capaz capable
el chile chili, chili pepper
la capital capital city
chileno Chilean
la cara face
el chocolate chocolate
la caracterstica characteristic
el ciclismo cycling
la carne meat
el cielo sky
caro expensive
cien one hundred
el carro car
cierto certain; cierto? right?
la carta menu

cinco YH la comunidad community
cincuenta IW\ con with; conmigo with me;

contigo ZLWK\RX>LQIVLQJ@
el cine movie theater
el concierto concert
la cintura waist
conducir to drive
el cinturn belt
la conexin connection; la conexin inalmbrica
la ciudad city wireless connection
claro clear confundido confused
la clase class la conjugacin conjugation
clsico classical conocer to know a person, place, or thing
el club club el conquistador conqueror
el coche car conquistar to conquer
la cocina kitchen considerar to consider
cocinar to cook la construccin construction
la cocinera female cook construir to build
el cocinero male cook el contador accountant
el codo elbow contento happy
el colegio high school contra against
el collar necklace contrario contrary
colombiano Colombian la contrasea password
el color color contratar to hire
colorado red-colored la contribucin contribution
la coma comma contribuir to contribute
el comedor dining room convencido convinced
comentar to comment on la conversacin conversation
comenzarHLH to begin la copa wineglass, cocktail
comer to eat el corazn heart
la comida food la corbata tie
como like, as correctamente correctly
cmo? how? correcto correct
la cmoda bureau corregir HL to correct
la competencia competition el correo SRVWRIFH
comprar to buy el correo electrnico e-mail
comprender to understand correr to run
la comprensin comprehension corto short in length
la computadora computer la cosa thing
comn common costarRXH to cost
comunicarse to communicate costarricense Costa Rican

el creador creator delante de in front of
crear to create delicioso delicious
creer to believe, to think demasiado too much
criticar to criticize demostrativo demonstrative
el cuaderno notebook, workbook la dentista female dentist
cundo? when? el dentista male dentist
cunto?, cunta? how much? dentro de inside of
cuntos?, cuntas? how many? el deporte sport
cuarenta forty depositar to deposit
cuarto fourth, quarter la derecha right side
cuatro four desayunar to eat breakfast
cuatrocientos four hundred el desayuno breakfast
cubano Cuban descargar to download
la cuchara spoon descubrir to discover
la cucharita teaspoon desde from, since; desde cuando since when
el cuchillo knife el deseo desire
el cuello neck desordenado disorganized, messy
el cuero leather despacio slowly
el cuerpo body despedir HL WRUH

la cuestin question, issue despejado clear, cloudless
cuidadoso careful despertarse HLH to wake up
la cultura culture despus de after
el cumpleaos birthday despus de Cristo A.D.
la cuada sister-in-law la destruccin destruction
el cuado brother-in-law destruir to destroy
el curso course detrs de behind
devolverRXH to return something

D
el da day
dar to give
el diccionario dictionary
de of, from; de hecho in fact; de nuevo again
diciembre December
debajo de under
diecinueve nineteen
deber should
dieciocho eighteen
decidir to decide
diecisis sixteen
dcimo tenth
diecisiete seventeen
decir to say, to tell
el diente tooth
dedicar to dedicate
diez ten
el dedo QJHUHOdedo del pie toe

diferente different l he; ellos WKH\>PDVF@
difcil GLIFXOW el elefante elephant
el dilema dilemma elegante elegant
el dinero money; el dinero en efectivo cash ella she; ellas WKH\>IHP@
el director de escuela school principal embarazada pregnant
la discoteca discotheque empezarHLH to begin

disculpar to excuse el empleado employee
disponible available emplear to employ
dispuesto willing en in; en punto on the dot, exactly
divertirseHLH to enjoy oneself enamorarse de to fall in love
doce twelve encantada SOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>IHPVSHDNHU@

encantado SOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>PDVFVSHDNHU@
el doctor male doctor
encantar to be very pleasing
la doctora female doctor
encima de on top of, over
el dlar dollar
encontrarRXH WRQG
domingo Sunday
enero January
dominicano Dominican
el nfasis emphasis
dnde? where?
el enfermero nurse
dormirRXH to sleep;
dormirseRXH to fall asleep enfermo sick
el dormitorio bedroom enfrente de across from
dos two enhorabuena congratulations
doscientos two hundred el enlace link
dos puntos colon enojado angry
el drama drama enorme enormous
la ducha shower la ensalada salad
ducharse to shower ensear to teach
el dueo owner entenderHLH to understand

los dulces candy entonces then
la entrada admission ticket

E
entrar enter
ecuatoguineano Equatorial Guinean
ecuatoriano Ecuadorian
el entrenador coach, trainer
el HGLFLR building
entrenar to train
la entrevista interview
egosta VHOVK
entrevistar to interview
el equipo team
el WKH>PDVFVLQJ@
escoger to choose

escondido hidden excelente excellent
escribir to write existir to exist
el escritorio desk expandir to expand
escuchar to hear la explicacin explanation
la escuela school explicar to explain
ese WKDW>DGMRUSURQ@ explorar to explore
eso WKDW>SURQ@ expresar to express
la espalda back la expresin expression
espaol Spaniard extra extra
el espaol Spanish language

F
el espectculo show
fcil easy
el espejo mirror
la falda skirt
esperar to wait for, to hope
la familia family
las espinacas spinach
famoso famous
la esposa wife
fantstico fantastic
el esposo husband
la farmacia pharmacy
el esqu skiing
favorito favorite
el esqu acutico water skiing
febrero February
esquiar to ski
la fecha date
la estacin season
la felicidad happiness
la estacin de autobuses bus station;
la estacin de trenes train station felicidades congratulations
el estadio stadium feliz happy
los Estados Unidos United States fenomenal phenomenal
el estante bookshelf feo ugly
estar to be la HVWD party
el este east el OP OP
este WKLV>DGMRUSURQ@ el OPH OP
esto WKLV>SURQ@ el Q end; el QGHVHPDQD weekend
el estmago stomach QDOPHQWH QDOO\
la estudiante female student el DQ custard
el estudiante male student RULGD FRYHUHGZLWKRZHUV
estudiar to study la formacin formation
el estudio study formal formal
la estufa stove formar to form
exactamente exactly la frase sentence
el examen exam frecuentemente frequently

el fregadero kitchen sink guatemalteco Guatemalan
la frente forehead los guisantes peas
la fresa strawberry gustar to be pleasing
fresco fresh, cool

H
los frijoles beans
la habitacin bedroom
fro FROGDGM
hablador talkative
el fro cold
hablar to speak, to talk
frustrado frustrated
hacer to make, to do
la fruta fruit
hacia toward
la frutera fruit store
hasta until
fuerte strong
hay there is, there are
la funcin show
hay que LQQLWLYH its necessary to + verb
funcionar to work, to function
el helado ice cream
el ftbol soccer
la hermana sister
el ftbol americano football
la hermanastra stepsister
la futbolista female soccer player
el hermanastro stepbrother
el futbolista male soccer player
el hermano brother
G el hielo ice
ganar to win, to earn la hija daughter
el garaje garage la hijastra stepdaughter
la garganta throat el hijastro stepson
el gemelo twin el hijo son
general general hola hello
la gente people el hombre man;

el hombre de negocios businessman
el gerente manager
el hombro shoulder
el gimnasio gymnasium
hondureo Honduran
el golf golf
la hora hour, time
la gorra cap
el horno oven
gracias thank you
los grados degrees
el hotel hotel
la gramtica grammar
hoy today
grande large
los huevos eggs
gratis free, at no cost
huir to run away
gris gray
humano human
los guantes gloves
el huracn hurricane
guapo good-looking

el jugo de naranja orange juice

I
julio July
ideal ideal
junio June
la iglesia church
juntos together
igualmente likewise
ilegal illegal K
impaciente impatient el kilo kilo
el impermeable raincoat el kilmetro kilometer
importante important
L
incluir to include
la WKH>IHPVLQJ@
incorporar to incorporate la KHULW>IHPVLQJGLUREMSURQ@
indicar to indicate el labio lip
la LQXHQFLD LQXHQFH el lado side; al lado de next to
LQXLU WRLQXHQFH la lmpara lamp
informal informal la lana wool
inmediatamente immediately el lpiz pencil
la inmigracin immigration largo long
el inodoro toilet las WKH>IHPSO@las WKHP>IHPSOGLUREM

SURQ@
el lavabo bathroom sink
el intercambio exchange
el lavaplatos dishwasher
el inters interest
lavarse to wash oneself
interesante interesting
le WRKLPIRUKLPWRKHUIRUKHUWR\RX>IRUP
interesar to interest VLQJ@IRU\RX>IRUPVLQJ@
el/la Internet ,QWHUQHW la leccin lesson
interrogativo interrogative la leche milk
introductorio introductory la lechuga lettuce
el invierno winter leer to read
ir to go; ir de compras to go shopping legal legal
la izquierda left side lejos de far from
J la lengua language, tongue
el jamn ham los lentes glasses; los lentes de sol sunglasses
los jeans jeans les WRWKHPIRUWKHPWR\RX>IRUPSO@IRU\RX

>IRUPSO@
joven young
la letra letter of the alphabet
la joyera jewelry
levantar pesas to lift weights;
jueves Thursday levantarse to get up
el jugador player la libertad liberty, freedom
jugarXXH to play libre free

la librera bookstore maravilloso marvelous
el libro book marrn brown
el lder leader martes Tuesday
la liga league marzo March
el limn lemon ms more; ms o menos so-so
limpiar to clean el material material
llamar to call; llamarse to call oneself materno maternal
llegar to arrive mayo May
llevar to wear, to carry mayor older
llover RXH to rain me PH>GLUREMSURQ@

me to me, for me; me myself
lloviznar to drizzle
la media naranja soul mate
la lluvia rain
mediano medium
lo KLPLW>PDVFVLQJGLUREMSURQ@
la medianoche midnight
los WKH>PDVFSO@
los WKHP>PDVFSOGLUREMSURQ@ las medias stockings
luego later medio half; el medio hermano half brother
lunes Monday el medioda noon
la mejilla cheek
M
mejor better
la madrastra stepmother
mejorar to improve
la madre mother
el meln melon
el maestro teacher
mencionar to mention
el maz corn
menor younger
mal not well, poorly
malo bad
mentirHLH to lie
la mam mom
el men menu
mami mommy
el mercado market
maana tomorrow
la mermelada jam
la maana morning
el mes month
el mandato command
la mesa table
manejar to drive
la mesera waitress
la manera way
el mesero waiter
la mano hand
el metro subway
el mantel tablecloth
mexicano Mexican
la mantequilla butter
mi / mis my
la manzana apple
el microondas microwave oven
el mapa map
el miembro member
maquillarse to put on makeup

mircoles Wednesday negro black
mil thousand nervioso nervous
milln million nevado snow-covered
el mineral mineral nevar (e LH to snow

el minuto minute nini neithernor
mirar to look at nicaragense Nicaraguan
molestar to bother la niebla fog
el momento moment la nieta granddaughter
la montaa mountain el nieto grandson
montar to ride; montar a caballo to ride a horse la nia girl
morado purple ninguno none, not any
morirRXH to die el nio boy
mostrarRXH to show no no, not; no? ,VQWWKDWVR"no solo not only
el mvil cell phone la noche night
la muchacha girl el nombre name
el muchacho boy normal normal
mucho a lot; muchos many el norte north
muerto dead norteamericano 1RUWK$PHULFDQ
la mujer woman; la mujer de negocios nos XV>GLUREMSURQ@

businesswoman nos to us, for us; nos ourselves
el mundo world nosotras ZH>IHP@nosotros ZH>PDVF@
la mueca wrist novecientos nine hundred
el museo museum noveno ninth
la msica music noventa ninety
muy very la novia girlfriend
noviembre November
N
el novio boyfriend
la nacin nation
nublado cloudy
nada nothing
la nuera daughter-in-law
nadar to swim
nuestros / nuestras our
nadie no one
nueve nine
la naranja orange
nuevo new
la nariz nose
el nmero number
la natacin swimming
nunca never
navegar por la red WRVXUIWKH,QWHUQHW
la Navidad Christmas O
necesitar to need o or; oo eitheror
negativo negative el objeto directo direct object

ochenta eighty el pan bread; el pan tostado toast; Es pan

comido. ,WVDSLHFHRIFDNH
ocho eight
la panadera bakery
ochocientos eight hundred
panameo Panamanian
el ocio leisure
los pantalones pants;
octavo eighth los pantalones cortos shorts
octubre October el pauelo handkerchief
ocupado busy el pap dad
ocurrir to occur, to happen la papa potato
el oeste west el papel paper
la RFLQD RIFH papi daddy
ofrecer to offer para for, to, in order to
or to hear paraguayo Paraguayan
el ojo eye parecer to seem
olvidarse de to forget la pared wall
once eleven la pareja partner, couple
optimista optimistic los parientes relatives
ordenado organized, tidy el parque park
ordenar to order, to straighten la parte part
la oreja ear el partido game
organizar to organize pasado SDVWDGMODVW
el oro gold el pasado past
la orquesta orchestra pasar to happen; pasar la aspiradora to vacuum
os \RX>LQISOXUGLUREMSURQ@os to vosotros/ la Pascua Easter
as, for vosotros/as\RXUVHOYHV>LQI@
pasear to take a walk
el otoo autumn
el pasillo hall
otro other, another; otra vez again
la pasta pasta
P el pastel cake
paciente patient paterno paternal
el padrastro stepfather el pavo turkey
el padre father la paz peace
los padres parents el pecho chest
pagar to pay pedirHL to ask for
la pgina web web page la pelcula movie
el pas country el pelo hair
la palabra word la pelota ball
el palo de golf golf club
pensarHLH to think; pensarLQQLWLYH to
plan to do something; pensar en to think about

peor worse el polica SROLFHRIFHU
pequeo small el pollo chicken
la pera pear el polvo dust
perderHLH to lose poner to put; ponerse la ropa to put on clothing
perdonar to pardon popular popular
el perfume perfume por for, by, through; por favor please;

por lo general generally
la perfumera perfume store
por qu? why?
el peridico newspaper
porque because
permitir to allow, to permit
la posibilidad possibility
pero but
posible possible
el perro dog
la persona person
el postre dessert
peruano Peruvian
la precipitacin precipitation
el pescado VK
preocupado worried
pesimista pessimistic
preferirHLH to prefer
la pregunta question
la prenda item of clothing
el piano piano
preparado prepared
el pie foot; a pie by foot
preparar to prepare
la pierna leg
el pijama pajamas
presentar to present, to introduce
la pimienta pepper
el presente present
la pia pineapple
el presidente president
la piscina swimming pool
el prstamo loan
la pizzera pizzeria
prestar to lend; prestar atencin to pay attention
el placer pleasure
la prima female cousin
planchar to iron
la primavera spring
la plata silver
primero UVW
el pltano banana
el primo male cousin
el platillo saucer
probablemente probably
el plato plate
el problema problem
la playa beach
producir to produce
la plaza city square, town square
la pluma pen
poco little; pocos few
poderRXH to be able to
el programa program

progresivo progressive reducir to reduce
pronunciar to pronounce el refresco soft drink
proteger to protect el refrigerador refrigerator
prximo next el regalo gift
la puerta door la regin region
puertorriqueo Puerto Rican regular so-so
pues well el reloj watch, clock
los pulmones lungs repasar to review
la pulsera bracelet repetirHL to repeat

el punto point, period la residencia estudiantil dormitory
el punto y coma semicolon responder to answer
la puntuacin punctuation responsable responsible
la respuesta answer
Q
el restaurante restaurant
que that
resuelto resolved
qu + adjective how + adjective; qu + noun what
DQQRXQ resultar to turn out to be
qu? what? retirar to withdraw
los quehaceres chores la reunin meeting
quererHLH to want, to love rico rich, delicious
el queso cheese la rodilla knee
quin? ZKR">VLQJ@quines? ZKR">SO@ rojo red
quince IWHHQ la ropa clothing; la ropa interior underwear
quinientos YHKXQGUHG rosado pink
quinto IWK roto broken
quitar to take away
S
quitarse la ropa to take off clothing
sbado Saturday
R saber to know facts, to know how to do something

la radio radio sacar to take out, to get
la raz root, stem of a verb el saco suit jacket
rpido fast la sal salt
la raqueta racquet la sala living room
el rayo lightning, lightning bolt salado salty
realmente actually salir to leave, to go out
recibir to receive saludar to greet
recoger to pick up salvadoreo Salvadoran
recordarRXH to remember las sandalias sandals

el sndwich sandwich el sistema system
satisfecho VDWLVHG el sitio web website
se himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves la situacin situation
secarse to dry oneself sobre on, about
el secretario secretary la sobrina niece
la seda silk el sobrino nephew
segundo second el sol sun
seis six solo alone, only
seiscientos six hundred el sombrero hat
la semana week la sopa soup
el seor Mr., man su / sus KLVKHUWKHLU\RXU>IRUPVLQJDQGSO@
la seora Mrs., woman subir to go up
la seorita Miss, young woman la suegra mother-in-law
sentado seated el suegro father-in-law
septiembre September el suelo RRU
sptimo seventh el suter sweater
ser to be VXFLHQWH VXIFLHQW
los servicios sanitarios restrooms sumamente extremely
la servilleta napkin sumo extreme
servirHL to serve la superioridad superiority
sesenta sixty el supermercado supermarket
setecientos seven hundred el supervisor supervisor
setenta seventy el sur south
sexto sixth el sustantivo noun
si if
T
s yes
la talla size
siempre always
tambin also
la sierra mountain range, saw
tampoco neither
siete seven
tanto como as well as
el signo de puntuacin punctuation mark
tarde late
los signos de exclamacin exclamation marks
la tarde afternoon
los signos de interrogacin question marks
la tarea homework, chore
la silla chair
la tarjeta card; la tarjeta de crdito credit card;
el silln armchair la tarjeta de dbito debit card
simptico nice el taxi taxi
sin without la taza cup
sino but rather; sino tambin but also el tazn bowl

el t tea la tormenta storm
te \RX>LQIVLQJGLUREMSURQ@WR\RXIRU\RX>LQI la toronja grapefruit

VLQJLQGREMSURQ@\RXUVHOI
tostar WRWRDVWEUHDG
el teatro theater
trabajador hard-working
el techo roof
el trabajador worker; el trabajador social social
la tecnologa technology worker
la tela fabric trabajar to work
el telfono telephone; el telfono celular cell el trabajo work, job

phone; el telfono inalmbrico cordless phone
traducir to translate
la telenovela soap opera
traer to bring
la televisin television
el traje suit; el traje de bao bathing suit
el televisor television set
tranquilo calm
el tema topic
la transaccin bancaria bank transaction
la temperatura temperature
tratar de LQQLWLYH to try to + verb
temprano early
trece thirteen
el tenedor fork
treinta thirty
tener to have
el tren train
el tenis tennis
tres three
tercero third
trescientos three hundred
la terminacin ending
triste sad
terminar WRQLVK
tronarRXH to thunder
terrible terrible
t \RX>VLQJLQI@
la ta aunt
tu / tus \RXU>VLQJLQI@
el tiempo time, weather; el tiempo libre free time
la tienda store U
tmido timid ltimo last
el to uncle un DDQ>PDVFVLQJ@una DDQ>IHPVLQJ@

unos VRPH>PDVFSO@unas VRPH>IHPSO@
tpico typical
nico only, unique
el tipo kind, type
la universidad university
el tobillo ankle
uno one
tocar to play an instrument, to touch
uruguayo Uruguayan
el tocino bacon
usted \RX>VLQJIRUP@ustedes \RX>SOIRUP@
todava still
usual usual
todo all, every
el usuario user
tomar to take, to drink; tomar el sol to sunbathe
til useful
el tomate tomato
la uva grape
tpico clich

viernes Friday
V
el vino wine; el vino blanco white wine;
las vacaciones vacation el vino tinto red wine
la variedad variety la virtud virtue
varios various visitar to visit
el vaso glass vivir to live
la vecina female neighbor el vocabulario vocabulary
el vecino male neighbor
volar RXH WR\
veinte twenty
volverRXH to return
vender to sell
vosotras \RX>IHPSOLQI@
venezolano 9HQH]XHODQ vosotros \RX>PDVFSOLQI@
venir to come vuestros / vuestras \RXU>LQISO@
la ventana window
Y
ver to see
y and
el verano summer
ya now, already
el verbo verb; el YHUERUHH[LYR UHH[LYHYHUE
el yerno son-in-law
la verdad truth; verdad? right?
yo ,
verde green
el yoga yoga
las verduras vegetables
Z
el vestido dress
la zanahoria carrot
vestirse HL to get dressed
la zapatera shoe store
la vez time; a veces at times;
de vez en cuando from time to time el zapato shoe; los zapatos de tacn alto high-
heel shoes; los zapatos de tenis sneakers
viajar to travel
la zona zone
viejo old
el zoolgico zoo
el viento wind

Glosario ingls-espaol / English-Spanish Glossary
A any alguno
a, an un>PDVFVLQJ@una>IHPVLQJ@ appetizer el aperitivo
absolute absoluto apple la manzana
access acceder; April abril

DFFHVVWKH,QWHUQHW acceder a Internet
architect el arquitecto
accident el accidente
Argentine argentino
accidental accidental
arid rido
accountant el contador
arm el brazo
accustomed acostumbrado
armchair el silln
across from enfrente de
around alrededor de
active activo
arrive llegar
activity la actividad
as como
actually realmente
as well as tanto como
adjective el adjetivo
ask a question hacer una pregunta
admission ticket la entrada
ask for pedirHL
adverb el adverbio
aspect el aspecto
DIUPDWLYHDUPDWLYR
assistant el asistente
after despus de
at present actualmente
afternoon la tarde
attend asistir a
again de nuevo, otra vez
attention la atencin
against contra
attitude la actitud
air el aire
August agosto
airplane el avin
aunt la ta
airport el aeropuerto
automated teller machine el cajero automtico
allow permitir
autumn el otoo
alone solo
available disponible
already ya
avocado el aguacate
always siempre
1RUWK$PHULFDQ norteamericano B

back la espalda
and y
bacon el tocino
angry enojado
bad malo
ankle el tobillo
bakery la panadera
another otro
ball la pelota, el baln
answer la respuesta; to answer responder
banana la banana, el banano, el pltano

bank el banco book el libro
bank transaction la transaccin bancaria bookshelf el estante
bar el bar bookstore la librera
baseball el bisbol boots las botas
basketball el bsquetbol bored aburridoZLWKestar
bat el bate boring aburrido ZLWKser
bathe oneself baarse bother molestar
bathing suit el traje de bao bowl el tazn
bathroom el bao boxing el boxeo
bathroom sink el lavabo boy el chico, el muchacho, el nio
bathtub la baera boyfriend el novio
be ser, estar bracelet la pulsera
be able to poderRXH bread el pan
beach la playa breakfast el desayuno
beans los frijoles bring traer
because porque broccoli el brcoli
become happy alegrarse de broken roto
bed la cama brother-in-law el cuado
bedroom la habitacin, el dormitorio brother el hermano
beer la cerveza brown marrn
before antes de brush your teeth cepillarse los dientes
begin comenzarHLHempezarHLH build construir
behind detrs de building el HGLFLR
believe creer bureau la cmoda
belt el cinturn bus el autobs
better mejor bus station la estacin de autobuses
between entre businessman el hombre de negocios
bicycle la bicicleta; ride a bicycle montar en businesswoman la mujer de negocios

bicicleta
busy ocupado
birthday el cumpleaos
but pero; but rather sino
black negro
butter la mantequilla
blog el blog
buy comprar
blouse la blusa
bye chao
blue azul
boat el barco C
cash el dinero en efectivo
body el cuerpo
caf el caf
Bolivian boliviano

cafeteria la cafetera chocolate el chocolate
cake el pastel,WVDSLHFHRIFDNHEs pan choose escoger

comido.
chores los quehaceres
call llamar; to call oneself llamarse
Christmas la Navidad
calm tranquilo
church la iglesia
camp acampar
city la ciudad
candy los dulces
city square la plaza
cap la gorra
class la clase
capable capaz
classical clsico
capital city la capital
classroom el aula >IHP@
car el automvil, el carro, el coche
clean limpiar
card la tarjeta; credit card la tarjeta de crdito;
debit card la tarjeta de dbito clear claro
careful cuidadoso cloudless despejado
carrot la zanahoria clich tpico
carry llevar clock el reloj
category la categora close cerrarHLH
cathedral la catedral closed cerrado
Catholic catlico closet el armario
celebration la celebracin clothing la ropa
cell phone el telfono celular, el celular, el mvil cloudy nublado
central central club el club
cereal el cereal coach el entrenador
certain cierto coat el abrigo
chair la silla cocktail la copa
champion el campen coffee el caf
change el cambio; to change cambiar FROGDGMfro; cold el fro
characteristic la caracterstica Colombian colombiano
chat charlar colon dos puntos
chat online chatear color el color
check el cheque come venir
cheek la mejilla comma la coma
cheese el queso command el mandato
chest el pecho comment on comentar
chicken el pollo common comn
Chilean chileno communicate comunicarse
chili, chili pepper el chile community la comunidad

competition la competencia

comprehension la comprensin
D
computer la computadora
dad el pap
concert el concierto
daddy papi
confused confundido
dance bailar
congratulations enhorabuena, felicidades
date la fecha
conjugation la conjugacin
daughter la hija
connection la conexin;
wireless connection la conexin inalmbrica daughter-in-law la nuera
conquer conquistar day el da
conqueror el conquistador day before yesterday anteayer
consider considerar dead muerto
construction la construccin
December diciembre
contrary contrario
decide decidir
contribute contribuir
declare DUPDU
contribution la contribucin
dedicate dedicar
conversation la conversacin
degrees los grados
convinced convencido
delicious delicioso, rico
cook el cocinero; to cook cocinar
demonstrative demostrativo
cool fresco
dentist el dentista
corn el maz
deposit depositar
correct correcto; to correct corregir HL
desire el deseo
correctly correctamente
desk el escritorio
cost costarRXH
dessert el postre
Costa Rican costarricense
destroy destruir
cotton el algodn
destruction la destruccin
country el pas
couple la pareja dictionary el diccionario
course el curso die morirRXH
cousin el primo different diferente
FRYHUHGZLWKRZHUVRULGD GLIFXOWdifcil
create crear dilemma el dilema
creator el creador dining room el comedor

criticize criticar dinner la cena
Cuban cubano direct object el objeto directo
culture la cultura discotheque la discoteca
cup la taza discover descubrir
custard el DQ dishwasher el lavaplatos
cycling el ciclismo disorganized desordenado

do hacer eighty ochenta

doctor el doctor eitheror oo
dog el perro elbow el codo
dollar el dlar elegant elegante
Dominican dominicano elephant el elefante
door la puerta eleven once
dormitory la residencia estudiantil e-mail el correo electrnico
download descargar embarrassed avergonzado
drama el drama emphasis el nfasis
dress el vestido employ emplear
drink la bebida; to drink beber, tomar employee el empleado
drive manejar, conducir encourage animar
drizzle lloviznar end el Q
dry oneself secarse ending la terminacin
dust el polvo enjoy oneself divertirseHLH
enormous enorme
E
enter entrar
each cada
every todos
eagle el guila>IHP@
exactly exactamente
ear la oreja
exam el examen
early temprano
excellent excelente
earn ganar
exchange el intercambio
earrings los aretes
exclamation marks los signos de exclamacin
east el este
excuse disculpar
Easter la Pascua
exercise el ejercicio; to exercise hacer ejercicio
easy fcil
exist existir
eat comer
expand expandir
eat breakfast desayunar
expensive caro
eat dinner cenar
explain explicar
eat lunch almorzarRXH
explanation la explicacin
Ecuadorian ecuatoriano
explore explorar
Equatorial Guinean ecuatoguineano
express expresar
education la educacin
expression la expresin
eggs los huevos
extra extra
eight ocho
extreme sumo
eight hundred ochocientos
extremely sumamente
eighteen dieciocho
eye el ojo
eighth octavo

foot el pie; by foot a pie

F
football el ftbol americano
fall asleep dormirse RXH
for por, para
fall in love enamorarse de
forehead la frente
family la familia
forget olvidarse de
famous famoso
fork el tenedor
fan el DFLRQDGR
form formar
fantastic fantstico
formal formal
far from lejos de
formation la formacin
fast rpido
fortunately afortunadamente
father el padre
forty cuarenta
father-in-law el suegro
four cuatro
favorite favorito
four hundred cuatrocientos
February febrero
fourteen catorce
fabric la tela
fourth cuarto
face la cara
free libre
fall caer
IUHHDWQRFRVWgratis
few pocos
freedom la libertad
IWHHQquince
frequently frecuentemente, con frecuencia
IWK quinto
fresh fresco
IW\cincuenta
Friday viernes
OPHOOP, el OPH
friend el amigo
QDOO\QDOPHQWH
from de, desde
QGencontrarRXH
fruit la fruta
QJHUHOdedo
fruit store la frutera
QLVK terminar, acabar
frustrated frustrado
UHdespedirHL
function funcionar
UVWprimero
VKHOpescado G
Wcaber game el partido
YHcinco garage el garaje
YHKXQGUHGquinientos general general
DJODbandera generally por lo general
RRUHOsuelo get dressed vestirseHL
\volar RXH get up levantarse
fog la niebla gift el regalo
food la comida girl la chica, la muchacha, la nia

girlfriend la novia happy alegre, contento, feliz
give dar hard-working trabajador
glass el vaso hat el sombrero
glasses los lentes; sunglasses los lentes de sol have tener
gloves los guantes he l
go ir; go out salir; go up subir; go shopping ir head la cabeza

de compras; go to bed acostarseRXH
hear or
gold el oro
heart el corazn
golf el golf
heat el calor
golf club el palo de golf
hello hola
good-bye adis
help ayudar
good-looking guapo
her la; to her, for her le
good bueno
here aqu
grammar la gramtica
hidden escondido
granddaughter la nieta
high school el colegio
grandfather el abuelo
highway la autopista
grandmother la abuela
him lo; to him, for him le
grandson el nieto
hire contratar
grape la uva
homework la tarea
grapefruit la toronja
Honduran hondureo
gray gris
hope esperar
great-granddaughter la bisnieta
hospital el hospital
great-grandfather el bisabuelo
hot caliente
green verde
hotel el hotel
greet saludar
hour la hora
Guatemalan guatemalteco
house la casa
gymnasium el gimnasio
how + adjective qu + adjective
H how many? cuntos?, cuntas?

hair el pelo how much? cunto?, cunta?
half medio; half brother el medio hermano how? cmo?
hall el pasillo human humano
ham el jamn hurricane el huracn
hand la mano husband el esposo
handkerchief el pauelo
I
happen pasar, ocurrir
,yo
happiness la felicidad
ice el hielo

ice cream el helado July julio
ideal ideal June junio
if si
K
illegal ilegal
kilo el kilo
immediately inmediatamente
kilometer el kilmetro
immigration la inmigracin
kitchen la cocina
impatient impaciente
kitchen sink el fregadero
important importante
knee la rodilla
improve mejorar
knife el cuchillo
in front of delante de
NQRZIDFWVKRZWRGRVRPHWKLQJsaberD
in en SHUVRQSODFHRUWKLQJconocer
include incluir
L
incorporate incorporar
lamp la lmpara
indicate indicar
language la lengua
inexpensive barato
large grande
LQXHQFHODLQXHQFLDWRLQXHQFHLQXLU
last pasado, ltimo
informal informal
last name el apellido
inside of dentro de
last night anoche
intelligent inteligente
late tarde
interest el inters; to interest interesar
later luego, ms tarde
interesting interesante
lawyer el abogado
,QWHUQHWHOODInternet
leader el lder
interrogative interrogativo
league la liga
interview la entrevista; to interview entrevistar
learn aprender
introduce presentar
leather el cuero
introductory introductorio
leave salir
iron planchar
left side la izquierda
its necessary to + verb hay que LQQLWLYH
leg la pierna
item of clothing la prenda
legal legal
J leisure el ocio
jacket la chaqueta lemon el limn
jam la mermelada lend prestar
January enero lesson la leccin
jeans los jeans lets + verb a LQQLWLYH
jewelry la joyera letter of the alphabet la letra
job el trabajo lettuce la lechuga

liberty la libertad me me>GLUREMSURQ@

to me, for me me>LQGREMSURQ@
library la biblioteca
meat la carne
lie mentirHLH
medium mediano
lift weights levantar pesas
meeting la reunin
lightning bolt el rayo
melon el meln
like como
member el miembro
likewise igualmente
mention mencionar
link el enlace
menu la carta, el men
lip el labio
Mexican mexicano
listen escuchar
microwave oven el microondas
little poco
midnight la medianoche
live vivir
milk la leche
living room la sala
million milln
loan el prstamo
mineral el mineral
long largo
minute el minuto
look at mirar
mirror el espejo
look for buscar
Miss la seorita
lose perderHLH
mom la mam
lot, a lot mucho
moment el momento
love querer
mommy mami
lunch el almuerzo
Monday lunes
lungs los pulmones
money el dinero
M month el mes
make hacer more ms
man el hombre, el seor morning la maana
manager el gerente mother la madre
many muchos mother-in-law la suegra
map el mapa mountain la montaa
March marzo mountain range la sierra
market el mercado mouth la boca
married casado movie la pelcula
marvelous maravilloso movie theater el cine
material el material Mr. el seor
maternal materno Mrs. la seora
May mayo museum el museo
maybe a lo mejor music la msica

my mi / mis north el norte
myself me nose la nariz
notebook el cuaderno
N
nothing nada
name el nombre
noun el sustantivo
napkin la servilleta
November noviembre
nation la nacin
now ahora; right now ahora mismo
near to cerca de
number el nmero
neck el cuello
nurse el enfermero
necklace el collar
need necesitar O
negative negativo occur ocurrir, pasar
neighbor el vecino October octubre
neither tampoco of de
neithernor nini offer ofrecer
nephew el sobrino RIFHODRFLQD
nervous nervioso often a menudo
never nunca old viejo
new nuevo older mayor
1HZ<HDUV'D\HOAo Nuevo on encima de, sobre; on the dot en punto
newspaper el peridico one uno
next prximo one hundred cien
next to al lado de onion la cebolla
Nicaraguan nicaragense only solo; only child hijo~QLFR
nice simptico open abierto
niece la sobrina open abrir
night la noche optimistic optimista
nine nueve or o
nine hundred novecientos RUDQJHDGManaranjado; orange la naranja
nineteen diecinueve orange juice el jugo de naranja
ninety noventa orchestra la orquesta
ninth noveno order ordenar
no one nadie organize organizar
no, not no; not only no solo organized ordenado
none, not any ninguno other otro
noon el medioda our nuestros / nuestras
normal normal oven el horno

over there all piano el piano
owner el dueo pick up recoger
pillow la almohada
P
pineapple la pia
pajamas el pijama
pink rosado
Panamanian panameo
pizzeria la pizzera
pants los pantalones
plan to do something pensarLQQLWLYH
paper el papel
plate el plato
Paraguayan paraguayo
play a sport jugarXXH
pardon perdonar
play an instrument tocar
parents los padres
player el jugador
park el parque
please por favor; to please gustar;
part la parte to please very much encantar
partner la pareja pleasure el placer
party la HVWD point el punto
password la contrasea SROLFHRIFHUHOpolica
SDVWDGMpasado; past el pasado poorly mal
pasta la pasta popular popular
paternal paterno possibility la posibilidad
patient paciente possible posible
pay pagar; pay attention prestar atencin possibly posiblemente
peace la paz SRVWRIFHHOcorreo
pear la pera potato la papa
peas los guisantes precipitation la precipitacin
pen la pluma
prefer preferirHLH
pencil el lpiz
pregnant embarazada
people la gente
prepare preparar
pepper la pimienta
prepared preparado
perfume el perfume
preposition la preposicin
perfume store la perfumera
present el presente; to present presentar
period el punto
president el presidente
person la persona
pretty bonito
Peruvian peruano
probably probablemente
pessimistic pesimista
problem el problema
pharmacy la farmacia
produce producir
phenomenal fenomenal
profession la profesin
pianist el pianista
professor el profesor

program el programa restaurant el restaurante
progress avanzar restrooms los servicios sanitarios
progressive progresivo return volverRXH

pronounce pronunciar return something devolverRXH
protect proteger review repasar
Puerto Rican puertorriqueo rice el arroz; rice pudding el arroz con leche
punctuation la puntuacin rich rico
punctuation mark el signo de puntuacin ride montar; ride a horse montar a caballo
purple morado right? verdad?, cierto?
purse la bolsa right side la derecha
put poner; put on clothing ponerse la ropa; ring el anillo
put on makeup maquillarse
roof el techo
Q root la raz
quarter el cuarto rug la alfombra
question la pregunta; question, issue la cuestin run correr
question marks los signos de interrogacin run away huir
quite bastante
S
R sad triste
racquet la raqueta salad la ensalada
radio la radio salt la sal
rain la lluvia salty salado
rain llover RXH Salvadoran salvadoreo
raincoat el impermeable sandals las sandalias
rather bastante sandwich el sndwich
read leer VDWLVHGsatisfecho
receive recibir Saturday sbado
red rojo saucer el platillo
red-colored colorado say decir
reduce reducir scarf la bufanda
refrigerator el refrigerador school la escuela
region la regin school principal el director de escuela
relatives los parientes scuba diving el buceo; to scuba dive bucear
remember recordarRXHacordarse deR search engine el buscador
XH
season la estacin
repeat repetirHL
seat el asiento
resolved resuelto
seated sentado
responsible responsable

second segundo six seis
secretary el secretario six hundred seiscientos
see ver sixteen diecisis
seem parecer sixth sexto
VHOVKegosta sixty sesenta
sell vender size la talla
semicolon el punto y coma to ski esquiar
sentence la frase skiing el esqu
September septiembre skirt la falda
serve servirHL sky el cielo
seven siete sleep dormirRXHWRIDOODVOHHSdormirseR

XH
seven hundred setecientos
slowly despacio
seventeen diecisiete
small pequeo, chico
seventh sptimo
sneakers los zapatos de tenis
seventy setenta
snow-covered nevado
shave afeitarse
snow nevar (e LH
she ella
so as
shirt la camisa
so-so ms o menos, regular
shoe store la zapatera
soap opera la telenovela
shoe el zapato; high-heel shoes los zapatos de
tacn alto soccer el ftbol
short in length corto soccer player el futbolista
shorts los pantalones cortos social worker el trabajador social
should deber socks los calcetines
shoulder el hombro soft drink el refresco
show el espectculo, la funcin some unos>PDVFSO@unas>IHPSO@algunos
>PDVFSO@algunas>IHPSO@
show mostrarRXH
someone alguien
shower la ducha; to shower ducharse
something algo
sick enfermo
son el hijo
side el lado
son-in-law el yerno
silk la seda
soul el alma>IHP@
silver la plata
soul mate el alma gemela, la media naranja
since desde; since when desde cuando
soup la sopa
sing cantar
south el sur
sister la hermana
Spaniard espaol
sister-in-law la cuada
Spanish language el espaol, el castellano
situation la situacin

speak hablar sweater el suter
spinach las espinacas sweep barrer
spoon la cuchara swim nadar
sport el deporte swimming la natacin
spring la primavera swimming pool la piscina
stadium el estadio system el sistema
steak el bistec
T
stepbrother el hermanastro
T-shirt la camiseta
stepdaughter la hijastra
table la mesa
stepfather el padrastro
tablecloth el mantel
stepmother la madrastra
take tomar
stepsister la hermanastra
take away quitar; take off clothing quitarse la
stepson el hijastro ropa
still todava take down bajar
stockings las medias take out sacar
stomach el estmago talk hablar
store la tienda talkative hablador
storm la tormenta tall alto
stove la estufa taxi el taxi
strawberry la fresa tea el t
street la calle teach ensear
strong fuerte teacher el maestro
student el estudiante team el equipo
study el estudio; to study estudiar teaspoon la cucharita
subway el metro technology la tecnologa
VXIFLHQWVXFLHQWH telephone el telfono; cell phone el telfono

celular, el celular, el mvil; cordless phone el
sugar el azcar telfono inalmbrico
suit jacket el saco television la televisin
suit el traje television set el televisor
summer el verano tell decir
sun el sol temperature la temperatura
sunbathe tomar el sol ten diez
Sunday domingo tennis el tenis
superiority la superioridad tenth dcimo
supermarket el supermercado terrible terrible
supervisor el supervisor text message el mensaje de texto
VXUIWKH,QWHUQHWnavegar por la red

thank you gracias tomato el tomate
that que, ese>DGMRUSURQ@eso>SURQ@aquello tomorrow maana

>SURQ@
tongue la lengua
that over there aquel
too much demasiado
the el>PDVFVLQJ@la>IHPVLQJ@los>PDVFSO@
las>IHPSO@ tooth el diente
theater el teatro topic el tema
their su / sus touch tocar
them los>PDVF@las>IHP@WRWKHPles toward hacia
then entonces town square la plaza
there all train el tren; to train entrenar
there is, there are hay train station la estacin de trenes
they ellos >PDVF@ellas>IHP@ translate traducir
thing la cosa trash la basura
think pensarHLHWKLQNDERXWpensar en travel viajar
third tercero truth la verdad
thirteen trece try to + verb tratar de LQQLWLYH
thirty treinta Tuesday martes
this este>DGMRUSURQ@esto>SURQ@ turkey el pavo
thousand mil turn out to be resultar
three tres twelve doce
three hundred trescientos twenty veinte
throat la garganta twin el gemelo
two dos
thunder tronarRXH
two hundred doscientos
Thursday jueves
type el tipo
ticket el boleto
typical tpico
tie la corbata
time el tiempo, la vez; free time el tiempo libre; U

at times a veces; from time to time de vez en
cuando ugly feo
timid tmido uncle el to
tired cansado under debajo de
to a; to where? adnde? understand entenderHLH comprender
toast el pan tostadoWRDVWWRFHOHEUDWHHO unfriendly antiptico

brindisWRWRDVWEUHDGtostar
unique nico
today hoy
United States los Estados Unidos
toe el dedo del pie
university la universidad
together juntos
underwear la ropa interior
toilet el inodoro

until hasta weather el tiempo
Uruguayan uruguayo web page la pgina web
us nos>GLUREMSURQ@WRXVnos>LQGREMSURQ@ website el sitio web
used up agotado Wednesday mircoles
useful til week la semana
user el usuario weekend el QGHVHPDQD
usual usual welcome bienvenidos>PDVFSO@
well bien
V
well, so pues, bueno
vacation las vacaciones
west el oeste
vacuum pasar la aspiradora
what? qu?
variety la variedad
ZKDWDQQRXQqu + noun
various varios
when? cundo?
vegetables las verduras
where? dnde?
9HQH]XHODQvenezolano
white blanco
verb el verboUHH[LYHYHUEHOYHUERUHH[LYR
who? quin? >VLQJ@quines?>SO@
very muy
why? por qu?
virtue la virtud
wife la esposa
visit visitar
willing dispuesto
vocabulary el vocabulario
win ganar
W wind el viento
waist la cintura window la ventana
wait for esperar wine el vino; white wine el vino blanco; red wine
waiter el mesero el vino tinto
waitress la mesera wineglass la copa
wake up despertarse HLH winter el invierno
walk caminar, andar; to take a walk pasear with con; with me conmigo; with you contigo
>LQIVLQJ@
wall la pared
withdraw retirar
wallet la cartera
without sin
want quererHLH
woman la mujer, la seora
to wash lavar; to wash oneself lavarse
wool la lana
watch el reloj
word la palabra
water el agua>IHP@
work el trabajo; to work trabajar
water skiing el esqu acutico
workbook el cuaderno
way la manera
worker el trabajador
we nosotros>PDVF@nosotras>IHP@
world el mundo
wear llevar

worried preocupado you t>VLQJLQI@usted>VLQJIRUP@vosotros

>PDVFSOLQI@vosotras>IHPSOLQI@ustedes>SO
worse peor IRUP@WR\RXte>VLQJLQI@os>SOLQI@les >SO
wrist la mueca IRUP@
write escribir young joven
younger menor
Y
your tu / tus >VLQJLQI@vuestros / vuestras
yellow amarillo >LQISO@su / sus>IRUPSO@
year el ao
Z
yes s
zero cero
yesterday ayer
zone la zona
yoga el yoga
zoo el zoolgico

Resources for Further Study
Dictionaries
,WLVDOZD\VXVHIXOIRUDODQJXDJHOHDUQHUWRKDYHDFFHVVWRDJRRGGLFWLRQDU\2QHWKDWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWREHJLQQLQJ
Spanish language learners is McGraw-Hills Vox Everyday Spanish and English Dictionary. This dictionary includes
just about all the words youre likely to come across without overwhelming you with too many entries.
,QWHUPVRIRQOLQHUHVRXUFHVWKHPRVWXVHIXOGLFWLRQDU\LVWKHRQHDWwordreference.com. This is a particularly good

ZHEVLWHIRUDQXPEHURIUHDVRQV)LUVWLWDOORZV\RXWRQGWKH(QJOLVKIRUD6SDQLVKZRUGWKH6SDQLVKIRUDQ(QJOLVK
ZRUGDGHQLWLRQLQ6SDQLVKDQGHYHQ6SDQLVKV\QRQ\PVIRUDJLYHQZRUG,QDGGLWLRQWRVKRZLQJWKH:RUG5HIHUHQFH
GHQLWLRQWKLVZHEVLWHDOVRDOORZV\RXWRFRQVXOWWKH&ROOLQVRQOLQHGLFWLRQDU\ZKLFKLVDQRWKHUH[FHOOHQWUHVRXUFH
%H\RQGWKHGHQLWLRQV\RXFDQQGDWZRUGUHIHUHQFHFRPDQRWKHUXVHIXOIHDWXUHRIWKHZHEVLWHLVWKHIRUXPGLVFXVVLRQ
section, which is content created by users of the dictionary. Someone asks a question in the forum, such as, Whats
the difference between the word x and the word y?, and users will then respond, saying something like the following:
,Q&RORPELDZHVD\RU,Q$UJHQWLQDZHXVHWKHZRUGx when. Some users write in Spanish while others write
in English, and the answers to the questions asked in the forum give real insight into how words and expressions are
used in daily communication by Spanish speakers.
2QH QDO GLFWLRQDU\ ZRUWK PHQWLRQLQJ LV WKH GLFWLRQDU\ RI WKH Real Academia Espaola >5R\DO 6SDQLVK$FDGHP\@
IRXQG DW UDHHV $OO RI WKH GHQLWLRQV LQ WKLV GLFWLRQDU\ DUH HQWLUHO\ LQ 6SDQLVK VR LWV QRW DQ LGHDO UHVRXUFH IRU D
beginning language learner. Nevertheless, its a website worth taking a look at, given that the Real Academia Espaola
LVWKHRIFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQWKDWRYHUVHHVWKH6SDQLVKODQJXDJH7KLVGLFWLRQDU\ZLOOEHFRPHPRUHXVHIXOWR\RXDV\RXU
level of Spanish improves.
Listening to Varieties of Spoken Spanish

There are two very interesting and useful academic websites that can help you become familiar with different varieties
of spoken Spanish. One website, maintained by The Ohio State University, is called the Digital Catalog of the
Sounds of SpanishDQGFDQEHIRXQGDWGLDOHFWRVRVXHGX,I\RXJRWRWKLVZHEVLWH\RXZLOOEHDEOHWRVHHVKRUW
videos of Spanish speakers from Spain, almost all of the Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, and even the
United States. Most of the videos also include a transcript of the Spanish being spoken by the person in the video. So,
as youre listening to the words being spoken, you can, if you want, read the words as well.
Another academic website is called 6SDQLVK3URFLHQF\([HUFLVHVDQG\RXFDQQGLWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DVDW

Austin website at laits.utexas.edu/spe. This website also includes video clips of a variety of Spanish speakers from
different countries talking about a wide range of topics. And very often, you can read the text of what the person is
saying as you listen to the Spanish.
Both of these websites are recommended as a way to begin to get a sense of different ways that Spanish is spoken in
GLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHV,WZLOODOORZ\RXWRFRPSDUHIRUH[DPSOHD0H[LFDQDFFHQWZLWKRQHIURP&KLOHRUD*XDWHPDODQ
accent with one from Spain.
Practice with Grammar and Vocabulary

There are several useful websites that offer online practice of both grammar and vocabulary. One of these is found
at conjuguemos.comconjuguemosPHDQVOHWVFRQMXJDWH7KLVZHEVLWHZLOODOORZ\RXWRSUDFWLFHIRUH[DPSOH
adjective agreement with nouns, verb FRQMXJDWLRQ FRPSDULVRQV DQG PDQ\ RWKHU JUDPPDWLFDO WRSLFV <RX HQWHU
DQVZHUVWRVSHFLFTXHVWLRQVDQGWKHZHEVLWHZLOOOHW\RXNQRZZKLFKDQVZHUVDUHFRUUHFWDQGZKLFKDUHLQFRUUHFW
Some of the questions are based on what you read, while others relate to videos of different Spanish speakers.
Another useful website for practicing with the language is called Spanish Language and Culture with Barbara
Kuczun Nelson and can be found at personal.colby.edu/~bknelson/SLC. This website offers a wide range of activities
that allow you to work on developing your skills with a variety of grammar topics.

Resources for Further Study
Grammar Reference
Any introductory Spanish textbook can be a good resource for you to consult regarding questions you might have
UHODWHG WR JUDPPDU WRSLFV ,QWURGXFWRU\ WH[WERRNV DUH DOVR JRRG SODFHV WR QG UHDGLQJV WKDW DUH QRW WRR GLIFXOW IRU
beginning language learners.
An online resource that offers helpful explanations of grammar topics is spanishgrammarguide.com, a website
GHYHORSHGE\WKH6SDQLVK,QVWLWXWHRI3XHEOD7KHJUDPPDUH[SODQDWLRQVRQWKLVZHEVLWHDUHLQ6SDQLVKEXWWKH\DUH
VKRUWDQGWHQGQRWWREHWRRGLIFXOWWRXQGHUVWDQGHYHQIRUEHJLQQLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQHUV6HYHUDOH[DPSOHVDUHJLYHQ
IRUDOOJUDPPDUSRLQWVDOORZLQJ\RXWRVHHWKHVSHFLFJUDPPDUWRSLFEHLQJXVHGLQDYDULHW\RIVHQWHQFHV
Television and Radio Programming

:LWKWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURIFKDQQHOVRQWHOHYLVLRQLWVJHWWLQJHDVLHUHDFK\HDUWRQG6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJSURJUDPV
7KUHHVSHFLFQHWZRUNVWKDW\RXPLJKWKDYHDFFHVVWRZKHUH\RXOLYHDUHUnivisin, Telemundo, and Azteca,I\RX
DUHDEOHWRQGVRPHFKDQQHOVLQ6SDQLVK\RXVKRXOGWXQHLQWRWKHQHZVZKLFKLVUHFRPPHQGHGIRUDIHZUHDVRQV
First, newscasters tend to speak slowly and clearly. For a learner new to the language, this is exactly the kind of
spoken Spanish youll be most likely to understand. Moreover, when watching the news, youll see clips or scenes of
what the newscaster is discussing. These images accompanying the words you hear provide helpful context for whats
being said, meaning that youll likely be able to understand more of the Spanish that is being used. When listening to
the radio in Spanish, news programs also tend to be the best kind of programming for beginning language learners.
<RXPLJKWDOVRFKRRVHWRZDWFKRWKHUNLQGVRISURJUDPVRQWHOHYLVLRQVSRUWVtelenovelasVRDSRSHUDVGUDPDV

JDPH VKRZVDQ\WKLQJ UHDOO\ 7KH PRUH \RX DUH DEOH WR KHDU 6SDQLVK LQ DQ\ VRUW RI FRQWH[W WKH EHWWHU ,I \RXU
WHOHYLVLRQVHWDOORZVLW\RXVKRXOGRFFDVLRQDOO\ZDWFKDSURJUDPZKLOHORRNLQJDWWKHFDSWLRQVLQ6SDQLVK<RXPLJKW
be tempted to use closed captioning in English, but using it in Spanish will help you relate words you hear to the way
they are spelled. And the entire all-Spanish experiencemeaning that both the words youre hearing and the words
youre reading will be in Spanishwill help get you more used to the language in its various aspects.
Websites of Interest
7KH,QWHUQHWRIFRXUVHRIIHUVDSOHWKRUDRIZHEVLWHVLQ6SDQLVK$OWKRXJKODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVVKRXOGDWWLPHVXVHWKH
,QWHUQHWDVDVWXG\JXLGHZKHQFRQVXOWLQJDQRQOLQHGLFWLRQDU\IRUH[DPSOHDWRWKHUWLPHVLWVDJRRGLGHDWRYLVLW
different websites in Spanish simply to explore topics that are of interest to you. As a beginning language learner,
you certainly wont be able to understand everything you read. Nevertheless, your use of context, cognates, and
FRQMHFWXUHLQRWKHUZRUGVHGXFDWHGJXHVVHVFDQKHOS\RXPDNHVHQVHRIPXFKPRUHWKDQ\RXPLJKWWKLQNSRVVLEOH
in your reading.
To read the news in Spanish, you might consult cnnenespanol.com or the Spanish page of foxnewslatino.com.
<RX FDQ QG QHZV IURP 0H[LFR DW eluniversal.com.mx and news from Spain at elpais.com; those countries, of
FRXUVHKDYHRWKHUQHZVSDSHUVWRR,I\RXUHLQWHUHVWHGLQQHZVIURPDVSHFLF6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJFRXQWU\MXVWJRRJOH
peridico>QHZVSDSHU@ZLWKWKHQDPHRIWKHFRXQWU\DQG\RXOOEHGLUHFWHGWRDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWZHEVLWHV
To see a weather report, you can consult the website of Spains Agencia Estatal de Meteorologa >6WDWH
0HWHRURORJLFDO$JHQF\@IRXQGDWDHPHWHVZKLFKDOZD\VKDVDYLGHRRIDPHWHRURORJLVWJLYLQJWKHZHDWKHUIRUDOOWKH
UHJLRQVLQ6SDLQ,I\RXOLNHWRUHDGDERXWVSRUWV\RXPLJKWEHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKH86ZHEVLWHespndeportes.com, the
Mexican website aztecadeportes.com, or the Spanish website marca.com,I\RXULQWHUHVWVDUHFXOLQDU\WKHZHEVLWH
elgourmet.com is a place where you can explore lots of recipes and articles related to food. Finally, Spains public
broadcasting service, Radio y televisin espaolaZKLFKFDQEHIRXQGRQOLQHDWUWYHHVRIIHUVSURJUDPVGHGLFDWHG
to news, sports, music, and more.
Any reading you do in Spanish is good for the development of your reading skills, so take some time to explore the
,QWHUQHWWRQGZHEVLWHVLQ6SDQLVKWKDWPDWFK\RXULQWHUHVWV

Photographic Credits
Page 7: Morning Maxim Khytra/Shutterstock.

Page 7: Afternoon GaudiLab/Shutterstock.
Page 7: Night Kamira/Shutterstock.
Page 13: Family unpacking boxes Darren Baker/Shutterstock.
Page 13: Man labeling boxes stefanolunardi/Shutterstock.
Page 29: Biology classroom bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock.
Page 31: Tamale REDAV/Shutterstock.
Page 31: Ceviche Ismael Perez/Shutterstock.
Page 31: Patacones bonchan/Shutterstock.
Page 36: Messy room Jo Ann Snover/Shutterstock.
Page 36: Pollen allergy Alex Cofaru/Shutterstock.
Page 42: Dirty house Valzhina/Shutterstock.
Page 43: 3 generation family Goodluz/Shutterstock.
Page 43: Grandparents and grandkids Goodluz/Shutterstock.
Page 48: South America atlas TonelloPhotography/Shutterstock.
Page 49: Airplane family toranosuke/Shutterstock.
Page 55: Clock Divers Vector/Shutterstock.
Page 61: Mother and kids FamVeld/Shutterstock.
Page 63: Family dinner wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.
Page 68: Sun Yulia Glam/Shutterstock.
Page 68: Partially sunny Yulia Glam/Shutterstock.
Page 68: Lightning and thunder Netfalls - Remy Musser/Shutterstock.
Page 70: Sun Studio Barcelona/Shutterstock.
Page 70: Man shivering Gazoukoo/Shutterstock.
Page 70: Girl in rain LWY Partnership/Shutterstock.
Page 70: Snow katarina_1/Shutterstock.
Page 75: South America political map mghstars/Shutterstock.
Page 77: Room mghstars/Shutterstock; Nip/Shutterstock; Elena Terletskaya/Shutterstock;
Allydesign/Shutterstock; Spasiblo/Shutterstock; Palau/Shutterstock;
Christopher Hall/Shutterstock; Oxy_gen/Shutterstock.
Page 80: Family discussion Iakov Filimonov/Shutterstock.
Page 86: Giraffe in zoo Kairos69/Shutterstock.
Page 86: Elephant zoo Joseph M. Arseneau/Shutterstock.
Page 93: Tuk Tuk Sura Nualpradid/Shutterstock.
Page 97: Doctor and patient g-stockstudio/Shutterstock.
Page 98: Picnic basket Ekaterina Pokrovsky/Shutterstock.
Page 119: Clothing factory michaeljung/Shutterstock.
Page 119: Alpaca weaving Thomas Barrat/Shutterstock.
Page 129: Excited music fans wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.
238
Photographic Credits
3DJH 6DOWODNH9DGLP3HWUDNRY6KXWWHUVWRFN
Page 146: Hotel of salt blocks Alberto Loyo/Shutterstock.
Page 169: Cocoa plant mchin/Shutterstock.

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Topic Subtopic

Literature & Language Language Learning

Professor Bill Worden

THE GREAT COURSES

Copyright The Teaching Company, 2015

Printed in the United States of America

This book is in copyright. All rights reserved.

Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above,

Professor Biography ..................................................................................................................................... i

Alberto Diego Javier Erica Felipe Elena

Carlos Gonzlez Prez Alejandra Fallas Urea

I. Vocabulario nuevo / New Vocabulary

hola hello Cmo est usted?+RZDUH\RX">IRUPDOVLQJXODU@

Qu tal? Hows it going? Cmo estn ustedes?+RZDUH\RX">IRUPDOSOXUDO@

Bien, gracias. Y usted? Fine, thanks. And you?

bien well regular so-so

Estoy bien.,PZHOO ms o menos so-so

mal not well no muy bien not very well

buenos das good morning buenas tardes good afternoon

buen da good morning buenas noches good evening, good night

Me llamo. My name is. Cmo te llamas?:KDWV\RXUQDPH">LQIRUPDO

Soy. ,DP Cmo se llama usted?:KDWV\RXUQDPH">IRUPDO

Mi nombre es. My name is. mucho gusto nice to meet you

encantadaSOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>VSHDNHU igualmente likewise

muy very bastante bienMXVWQH

bienvenidosZHOFRPH>SOXUDO@ Le presento a./HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>IRUPDO

Te presento a. Let me introduce you to. Les presento a. /HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>SOXUDO@

adis good-bye hasta maana see you tomorrow

chao bye hasta pronto see you soon

hasta luego see you later nos vemos see you

el curso course la lengua language

los Estados Unidos United States el espaol Spanish language

el aspecto aspect el castellano Spanish language

introductorio introductory solo alone, only

II. Repaso general / General Review

B. The Spanish Language

Three ways to introduce yourself are Me llamo Bill>,FDOOP\VHOI%LOORU0\QDPHLV%LOO@Soy Bill>,DP%LOO@DQGMi

F. How Best to Approach This Course

Buenos das! Buenas tardes! Buenas noches!

III. Actividades / Activities

1. Esteban: Hola, ___________________ estn?

1. Encantado. _____________________________ 4. Ms o menos. ____________________________________

1. Hola. Cmo est?

d. Agrega la expresin apropiada. / Add the appropriate expression.

IV. Respuestas correctas / Correct Answers

b. 0XFKRJXVWR,JXDOPHQWH(VXQSODFHU 5HJXODU

c. E %LHQJUDFLDV<XVWHG"

I. Vocabulario nuevo / New Vocabulary

el libro book la mano hand

la silla chair el mapa map

la mesa table el problema problem

la casa house el sistema system

la clase class el da day

el reloj watch, clock el cuaderno notebook, workbook

el lpiz pencil el aguaZDWHU>IHPLQLQH@

la pared wall la letra letter

la msica music el hotel hotel

el televisor television set la familia family

interesante interesting clsico classical

popular popular central central

la educacin education la libertad liberty, freedom

la nacin nation la posibilidad possibility

la leccin lesson la actitud attitude

la universidad university la virtud virtue

hola hello Cmo est usted?+RZDUH\RX">IRUPDOVLQJXODU@

Qu tal? Hows it going? Cmo estn ustedes?+RZDUH\RX">IRUPDOSOXUDO@

Estoy bien.,PZHOO ms o menos so-so

Me llamo. My name is. Cmo te llamas?:KDWV\RXUQDPH">LQIRUPDO

Soy. ,DP Cmo se llama usted?:KDWV\RXUQDPH">IRUPDO

bienvenidosZHOFRPH>SOXUDO@ Le presento a./HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>IRUPDO

Te presento a. Let me introduce you to. Les presento a. /HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR>SOXUDO@

Three ways to introduce yourself are Me llamo Bill>,FDOOP\VHOI%LOORU0\QDPHLV%LOO@Soy Bill>,DP%LOO@DQGMi

1. Encantado. _ 4. Ms o menos. ________

b. 0XFKRJXVWR,JXDOPHQWH(VXQSODFHU 5HJXODU

c. E%LHQJUDFLDV<XVWHG"

1. ,IDQRXQHQGVLQDYRZHODGG-s: la silla>FKDLU@ las sillas.

The letter h is silent in Spanish, so el hotel>KRWHO@IRUH[DPSOHVKRXOGEHSURQRXQFHGDVel otel. When h follows c, it

1. universidad 4. lpices 7. mapas

BBBBBBBBOLEURV BBBBBBBBVLVWHPD BBBBBBBBHGXFDFLyQ

BBBBBBBBGtD BBBBBBBBFXDGHUQRV BBBBBBBBDFWLWXG

1. ________ televisor BBBBBBBBDOIRPEUD>UXJ@

BBBBBBBBPHVDV 7. ________ cuadernos

BBBBBBBBOiPSDUDV>ODPSV@ 8. ________ mapas

4. papeles 9. libros

1. el cuaderno ____________ ODFDPD>EHG@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

ODOiPSDUDBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8. el reloj ____________________

5. el mapa _ 11. el papel _____

6. la alfombra ____________ HOOiSL]BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

&XiO>:KDW@HVHOSOXUDOGHreloj" DUHORMHV EUHORMV FUHORMHFHV

&XiOHVHOVLQJXODUGHtelevisores" DWHOHYLVR EWHOHYLVRU FWHOHYLVRUH

&XiOHVHOSOXUDOGHhotel" DKRWHO EKRWHOHV FKRWHOV

4. Cul es el singular de doctoras" DGRFWRU EGRFWRUDV FGRFWRUD

&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHsistema" DOD EODV FHO

&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHmano" DHO EOD FORV

&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHproblemas" DORV EODV FHO

&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHdentistas" DORV EODV FOD

&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHfutbolistas" DORV EODV FOD

&XiOHVHODUWtFXORGHQLGRGHpapel" DOD EHO FODV

t\RX>VLQJXODULQIRUPDO@ ella she

The vosotros and vosotrasIRUPVZKLFKDUHSOXUDOLQIRUPDOZD\VWRVD\\RXDUHXVHGRQO\LQ6SDLQ,Q/DWLQ$PHULFD

SerLVXVHGWRLGHQWLI\DSHUVRQRUWKLQJElla es ClaudiaWRWDONDERXWRQHVSURIHVVLRQSon doctoresRULJLQ