Beruflich Dokumente
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ATTRIBUTION
T
he present paper was based on 351 settlements identified in the
archaeological literature throughout the highland and lowland areas
of the Banat, dated between the 2nd century and the beginning of
the 5 century AD. 2 The aforementioned figure is highly contingent as the
th
1
This work was co-financed by the European Social Fund, through the Operational
Sectorial Programme for Human Resources Development 20072013, Contract Code:
POSDRU/159/1.5/S/140863, Competitive Researchers on a European Level in Humanities and
Social Sciences. Multiregional research network (CCPE) and the National Authority for Scientific
Research, CNCS UEFISCDI, project code: PN-II-RU-TE-2012-3-0216.
2
The region under scrutiny, known from the 18th century onward under the name of Banat,
is today divided between three states: Romania, Serbia and Hungary. The geographical borders
of the region are: the Mure River in the north, the Tisa River in the west, the Danube in the
south, and the Carpathian Mountains to the east. 18966 km2 of the territory is part of present
day Romania (Timi and Cara-Severin Counties along with some parts of Arad and Mehedini
Counties), 9276 km2 belong to the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia, and a territory of
284 km2 is part of Hungary (Csongrd County). Within this vast region O. Bozu identified initially
over 130 settlements dated between the 3rd and 4th centuries (BOZU 1990, 158). According to a
later assessment (BEJAN 2000, 519), some 455 rural settlements are mentioned, belonging to the
perimeter of 188 present day townships within the historical Banat (not including the Szeged area),
as follows:
Fig. 1. Distribution of settlements in the Romanian part of Banat (2ndearly-5th century AD)
than 40 archaeological objectives belonging to the 2nd5th back of the houses, at the edge of the settlements or in the
century AD were recorded. 33 immediate vicinity of the craftsmans house. Wells and water
The positioning and organisation of the habitat were basins were placed either in the proximity of watercourses or
obviously adapted to the natural environment. All considered between the houses. The houses were surrounded by storage
settlements are unfortified and open. 34 The excavations pits and flood protection ditches.39
from the Central Tisa region showed that the settlements In the case of the late site from AradBarier, it was
from this period were situated in close proximity of each observed that the houses and annexes display a tendency
other, having a temporary character probably due to the of grouping into nests. A first group was identified in
depletion of the communitys farmland. 35 The possibility the north of the site, while further two similar groups,
of migration, caused possibly by demographic expansion comprised however of fewer and more dispersed structures,
against the backdrop of an extensive farming tradition, was are located to the right and to the left of the aforementioned
also put forward.36 area, presumably where the cemetery was beginning. The
Furthermore, the houses show no traces of reparations limit between the settlement and the necropolis was duly
or renovations, suggesting that they were abandoned as new marked.40 At TimioaraFreidorf, on a researched area
dwellings were built. The only known instances of houses covering 0.5 ha, the houses and annexes belonging to both
violently destroyed by fire are the ones from BarandaCiglana phases of the settlement were concentrated on the central
(the Serbian part of Banat) and GrdinariSelite.37 In the area of the promontory, while the pottery kilns were placed
majority of cases the concentration of dwellings indicate in the vicinity of the settlements margin.41 In the same site
large farms surrounded by cropland and grazeland, while the structures were positioned at variable distance from
smaller settlements are known only in the mountainous each other, with a tendency of grouping into nests, while
areas. 38 In most cases the 2nd5th century sites show no signs the presence of aligned postholes suggests the marking of
of systematisation. The only elements of systematisation property limits.42
which indicate a certain degree of recurrence are related A different situation was observed at HodoniPust,
to the workshops which usually can be found either in the where the structures were aligned in rows with 710 m
distance between the houses and rows.43 Both in the case of
33
FLOCA 2013, 123138, 168; Tab. 8.
34
MARE 2004A, 27; MARE/et. al. 2011, 95. 39
GRUMEZA/URSUIU/COPOS 2013, 1315 with bibliography.
35
GRUMEZA/URSUIU/COPOS 2013, 14. 40
GRUMEZA/URSUIU/COPOS, Pl. II.
36
MARE 2004A, 50. 41
MARE/et al. 2011, 95.
37
MARE 2004A, 34. 42
MARE/et al. 2011, 95,
38
MARE 2004A, 28. 43
MARE 2004A, 33.
Fig. 2. Production technique of the pottery vessels from AradBarier Fig. 3. Production technique of the pottery vessels from the 4th century
(GRUMEZA/URSUIU/COPOS 2013) Sarmatian settlements between the Mure and Cri rivers (VADAY/
RZSA 2006)
Fig. 4. Fabric quality of the pottery from AradBarier (GRUMEZA/UR- Fig. 5. Firing of the pottery vessels from AradBarier (GRUMEZA/UR-
SUIU/COPOS 2013) SUIU/COPOS 2013)
Fig. 6. The ornamental motifs of the pottery vessels from AradBarier Fig. 7. The ornamental motifs of the pottery vessels from Grdinari
(GRUMEZA/URSUIU/COPOS 2013) Slite (BOZU 1990)
houses from Timioara Freidorf which
yielded terra sigillata and amphora finds
and are dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries.
Furthermore the state of fragmentation also
prevents the typological classification of the
finds. According to D. Benea the fact that in
the TisaDanube area the majority of the terra
sigillata vessels belong to the type Dragendorff
37 suggests a similar situation in the case of the
rural settlements from the Banat region.
Metal small finds such as brooches,
coins or weapons are also very rare, amounting
to only 1% of the discoveries, appearing
mostly in funerary contexts. The brooches
are dated to the period between the end-2nd
century and the beginning of the 5th century
AD, and were supplied from the neighbouring
Roman provinces. No complex typological and
chronological analysis can be encountered in the
archaeological literature concerning these finds.
Brooches were reported from the
following sites (Fig. 8/1-8):
1. TimioaraFreidorf a knee brooch with
a rectangular plate, arched body small
circular head; the spring is made of
windings covered by a semi cylindrical plate
in addition to two brooches with returned
foot, one them made of bronze, the other
one from iron
2. CriciovaTramnic early variant of a
bronze returned foot brooch
3. GrdinariSlite, house no. 6 a
T-shaped brooch described by O. Bozu
4. Moldova VecheVinograda Vlakikrai
yielded the highest number of brooches
(9) belonging to various types: with
onion-shaped knobs, with returned foot
and of the crossbow type. In O. Bozus Fig. 8. Brooches and weapons discovered in settlements from the Banat Plain: 1.
view the large number and variety of TimioaraFreidorf MARE/et al. 2011), 2. FoeniSelite (SZENTMIKLOSI/TIMOC 2005),
iron finds (tools, weapons, jewels), the 3. GrdinariSlite (BOZU 1990), 4-11. Moldova VecheVinograda Vlakikrai (BOZU/El
iron slag and fragments of molten metal, SUSI 1987). 5. TimioaraCioreni a bronze brooch with returned
indicates large scale iron working activities at this site foot dated between the end of the 2nd century and the
Fig. 9. Combs discovered in the Banat region (redrawn after MARE 2004A)
bronze coins (97% of the total number of coin-finds), which based on the Roman imports: brooches, terra sigillata and
121
BENEA 2013, 133. 126
In T. Kainas view, the hoards with a high number of coins were probably
122
MARE 2004A, 32, with bibliography. the result of an accumulation from acts of systematic thievery in the area to
123
BEJAN 2000, 521. the south of the Danube, see KAINA 2014, 169.
124
BENEA 2013, 133. 127
PINTYE 2009, 166, 184.
125
VADAY 2005, 21. 128
PINTYE 2009, 184190.
REFERENCES
According to M. Mare there is a smaller group of
settlements, comprising of approx. 20% of the analysed ALFLDI 1939
sites, which can be dated as early as the 2nd century, up to the ALFLDI, A., Die Roxolanen in der Walachei. In: Wegner,
4th century AD. Even so the largest group is composed of the M. (ed.): Bericht ber der VI. Internationalen Kongre fr
Archologie, Berlin 21.-26. August 1939 (Berlin: Gruyter),
sites beginning in the 3rd century AD, continuing throughout
528538.
129
VADAY 1999, 550. BARTOSIEWICZ 2003
130
TIMOC/SZENTMIKLOSI 2008, 118.
131
MARE/et al. 2011, 41, 52. 136
MARE 2004A, 49.
132
MARE/et al. 2011. 137
MARE 2004A, 4950.
133
BENEA 2013, 127. 138
VADAY 1996, 558.
134
BENEA 2013, 176. 139
GRUMEZA/URSUIU/COPOS 2013, 39.
135
BENEA 2013, 124. 140
MARE 2004A, 2529.
SatchinezPmntul Galben
Herneacova
TimioaraCioreni
GrdinariSlite Daco-Roman settlement dated to the 4th century AD. The BOZU 1990
entire territory comprising the Danube, Mure and Tisa (...)
according to the unanimous opinion of the historians was an
integral part of the Roman period throughout the 3rd4th cen-
turies AD.
Moldova VecheVinograda Vlakikrai Rural settlement inhabited by a strongly Romanised native BOZU/EL SUSI 1987
population (mid-3rdealrly-4th century AD).
Snnicolau MareSelite The territory is either part of the municipium Tibiscum or of BENEA 2005
pagus Micia, therefore it is part of province Dacia
Dumbrvia Daco-Roman settlement from the 2nd4th century AD. DRAOVEAN/et al. 2004
FoeniSelite Settlement dated to the late-2ndearly-4th centuries AD. TIMOC/SZENTMIKLOSI 2008
DUMITRACU 1993
The Sarmatians, comprised of nomadic populations through-
out the 1st5th centuries, arrive in the Banat only after the Ro-
man withdrawal.
D. Benea in the footnote of a 2013 study asserted that these BENEA 2013, 114, n. 529
settlements were outside the limits of the province (extra
provinciae), beyond the limes, therefore the term Daco-Ro-
man is not particularly suitable.