IEEE Power Engineering SocietY

POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION

Prepared by the
Po$er System Restoration Working Group

Sponsored by the
System Operations Subcommittee

of the
Power System Engineering Committee
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 FOREWORI)

The problem of bulk power system restoration following a complete or partial collapse_is practically as
;H ;-rh;-Jt."triC utiiiW indJstry itself. Many electriCutilitief have developed over the years system
i".tootion .ct e*es'it ai;;i-tht neeas of thdir particular systems. These bl?ns provide a. great deal
and what
;iilight inio rrow trr" iirto*ti"e process is viEwed by operating and planning personnel
conceris and constraints any plan must operate under.

Renewed, intensive interest in the problem of pow-er. system restoration is coming at a time when new
a;6ngtgEi"J .ri prorioirg po*"rirt new cafabilitiei.in.area _s-ucJr..as larg3 ;ca19 _lyjEl_gulltit,
ior11r"i.ition, data manlgEment, expert sys'tems, and.4lied disciplines. Full advantage should be
taken of such air opportuneloincidenc-es, but in responsible manner.

The IEEE power System Restoration Working Gr.oup (SIWG) is concerned.with the development and
Aiiiemination or teiinicar inrormation for pianning aild operatgr trainlqg_g the context of meeting
;;il;tid i&ui.i*entr. This special repiort 9on!55_9f-re-prinls.of ^LEP--E^ Transactions on Power
St;i".r C-pffnsl papers written or invitei by the SRWG, a list of the.SRWG mgmb.er papers in other
ifgf puiiiotioni, ini a bibliography of IEEE Transactions pape.rs of interest related to power system
i"rtotiton. rt sdouiJ not-Ue"ini"#ed that a complete reiroiting on_ Power lystem restoration is
undertaken here. The intent is to report on the wor[ of theVorking Group to date.

M. M. Adibi, Chairman
P'ower System Restoration Working Group
August 1993
 TABLE OF CONTET\TS
Page
A. REPRINTS OF PAPERS FROM T-PWRS WRITTEN OR IIWITED BY SRWG

ru IEEE Committee Report, "Power System Restoration - A Task Force Report,"

T-PWRS, May 1987 pp 271-277.
The paper includes:

o Review of Restoration Plans, M. M. Adibi 1

. Power System Characteristics, R. J. Kafka 2
. The Role of Plant Control, P. J. Clelland 2
. Reactive Power Balance, J. G. Raine 3
. Load - Generation Balance, M. M. Adibi 3
. Sequential vs. Parallel Restoration, D. Scheurer 5
. Bibliography, L. H. Fink 6

t2l IEEE Committee Report, "Power System Restoration - The Second Task Force Report,"
T-PWRS, Nov 1987 pp 927-933.

The paper includes:

o Review of Selected (1979-83) Major Bulk Power Disturbances, M. M. Adibi 9

o Identification of Restoration Problems, R.J. Kafka 11
o Enhancing Power System Restoration, J.N. Borkoski t2

t3I IEEE Committee Report, "System Operation Challenges,"

T-PWRS, Feb 1988 pp 118-126.

The Paper includes:

o Upgrading Energy Management Systgms, J.L.lcheidt and M. E. Robertson 15

o frelictin{ Comfuter Resource Re(uirements, D. Barrie t6
o Effective Alarming, K. W. Heussner 18
o Design, Development and Delivery of Quality Operator Training Programs,
M.E. Cooper 19
. Issues andProblems in Power System Restoration,
M. M. Adibi and D. Scheurer 20
Discussions by J. Feinstein and E. F. Kaprielian 22

Page 1
t4l IEEE Committee Report, "Special Considerations in Power System Restoration,"
T-PWRS, Nov 1992 pp 1419-1427

The paper includes:

. Excessive Alarm During Restoration, C.J. Andrews 25

. Switching During Restoration, T.L. Volkmann 27
o Optimal Sequencing of Start;up Generating Un!tg.J.M. Iv{iller 28
. U^ndergroun^d Transmission Syitem Concerns, J.N. Wrubgl . 29
. Teleco-mmunication Capabilities and Limitation, F. Arsanjani 30

t5l IEEE Committee Report, "Overvoltage Control During Restoration,"

T-PWRS, Nov 1992 PP 1464'1470

The paper includes:

. Sustained Overvoltage Control, M.M. Adibi 34

. Switching Transients Control, B. Avramovic 35
o Harmonic Resonance Overvoltage, R.W. Alexander 36

t6] IEEE Committee Report, "New Approaches in Power System Restoration,"

T-PWRS, Nov 1992 pp 1428-1434

The paper includes:

. System-Wide Coordination and Overall Organization of Restoration,

J. Zaborsky 4l
o Expert System for Power system Restoration, S. M. Shahidehpour and
D. S. Kirschen 43
o Operator Training Simulators in Power System Restoration, Jay Giri 44

17) IEEE Committee Report, "Bulk Power System Restoration Training Techniques,"
T-PWRS Feb 1993 l9l-197

' The paper includes:

. Issues to be Addressed in Power System Restoration Training, M. M. Adibi,

L. H. Fink & M.E. Cooper 49
o Job Task Analysis for Power System Restoration Training Programs,
R. G. Wasley 50
. PSR Trainin!-Conventional Means, R.T. Gonzales, A.B. Storey and
F.J. Wood 51
. Computer-Based Training to Support Restoration, R.J. Kafka 52
o Capabilities of an Operator Training liryrlqto.-to- qt1ppor.t yoyer-r:y.st9m
Reitoration Training^, E. J. Dobrowblski, K. Nodehi and J. G. waight 53
. Irssons from Other Industries, R. Hoffman 54

t8] Invited paper by SRWG,"Steam Plant Startup qd _Qo11r91 in System Restoration,"

by: F. p. ^<te
nabtlo and I. c. westco_tt, p^aper_93 WM-201-4, presented at
IEEE 1993 WPM, Columbus,Ohio, Jan 31 - Feb 5,1993 57

t9] Invited paper by SRWG, "Reactive cAPABILITY_Iti$laqon of Synchronous Machines,"

by M. ttl.'eAiUi and D.'P. Milanicz, paper 93 WM 203..0, presented at
mgf, 1993 WPM, Columbus, Ohio, Jan 31 - Feb 5,1993 65

Page 2
t10l Invited paper by SRWG, "Power System^Rellolalr^on Planning," .
bv M. u.'aOiUi and L. H. Fink, piaper 93 wM 204-8, presented at
IEEE 1993
73
WPM, Columbus, Ohio, Jan 31- Feb 5, 1993

r
t11l
L IEEE Committee Report, "Special Consideration in Power System Restoration - The
Second Working Group itep6rt," paper 93 WM 202-2, presented at
IEEE 1993 WPM, Columbus, Ohio, Jan 31 - Feb 5,1993

The paper includes:

. Cold lnad Pickup - Modeling, W.W. Price & S' Ihara 81

o Cold roid Pickuir - I-ow Voftage Netygrk Loa{s, Qlrarle; W."li]qy 83
o T'fre Roie oi CashurUine in PS-E&G'S Restoration Plan, S. A. Jones and
83
J. N. Wrubel
o Reactive Power Balance, M. M. Adibi and M' J' O'Grady 85

ll2l
L--r IEEE Committee Report,"An_approa.!. tc ftungilg_rqas9_A,ng1e Reduction,"
Uv S. Wunderlich, M. M Adi6i B'^titg-tl,,,d If .D'O' Nwankpa, paper
93 wM 2g5-j, f;er*t.o at IEEt, 1993 wPM, Columbus, ohio, Jan 31 - Feb 5,1993
89

t13l
L-' IEEE Committee Report.'E:rpert .Slstejn Requirements for Power.System Restoration,"
b, M M. eiiUi RT *afld and b. P. Milanicz,^p1q?Lpresented at the panel
sission on Power SYstem Restoration at IEEE 1993 SPM,
97
Vancouver, BC, Jui 18-22, 1993

L- I
t14] IEEE Committee Report,"Anal_ytical-Tool Requirements for Power System Restoration,"
by M. rr,r. AAili, i.-'N. go_rkosfti and R. J. Kifka, paper-presented at the panel
s6ssion on Powei System Restoration at IEEE 1993 SPM,
105
Vancouver, BC, Iul 18-22, 1993

B. LIST OF THE SRWG MEMBER PAPERS IN OTHER IEEE PUBLICATIONS

t1I Adibi, M. M. and R. J. Kafka, "Power System Restoration Issues," IEEE CAP Apr 1991',
pp 19-24

lzt Matsumoto, K. et al " Knowledge-Puqd system_,?i operational Aids in Power system

Restoration," IEEE Proceedings May 1992, pp 689-697
t3I Barrie, D., "system Restoration Followitg.I-oug and Generation Rejection -- Ontario-Hydro,"
IEEE gth Biennid- w;;dhop on Real-fime Monitoring and Control of Power Systems,
Montreal, Oct. 1984
Workshop on
t4I Peach, S. "system Restoration Sy-nthesis - Hydro a'"!::t.-1-EFE^ljhBiennial
i.ut-1.i*. Mbnitoring and Contrirl of Power Systems, Montreal, Oct' 1964

t5I Scheurer,D., "system Restoration at Philadelphia.-Electric Company," IEEE 8th Biennial

w;;kJh;b on'n*i-ii,"" M;it"ring anOCont oi of Power Systems, Montieal, Oct. 1984

Page 3
C. IEEE TRANSACTIONS PAPERS OF INTEREST RELATED TO RESTORATION

t1I '!y*9. Restoration llr1-Delelopment for a Metropolitan Electric System,"

EIry,_R.J. et al,
IEEE Trans.v. PAS-100 n.8, 1981. pp.3703-13.

l2l Simburger, E.J. and F. J. Hubert "I-ory-Voltage Bulk Power System Restoration Simulation,"
IEEE Trans. v. PAS-100 n.11, pp. 4479-84, Nov. 1981

l2l IEEE Committee Repo+ I'Qy{em Restolalion - Deploying the Plan," COPWG, W. A. Johnson,
chmn, IEEE Trans. v. PAS-101, Nov L982, pp 4263-71-

t31 5ufk", B.J. q al, "Role of Interactive and Control Computer in the Development of a System
Restoration Plan," IEEE Trans. PAS, Vol PAS-101, Jan 1982 pp 43-52

I4l Mariani, E. et al, "Fie1d Experience in Reenergizitionof Electrical Networks from Thermal and
Hydro IInits," IEEE Trans- v. PAS-103 n.'1, pp. L707-13, Jul. L994.

t5] R.D. and G. A. Mason "Blackstart Utiliaztion 9f _Rggrote CTs, Analytical Analysis and
!t-tq1!2,
Field Test,' IEEE Trans. v.PAS-103 n.8, Aug 84 pp 2186-91

t6l Morin, Gastgn, "service Restoration Follorring a Major Failure on the Hydro-Quebec Power
System,'IEEE Trans - PWRD Vol Pwrd-2No2, April 1987 pp 454 - 4638

Ul Kearsley, $, ]Re;toration in Sweden and Experience Gained from the Blackout of 1983," IEEE
Trans. v. PWRS-2, n. 2, pp. 422-428, May 1987.

t9l lyul F. Fand A. Monticelli "Analytical T9o-lr _for Power System Restoration - Conceptual
Design," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.-10-16, Feb. 1988.

t10] Ljndstrom, _R.8.., ".Simulation and Field Test of the Black Start of a l-atge Coal-Fired
Generating l}t gg^Ut+izing Small Hydro Generation,' IEEE Trans. on Power Slstems Vol. 5,
Nr. 1. pp. 162-168, Feb. 90.
t1U Kirschen,_D.S. and T. L. Volkmann, "Guiding a Power System Restoration with an Expert
System," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems T-PWRS May 91 pp 558-566

U21 Uu, 9.9. et al , "Generation Capability Dispatch for Bulk Power System Restoration: A
Knowledge-Based Approach," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems T-PWRS'Feb 93 pp 3L6-325

t13l Omahen, P.^e_t al, "Simulations and Field Tests of a Reactor Coolant Pump Emergency Star-up
by Means of Remote Gas Units, " IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion T-Ei D*,91, pi Aglegi

Page 4

POVER SYSTEM RESTORATION - A TASK FORCE REPORT
Contributing Members: M. Adibi (Chairman), P. Clelland, L. Fink,
H. Happ, R. Kafkar S. Raine, D. Scheurer, and F. Trefny
Abstract - The IEEE PES System Operation
SubcoriiliEEE-ias established the Power System Restoration
Task Force to: review oPeratint practices, conduct a
literature search, prepare relevant glossaries and
bibliographies, and promote information exchange through
technical papers. This is the first report of the Task Force.
The problem of bulk power system restoration
following a complete or partial collapse is practically as old
as the electricutility industry itself. Many electric utilities
have developed over the years system restoration schemes
that meet the needs of their particular systems. These plans
provide a gieat deal of insitht into how the restorative
process is viewed by operating and planning personnel and
what concerns and constraints any plan must operate under.
The body of the report consists of notes prepared by
members of the Task Force. It should not be inferred that a
complete reporting on Power System Restoration is
undertaken here. The intent is to report upon work of the
Task Force to date. The report also reviews several different
restoration plans and shows their common concerns and
constraints.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today's bulk power systems provide a highly reliable
supply of electric power. However, due to a combination of
unforeseen circumstances, there is the remote possibility of a
system wide outage. It is therefore prudent to be prepared
for such an unlikely eventuality by developing an up-to-date,
readily accessible, and easily understood power system
restoration plan to allow a quick and orderly recovery from a
system outage, with resultant minimum impact on the public.
The bulk power supply major disturbances are
primarily caused by transient faults and mainly originate in
the transimission systems. A very large number of these
initiating causes of supply interruptions are due to temporary
faults, such as lightning, which are immediately cleared by
fast and selective protective relays, leaving the system in an
unfaulted condition. In many cases, however, these
temporary initiating causes produce subsequent effects which
are "permanentr'r including loss of generation, load and
interconnections. These subsequent effects result in a partial
to complete collapse of unfaulted power systems. Thus,
searching for the originating fault in power failures may be
futile, although identifying the status of the collapsed
system components would enhance restoration.
'16 SY 329-7
A paper recomnendeC and approved
:;.' the IEEE Polrer System Engineering Committee of
ahe IEEE Power Engineering Society for presenEation
a. rhe IEE:/PES 1986 Summer Meering, l.lexico City,
'lerico, July 20 - 25, 1986. Manuscript suhmitted
.i!rgust 13, 1984; made available for printinq
:lai- 7, 1986.
Printed in the U.S.A.
86 SM 329-7
The major portion of the initial effort in restoring bulk
supply is in restart and reintegration Procedures for
generation and transmission systems. Load pick-up during
these initial phasesr i.e. restart and reintegration, is
necessary for (a) bringing generators to their stable, minimum
generation levels and (b) maintaining satisfactory volta8e
conditions.
This paper first reviews three diiferent restoration
plans. It then describes the power system characteristics
relevant to restoration. This is followed by power system
considerations. Finally, it provides a bibliography covering
1940 to 1984.
,u. eevmw op nEsro
l. Th..-.lSyst"rns(25)
The system restoration plan developed for all thermal
systems serving metropolitan areas is based on:
Sectionalization of the system into two or more
subsystems and simultaneous reintegration of generation and
transmission in each subsystem. Selection of subsystems is
based on black-start capability within each subsystem and
steam tenerators with hot restart capability, and any
transmission and loads required to interconnect them.
Division of the restoration procedure into restart,
reintegration, load pick-up and interconnection phases. The
restart phase begins with providing station service for the
restart of steam units within each subsystem. In the
reintegration phase generating stations are interconnected.
During these two phases only the necessary loads are picked-
up as dictated by 6eneration and transmission requirements.
These two phases end when the subsystems are synchronized
and firmly interconnected. During the load pick-up phase
loads are picked-up in small increments to avoid excessive
underfrequency deviations. Due consideration is given to
reactive power balance, voltage conditions and stability of
the system. With the start of large steam units and
availability of ample reactive absorbing capabilities, the EHV
lines are energized and the interconnections are
reestablished.
(15)
2. Hydro-Thermal Svstems
The system restoration plan developed for hydro-
thermal systems serving metropolitan areas is based on
energizing the entire bulk power transmission system in one
step and providing station service to all thermal generating
stations. This approach uses the ability of large hydro
stations to absorb the charging currents of the complete
transmission system, and it is an attempt to avoid the time
consuming line sectionalization and switching operations
which are normally required in system restoration. The high
voltages at the receiving end ol lines are avoided by manual
operation of hydrots voltage regulators far below normal.
With the availability of large hydros, the
interconnection phase can also precede the load pick-up
phase.
reprinted from IEEE Transactions on
Power Svstems, vol. PWRS-2, no. 2,
May, 1987, pp.27l-277
 (4)
3. Primarily Hydro Systems
The system restoration plan developed for alJ hydro or
primarily hydro systems emphasize the switchint operation
and the response of prime movers to a sudden Ioad pickup. In
this plan, due consideratoin is Siven to the time it takes to
isolate and energize the necessary lines by using central
control systems to execute the switching operation
programs. The off-line dynamic Protrams are used to
ietirmine responses of the system and provide guidelines for
load pick-up based on the prevailing generation on-[ine,
transmission configuration and system loading.
4. Common Characteristics of Restoration
Review of the above and several other system
restoration plans show a number of common concerns even
though their strategies are different:
1. Immediate resupply of station service.
2. Time consuming nature of switching oPeration.
3. Start-up timings of thermal units.
4. Voltage rise problems of energizing unloaded
transmission lines.
5. Frequency response of prime movers to a sudden
load pick-up.
6. Cold load inrush, power factors and coincident
demand factors.
These system restoration plans generally end when the
bulk power system has been "restored'! and the pick-up of the
next increment of load is based on other criteria than
technical requirements of the system.
It is concluded that most bulk power supply systems
have certain characteristics in common and behave in a
similar manner during the restoration Process. It is therefore
possible to establish a general procedure and a list of
guidelines which would enhance rapid restoration. On the
6ther hand, the detailed plan has to be specifically developed
to meet the particular requirements of an individual power
system. Thus, it is important to determine and record the
relevant characteristics of each power system.
III. POWER SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
1. Steam Unit Characteristics
By, R. J. Kafka, Potomac Electric Power Co.,
Vashington, D.C.
The characteristics of a power system relevant to
restoration may be divided into three functional ErouPs:
those related to reactive power balance, those which affect
the load generation balance, and those which primarily deal
with the protective and control systems- The characteristics
related to load generation are:
o Number and size of low voltage AC network loads
under peak and light load conditions.
o Generator's maximum and minimum output and
rate of loading under normal and emergency
conditions.
o The dynamic resPonse of prime movers to sudden
load pick-up.
o Maximum time intervals for hot restart of
type of boilers.
o Minimum elapsed time for hot restart of super-
critical once-through boilers.
o Blackstart capabilities of combustion turbines.
System Restoration entails careful consideration of
probable eflects of each action on the rest of the system and
Ln the subsequent measures. Transmission line loadings,
tenerator loadings, and phase an6le- differences between load
ienters and generators must be evaluated. The time at which
units are brought on the line, the rate at which generators
can be loaded, the mismatch between load pick-up and
generator responser the change in system frequency, and the
Iffect on feeders having under-frequency relays should be
considered. Equally important is the recognition and
coordination of certain critical time intervals, such as
maximum time interval beyond which a unit with a drum tyPe
boiler cannot safely be hot restarted, or the minimum time
interval after vhich a super-critical, once-through unit can
safely be restarted. Vhile sectionalization of the system into
a number of subsystems and simultaneous reintegration of
generation in each subsystem could appreciably reduce the
duration of an outage, the extent of sectionalization is
limited by availability of resources, including the number of
system and plant operator teams, as well as the
communications available to permit effective and efficient
coordination of their efforts.
Hot restart of cycling steam units which are drum type
is essential. These units have to be placed back into
operation supplying loads within a short time interval
following the system outage. Otherwise the restart may not
be possible for several hours. Such a time interval then is
very critical to system restoration, Particularly in those
stations where station service has to be supplied from another
station. It is important to accurately determine the time
intervals between unit trip-outs and hot restart.
2. Combustign Turbine Characteristics for :Qo!51!ys'!enq
,lell
By: F. Trefny, Houston Lighting and Power Co.,
Houston, TX
There are two basic sizes and classes of combustion
turbines. These are ISMW black plant start and 50MV
peaking and/or combined cycle units. Each turbine's starting
characteristics are summarized below:
2.1 Characteristics of l5MV Combustion Turbines
These combustion turbines can be started with no
external auxiliary power. The units can be brought up from
cold start in approximately 30 minutes. However, the 30
minutes include a l5 minute warm-uP, but this can be
bypassed in an emergency to allow 15 minute start-uP time.
Units can be restarted immediately from shutdown.
Starting is accomplished by diesel engine via a
clutch. No electric motors are used. A second diesel engine
driving a direct current Benerator will supply the necessary
auxiliary power. This direct current tenerator is not
normally used unless the plant is blacked out.
The unit may be operated anywhere between 0-
lrMW. The operator uses MW setpoint control to adjust the
turbine to load conditions, and this must be changed as ioad is
increased or decreased.
2.2 Characteristics of 50MW Combustion Turbines
The 50MW combustion turbines require an A.C. source
of auxiliary power for startinS. The units can be brought
drum from a cold start to full load in about 15 minutes. The same
time is reguired for a hot start. However, before a restart
can be attempted, the turbine must roll down to a stop and
then be placeil on turning gear (this is permissive for starting
,
controls). Roll down requires approximately half an hour.
Electrical power must be supplied to a 900HP cranking motor
to start the turbine; other auxiliary Power requirements are
minimal. Often this power can be supplied by a black plant
gas turbine which requires approximately 30 minutes to start.
The generator can be operated from zero to full load.
MW setpoini can be used to #t power. Maximum power is
determihed by turbine exhaust temPerature-power is
increased until limit is reached. Governor is set for
approximately 4% regulation.
3. The Role of Plant Control Svstem
By: P. Clelland, Philadelphia Electric Co.,
Philadelphia, PA
3.1 MechanicalConsiderations
Many control systems for the rrmechanical" portion of
the power plant (combustion, feedwater, steam temPerature,
etc.) are deisgned for use between minimum and maximum
load, and are not truly effective during startup or extreme
low load oPeration. Minimum load is probably no lower than
25%' of maximum load.
Main and reheat steam temPerature controls are often
not in control of their associated temperatures at low loads
because the steam temPeratures are far below their defined
setpoints. The controG are taking aPPropriate action (spray
valves closed or tilts fully elevated) but the control obiective
under these conditions is not correctly defined. The real
control objective is to regulate the rate of change of
temperafilres in order to reduce stresses - not to increase
temperature as quickly as possible in an attempt to satisfy
soml unattainable setpoint. Consequently, during startuP the
operator nlust Place these temperature control systems on
manual and perform his own Iorm of rate control.
Feedwater control systems normally oPerate in a
rrthree mode" form, where feedwater flow is matched to
steam flow and biased to maintain constant drum level as a
secondary control objective. During light-off and very low
Ioad operation, this control strategy cannot be applied.
Before the turbine is started, there is no measured steam
flow (though there may actually be steam fiow through vents
and drains). At extreme low loads, the steam and feedwater
flows will be in the lowest range of the associated flow
instruments and these measurements will be of questionable
accuracy. For this reason, startuP feedwater control is
performed as a "single mode" operation, with the sole control
objective of maintaining drum level at setPoint. As steam
flow is initially supplied to the turbine, the single mode
control becomes a reaction type controller. It receives no
information regarding the outflow from the boiler, but must
regulate the inflow to maintain drum level.
It is significantly easier to establish circulation in a
boiler which has boiler circulating pumPs than it is in a
natural circulation unit. In the former unit, circulation can
begin beiore introducing fire to the boiler. This avoids the
risk of local hot spots caused by non-uniform firing Patterns.
Startup feedwater control is easier to accomplish in a Frequency control *ould probably be inactive during
plant which uses feedwater regulating valves for flow control
ihan in a plant which uses turbine-driven Ieedpumps and
speed controllers. This is because the turbine-pump has its
own dynamics which must be considered.
Light-off and low load operation is usually not
perlormi with the primary iuel. The P-rocess is to warm the
unit using igniters jnd No. 2 oil, transfer. to oil torches and
tlo. 6 oiliand finally transfer to pulverized coal. This usually
means that we have two fuel supPly systems in operation,
with one (or none) in automatic and one (or both) in manual'
Consequently, regulation of fuel flow is not necessarily
at -one work station- Some coordination is
"..o*plith"i'
3
lost. Most furnace implosions on pulverized coal units have
occurred during this dual-fuel operation.
NFPA codes set minimum air flow requirements to
avoid explosive mixtures. This may cause a problem because
of the resulting mismatch between minimum air flow and the
required fuel flow.
A wide variety of voltage reSulators and associated
control schemes exist throughout the power indsutry- This is
to control the generator's terrninal volta8e to some ope!9lor:
established sepoint. This control is ultimately accomplished
by varying tlire DC field current in the rotor of th
Benerator. The voltage retulator can be considered to act
ilmost instantaneously when comPared to other station
controls.
In normal operationr the operator will usually establilsh
an initial volt-ampere reactive (VAR) flow from the
generator with the voltate reBulator on manual. Once the
iAR flow is established and the unit has reached a minimum
operatinS point (usually less than 40% load)r the voltage
regutatoi is switched to automatic. Any subsequent .chan8es
in-system voltage levels will result in Senerator VAR ilow
changes as the regulator tries to maintain the generator
terminal voltage al its setPoint. The major concern of the
operator is to keep the field current (and consequently the
VAR flow from the generator) high enough to ensure machine
stability.
During restart conditions, one should be aware of
protective ielays which could initiate an undesirable
response or generator trip. Some ot these relays
::::r"t".
o Volts per Hertz
o Out-of-SteP
o Under-Excitation
o Distance
o Frequency
o Field Forcing
The volts per hertz relay will oPerate if this ratio becomes
excessive (volts too high or frequency too low)- Some voltage
regulators automatically alter the voltage setPoint for
changes in frequencY.
The Out-of-Step, Under-Excitation, and Distance
relays are impedance-iype relays and could operate during
short electrical power swings or transients.
The Frequency relay monitors electrical frequency and
could operate before turbine speed protection.
The Field Forcing relay will not trip the unit but will
establish fult field flow during periods of low voltage. Some
field rheostats are changed to a new fult field position by this
relay.
).3 FrequencY Control
restart conditions and would not be reestablished until the
system becomes interconnected.
Units cannot be brought on line with zero load. Some
load must be picked up immediately to avoid the possibility ol
motoring. Thus the generator breaker cannot be closed on a
completely cleared bus, bu: neither can the connected load be
excessive.
 IV. REACTIVE POWER BALANCE
t. Reactive Power Balance
By: J. G. Raine, Florida Power & Light Co.,
Miami, FL
_ The expression 'rReactive Power Balanceil implies that
there is Reactive Generation and Reactive Load and that
these must be equal or balanced. Thus it is important to have
a clear understanding of what is considered Reactive
Generation and what is considered Reactive Load so that we
can control their balance to obtain the voltage conditions we
desire. Listed below is a possible classification of Ceneration
and Load.
+ Generators
Co-Cenerators
; A11 Circuits (Line Charging)
+ All Shunt Capacitors
All Shunt Reactors
+ Synchronous Condensers
+ Static Var Generators
+ Customer Derqand
+ All Circuits (l'X) *^
+ All Transformers (lzX)
+ All Transf or mers (excitation)
+ Generator Auxiliary Equipment
+ Interchange
+
Series reactors and Series capacitors are treated
as changes .in the circuit impedance
The first step of actual restoration will involve the
energization of some transmission circuit, that is the sudden
bringing on line of a Reactive Generator. This will result in
an increase-in voltage across the system and especially at the
"far end'r of the circuit. energized. To decrease the impact of
bringing a large Reactive Generator on line we could at the
same time bring on a negative Reactive Generator (a shunt
reactor on the far end of the circuit) or a positive Reactive
Load (a substation with customer load). The latter would
require Real Power Cenergtion to supply the reai power load
but it would increase the IzX loss in thesystem. Care should
be taken that no additional Reactive Genirators in the form
of Shunt capacitors are part of the load. Another approach
would be to avoid energizing an EHV circuit or high'voltage
9,aU1e. !u1
to en.ergize a lower voltage transmissiJn circui-t,
that is bring on .line a smaller ReactivE Generator.
After several steps of transmission restoration have
occurred the resulting system may be a'rlong skinny,,system
of relative high series reactance so that a high voltage drop
occurs from reactive ftow through the reactance. To'reduce
the series.reactance, a parallel clrcuit shouid be energized
and tied through. This energizing of circuits increasef the
posltive reactive generation whlch in turn requires additional
negative reactive generation. If the disturbance has removed
most of the real power generators along with their reactive
power generation, then these reactive generators must be
on.ly reactive generators, that is shunt capacitor, shunt
reactors, synchronous condensor or static var generator.
. .lf indeed partia.l restoration has been accomplished
through by-passing of available EHV transmission then the
conditions of the above paragraph may be quite difficult.
Speclal switching arrangement hay be required to connect an
autotransformer and tertiary connected shunt reactors to the
EHV circuit prior to energizing the circuit and
autotranslormers as a unit.
l{ a highnegative
De..suttrclent
voltage cable is to be energized there should
reactive generation ',clcse,' io the
cable to balance the added posftive reactive genei.ation.
Another consideration is whether the cable should be
energized ra.isin6 the system voitage and then shunt reactors
De energrzed to lower the system voltage or should :he shunt
4
reactors be e.nergized f.irst. to lower the system voltage and
then the cable energized to raise thg system vo"ltage.
Cenerally, the latter approach is preferred.
in all of these cases the system voltage is monitored to
determine the out-of-limit condition U"ut the reactive
generation and load plus reactive flows are analyzed to
determine.the appropriate action. A major requirement of
the operating personnel is to know the magnitude and location
of the reactive capability of their system and at any moment
the magnitude and location of the reactive reserves of their
system.
2. Load-Generation lalance
Byr M. M. Adibi, iRD Corporation, Bethesda, MD
2.1 Svstem Dvnamics During Restoration
The development of a strategy for coordinating power
system restorative control actions requires that the blhavior
of the power system durlng the periodi of outage, startup and
reintegration, be thoroughly understood. UnfJriunately, the
behavior of the system during these periods is uncertain, and
the dynamic processes that govern fhe behavior of relevant
system components are highly non_linear and complex: (l)
the exact configuration of the system and the tperating
s.tatusof system equipment are not known precise.ly;'(2) loaJ
demand changes occur in the course of an outage as a
function of severai variables, inciuding duration of"outage,
wea.ther conditions, time of day, custoher lifestyle, type"oi
load, and dynamic characteristics of the specitic-ioads
involved.
During system restoration, a reasonable balance must
be maintained between generation and load to avoid excessive
over and under frequency deviations. Load pick_ups at small
increments prolong the restoration duration. Witf, i..g.
increments there are always risk of frequency decline UeyoXd
recovery and recurrence of system outate. The size of load
pick-up depends on the response of prime movers. In
developing the system restoration ptan, it is therefore
essentia.l that the response of prime movers be determined.
Unf ortunately, the available linearized dynamic
models are not suitable nor adequate for evaluating dynamic
phenomena such as the variation of system frequeniy as a
function of load-generation mismatch, the - effect of
underfrequency relays, and the rate at which a tenerator can
be ioaded, To consider these phenomena, dynamic behavior
oJ boilers, turbines, combustion controliers, feedwater
controllers, temperature controllers, and governor systems
must be represented over the operating range of prime
movers.
As a substitute for the simulator, a guideline approved
by the operating and production personnel may be used. This
informatlon could take the form of the largeit increment of
load increase at one time, which would not lower system
frequency more than 0.5 Hz of its previous value. Expeiience
with several systems has shown that a load increment of J%
of .each .subsystem generation may be satisfactory in that
such an increment would reduce the frequency by no more
than 0.5 Hz. Also, restoration of smaller and radial loads
prior to .larger and low voltage AC network ioad provides a
tood control of frequency.
2,2 Intentional IslandinR Schemes
, When groups
J*oout-of-step) of generators begin to lose
synchronism, (go it is advisable to end severe
voltage fluctuations by ieparating the two troups of
generators, or the two areas. Under such circumstances, it is
desirable to select the preplanned locations where: (i) tfre
excess or deficiency of generation in each separated area is
minimal, thus resulting in the least disruption of service, and
\lJ synchronrzrng equipment is available for reclosing the
circuits and restoring the operation back to normal in a B.
minimum time.
In order to ensure satisfactory islanding during
emergency conditions, it may be necessary to block some ol
the relays from tripping where splitting is not desirable, and
to trip or allow to triP only those relays where it is
desirable. In order to satisfy these reguirements, the relay
schemes must be able to discriminate between: (l) normal
load conditions, Q) swing conditions, (3) out-of-steP
conditions, and (4) fault conditions.
This would entail extensive transient stability studies
of the area(s), installations of appropriate relays, including
blocking and transfer tripping, and a thorough relay
coordination. These are major undertakings.
2.3 Low Frequency Isolation Scheme
Isolation of generation with matching local loads
through relay schemes would avoid startup of the generator(s)
from a complete shutdown and consequently would sPeed up
the restoration process.
A dynamic analysis is required to determine the steam
unitsr frequency response under different load and generation
mismatch after isolation. The excess generation (i.e., load
rejection) may trip the turbine and boiler, and the excess load
may trip the generator by the under-frequency relay. The
load rejection capabilities can be achieved by proper
coordination of turbine controls and boiler interlocks.
Unless, during peak- and light-load conditions, load and
generation mismatch are within the limits, the low frequency
isolation scheme would not be reliable.
3, SiQUENTIAL VS. PARALLEL REST
by: D. Scheurer, Philadelphia Electric Companyt
Philadelphia, PA
The determination of the method to be used in
restoring a given system is highly dependent on several
factors. These factors include the relative size of the
system, the amount of blackstart caPacityr the location of
the blackstart capacity, and the amount and location of
emertency backup power supplies.
The main objective of the early stage of a restoration
procedure is to establish a transmission line to all stations
and substations in order to reenergize iight and power
supplies before the integrlty ol equipment is ieopardized.
Small systems with a centralized blackstart capability can
probably accomplish these ends using a sequential restoration
method. The time required to restore a larger system by this
method, however, may be significantly longer, and therefore
a parallel restoration method would be required to energize
all light and power within a reasonabie time frame. The
major considerations to be used in determining a restoration
methd are as follows:
3.1 Backup Power Supplies at Substations. Generating
Stations. and Control Centers
Telecommuncations equipment
The operability of many batteries used for the backup
of supervisory control and data remotes can become
quest'ionable within a short time period (l-2 hours).
This would result in incomplete data acquisition and
the inability to close breakers via supervisory control-
Circuit Breakers
Many circuit breakers require an AC feed for
compressors and heaters. On a cold day, these
breakers may become inoperative within l-4 hours
following interruption due to gas liquefication or loss
of pressure. Once rendered inoperative, they may
require several hours to . recover following the
restoration of power.
C. Oil-Static Cable Systems
Cable failure on energizing these systems is a
possibility due to oil contamination or loss of
insulation quality if no backup AC independent source
of pumping is supplied.
3.2 BlackstartCapability
The method of restoration chosen is dependent on the
available blackstart capacity and its geographic distribution
across the system. Parallel restoration of subsystems
requires that sufficient blackstart capability be available
within each subsystem to energize all light and power and
rnaintain voltages. Sequential restoration requires that the
centralized or main cranking source be capable of carrying
sufficient load to hold down system voltages and carry system
light and power until main units are on line.
3.3 Criteria for SectionalizinR of SubsYstems
The following criteria are applicable for the successful
sectionaliziation of subsYstems:
A. Each subsystem must have blackstart capability which
is su{ficient to restore light and power to critical
equipment.
B. Each subsystem should have the ability to match
Beneratlon and ioad to within prescribed frequency
limits.
C. Each subsystem should have adequate voltage controls
to maintain a suitable voltage profile. This would
include the ability to pick up load, underexcite
generating units, change taps on tie transformers or
operate synchronous condensers.
D. Each subsystem shouid be capable of being sufficiently
monitored at the system control center in order to
ensure its internal security and coordinate switching.
E. In certain areas, subsystems may be formed by
isolatlng steam units along with their auxiliaries and
bus loads, either by manually opening transmission
lines or via underfrequency relaying.
F. All tie points for subsystems must be capable of
swinging generation and measuring synchronization
with adiacent subsystems.
.In summary, small systems which are caPable of
restoring light and power to critical points in a relatively
short period of time, or large systems with adequate backup
power systems in key areas can most likely be successfully
restored via the sequential method from a tie point or
internai cranking source.
Larger systems, however, are not generaily equipped
with the extensive resources required to supply emergency
AC power at all criticai locations. Under these conditions,
small self supporting subsystems are the most practical
method. This method allows the rapid restoration ol station
light and power before degradation to equipment becomes a
reality, provided that the adequate blackstart capability and
criteria listed above can be met.
 V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Byt L. H. Fink, Carlson & Fink, Inc., Oakton, VA
l. al. 'rSolution Methods for Transient
Adibi, M. M., et
and Dynamic Stabilityx Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 62,
July 1974.
2. Anderson, Max D., et al. ftPower System Operator
Training Updater[ IEEE PES Summer Meeting,
Vancouver, B. C., July, 1979, A79-515-8.
3. Arnold, P. F., Discussion to Kafka et al. (1981)
4. Arnold, P. F., "Summary of System Restoration Plan
for the Pacific Northwest Power Systemrrt power
System Restoration T. F. Mtg., 1984 WPM.
5. Blankemhip, G. L., T. A. Trygar, ,,A Discussion of the
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March, 1980.
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Service on a Metropolitan Power Systemrr, Trans. AIEE
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7. Chaiken, J. M., R. C. Larsonr',Methods for Allocating
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8. Chien, K. L., et al., lrDyanmic Analysis of a Boiler,'r
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9. Concordia, C. "Equipment Modeling Loadsrn GE Power
Slstem Stability Seminar, September, 1973.
10. Daniels, J. H., et al. trDynamic Representation of
Larger Boiler-Turbine Unitrrr 1961, ASME paper No.
6l-sA-69.
il. Davidson, D. R., D. N. Ewart and L. K. Kirchmayer,
"Long Term Dynamic Response of Power Systems: An
Analysis of Major Disturbances," IEEE Trans. on power
Apparatus and Systems, PAS-94 (May/3une 1975), pp.
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12. Dean, S. M., rrThe Design and Operation of a
Metropolitan Electrical System from the Viewpoint of
Possible Major Shutdown,rrTrans. AIEE Vol. 59,1940.
13. Dryar, H. A. and R. Bailey, "Restoration of Service for
Large Metropolitan System After Complete
Shutdown,r'Trans. AIEE, Vol. 59, 1940.
EPRI, ttlong Term Power System Dynamicsr,' Vol. I
Summary and Technical Report, Final Report of EPRI
Research Project 90-7, June 1974.
15. Ewart, D. I'Whys and Wherelores of Power System
Blackoutsrrr IEEE Spectrum, April, 1978, pp.36-41.
16. Feinstein, J., Discussion of Kafka et al. (l9El).
la Horowitz, S. H., A. Politis, A. F. Gabrielle, "Frequency
Actuated Load Shedding and Restoration Part II--
Implementationrr IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and
Systems, PAS-90 (1971), pp. 541-549.
18. IEEE Committee Report, rrDynamic Models for Steam
and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies," paper
T73-089-9, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Jan. 28-Feb. 2,
1973, New York.
t9. IEEE Committee Report, "Survey Report on Current
Operational Problems,r' Paper El WM O)2-2, IEEE pES
Winter Power Meeting, Atlanta, 1981.
20. IEEE Committee Report, ,rAn Updated List of Current
Operational Problemsrrr IEEE Trans. on power
Appara_tus and Systems, PA5-92, (lan/peb 1978), pp.
140-t4E.
21. IEEE Committee Report, 'System Restoration
Deploying the Plan: Current Operational problems
Working Group,: IEEE Trans. Nov., pp. 4263-71, l9gZ.
22. IEEE Meeting Group on Power Plant Response to Load
Changes, rrMW Response of Fossil Fueled Steam Units,.
IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
March/April 197 3, Y ol. PAS-92, No. 2,
23- Ihara, 5, F. C. Schweppe, ',Physically Based Modeling
of Cold Load Pickup, IEEE/PES Winter Meeting,
Atlanta, February, l98l (81 U/M 084-3).
24. Kafka, R. J., D. R. Penders, S. H. Bouchey, and M. M.
Adibi, "RoIe of Interactive and Control Computers in
the Development of a System Restoration Planr" l98l
PICA Conf. Proceedings. (Also, IEEE Trans. pAS-l0l
(January l9E3), pp. 43-52).
Kafka, R. J., et al.
25- "System Restoration plan
Development for a Metropolitan Electric Systemr,'
IEEE Trans. - PA5-100 (August l98l), pp. 3703-i7t3.
26. Knight, U. G., t'Aids for the Emergency Control of
Power Systemsr" CIGRE Electra, No. 67, Dec. 1979,
pp. l0l-134. (Also IEEE PES Winter power Meeting,
New York, 1980, papers A80 002-5, A80 003-4).
27- Knight, U. S., I'Remedial Measures to Reduce the
a lncidence and Effect of Major Disturbances on Power
Systems,' CIGRE Study Group 32 Report No. 32-13,
August, 1978.
28. Lewis, W. A., ECAR, Chmn.; J. R. Boyle, Sec'y., N. O.
Engebretson, "Final Report of System Restoration
Working Grouprr (Established, May, 1972), 1976.
29. Maliszewski, R. M., R. D. Dunlop, G. L. Wilson,
rrFrequency Actuated Load Shedding and Restoration
Part l--Philosophyr" IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus
and Systems, PAS-90, (197 l), pp. 5)3-540.
30. Mariani, 8., Mastroianni, R., and Romand V. 'tField
Experiences in Re-energization of Electrical Networks
from Thermal and Hydro Units.'r IEEE 8M WM 093-1.
31. McDonald, f,. E., A. M. Bruning and W. R. Mahieu,
"Cold Load Pickup," Paper F79-180-1, IEEE PES
Winter Power Meeting, New York, 1979.
32. Milne, G. R., 'rProvisions for Re-energizing with
Electric Systems of the Consolidated Edison Company
of New York,r' Trans. AIEE, Vol. 59, 1940.
1). Review of Major Power System Interruptions, National
Electric Reliability Council Report, August, 1979.
34. T. and K. Matsumoto, ttDeveiopment of a
Sakaguchi,
Knowledge Based. System for Power System
Restoration," IEEE/PES Summer Meeting 82 Sivl ljl-r,
1982.
35. Scheurer, D., Philadelphia Electric Company'Electric
System
'presented
Restoration Planr" to pA
Association, Pittsburgh, PA, Jan.2r, 1980.
6
36. gimburger, E. J., Hubert F. f. "Low Voltage Bulk
-Svstem Restoration Simulationr" IEEE PES
Power
Trans. Voi. PAS-100, Au8., PP. 4479-84'

37. Shultz, R. D. and Mason, G. A., "Blacks.tart Utilization

of Remote Combustion Turbines, Analytical Analysis
and Field Test," IEEE 84 WM 092-3'

3E. Undrill, J. M., et al- I'Interactive Computation in

Power 3ystems Analysis,i'Proceedings of IEEE, Volume
62, July, 1974.

19. Wilson, G. L. and R. Zarakasr- nAnatomy of a

gtiitolt," IEEE Spectrum, pp. 39-46, February, l97t'

40. Wolff, R. F., t'Speed Controls Vital During Islandingrrr

Electrical World, November 15, 1979.
41. Zaborszky et aI., '!A New State Space for Emergglcy
Control in the interconnected Power Systemr" IEEE
T.".,t., Vol. AC-22, No. 4, August, 1977, pp' 505-515'
42. Zarakas, P., "system Restorationr'r EPRI Vorkshop
Proc.: Piblic Poiicy Aspects of High-Capacity Electric
Power Transmission, EPRI WS-79-154, 1979, pp' l' 29-
34.

7
 86 SM 330-5

POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION - THE SECOND TASK FORCE REPORT

ContributinS lr4embers: M. M. Adibi {Chairman), J. N. Borkoski, and R. J. Kafka

Abstract - In its second report, the Power System Restoration DOE ACO's criteria for reporting major bulk Power system
Task Force (PSR-TF) (l) reviews the 1979-8) North American disturbances are shown in Table I (8).
Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Reports on Major Bulk
Power System Disturbances (2), identifying restoration This review has been limited only to those 19 cases
problems which have been encountered during that 5-year where restoration problems have been reported. As shown in
period. Table II, about 40% of the described maior disturbances have
had restoration problems.
Generally, these problems lall into three phases of
restoration activities: planning for restart, reintegration and TABLE I
restoration of the bulk power supply; control actions during
system degradation for saving and retaininS critical sources DOE CRITERIA FOR REPORTINC
of power; and restoration after a major disturbance when the MAJOR NCES
power system has stabilized.
3,000 Mly
The report also briefly discusses the applicability ol LOSS OF LOAD >/ tJ MINUTES
several existing programs to the system restoration Process. LOSS OF LOAD >/ 100 Mw, oR
LOSS OF LOAD >, 50% OF TOTAL LOAD
The opinions and conclusions expressed in this paper are
those of the authors; they are based on the referenced reports 3,000 Mw
and have not been reviewed with NERC or the reporting LOSS OF LOAD >/ 1' MINUTES
utilities. LOSS OF LOAD 7 200 Mw

I - INTRODUCTION
TABLE II
In order to reduce the possibility, the extent, and the
duration of major failures in bulk power supplies, preventive, MA]OR BULK POWER SYSTEM DISTURBANCES
corrective, and restorative actions are reguired, resPec-
tively. In the past decade, the industry has undertaken con- TOTAL DESCRTBED RESTORATION
siderable effort in preventive and corrective areas, thus YEAR REPT'D BY NERC PROBLEMS YO

reducing the frequency and intensity of system outages,

There appears to be room for additional efforts in the t979 24 10 330
direction of further reducing the duration of an outage. 1980 42 12 6r0
198 i 43 t0 550
During the same decade, instailation of large and slow 1982 27 9 333
starting tenerating units remote from the load centers, and 1983 13 1 228
retirement of small and fast starting generating units within TOTAL I49 IE re -46'
the load centers, have gradually increased the restoration
problems, and this trend appears to continue. It is the
industry's prediction that, by stretching the existing
equipment's capabilities, the restoration difficulties will be SUMMARY OF 1979. I983 SELECTED
further intensified by the early 1990s (4 to 7).
Therefore,
investigation of ways and means for enhancing power system
restoration is a timely endeavor. CASE. l. Restoration could not begin until the ties had
been re-established with remote systems to access teneration
In this reportr the PSR-TF has reviewed 19 selected sources. Errors made while switching lines caused delays in
major bulk power disturbances in Section il, attempted to the restoration effort. The absence of iocal var suPport
identify restoration problems in Section III, and discussed the resulted in low voltage until ties could be re-established.
applicability of several existing computer programs in Section
IV- CASE 2" Restoration was orderly, but delays were
encountered while trying to determine the extent of the
In a follow-up report, the PSR-TF will present the need island. The dispatcher did not have indication of the status of
Ior new procedures and explore advanced methodologies. the 345kV breakers. Load restoration is by supervisory
controi, but each distribution breaker had to be closed
Ii - REYIEW OF SELECTED N4A]OR BULK separately (80 distribution breakers opened). Since all steps
POWER DISTURBANCES of underfrequency relays operated, restoration was time
consuming. fhe tie had to be established before load could be
The 1979-81 NERC Reports describe 48 selected major picked up, since the other 345kV interconnection was locked
bulk power system disturbances out of 149 which had been out by the breaker failure action, and there was insufficient
reported to DOE's Alert Coordination Office (ACO). The generation on line to carry the local load.

CASE 3. Resynchronizing of the interconnection loop

was not accomplished in accordance with the interconnection
procedures. The first tie which was closed between the
86 SM330-5 A paper reconmended and alcroved northern and southerl islands was a ll5kY line, which
by the IEEE Power System Engineering Connitree of promptly opened on overload. Schedules were resumed on the
the IEEE Power Engineering Society for oresentation ,OOkV AC intertie before the eastern Portion of the locp was
ar rhe IEEE/PES 1986 Suromer lleering, Mexico ciry, closed. All malor interconnections between the north and
l'Iexico, July 2A - 25, 1986. Manuscripr sub.ttted south islands were restored to service and operating normally
January 31, 1986; made available for prinrif,g within ,2 minutes. \4ost customers were restored within 20
llay 7 ,. I986. minutes and all loads were restored within three hours and 1-5
minutes.
PrinEed ln the U.S.A. reprinted from IEEE Transactions on
Power Svstems, vol. PWRS-2, no' 4, Nov
9- tenjp. ezt-ttt
 CASE 4. The primary restoration method could not be
followed due to equipment damaged. Also, some lightning
arresters were damaged due to high voltages encountered
during restoration. Service to the majority of customers was
restored in about six hours with the remaining customers
progressiveiy restored over the nexi seven hours-
CASE ,. Restoration generally proceeded in an orderly
and ef ficient manner considering the magnitude of this
disturbance. However, resynchronizing between some islands
was delayed due to uncoordinated load restoration. "Black
start, capability operated satisfactorily at all major locations
with the exception of a power plant where the emergency
diesel failed to start due to a dead battery. It has been
recommended that member systems should continue to re-
emphasize restoration procedures on major transmission
systems to all dispatchers and operating personnel. It has
also been recommended that the manner in which information
is <iisplayed to dispatchers be reviewed to see if
improvements could be made to enhance restoration.
CASE 5. A system restoration procedure was developed
in 1978 and the system dispatchers were well acquainted with
the method proposed for restoration. The procedure was used
by the dispatcher in restoring service, and it is concluded that
the procedure as written is still a valid document.
Essentially, ail loads were picked up in about seven and one-
half hours. Five steam units were back in service in five and
one-half hours. Problems were encountered in closing l5 5F6
circuit breakers due to low gas Pressure caused by low teml
peratures. From time to time circuits were closed to loads
that could not be supported by the transmission facilities'
resulting in short periods of restoration to Part of the system'
f ollowed again by loss of power. Some high voltage
conditions were encountered during the restoration Process
and the need for additional reactive control is being studied-
CASE 7. There were several unsuccessful closures
before the island was {inally reconnected to the remainder of
the interconnection" EJforts need to be made to better
coordinate restoration procedures among the many dispatch
Switching to return the system to normal was
of f .ices.
completed in one- hour and two minutes following the
cascading disturbance.
CASE 8. Customer loads and most of the grid were
restored in one hour. The last J00kV circuit was restored to
service five hours later when preliminary disturbance investi-
gations were complete. Faulty synchronizing equipment
delayed restoration of the grid' It is noted that Sood
cooperation between the various dispatchers following the
disturbance permitted quick and efficient restoration of the
system s.
CASE 9. Initiat load restoration did not begin until
about an hour a{ter the start of the disturbance. Reasons for
this delay are not known, but it is known that generation in
the area was shut down. There was no equipment damaged
during the disturbance, but it was approximately four hours
be{orE al.i loads were restored. This extended time was due
to the time required to restart Seneration.
CASE 10. The systems were restored in about three
hours and twenty minutes. It is noted that' during resto-
ration, there were several erroneous closings of inter
connections due to lack of knowledge of the extent of system
separation. The af{ected systems have recommended that a
time-shared computer system be investigated to provide
information on the system conditions to dispatch offices with
a minimum of input and calling by the dispatcher.
CASE 11. Restoration of most of the load within five
minutes is to be commended. The delay in achieving total
restoration resulted from the damage to distributlon lightning
arresters due to high voltage when l5lkY transmission lines
were reclosed. Insufficient information ls available from
system records to determine the reason for the length of time
before system voltaSe stabilized.
10
Interim procedures have been established for re-
energizing the I5tkY lines to prevent the occurrence of high
voltage. Other procedures have been established to facilitate
re-establishing subarea generation.
CASE 12. The lack of adequate system data and/or
control facilities aPParently played a major part in extending
the duration of the first interruPtion. No information is
included in the Post-disturbance report regarding ihe
existence of a pre-planned restoratlon procedure. Such
procedures appeai to have been available three months later,
as the duration of that interruption was approximately half
that of the first interruPtion.
CASE 13. Restoratlon of residential service was
co-pl.te in three hours and 20 minutes, but industrial load
restoration was not complete f or approximately 17 hours'
The post-disturbance rePort states that industrial loao was
increased as generation was brought back on line.
It is noted that a Senerator which suffered turbine
bearinq damage when an auxiliary lube oil pump did not s.tart
-service for at least four months' As the turblne
will biout of
slowed down a Eenerator hydro6en cooling .system leak
developed, the hydrogen ignited, and an explcsion occurreo'
blowing the cover off the exciter.
CASE 14. Restoration was delayed due to ioss oI power
at the control center, 69kV line damage on the systemr. and
problems in starting Eeneration on the 6ther system. Neither
system had written emergency oPerating Plans.Prior to the
disturbance, but this has Gen recommended and both systems
are considering such Plans.
CASE 15. System restoration was hindered .by
communication, supervisory control, and monitoring equip-
ment failures. This made it difficult to assess the state of
the system. The first priority of restoration was to restore
the bulk transmission network to normal in order to provide
start-up power to the plants. This process was accompltsheo
cautiously with start-up power supplied to the-f irs.t plant,in
36 minutes and the next plant ln 90 minutes. 5ervlce to tne
majority ol customers was restored within one hour.
Notwithstanding the need for system operators to
understand the philosophy of restoration, written procedures
should be developed for foreseeable black start conditions.
CASE 16. While ioad was restored in reasonable time
periods (one hour 25 minutes for the first restoration and 25
minutes for the second), complete system restoration
required six hours and 44 minutes. Repeated unsatisfactory
closures of the 115kV tie and unsuccessful efforts to parallel
the other tie indicated sequential restoration procedure
problems. Intertie schedules were also resumed before the
major loop was restored; this aggravated the disturbance'
High voltage was also encountered due to Iong unloaded
500kV lines terminating on a substation bus.
CASE 17. Load restoration was probably slower than
desirable but caution was exercised, since the reasons tor
some generation loss and the.loss of the 345kV line were not
fully known. In addition, thunderstorms were in the area and
it was probably a wise decision not to restore all the load
until the total system concitions were stabilized.
CASE 18. Restoration of the s-vstem did not proceed as
rapidly as it shoulcj have due to lack of data concerning
system conditions and lack of superrisor)' control facilities.
There was also a problein in closin3:he 2l0k\'line which
initially caused the disturbance due to a 70-Cegree phase
angle between the buses on each enc of the line. This angle
wai reduced to 50 degrees by altering Iine ioading and
increasing generation.
CASE 19. The seven islands were restored to
synchronous oPeration in 24 minutes' Customer loads that
had been interrupted were restored within two hours. During TABLE IV
restoration, service to an additional 40r000 people was
interrupted when dispatchers requested that a ll5kV line be RESTORATION PROBLEMS BY
opened to prevent conductor damage due to overloading and @
were unaware that the other lines into the area could not NUMBER+
carry the load. It may have been possible to leave the ll5kV DESCRIPTION
----8-
line ln service if the disPatchers had been able to accurately Sffitching
operation
read the line loading and had been provided with emergency
short-term overload caPability to the line. Procedure Out-of-Date 7
SCADA Inadequate 7
The main grid was resynchronized 16 minutes after the Dispatch offices coordination 7

disturbance. Foi a disturbance of this magnitude it must be

said that system restoration proceeded at a good pace. The System Status Determination 6

report states that systems should continue to stress the

importance of dispatcher training in interconnected system Sustained overvoltage ,
restoration Pro8rams. Synchronization location & facilities 5

III. IDENTIFICATION OF RESTORATION PROBLEMS No system restoration plan 4

In this section, an attemPt has been made to identify Sustained undervoltage )

restoration problems. Table III lists the restoration problems Response to Sudden Increase in Load 3

encountered in the 19 cases' by year and by category. Table Standing angles 3

2
IV shows the same problems by tyPe and frequency of Energy Storage
occurrence.
Steam Unit Restart 2
Line Over Load During Restoration 2
Restoration Procedure not followed 2
Operator Training 2

8 Generator Under Excitation

Switched Capacitors/Reactors
TABLE III Underf requency Load Shedding
Black-Start Capability
RESToRATIoN PRoBLEI'4! !I JfrE Inadequate Communication
Description 79 80 El El 83 Total Inadequate Displays
Interlocking Schemes
1. REACTIVE POWER BALANCE
Sustained over Voltage 2t I I 5 *Based on the 48 major disturbance rePorts
Sustained under Voltage 1t- I 3
Cenerator under Excitation -l 1 The seven categories of problems listed in Table III are
Srvitched Capacitors/Reactors -t t briefly discussed here:

2. LOAD AND GENERATION BALANCE I - Reactive Power Balance

Response/SuddenlncreaseLoad
Underfrequency Load Shedding
3. LOAD AND GENERATION COORDINATION
Black-startCapability
Steam Unit Start-up Coord. -
SwitchingOperation | 3
OverloadsDuringRestoration I
DispatchOfficeCoordination I
4. \IONITORINC AND CONTROL
Communication - I
Inadequate
SCADA
Inadequate 2 )
Disptays
Inadequate
S1'stemStatusDetermination I I 3
5. PROTECTIVE SYSTEM
InterlockinB Schemes
Slnchronization
Standing Angles
6. ENERGYSTORACE
7. SYSTEM RESTORATION PLAN
r-oprocedure
Followed
Procedure Not
ProcedureOutdated
No Training
- I I I ) During early stages oJ the restoration process, it. is
I 1 n.."tf".y to keef system voltages within the allowable
rante. This is done in several ways: energizing fewer
high- voltage lines, operating generators at minimum
- I i uo'it"g" lev-els, deactivatint (over-riding) swi tched. stat ic
I I - 2 capacitors, connecting shunt reactors, adlusttnB
I I 2 I transformer taPs to appropriate positions, and picking up
- - I 2 loads with lagging power factors. The inability to
- 3 2 I 7 perform these tasks due to the absence of iacilities or
procedures would cause a reactive power imbalance
resulting in, for example, Senerator self-excitation and
I runa*ay; voltage rise. Instalting minimum excitation
2 7 level (\,lEL) relays' particularly on the black start
- 1 1 combustion turbine Senerators' and settin8 these relays
- I 5 as low as allorlable, would help alleviate reactive power
imbalance in some cases.
I 2 - Load and Generation Balance
- l 2 l 5 In the initial phase of restoration, it is necessary to
I I a maintain system frequency within the allowable limits by
restoring loads in small increments. Smaller and radial
- I 1 I ) loads are restored prior to larger and network loads while
maintaining a reasonable constant real to reactive power
ratio. Feeders equipped with underfrequency re!ays are
- 2 - I I picked up at the subsequent phases of restoration when
- 2 ? system frequency has stabilized. Load pick-up in small
2 2 1 I ; 7 increments tends to prolong the restoration duration.
I 1 2 With lar6e increments there is always the risk oI falling
into a frequency decline and recurrence of system
outate. The size of load pickup depends on the rate ol
response of prime movers, which more likely are under
manual control at this Point. A guideline such as
allowable load pickup as Percentage of Senerator
capability would help maintain load and generation
balance at accePtable frequencY.
11
 3- Load and Generation Coordination
Generally, the strategies for system restoration consist
of restart, reintegration and load restoration. In the
restart phase, several load and generation islands are
formed. In each island, the objeciive is to i*mediately
and simultaneously supply station service or cranking
power to large thermal plants by black start combustioi
turbines or, if available, by hydro_electria
Combustion turbiners behavior is quite aifterent Aurin!
";;t.:
norma.l operation when parallelled with a large systeri
and during restoration when they are the prime or
only source oI power.
the
Vhile forming several load and generation islands and
simultaneously restartint each island couta appr.claUiy
reduce the duration of an outage, the number'of islandi
is limited by availability of
.iesources, includ.ing the
number of operating teams, the number of black"start
generators within each island, and the available and
effective coordination between the various control
centers.
In starting steam uni.ts, it is important to coordinate
certain critical time intervals, such as maximum time
int-erval beyond which certain thermal units cannot
safely be restarted, or the minimum tl*" - in6ffi
required before a thermal unit can be started. Also,
the
amount of rea.l and reactive geiEiation available ai any
time, after a system disturbance, is based on the mix of
prime movers, their start_up chiracteristics, and their
operating conditions prior to the disturbance.
4- Monitoring
and Control
Most maior power system disturbances are arrested prior
to complete collapse, and some level of interconnection
assistance is available. In the event o{ partial
dis-
turbance, it would be necessary to determine ihe state
of
the system and enter the resioration procedure at the
proper level. Lack of dedicated communications
between control centers, power plants and substations,
and inadequate monitoring displays and excessive
alarms
can lengthen the duration of an outage.
5- Protective Systems
The restoration process often has been interrupted or
delayed by interlocks preventing, for example, generator
breakers from closing on a deai bus, synch.onization
locations where thLre has been' no control over
frequencies,- volta.ges and phase angles, and lack
procedures for reducing..the standing -phaie angles of
when
closing the ties to the adjacent systei or subsyJtem.
6- Energy Storage
p.
1"":: _.^r_^M:!, .powe
r s upplies, such as batteries, batte r y
!.1-"IF".r,,_gl^lite tenerators, and uninterruptabie power
suppltes (UPS), has affected the operations of
circuit
Dreakers, DC motor operated disconnect switches,
cable
pumping plants, telecommunication, SCADA,
and control
centers, resulting.in delays in system restoration.
7- System Restoration plan
Restoration. of power after
an outage is a difficult task,
c.omplicated by many factors, inclufing unfamiliarity
oi
the operating personnel with the outage situation and the
Pressure of time. These dif{iculties have been
compounded by installation of large and slow starting
generating units remote from thI load centers, and
installation of extensi.ve underground and overhead high
voltaBe transmiss.ion lines betw"een the generating plan"ts
and the load centers. Therefore, *o." ihun everlefore,
there is a need for
.carefully prepared, current, readily
accessible and easily undeistood'restoration plans to
al.low guick and orderly recovery f rom complete or
11r:11
collapse, with resutiant minimum impact
_.y:l:, and
on tne publtc damage to the equipment. Such plans
typically are broken down into some iogical order. The
process provides a discipline whereby there is
overlooking any essentia.l operation.
.less r.isk oI
Most operating companies are maintaining restoration
procedures based on certain operating philosophiEs, practicls,
and familiarity with power plant restart and power system
operation (3 to
Z). In developing these restoration plans,
power systems are modeled representing the equipmeni
characteristics and operational data i; an interactive
Computing environment. In some cases, attempts are made
to
validate these models against the actual operating data, using
static state estimator or similar filtering techniqu"es ts & rol]
In. general, the approach is to sectionalize the power
system into a number of s.ubsystems and develop a restoration
plan for each subsystem by iimulating a step-by_step restaii
and reintegration of generation and i-oad (f i).'ff.l"'.*i.tlng
include: "
programs most frequently used in these simulations
1. Interactive power flow for maintaining reactive
power balance without allowing sustained over
voltage or generator under excitation and
consequential voltage collapse.
2. Dynamic stability for keeping load and generation
balance through careful cobrdlnation ol loid pick_up
with generatorst-responses and avoidance of possibi!
risks for system frequency decline.
3. Switching iransient f or determining how many
sections of a high voltage transmissio-n line can be
energized at.one time without causing transient over
voltages detrimental to equipment.
Except for the interactive power flow programs which,
with some modifications, ... .f fiai"nt in po*.. system
modeling, model valldation and simulation (Sj, tn. .;1r;;
programs are large, comprehensive and ineilicient
applied to power.system restoration. While acceptable
whei
power system planning purposes, dynamic stability for
and
electromagnetic transient. programs (EMTP) are not readily
applied to system restoration.
During restart anci reinteg-ration phases of
power system often consists ol several isrands,restoration,
most of tire
a
automatic ccntrols have tripped or are deactivated, and
the
system is primarily under manual control. During
t'hese two
at restoration phases, wider vo.ltage and frequency rantes
are
tolerated. Under these conditio"ns, simple quidelines and fast
rules based on aooroximate analysis
relevant as the'foltowilg "."-or. expedient and
-,,i"'n".ution
o*n dispatch
scenarios" demonstrates. ";;ii;-
Generation Dispatch Scenarios (GDS)
restoring
,Know ln -a power
ln advance the
system, operators often need to
amounts of real and reactive generation
which would be available. Thls information iould be
used to
optimize_ the seguence of the various restoration
opera_
l,^T-t:,^ln^::-" :?erati:i,s. inctude energizing Iines with hiBh
cnarglng currents, which in turn would piovide uc.".. io
1".9"., but remo.te, generation capacity, fn" COS can allow
a, proper operating sequence which cjn significantly
reduce
the duration of an outage,
.The ava.ilability of real and reactive generation is based
on prtme
movers, conditions just prior to ai outage, and their
start-up times. Table V defines nomenclature and lists
types of information required. Figure Lno*s'tn" the
of MW and MVAR absorbing capaEility of a typicaluruii"Lrriiv
drum type
boiler (l = 3), under the hot restart condition (J
Z), with ii;
assumption that there are no network delays, =
the prime mover's timings and
-i-i'n',iru. that only
.iiti."r. data would
"."of the senerating units to be
foi ail
::::":"-^b," .^o.r1pll"d.
given the Xregawatt"and ,"g"uii
^t.1ly of Unit I,t,under
::l_t'::t.o.capability time,
13ilio,n,S condition J, cJn be
oDtalned from the two funct.ions p0,l,t) and
q(l,J,t),
respectively. These functions can be derived from
ind.ividual
Senerator characteristics. The total real and reactive
12
Seneration available at any time, t, is the sum of the (d) BTC CAPABILITIES ON P.U.) *
individual p's and q's respectively for all the n generating
units within an island. MW +MVAR(l) _MVAR(2)
Figure 2 illustrates the results of a GDS study. In this
particular case, tenerating units with high reactive absorbing SYNCHRONIZED .OO .70 -.30
characteristics were required to enable the energizing of a
transmission line having a lar6e line charging value. The MINIMUM LOAD .30 .67 -.29
actual requirements were that 500 MVAR of reactive .40 .65 -.28
absorbing capability were required within two hours, or the SOAKING LOAD
remote generation accessed by the transmission line would
become unavailable for timely restart. By bringing on line 90% P.F. .e0 .oo(3) --t2
early in the restoration those units with hiSh rates of
response and the proper reactive absorbing capabilities' the
restoration process has been shortened by approximately
seven hours.
(l) Max. excitation limit, (2) Min. excitation
(3) Max. stator limit.
limit,
TABLE V
+ There are two sets of MVs for normal &
(a) BoILER TURBINE GENERAToR (BTC) emergency operations.
CONDITIONS + There are three sets of MVARs depending on H2
Pressures.
AFTER THE OUTAGE, BTCS CAN BE UNDER
ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS o
CONDITIOU :J =2 (HoT BoILER - HOT TURBINE)
o
I l, HOT RESTART
TYPE =3 (DRUM BoILER) ':
= J
3= Z,HOT BOILER - HOT TURBINE /,\ 'J
3, HOT BOILER - COLD TURBINE \"
&
a o =
J= 3 z
J= 4, COLD BOILEBi COLD TURBINE o OH
z@ .;
] = 5, VERY COLD ''' OA JE
ri r-:
I
JH
v?
z& MT.i GEN.
d,? 6
cta tu
d
p(I,J,t)
(1) Banking boilers, (2) Water problems
x Conditions are time dependent and overlap o-N
3Ii I
=

ll
(b) l
START-UP TIMES *
I
-HVAR LOAD
1 (972 PF)
DEPENDING oN CoNDiTIoN (J = I to 5),
I

TIMINGS FOR VARIOUS START_UP sTAGES I

t
lti'IFuoe: I
-MVAR GEN
q( I,J,t )
K = l, TO PROYIDE CRANKINC POISER
K = 2, INTERVAL BETWEEN PARALLELING 250
SUCCESSIVE UNITS IN A PLANT HINUTES
K = 3, FROM START, "NOTIFICATION" TO
PARALLELING
K = 4, FROM PARALLELINC TO MINIMUM FIGURE 1.
LOAD
r = :,i6airNc rrME(l)
K = 5, FROM RELEASE TO MAXIMUM LOAD(z)
LINKING
MAJOR GEN.
TO .\,
(1) Soaking load can be greater than min. load
- f
(2) Release & min. load can be the same o
II
.--/
+ There are two sets of timings for normal 1.5 SCENARIO
and emergency operations. =
= j
o

(c) BoILER TTJRBINE GENERAToR TYPES

o BASE LOAD
O CYC! ING (PEAKING)
o DRUM-TYPE
o ONCE THROUGH
o ONCE THROUGH & SUPER CRITICAL .t
o OIL BURNINC
o COAL BURNINC
/l\
tj'*n$*'-*' -.*'--
I = I to n, identif y individual BTC "'
11 12
HOURS
(l) Even twin units have dif f erent timinSs
FIGIJRE 2.REAL POWER I 1:tCTIVE .{BSORBING CAPABILITY
13
 The GDS has the potential of being applied in an on-line (5) Scheurer, D., "System Restoration at Philadelphia
interactive environment. Readily understood guidel.ines can Electric Company", ibid.
be provided with respect to the frequency response of prime (5) Barrie, D., "System Restoration Following Load and
movers, cold load pickup, switching transient, and standing Generation Rejection", ibid.
angles. These guidelines can be provided by relatively simple
and straight forward analysis instead of the more {7) Arnold, P. F., "Summary oJ System Restoration Plan for
comprehensive power system analysis programs. Pacific Northwest Power System", IEEE PSR-TF Mtg.,
196+ WPM.
v - coNCLUSrq{
(8) Department of Energy, Alert Coordination Office
Review of these past major bulk power system Publication DOE/EP-0071/1, September 1983.
disturbances shows that they have occurred at random, each
has had somewhat different restoration problems, and in each (9) Kafka, R. J., Penders, D. R., Bouchey, 5. H., Adibi, M.
case the system operator has played a critical role in M., "Role of Interactive and Control Computers in the
restoring the system. In all the I9 cases, there have been the development ol a System Restoration Planrr, IEEE
following common concerns: Trans.-PAS PP. 43-52, Jan. '8J.

- Identification of the status of the collapsed system, (10) Shultz, R. D. and Mason, C. A., "Blackstart Utilization
components and equipment, of Remote Combustion Turbines, Analytical Analysis
- Restart and resupply of station service to plants, and Field Test'r, IEEE Trans.-PAS 84 WM 092-3.
substations, cabie pumping plants, compressed air, etc.
- Coordination of power plant start-up timings with load (1i) IEEE Committee Report, "System Restoration
pick-ups to bring generators to their stable minimum Deploying the Plan", Current Operational Problems
levels and within the range of major analog controllers. Working Group, IEEE Trans.-PAS PP. 4263-71, Nov.
- Energizing larte sections of transmission lines within 1982.
the acceptable transient and sustained over voltages.
- Pickin6 up load in large increments without the risk of
frequency decline.
- Reintegration of the skeleton of the bulk power supply
with the requisite time-consuming switching operation.
- Deactiviation of automatic load shedding and automatic
switched capacitors during initial phases of restoration.
- Maintenance of steady state and transient stability as
the system is being restoreci and when impedances are
large.
- Reduction of standing angles when closing loops to firm
up transmission paths.
- Probability of successful start-up of thermal units, in
particular, combustion turbines.
- Stability of black start and peaking combustion turbines
during the time when they constitute a large portion of
generation.

Restoring a power system after a partiai or complete

collapse in a minimal amount of time presents a very complex
problem. As a result, most of the existing procedures
attempt to solve simpler problems (or subproblems) in a
reasonable manner from a limited number of possible initial
conditions. Clearly, there is a need for research into
advanced methodologies which would allow integration of the
operatorrs heuristic problem solving capabilities, and the
applicable analytlcal tools in the real-time operating
environment to provide a general approach to system
restoration. Until these advanced methodologies are
available, guidelines for restoration can be developed using
existing programs and analytic techniques.

VI - REFERENCES

(1) IEEE C6mmittee Report, Adibi, M. M., et al, "System

Restoration - A Task Force Report", tc be presented at
IEEE PES 86 SM.

Q) "Review of Selected Major Electric Bulk Power System

Disturbances in North America", NERC 1979-84.
(3) "Kafka, R. J., Penders, D. R., Bouchey, S. H,, Adibi, M.
M., "System Restoration PIan Development f or a
lvletropolitan Electr.ic System", IEEE Trans. PAS PP.
3703-13, Aug. i981.
(4) Peach, S., "System Restoration Synthesis - Hydro
Quebec", IEEE PES 8th Biennial Workshop on Real-Time
Monitoring and Control of Power Systems, Montreal,
Oct. 1984.

14

SYSTET4 OPERATIONS CHALLENGES
A report by tha Culaent Operational Problels working GrouP--E. Kenneth Nielsen, Chairnran
Contributory author! arc: H. M. Adili, D. Barrie, U. E. CooPr, K. t{. Heussner,
H. E. Robrtson, J. L. Scheidt, and D- Scheurer.
Abstract: This paper is one of a series Presented on
ufrffif the systels oPerations su.bcouaittee uith the
intent oe focusing industry aEtention on currenE
probleDs faced by electric utilj'3ies in Ehe oPeration
of the bulk Pouer suPPlY systen-
Five short note rePorts a:te P:esenEed chich
direct attention to Problem areas being uorked on by
various gorking GrouPs and Task Forces of the system
operations Subco@ittee- t\ro rePor:s deal with
problens associated eith the reglaceneht of Energy
ManageBent Systells (EMS, and preCic:ing resource
requireBents. One rePort Cescri-bes t:.e Problem of
making EIYS alarning ef fective. Ano'-::r :-cc::ses cn
probleBs in the desj.gn, develo;nenE, a:'c cel:'7ery of
quality systeB oPerator training cro-orus' ?he :ir-al
ieport lists and expiains a nurber of challenges in
restoration of the bulk pover suPPIy slis:em follori'ng
a najor blackout.
IT{TRODUqTICN
E. Kenneth Nielsen, HeErber
New England Pouer Exchange
one of the primary tools of systeu operators is
the Energy Management SysteE (EllS) - To be an
effective too1, it, is esseotial that the E!'ts be
replaced or upgraded before it becoroes sbsolete- Yet
there are arany impediurents to keeping als facilities
up-to-date- one of the mst. serious problens is
predicting the cornputer resources needed to satisfy
the deDands which sill be placed uPon the ul)graded
systeE- Many utilities have experienced the frus-
tration of undertaking the nassive effort of obtaining
authorization for a nes Eus and investing yeals j-nto
its i8plaentation, only to find it inadeguate- one
particularly troublesome Et{s function is alarrdng.
The tendency is to provide the systea operaEor rith a
huge a.Dount of data but not uuch conci.se, well organ-
ized infornation, which pinpoirrts source proble8ts
rather than s)rmptoBs. These probleus ale discussed in
this report.
Effective control of today's bulk Poser supply
syste$ deoands vell trained systea oPr.tors- Train-
ing prograars lnust be sel,1 conceived. Instructional
naterials Eany tines provide valuable technical
infortration but do not tatget on training the system.
operator to apply the informati.on in gerforning hi's
job. Another obstacLe is the lack of qualified
instructors - These problens becoe rcre acure as E:{5
sophistication gross' the power systen becomes rcre
complex, and the tulnover rate of system operators
increases.
87 'e{ 050-8 A paper recomeaded aod aDproved
by the IEEE Poner Sysceo EnglneerlnS Comol.rce of
the IEEE Power Englneerlng SocleEy for oresenrarlon
at the LEEE/PES 1987 I.Itncer l{eerlng, Nev orleans.
Loutslana, February I - 6, f987. yanuscrlpt subqltted
Au8ust 25, 1986; Eade avellable for prlnElnq
l{oveober 13, 1986.
reDrinted from IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, Feb 1988,
pp. Ll8-126
87 WM 050-8
There is little work going on in the area of
developing analytical tools to aid in Pouer systea
restoration. The rePort Presented here identifies a
nunbeE of the problea:s faced by the systen oPerator in
the hope chat it uill er.courage the develoPnent of
such tools. ttrile systen restoration ;,s not a daily
task of the systen operator, it is a task he rnust be
prepared and equipped to Perform. the threat, of Poeer
systes disturbances is ever presnt!
TgE PROBLEI,! OF UPGR,ADING ENERGT !.'ANAGEMEMT SYSTEUS
.1.
Elorida Power Corporation southern California
Edison CoEpany
Introduction
Operating gersonnel of electric utilities have
been faced with a signifi,cant and grotring Proble8 of
preoature obsolescence in their Energy ManageDent
coEputer. systeos (EHs). ApproxiEately every ten
yeals, the justification of a "net,i Et{S to rePlace tha
existing one becoEes a paraEount oEerating necessity
but j.s viesed with increasing skepticisn by upper
manageBent personnel. Ttris skepticisa is; in Part,
due to the fact that FflS operatj.ng personnel are faced
with a series of problens.associated wi-th the general
one stated a.bove, narely:
l- A cost./benefit analysis is di.fficult due !o
subjectivity and sparcity of data.
2- Pri,or justifications nay have prourised ?
useful life in excess of that actually being
experienced.
3. ActuaL end<f-Li.fe of the existing syste8s is
difficult to establish and rnore so to prove.-
4. The fact that the existing systeri nay, on the
surface, be Perforning adequately merely
compou'Ids replaceoent justificati.ons-
5. ?otal elaPsed tiure for the conplete Process
of justificati.on, budgeting, specification
preParation, bj.d evaluation, design, manu-
facturing, testing, and installation is
takj.lig approxioately five years. Erom recent
experience, rDre systens are delivered late
than on schedule due to first tine develoP-
ment problels. Such long tead times tend to
conpoud the limitations extrErienced today as
ex!.sting systens are stretched past the Point
where prudently they should be rePlaced-
6- Parts of the existing systeEr are replicated
in the one being purchased giving rise to the
question't{hy wholesale replacement?".
ttle authors co-chair a Task Force coElprised of
other utiLiry personnel,, EllS vendors, ud consultants.
This group has spent the Last three years investi-
gating EHS replaceent. Ttle main thrust of the
iniEial eork yas centered around the specific issueg
associated ritrl Et{S architecture rhich preclude a
logi,cal and phased rePlacelint of EHS subsystems
coryared to the industry's Present Practice of an
entj.r6 E$s replaceoant. Of necessity, EoPics con-
15
 cerning enhancenent of existing systeErs sele also
evaluated. In order co i.dentify soEle of the Para-
meters uh:.ch imPact. this issue, an E!"tS architecture
probleE Iist was develoPed. This list is scheduled to
be included in its entirety uith the rePort of the
Task Eorce, houever, aa exanination of specifics for
various probleas obscnred in different subsystens
would illustrate som of the key aspects.
softuare Problen3
. Software uhich is not table driven is very
difficult to modify.
. Sctre, if not all, sol-tHare is nachine depen-
dent, thus liniting its transferabilitT and
its expanCabi:.ity.
. operating systems reach a poini .:: tine
beyond uhich they are noi. Tendor sup!,cried-
a The addi:ion of nes systenr sof:ware applica-
Eions requires major modifrcaEions to ahe
data base.
. Inprcvernents in edvanced a!.gcrithns scnetraes
cannct be re'-rofitted i-n exi::i:9 progrrss.
HardHare Problems
r llany sysa,)rs :.ave f inj.',e ::i'::: lr:'r'
thus creating a sicuation':encr:.'
where netrcry
expansion is phys5.caliy inpossible-
e The erosion of hardware cchputaEicr.3l c:pa-
hilities for whatever reason (g:outh, inef-
fi.cietrt coding, etc.) slows syscem response
to unaccepta.ble levels-
o Ptrysical constraints liurj,t r-he number of
comunications controllers, thus ltmrting
SCADA expansion.
. vendor specific hardware incerfaces precLude
expansion frcm other than '_he orrg:.nal
supplier.
. OriginaL vendor discontinues supPort of
hardware maintenance and/ot expansion.
Ceneral Problens
. Unrealistically los estima.-es cf uiEimate
system expansion requirements cJuse severe
compromises late in sysEem life.
o The lack of standard comunicalions protocol
has complicated El{S to SCADA and El,lS Eo E},tS
comunicatj.ons links- This problem is
magnified between EHS's that have a wide
diversity of capabilities and internal-
hardware/softaare design differences.
r Inability to Ereasure the operaEing sysrem
overhead makes it diffi.cult to detemine the
specific causes of system slowdowns.
. P@r hardware/softeare docmentat !or) r csults
in maintenance and expansion nightm<tres.
Uti.Lities faced yith replacing or upgrading t.i:S's
are concerned with future systen architeciure thac
will alleviate many of the aforemen:roned problcms-
The current practice of spending 4-6 years desrqning
and procuring an EUS only to have it last B- t l vears
has been vieved with justifia-ble suspicion by urrLrry
management. EllS obsoLescence has, for the most carc,
been conpLete sith few, if any, subsystems berng
candidates for reuse- Some vendors argue the t-enefrts
concerning the upgradea.bility of their spectfrc desrgn
while others contend that the uni.que and sEecrrlr:ed
intelrelationship of hardsare and software necessl-
tates that obsolescence and ultimate repLacerent rs a
fact of life- The authors question thts !rLter
F'osi.tion.
76
Characteristically ccnservative by nature, util-
iries have taken a follouing role in eneriJy Eanagenent
design. Few courpanies are uilling to expend the
dollars needed to suptErt extenslve research and
development efforts to tDeee their unique F_HS require_
hents. Tttis, historically, has been left as a vendor
prerogative to develop rhat they oarket as -standard-
offerings. Host standard vendor offerings are subiect
to l:Eiaed architectural custoeization by prospective
buyers. On occasion, utili,ties have att,enpted to push
certaLn state-of-the-art develcptnents, tlpst of these
have been in the mre vi-.ual F)rti,ons of che systeo,
;:amely mapbcard drsplay or man-machine interface
iech-ology. llarry tines these state-of-the-art
Cevelcpments have met rith less-chan-spectac-ular
:uccess- Such experiences have further reduced
ucility willingness icr stray far frcn standard vendor
ot-ferings. ttrere are, hosever, indi,cations ihac
prcsent day EHS cbsolescence may be due co <iesign
shortsightecness rather than an intrerent problen
associated uith basic Ells reguire&ents.
:'h:r is this Prcbleur Iurportant
The ur-ility industry has much to gain from
participating in rhe reooval of present day E!,tS design
linitations. fn the fi.rst place, E!,lS lifecycle costs
should drop as individual subsystens becoae truly
u;:gradea.ble- This effect sil1 be magnified in arany
areas such as Eraining, spare parts, etc. Salvage-
ability of operator-faniliar subsysteas such as
Io99in9, alara.ing nethodology, displaf fornats, etc.,
wil,L greacly facilitate instalLation of neu sub-
systems. Mditi.onally, vendors can speciaLize in any
conbination of subsysteD areas li-hich permit design
flexibility to cure problems specific to individual
utility needs- A great deal of developnrent work is
required before nix and uratch systen purchasing
becones a reality; however, a systen design whi,ch
incorporates subsysteu replaceabiLity rill certainly
attract buyers concerned sith the unknown softrare
applications of the future. It wiI1, hopefully, also
reestablish credibility in the ElfS procurement process
by upper utility Eanagement.
In cor.clusion, the utility j,ndustry, with the
coope:'ation of vendors and consultants, has the
oi)-Dortunity to provide guitielines for the next gene!-
aEj-on of El{s- Such ner, systems can, and hopefully
wii1, exhibit much greater fl.exibility concerning
upgradeabllity- The benefits of such design are not
onLy economrc- Utilities will be a.ble to focus on
enhanced subsystem capa-bilities to provide specialized
treaunent for areas of partj.cular concern- Such
tailoring of resources across vendor boundaries to
mct specific utility needs is something the industry
is hard pressed Eo now provide.
PNCIBLE}IS ASSOCIATED WITH PREDICTING
CGV;'UAEI FESOUFCE REQUIREMENTS
David Barrie, l,lember
Ontario Hydro
!,rhat is the ProbLem
In today's Power System Control Centers, the
Energy Hanagerent SySteD (El|S) is called upon to
process a valiecy of application progr.rBs providing a
range of functional requirements to the systeB opera_
tors- The capa,bility of the computer systetn to carry
out this processing i-s a critical elenent in deter-
mining the overall perfomnce of the systen.
The life expectanry of a typical EHS is about 15
years- During t.hj.s time, the actual. requireEEnts uilL
almost certainly differ fro$ those initially speci-
fied, given ahe volatile environment sithin shich

utiliti.es lnist cPerate. As a result' upgrades'
returbist!.nents, exlEnsions, etc', are virtual:7
unavoidable durlng the life of an Eus'
1'hj,3 short notc focuse! on the Problen of uncer-
tainty surrounaltrg thc Plannlng of cornPuter systea
upgrades-
Experience in Ont.rio Hvdro
ontario tlydro's current EHS uas installed i3
19?5. ft reng into service sith a basic suite o:
application Prograos running and a BPre cosrprehensive
suite specitied for developoent in subsequent yeals'
rhe iniiial coaPucer systeBt was sized for the i'nit:al
suite and, a Plan Fut in place to upgrade to accoE-
Eodate the Planned growth'
In fact, operating coltPlexity increased far rf,cre
tha$ originally envisaged, Primrily due to inabili:1
to build adequate transmission facilities' As t
result, increasfu:gly soPhisticated application -3r:-
gramri and nes :unctional capabilities have beea
iequired of the El'-S, e-9. much nore complex s'-3b::::'-'
li.Eit nonitoring software and automatic tnr:'; :'
generation and load rejection schenes'. ahis ;re::i"'
increased the cooPuting resources required' o?er ::i
above the ilt.itial predicticns and triggerec "l'
couE)uter uIrgrades,one in 1978 and another in Ll8L'
'rooting to ttre future, our ability to Pred:::
future requireurents Eay be no better than in lhe ::3s:-
we are planninlJ our EMS with the ioiic!:'-g
exPectations:
. Continued delay in getti.ng the necessary
transnission facilities-
. Poser systea grosth alound three Per:enc Fer
annun.
More tightly iniegrated oPeratlcn r::h
interconnected utilities.
IElProved oPerator training facilitres r:il
becooe essential.
Any or all of the above lBay not transpire' FurEher-
tnore, so&e neu factor, Presently unforeseen, nay
drastically alcer our projections- 1i,s 616Lc rrll
teIl.
whv such uncertainty
The process of planning future comPuter upgrades
involves a sequerlce'of stePs, each one fraught ''rLh
uncertainty. As a result, it is hardly surpr:s::9
that che overall process is very uncertain- The s:ePs
are described belog.
Step 1: Identify APPlication Prograes
The requireoents for nev aPPlication proqr:ns ::e
dri.ven by the needs of the Poeer system oFert:trrs-
Thy are a function of the oPeratinq compltx:::es
inposed by the evolving Poser system and the ex:et: ::
shich nes application Proglar.E:i can assi'st the .aer3:-.
in his task. Unfortunately, 'o[relatlng comPlexr'-i' - '
largely deterained by external events, bey;r'd '-?
contEol of the electric uciLity and s:i?':-' i
unantici-pated-
Looking back over the I'ast f j've to Een "i t.
there have been a nurnber of "external forces"
have had a draEatic effect on the complexr:r :
oireration and ecre largel,y unanticipated- SFe.r:':
utilities rere affected to a greater or lesser ex:.-:
by any qiven factor but a fee coumnly quoted extrP.'t
arc the follouing:
L7
. The inabiij,ry to build adequate rransBission
facilities as described for ontario Hydro-
. Major fluctuations in groyth rate projections
rnaking it very uncertaj,n as to the siz of
the porer systeo to be rcnl,tored by the EMS.
. Increased exports froa nonoil-burning util-
ities. This has led to a arore coqrlex
t.ransaction process and heavy porrer flors on
key transDission interfaces. Ttre systeE
operator has had to becolre lrore asare of
systeo conditions in other utilities for'both
econoraic and security issues.
. Proliferation of cogeneration, load tnanage-
ment, and other scheoes }trich greetly add to
the comPlexity of generatiorr scheduling and
disPatch.
The uncertainty surrounding identificatron of
f.:ture aPPtication Programs is the biggest contributor
ro the uncertainty of the overall Process-
steD 2: Characterize the Prograns and Predict
Ccmputer Load
Having forecast the functional requirenents, the
aext step is to chalacterize the application Progralns.
The following qtlestions need Eo be addressed:
frequently t ill
. Hou the Prograa be executed?
. Hot, nrrch plocessing tine ui'll it take?
. Hor uuch nai.n Ee@ry sill it occuPy?
. Hos rnany disk files rilL it access?
',Ihile these are i-qrortant questions, in a sy-steo rtrich
has a sequence of interrelated progr,-s, Probably the
nost i-Etportant question is horr the ne{ Proglat0 ui1l
fir into the exist-ing suite of progr.rns-
Knoring the prograD characteristics, the future
conputer load can be Predicted, hosever, the questions
that need to be addressed ale the follosing:
. Hos should one exPress comPuter loads on a
real-tiBe conPuter systeE?
. i{hat reasurable quantities should one use to
exPress conPuter loads?
. 'dhat Poser systen conditions should one
assur in assessiag conPuter loading? It
must be recognized chat comPuter loading
during Pouer systen disturbances is vastly
different fron norrnal conditions.
Scep 3: ImPact on CoutPuter Performarlce
Having esta-blished the comPuter loading, the next
step is to forecast the coEputer performance' There
i.s a relationship betveen load and perforraance,
unfortunaEely, it is not linear.
gnren the conPuter is light1y loaded, or in the
nid-range, increases in coEPuter loading result i'n
Little or no degradation in coErputer performance. As
the computer loading is increased, Ehere !s a pornt at
which suall increases in computer loading result in
najor perfomance degradation. The uncertainty
surroundj-ng forecasting coaputer performance is
knosing where the actual loading is, relative to tie
point. uhere degradation is likely. There is little
early warning that Eaior degradaei'on is imminent-
SEep 4: IdentifY Corrective Action
The final steP of the process is to identify vhat
:crrective actioBs are appropriate to rectify defi-
:iencies found in the perforuance analysis. Ttre
corrective action can be one or mre of the foll'osing:
 a Optiaize exi.sting softuale Eo reduce che
consunption of resources.
. Install additj.ooal hardware or upgrade the
exi.sting hardrrare in the area of deficiency;
e.g. disk storage, oain mercry, or central
Processlng unit.
. Relax the standards of perfotilance.
. FeapPraise the requirenent for the nev
prograro(s) -
?he major uncertainty in this step is in knouing
that the proposed solution yilL, in fact, soi.ve che
problern. In particular, adding or upgrading harCsare
facilities to solve a slrccific defici.ency ma., merely
move the problem to another area-
EFFECTIVE AI,FT,MING
Kenneth w. lteussner. lleRber
Houston Lighting and Pouer C(mpanv
InEroduction
Effective alarming can be an elusive ;oe: in an
Energy Manage8Ent Systen (E!4S) - As sysiers ma:::=e :aC
grou tBore comP.Lex. Ehere is 3.n i;:creas::; :.:::e::c7 by
sysEem alesigners iu add more :nfornatic:: :r--.:: ::.c:v-
idual alarms and th conditions thaE h.rvc. ,-::s:a :hn-
The additional j,ntornation aids the syscen :!.f:a:cr in
decision making, provided Ehat Ehe al.i:Ts lo not
overload the ability of thc system operatrr :c assra-
iLate i.nformaEion. L:nder disturbance and e::ergency
conditions, alarns are lrore nLtaerous and cf'.e:: ?rcvide
redundant information. Bulsc alarm ?rccessiag of 5O0
Lo 9OO alarms trEr minute is being iicorFcr:Eed in
EllS's beir:g built today.
Since the systeln operator can be ccnfro:i-.3d wi,th
more alarms than can be harrdled eflectr:ely, al:mi.ng
should provide processed inforrration chac is adequate
:-or system operation, tilrely, and contains lrttle or
no redundant data.
AIaEr CondiEions
Conditions cn the power svsten anC .qurpment
monitored by the EMS can cause ihe acE:vation of large
numbers of alarms. lhese alarms nay be valid or
invalid Cepending upon circumstances. Sonc exanples
of conditions yhich create burst type alarm are as
follows:
. Systen Start-up - When an EMS is inirialized
or ehen it is restarted from a failure
cor:dition, all teleretry data that Cocs not
match a 'defauLt. (start-up) condrtion will
aplEar to the EltS as abnomal si.tuations- As
a result, al.arms are issued. ,I.his sill occur
during the initial systen scans thus causing
hundreds or thousands of al.rms ro be
generated in a burst mode-
o Data Set Svitch - An EHS requrr!,s constant
additions and corrections to the data base rn
order to proprly refl.ect the equrFment in
the field. Host of the time, the corrections
will be minor and will not require a regen_
eration of the data base- The correctrons
wil-L be nade in an off-line data set and will.
be suitched to replace the on-lrne crta set.
Status of points in the neH datJ set shich
differs fron the scan data status si lI
generate alarng.
a CoEmnication System Dropout - The !-,r.kbone
of any EMS is the coraunicatron system rhrch
ties the systeni cmputers with rercre rer_
minal units (RTUS) . A disturban,_-e uh rch
18
disables comunications can cause large
nunbers of corutunicati,on errors in addition
-!o a backlog of alarEs and scate changes
uill be detected srhen the disturbancethathas
cleared. A microsave loop systeB yill
exhibit this condition rrhen comunications
are switched frou one direction or patlr to
the other due co a disturbance srrch as a
signal fade. The systeu will have a comun-
ication loss of several seconds but all RfUs
using that parh sill have cornunicatlon
errors. ff the path is out :or any period of
t:ne, RfUs will have alarB srate changes
queued up.
System Oisturbances - As storBs and ueather
fronts Eove across the porder system, nu.Eerous
alarms sill be received in bursts- The
detected alar:ms can exceed 1S per second.
Usually the entire power systen i.s not
af:ected by a storn at the same ti-ure- Oper-
ators can easily be overloaded' uilh alams
fcom .-he liortions of the power systen being
af:ected by the disturbance.
Conditions - Extre[re condiEions
=oergency
rhich rhreaten the integrj_ty af a poeer
systeE can cause so nany alarms thac the
systeB operator could not use the EMs.
Exanples are -netb-ork islanding. and oprator
activation of systeE voleage reductioa on
Erost'poser systea buses rvhea there is insuf-
ficient leneration ro hand:,e the load.
Alarns lesultinq froll either crf these cases
can ovelvhel.n the system operator and oask
critical alatas.
Alarm Strateqies
The follosing techniques Elay be used to insure
that a system oprator receives opci-Eul.o infor86tion.
Alaru Acknouledg&ent - Alarms shouLd not have
to be acknosledged by the systeB operator as
the alarrns are presented on the CRT. The
system operator knous by the CRj display, by
output on a printer, or by related events
that .rn alarn has been acti,vated. Having the
system operator make a sepalate alara
acknouLedgment is an unnecessary step since
each alarar oessage presented to the systeE
operator requires that he mke a decision
(ignore, respond, etc-) -
Filtered Alarms - Alarm information should
not be redundant- Inr'ormation which is
useful by itself may be either unj.nfomatj.ve
or noc important in certain situations. As
an exampLe, an unden-oltage alam is useful
inforDatj.on as a single alarm condj-tion tut
is reCundant if status changes indicate loss
of power feed.
Message Buffering - Alarms should be spooled
on a large CRT message output buffer. Ttle
buf fer should consist of rultip).e pages of
flressages. This uill allow the system oper-
ator to go backward in the rnessage output
queue on the CRT vithout being reguired to
hunt back through a printer's output.
Lost ALarns - Alalus shou!.d never be lost due
to burst or continuous alarm processing
loads. lrith todayrs computer systems, there
is no reason to ever lose alarms due to
corq)uter processing work loads- The systec
 operaeor may have Eo sait Eo see all Ehe
aiarEs, dePendent uPon CRT output. rate, but
no alanns should be lost due Eo Ehe El'lS-
, ALarE Categorj'e3 - Ala:5ls should be seParated
into categories to allor prioritizj'ng and to
allov seqaenting by oPerator irosition-
a Presentation - AIarD Eessages shouLd be
presented on the CRf using the capabilities
of the cBf systela (including color, shape,
font, screen Posltion, etc.) to enhance alarrr
ldenttfication. llessage texE should be shorE'
and concise.
. AIarE Requirenent - Any alarm for aa Eys
should be thought aut and justrfied :s :c
need, advantage, and dependency. 'Alans
shosn to t.he system otrErator should =e
IiloiEed to those alarurs necessary for Pcwer
systeEi cPeraEion.
a Preprocesslng - ilarn processing cec:s:.cns
should be made uhere poss.il:le b'1 :'m!tr:ers
and not b7 :he system operator. As : :acl,
the comPuter systeBr can do some oi :!:e :-:r-cr
decisicn naki-ng :-hus relievi:9 --i'e s'.'-s--:s
operator of unnecessary ucrk-
. Alarm Prio! j.ty TYPes - AlarErs sh.c:.L i ':e
prioritized by tyPe. Many :o:-cr:--:'li
alarans can be Presented tn categcr'," ::jpe
displays while using an oFeratsi'cns n:'-s::qe
display for time critical alarns-
SurE0ary
As Elore inforEation i's beinq lncluded l: '-he
modern El.!S, there Eusr- be concerted effort :a lresen!
the systeB oPerator with the information:h3E is
needed to oPerate the Poser syster- l'lore preProces-
sing and filtering of alaas is needed :o pr.vent
overloadi.ng the system oPerator- Effecti-ve rltrnLnq
instead of point alaraing is reguired. lt rs --he
system operatorrs actj.ons upon which we if,ust rel'1 :c
preserve the Power systen in nornal and ene:gency
condi.tions.
PROBLEHS IN THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMEMI, AND OELIV=RY C'
QUALiTY SYS?E}4 OPEFATOR TRAINING PROCRAI{S
l'laureen E. Cooper, Associate Mehber
Potomac Electric PoHer ComPany
Introduction
The northeast blackouts caused the electri.c
uti.lit)- industry to focus on the trai.ning of ?a'rer
System Operalors (PSOS)- Up to that tine, mcst PScs
Iearned hoH to operate thej.r system throuqh lnf.rFal
on-the- job training- rn the ensuing !'ears. - -:1'/
:rai.ning progrus have been designed, develcg.:d. ;;d
delivered to PSOS- Although a great deal <rf ei: rt
has gone into their devel.oprnnt. most of thc ; r. :r,rs
provide infomti.on a-bout electrical systems, t .: ,:i
no! train operators hm to apply this infom.r: I ;a ri
fulfilling thej,! actual job responsibi]]trcs- :'.
purpose of this short note ls to hiqhlight some : ::'l
reasons why little progress has been made rr: .-.j? 5 i :.-
ing, developing. and delivering proglams that r,:r:r::i'
train PSOs to perfom thej-r reguired trsks : - |
specified nanner-
Progran Design
There are many problems assoctated ulth /ir-sr;'-
quali.ty Pso trai.ning programs. Three of the i : :- , r',
concerns include ut:,lizi.ng qualified instructj.onal
designers, Ceveloping PSO perfomrance st,andards, and.
dedicating adequate resoulces to the dsign effort.
rE has beer,- well docuEented that a structured
approach to Ehe design of trai.rring progralrs proves to
be che most effective in causing specific desired
behavior changes. If a structured approach hrere to be
used in designing PSC training programs, an instruc-
rional specialist sould be assigned the responsibility
of designrng a training prograE for a specified group
of PSOS. T:.e lnstructional specialist uould work sith
PsO subject raccer experts to determine ehe perf-
onnance standards expec:ed of successful traineesi to
ldenti!-y th. k-r.owLedge, ski11s, and abiliti-es needed
to meet the cesired performance standards; and to trrake
reecmendatrons rega-rdirg the nost effectise
i:lstructional,/learning t.echniques for ensuring that
Ehe trainees accuile the knowledge, skills, and
abi.lities to meet che desired perforarance standards.
Using this structured apprcach to training desifn
c:n take severai ncnths or nore, <iepending upon the
conplexit-\' o: i-he pro j ect and the avai- La-bi,1ity of
recessary Elar.power- while thj-s ap_Dears to be time-
consr:aring and expensive, this investmelrt is necessary
to ensure that the :raininq prograB giLl cause desired
behavior char.ges-
unfortunately, a structured approach to the
Cesign of PSO training prograEs is rarely utilized-
Vore coNnonly, a senior PSO or an operations engineer
is assigned the responsi-bility of designing a training
plograln on a specific topic. Most eLectris utilities
do not have clearly defined perforurance standards or
procedures- Since they Elay be unaHare of the neces-
sity of deteEnin:ng the desired behavior outcoEes and
the regulsite supporti.ng knouled.ge, skills, and
abiliEies, t,he systeB operator or engineer usually
Coes not make any atteEpt to link the training prograo
to desired behavior changes. As a result, typical
program design ccnsists of an outline of topi,cs to be
i.ncluded in the prograa wi.thout any focus on how the
PSO should use the inforrution in perform:ng his job
responsibilities .
?rogram Developnent
Problems are also encouneeled in the proceqs of
deveLoping quality 9SO tlainj,ng proglams. Three areas
Ceserving aElention are the utilization of qualified
program developers, the efficient utilizatj.on of
available rescurces, and the abili.ty to support long
or expensive prograrn development schedules.
In the ideal situaticn, an instructional special-
ist would be assigned the responsibility of overseeing
the devclopment of training materials to support the
program's aporoveC design. The instructional speciaL-
rst uould be given sufficient time, money, and
resource perscnrrel to adequately manage this
development efforr.
The instructional specialist would oversee the
deveLopment and testing of all lnstructional mate-
rj.als, alL learning materials, and all evaluation
materials. The materials aould be made in shatever
media uas identified in the progran design and could
include computer simulations, texts, sLides, video-
talEs, role plays, audiotapes, or other materials-
llherever practical and economical existing
traininq materials vould be modified and used.
l'todif j,cations rcuId be almed at irproving the mate-
: rials' appropriateness and effectiveness in reeting
the new training progran's objectives and might
r9
 include changes such as resriting or reforrDatting text
ro i.Bprove its readabilj.ty, adding relevant i1lus-
trations, addlng detaiL to coBputer si-nulations,
developing coRpey-specific operatj,ons exercises to
replace generi.c exercises, or edlting Eaterial on a
wideotape. Nct, prograa Eaterla-l.s rrould be developed
shere necessary, to met the progra!'s objectives.
When aLl. naterials had been developed, they uould
be proofed for technical accuracy. field tested,
revised uhere necessary, and then lade available for
actual training sessions-
The process of developing quality tlaining
materi.als is both t.itne-consuning and expensi.ve. fes
electric ucj.lities have instluctional specj.alists uith
unlimited resources to dedicate to Ehe development of
PSO tlaining aatelials. Male frequently, the systen
operator cr engineer who was assigned the responsl_
bility of designi.ng a train!_ng progran ts also
assigned ihe responsibility of developing the related
materiaLs in a short ti&e period wich a lin:,ted
budget. .Ls stared earlier, the designated system
operator or engineer rarely has any for:nal :rar:.:::g in
instructional technology and is, the=efore, u:.elare ct-
the need to consiCe! such things as ti.e x.cu:rc of
practice required tO learn hoH to perfcrn a iask, :he
irEpact of layout and desigm on the readabii::y of
printed text, or the advantages of using one -_;pe of
instructional uraterial over another-
Working within these constraints, rhe program
Bateria}s tend to be gathered rather than develcped,
and frequently consj,st of ururcdified, readily avail-
able Bateri.als such as off-the-sheIf videotapes,
nanufacturers' literatule, and copies of c-oerating
procedrrres. Because the progran developers are not
skilled in uraking other instructional marerrals such
as videotapes, role-plays, o! computer-assisted
instruction, the materj.als developed tend ro be
oriented towards foraal classroom-styIe trarning.
?hese naterials usually provide technical irformation,
but do not train the pSO hoH ro apply the infcrrnarion
in perforoing his job.
Progra.B Deliverv
Given a pSO training prograe that has been well
designed and developed, there are still obstacles to
the effective delivery of the prograD. The lack of
qual.ified instructors, the lack of sranhours avai}able
for training and the cost associated wit]: uslng some
tlaining progra"Ex, can prevent good tlaining programs
fron being used.
The ideal pSO trainer souLd be not onll a systen
oPerations subject Batter expert, but also a quaLified
technica] instructor. Host pSO traj,ners are sublect
matter experts, but, have received little or :o ore_
paration Eo assist thea j-n cond.ucting trai":.g's"s_
sions- if an instructor does not unders:a:d :he
purpose and value of the materials and rescs assoc_
iated uj,th a training prograD, he is noc lt:<ely :c use
theE as they rere intended.
Given a well designed, weIL deveIcFeC._.:cr3m
with a gualified instructor, there is sr:.ll :. :rar-
antee the progr.rE riLl be used. !,bst enerqy
centers are not staffed to scheduLe suff:c:ert::::rlltrne
for training sessiong. In such cases, oce.f,:jrs :jve
to rork overtine to participate in traj.::j.:(; ;_:sst:is,
or the traioing sesslons Eay not be heLd :s frequentl.y
as nece3sary or desirable.
A third proble8 concerns the cost of some i..saea
operator training proglius. Although pover j.jj--.n
sioulaeors and coaputer-assisted instruciron .;;--,;
2&
of the nost effective pSO training tools, their
have li-nited their use to a fet{ electric utilities. costs
Concl,usion
The resl,onslbilities of pSOs are in an evolu-
tionary statc. over the next fee years there will bG
significantly greater econmic advantages to be gained
through better training of pSOs. three areas ghich
desene specific attention are:
. Training pSOs to effectively utilize a nfl
generation of energy control systeDs-
. Training pscrs to operate the electric systeE
sith <n.ller reserve capacity and ssuller
nargin for error.
. Training pSOs to nake maxinuar benefiE of
energw tra$sactj.cns.
The econoaic losses possible through incorrect
systea opelations due to inadequate training ni1!. be
greater in the coming years, and conversely, the
econoEic benefits of correct systeE operations are
best attainable rrhen pSOs have recei.red ;ob_specj.fic
training that has been well designed, weli devei.cped,
and weII delivered.
ISSUES AIID PROBLEMS IN
POWER SIS?EU RESTORA?ION
u.u .r
IRD Corlroration Philadelphia Electric Co.
Introduction
This short note briefly describes .soBe
probleras encountered in the three phases of ofpouer
the
system restoration (pSR), uith the intent of identi-
fying analytical tools needed for their solutions.
The thlee phases of pSR are the following: planning
for restart and reintegration of the bulk pove;
supply, actions during systeE deg,radation for siving
and retaining critical sources of porrer, and restor_
ation when the poser slrstea has stabilized-
In the planning phase, problems can primarily be
addlessed by off-line anal,ysis or simulation. During
the degradation phase, control problens need solutions
in real-tine and withj,n the short_time ratings of
Ii.nes and equi.purent. In the restoration phase, the
problears can be addressed by on-Iine analysis, pre_
senting the results to the operator for execution.
Restoration ?rcbletns
1. Fault location - The najor dlsturbances i.n the
bulk pover supply are -crimarily caused by tran_
sj-ent faults and ocerators, errors, mostly
originating in Ehe transmission systems, and
resulting in area wiCe outages. A very large
number of initj.ating causes of interruptions are
due Eo temporary faul:s, which are imediately
cleared, ieaving the systen in an unfaulced
condicion. Therefore, identification of the
cause of a poeer failure does not necessarily
enhance the restolation, and iS not considered as
a high priority pSR prcblen.
l. Interconnection assiscance - The d.evelopment of
the systeo restoraticn plan from a coa5:)-ete
collapse and without incerconnection assistance,
is relatively straighr:orsard- fn plactice, due
to corrective actlions, systeE disturbances are
usually arrested prior to the coEiplete collapse.
Furtherrcre, so8e level of interconnection
assistance rrculd proba.bJ,y be availa-ble- tte
present practi.ce is to activate the Et{V inter_
connections in the systeo being restored rhen
unj.ts uith large reactive pouer absorbing capa-
 bilicies arc in service- There is a need for
establishing a siople'and quantitative guideline,
such ag the ratio of available reactive absorbing
capability to thc charqing current of the EHv
llna, vhlch nould allov inEerconnection
actlvation.
3. Assessnt of svitcung status - Partial systeE
outage a,lvot rcllanca oD the interconnection
necessitates asse3sEnts of both systeB and
interconnection svltching status- This is a
process rrhich uses uP critical tine. Sorne
utilitie3 autor.atically oPen all c:rcuit breal:ers
upon loss of rrottage to siloPlify and speed-up the
reintegration Process. Othels Prefer savi.ng che
breaker stored energy and mininize breaker
operations b1' iudicious selection and operacion
of breakers. The suitching oPerati'on has been
responsiJrle for slowing aany actual resEoratlon
processes and de$ands special attention-
4. Frequency and +oleaqe responses of prime novers -
the size of load increments which can be pickec-
up depends on the frequency and voltage res;cnses
of prine Erovers. Load'Pick-ups at small ::.:re-
nuts prolong the PSR. with l.rrge i'r,::::e:.--s,
there are risks of frequency decline or :-:i:a3e
dip beyond recovery- The challenge is '-. ':st3b-
lish guidelines vhich sould indicate Ehe :f,rgest
load increraent which would keep freque:cv cr
voltage to rithin accePtable lirnits.
5. Cold load prck-up - It is imgortant '-u- k:os
approxinately the arount of reaL ani.?ac::'te
loads co be picked-up at any time r-olLo?1ng en
outag - As the ouiage duration lengtl'.e:rs . Ehe
coincident factor i.ncreases. The lcaC-t:ne
variation depends on noaral peak and lrEi.c loads,
load power factors, Pouer factor correctlor-s,
Load type, and the total connected loaCs. The
proble$ is to use these data to Cevelop real 3nd
reactive loads versus ti.Be for load pick-up.
6. optiEuta sequencing of generating uniEs scarE-up -
In restoring a poHer systen, oPerators cfaen need
to know in advance the aEounts of real and
reactive generatlon shich would be avai]abie ac a
future tille. this infornation could be used to
optimize the sequence of the various resacraEion
operations and allos a sigmificant reduction in
the outage duration. The need is for timely
identification of critical timings of prlme
movers and efficient coordinati-on between coger
plants and porrer system operatj.ons.
7. Svitching transient voltages - Durj.ng the re!nte-
gration phase, it is desirable to energrze as
large a secticn of high voitage Eransmrssr.on Irne
as transient voltages will aIl.ow. Eiergrzrng
snal.l sections tends to prolong the reslcrrtlcn
process. In energizinE a ),arge section, :here r.s
alHays the risk of damaging the rnsulatron. tl-.e
need is tor a simple nethodology whrch can
readily establish guidelines for enerr;l; rn9
transnission Ii.nes.
a. Standing phase angles - One of the concer:s and
constraints j.n closing the next Ere ..o :he
adjacent systeg is the excessive phase-an9 Ie
difference yhich may exist. Closlng a .-re-lrce
on a large phase-angle difference ma)' iruse
instability. The -standj.ng angle" can be recuced
by altering the generation pattern ol bcth
interconnecting systens (or subsystems). :::ere
is a need for generation reschedulj.ng prcgrss
2t
which rninirnize changes in generation parterns
rhi.Ie reducing che specific phase-angle
difference.
9. Lor frequency isolation schenre - During systeE
degradation, it is desirable to isolate certain
generators uith 'natching" local, loads to retain
critical sources of porer. Under this scheEe,
the gcnerating units do not have to be restarted
frca. a aonplete shut-down, thus saving several
preci.orrs hours. ?he scheme requiles that during
peak 3r.d light load conditions, Load an<i gener-
a:icn &ismatch be within the cver-and-under-
frequency lin.:.ts. FurtherBore, it requires
coordination of plant control, protective
systems, and interlock systems to enhance
generating units' partial load rejection
capabilities.
10. Incentional islanding - 9lhen airo groups of
generators bcgin to lose synchronisn, it is
advisable to separate the two groups. It is
desirable to select locations ior separation
where the load-generation misrnat.ch in each group
is "ninimal", and syrchroni,zing equi.praent is
available for reclosing. To ensure satisfactory
islanding, it lray be necessary to use "blinders"
to block relays from the tripping whele splitting
is not desira.ble, and aLlord relays to trip ehere
it is desira.ble. The intentj,onal islanding has
been used ir. very few systesrs. It's inpleenen-
tation is an engineering challenge.
11. Local load shedding - There is a need for an
on-Iine real-time nethodology Bhich would reu.eve
the overloaded eguiElrent and prevent the systea
from further degradation. Such a nethodology
should in the first order of priority be able'to
respond wrthin the short-time rating of equipment
and :.n the second order of priority, "rninlmize"
the antount of loads Eo be curtailed in specific
locations.
L2. Underfrequency relays and sr*itched capacitors -
Duri-ng the initial phases of restoration, when
the system is prinarily under uranual control,
wider frequency and voltage variations are
tolerated. Under these conditions, automatically
sHi-tched capacitors and underfrequency relays,
which are responslve to voltage and freguency,
!'espectiveLy, will hinder the restoration pro-
cess- the problen is vhether, and to shat
extent, these devices should be deactivated
duri.ng restoration.
Cor!cIus ion
Review cf the past malor power distulbances by
the Power S)'stem Resroration-Task Force (PSR-TF) shoes
that these dist.urbances have occurred at random, each
disturbance has had someshat different restoration
problems, anci in each case the systeB operators have
pIayeC a critical role in restoling the system. It
appears to be di.fficult to analytically fomulate
generally applica-ble tools- On the othe! hand, Lhe
kneLedge-based exlrcrt systeEs , shich wou Id a!. lou
olEracors' heuristic probl.em so].ving capabilities, do
seem to be suited to the restoration. problens- This
is especially the case if vays can be found to inte-
grate them uith analytical. tools outlined in thj.s
papr. Until the availabili.ty of such mthodol-ogies,
it is the PSR-TF's position that siople restoratlon
guidelines should be developed based on the identified
analytical tools for the short-terE inplementation-
 Discussion
Jack Feinstein (Consolidated Edison of NY, Inc., New York, NY): In response
to Mr. Adibi's request I am pleased to comment on the short note presented
by Messrs. Adibi and Scheurer concerning problems associated with system
restoration.
Con Edison experiencd a complete system shutdown in July, 1977. This
unfortunate event, however, presented us with the opportunity to leam from
it and make system improvements to avoid a reoccurrence. Onc specific area
in which a considerable amount of investigation was performed was in system
restoration. This note will attempt to provide the reader with a summary of
the work performed by Con Edison.
Restoration Problems
l) Fault Locstion-I concur completely with the authors in that the location
of the fault is not important. The cause of the blackout involves an sgt.eer-
ing investigation. The responsibility of the operators is to operate within
established criteria and to restore the system as rapidly as possible if a
blackout occurs.
2) Intercomection Asbtance-Con Edison has prepared an extremely detailed
restoration plan. The overall plan consists of eight separate plans that are
independent of each other. Plans I through 7 consist of reenergizing the
bulk power system (comprised of all transmission and generation) using
the interconnection transmission lines with neighboring utilities. Plan 8
assumes that assistance is not available and the Con Edison system will be
restarted via internal generation. During the development of the plans,
special consideration was given for the control of voltage. Because a major
portion of the Con Edison bulk power system consists of oil-frlled pipe-
type feeders, their reactive contribution can have a catastrophic effect on
a lightly loaded system. The plans have been prepared to provide the
operators with information to control system voltage. To safely energize
the system, the operators need only maintain the voltage below a predeter-
mined level at the station from which the interconnecting feeder emanates.
Studies have been conducted that demonstrate that no unacceptable voltages
will be experienced as the sections of the system are energized prior to load
being picked up.
Con Edison has a system response simulator for oprator training. The
model was modified to permit training of the operators in the restoration
plans. Thus the operators are familiar wilh the plans and the effects on
system voltage of reenergizing transmission feeders.
3l Asessment of Switching Status-Con Edison's energy management system
was placed in service in April 1985. A key feature is a dynamic mimic (map)
board that displays status of all bulk power system circuit breakers. The
restoration plans provide for opening a minimum number of circuit
breakers, even though all of the bulk power substations have emergency
diesel generators for light and power. Delays in startup are caused by the
garhering of information and the need to communicate orders to field per-
sonnel. We avoid unnecessary circuit breaker opening and have designed
the restoraiion plan so that no manually operated disconnect switches need
to be opened during the restoration.
A significant problem to Con Edison is the time required to individually
start up more than 50 networks. These networks consist of 12 to 24 high
voltage (13 or 27 kY) distribution feeders that must be energized
simultaneously. In 1977, this required the operation of a startup/shutdown
control panel by an operator in each substation. If it took only l0 min per
netu'ork to coordinate the operator's response, it would take 8 h to restore
jusr the networks which provide service to about 85 percent of our load.
In order to expedite restoration of the system, remote control of 50 per-
cent of the connecred load can now be restored from the Con Edison energ]'
control center. The computerization of our distribution supervisory con-
trol system scheduled for 1990 completion *'ill permit the restoration of
all load via remote control.
4l Frequency and Voltage Response of Prime Movers-The plan that provides
for the restoration of load using internal generation resources was developed
to LLse the large blocks of gas turbine generators installed on the Con Edison
sysrem- Modifications were made to both the governor and voltage
re_eulators of rhe multiple unit installations so that they could be operated
in parallel without tripping via anti-motoring relays. The intent is to take
advantage of the fast governor response of these units to pick up large blocks
of nerwork load, then transfer the load to large base-loaded units freeing
up rhe gas turbines to pick up additional load.
5) Cold Load Pic&-up-The only load that is affected by length of time from
the initial outage is equipment rhat is temperature dependent. It has been
Con Edison's experience that long duration outages will not necessarily resulr
in -ereater load pick-up. Some refrigeration, heating, and air conditioning
load requires manual intervention to be restarted. A portion of commer-
cial and industrial load also requires manual interveniion to start, while
residential customers have a tendency to shut off appliances during a
blackout out of concern for "surges" when the electricity comes back on.
Based on experience during major area shutdowns, Con Edison assumes
that the load that will be reenergized is about 80 percent of the load prior
ro the shutdow-n-
6) Optimum Sequencing of Generaing Units Starl-zp-This is one of the mosr
imprortant goals. However, the ideal sequence is not to have to restart an).
units but to have therir running and isolated to their auxiliary transformers.
),
when a synchronizing feed is established, the units are available to come
on-line and pick up load. Many European utilities incorporate this feature
in their station design; the difficulty in this country is retrofitting this mode
of operation on existing units.
7) Switching Tronsient Yoltages-The study and preparation of detailed
restoration plans as described in item 2 above should help with this problem.
8l Standing Phdse Angle-Facilities are present in every control center with
automatic generation control equipment to permit operation as an isolated
island on flat frequency control. The adjustment of the system frequency
can be made yia load frequency control set points to change from a stan-
ding angle to a "slipping" system.
9) Low Frequency Isolation Schemes-Agr* as explained in item 6.
lO) Intentional Islandlag-This may be an engineering challenge but it is an
operating nightmare. Generally two groups of generators will begin losing
synchronism during system disturbances involving voltige or stability pro-
blems. Although intentional islanding is an option to an operator, it should
only be used as a last resort to save a power system. The philosophy adopted
by the Northeast Power Coordinating Council has been to preserve as large
an island as possible by matchitrg generation to load via underfrequency
Ioad shedding relays. I believe that industry experience has demonstrated
that disturbances have been successfully quelled via underfrequency load
shedding, enabling the Stabilized island to resynchronize to the larger system
and thus facilitating the restoration of the load that was shed.
ll) Local Load Shedding-The Con Edison energy m.rnagement system was
delivered with an online real-time load shedding system designed to relieve
overloads on interconnecting transmission feeders. The program is known
as Tie Line Overload Load Shedding (TLLS) and is currently in the test
mode at Con Edison. Upon completion of the installation of additional
redundant metering it will be placed in service and permitted to shed load
when overloads are detected.
12) Uaderfrequency Relays and Switched Capacitors-During restoration when
the system is in a less secure state, automatic operation of underfrequency
relays or voltage controlled capacitors will assist the operators. The trip
settings for these devices should be at a level that protects the system dur-
ing normal operation but will not be a hindrance during restoration. For
example, our network start-up plans prior to the 1977 blackout required
that the substation operators remove from service the phase overcurrent
relays of each distribution feeder prior to network startup. This was an ac-
tion that both delayed restoration and exposed the station to the conse-
quences of delayed clearing of a feeder fault that developed during star-
tup. We have since changed the relay settings oD our distribution feeders
so that the protection does not have to be defeated during startup.
Conclusion
A "Knowledge-Based Expert System" (artificial intelligence) should be con-
sidered a long range goal not only for system restoration, but for eventual total
automatic control of the power system. In the interim, it is incumbent upon
utility operating management to develop detailed resroration plans for their
power systems and to assure that they are kept up to date as the system changes.
During the development of the plans it may become apparent that new facilities
will be needed to permit implementation of restoration in a timely manner. Train-
ing of the operators in restoration techniques and philosophy is also a high priori-
ty, especially since it should be very r;ue that they will ever have an opportuni-
ty to experience a blackout and use it as a learning experience. A power system
response simulator is the ultimate tool in preparing operators for system
restoration.
Manusdipt raeived February 24, 1987.
E. F. Kaprielian (Pacific Gas and Electric Co., San Francisco, CA): The writer
appreciates the opportunity to comment on the papr addressing the subject
"Systems Operating Challenges." It is quite obvious that the working group
members have good knowledge of what can and does occasionally happen to
bulk power systems when, as a result of faults or maintenance and operating
errors, there is a serious mismatch between load and generation. The results
usually mean loss of customer load and separations both betu'een control areas
and within systems. However, the paper's conclusions do not appear to follow
rhe observations identified in the body of the paper. In rhe conclusion, it would
have been helpful if, instead of referring to "these disturbances," the authors
would have identified the specific disturbances they analyzed that led to the
conclusions. While I would agree that "knowledge-based expen systems" should
be of value and a part of every system operator's training to deal q'ith bulk
system emergencies, the paper does not in itself prove its case.
Other comments concerning the "Issues and Probiems in Power System
Restoration" section include the following. In paragraph 2, the statement is
made that "development of system restoration plans is relatively straight-
forward." Development of the plan may be simple but implementation can be
quite another matter when one considers a) the rapiditl' with which system crises
can develop, b) the infrequency of the system operator having to utilize the plan,
c) the challenge of keeping system operators updated in the major facets of the
plan and, d) no two cases of trouble are ever the same.
In paragraph 4, the paper could have given recognition to the role that
automatic load restoration can fulfill in load restoration. This practice has been
very satisfactorily used by one large west coast utitit)'(PC&E) for over 25 liears.
 subsystems
two interconnected systems as well as between two connected
Paragraph subject of standing phase angle-s between systems'
8 addresses the within a system when an attempt is made to close additional ties
or lines
same problem can also
Th" il&;ilr;;;io u e*panJ"a to recognize ihat the values de-
tolitrn up ttt. bulk power tranimission system' The acceptableused
how to reduce phase angles, system
.ir, "iif,i"-" ,vuem. In addition to knowing *nJ oni'fr" roftage Gvels. Typical synchrocheck relay settings in some
#;;;;;;;;;t" i"tt*"t"a - to what c-onstitutes a.' acceptable phase angle ;;;hil;il#"i. oo a.ii"o for 500 kv, l{l degrees for 230 kv' and
ulioi. .ro*r. of breakers at open tie points. should.be permitted' ;d;;;;;i;t it5 kv. Ho*iu.r, the need is for an-efficient methodologv
"'iii it"-rgtt, 12 is not necessarilv correct that guideline wirich would reduce the standing phase angle
""-munic"ted-l'n-ptt'gt"ptt relays will hinder.the iA, .ialfiJ".i"ative
"automatically switched ""pt"ii"itt"i underfrequencysupport the conclusion' i.'it.-iff.*"Urc tmi;without resorting to raising and lowering various
procesr." t papei ptesents no evidence to basis and spending criticd time'
'-fi;;;;;;ntation
restoration
" iriins'pa[' winter Meeiins bv Mr' Adibi ;;;;G; on a trial-and-error
to what ex-
zl in-"araeraoh l2' the authors pose this question: "whether and
i."il;J;r;;Jiupp".ting
-wiirtort tuatt *i'ictt "t-.1ttt
did much to enhance the value of the
" ;;i,:r;iliil;".v i.r"vi *d t*it"hta t"p"citors should be deactivated"
this'supporting information, the short paper seems to treat
a
.r*t i""iiit.t. tt i .est;ration process' This problem is based on the following
ff;il;il;;jil i;'" rath-er cursory manner' As.written' the paper pro- io
lrf . puting tt " ."rt"tt and reinteglation
phase when automatic
;il;t-;';;i;i ;;;itist of "o*iaerations to be evaluated in reviewins the
that while some problems rr*"tiipped tU and the system is primarily under manual control'
"Ui"*"ii"t.
emergency plans of a ,y.t"-. it must be recognized iii"r rureoor vouge ana frequincy fluctuations are tolerated than under
"oniioit
and designs play
.." i!.#.", i. al systems, i"ai"iiuaf systeniconfigurations nor*A oi"tution. Tie underfriquency relays ge rluallv set toshed
loads
i-*""f, f.tg". role in developing restoration plans' Iii.ar"i a""i"tions of frequency at'd if not deactivated' would trip cer-

U, tain feeders which are necessary for loading generators and energizing
Manuscript received Februuy 1987 '
iransmission tines, thus impedinjthe restoration process' Likewise'
switch-
process by
;;;;;it"., on time-clock conirol may hinder the restoration
pi*iii"g reactive power at a time when it is not needed' and give rise to
-^ -
voltages in underground end orerhead transmission lines.
for their com-
M. M. Adibi and D. Scheurer: The authors thank the discussers due to space -i""urv t igh
One solution w6uld be io avoid pi&ing up feeders having
these devices in
;;;;;il;;riions, allowing clarification of some points which'
Before attempting to the early stages of restoration.
ii.ii",i"", iould noi be mad-e in this short-noteto paper' 8) authors are in agreement that the detailed system restoration
plan has
;;;;; ,;;;dc questions, we would like make the followins seneral "' The;';;;;fi"aiv a.i.rop"a to meet the particular requirements of an in-
dividual power system. However, most power systems have
--it. po*".
comments. certain
published
System Restoration Task Force (PSR-TF) to date has during the restora-
paper reports on.the power industry's characteriitics in common and bhave in a sirnilar manner
trt..elgir papers. The first [1], it should be possible to esablish a general procedure
PE3
major disturbances' The
t"p'pti"i fbllowing ii"t pi*"ri. tt
nractices in restoring bulk power "tefore, which would enhance rapid restoradons [4]'
."J'" fitt of guidelines,
;;;;;;..tr],i". pians for ali ttrermal, hvdrothermal' and all hvdro
Mr. Feinstein provides a brief discussion of Con Edison's approach towith
rele- ad-
;;;;;.;;; ;"it"p"riir" -.,t' It includes power svstem characteristics
vant to restoratron, covenng load-generation balance, reactive power balance' ar.rri"g i-ft" ii itiues and problems' The authors are in general agreement
and roles of protective and control systems'
*^in-iit disiusser, but will attempt to clarify certain.issues'
"'itr.ii
the
system similatots meet the training requiremenc for
main-
..."na report [2], the PSR-TF reviews industry's exryriences wilh th.e
in the
48 major bulk power system disturbances which had been recorded pro- ""Jlure
,.i"irig t*Ji"" p"wer balance and keeping satisfactory- voltage conditions during
."r*.?i., fsi.'a similar effort is "eeiea to develop a long-term dpamic
iSzt-;3 NERc R"po.t.. Th" paper identifies 19 cases.vhere restoration bala-nce and
Ui"*rLa U".n "nc;untered. ihise problems are described, ranked, and listed simulator for training operators in maintaining a generationJoad
during iestoration. This entails model-
by type and frequency of occurrence'
-'Thi Current
ilil;;rf*.rv IvrL,,, frequency
panicularly helpful
present short-note paper has been prepared.in response to the ine boiler-turbin.-g"n"rutor, -,i thelr contr-ollers, and is
PSR-TF contribute loads'.
Op"*tL.a F-blems working Group's request that th.e The authors had to
in-a *.tropolitan iystem having large network
raise and lo*'er fre-
to-" fir*p"" paper on "systei Operitions Challenges"' UrrJ".fr.qu.ncy liad sheddini and partial load rejecdon
moit significant restoration "issues and problems" to 1000 words' ouencv and minimize load-generition mismatch in an island
after its occarrence'
"."a."*it.
il;;i;." of the-short-note presentation, fotlowed by a panel discussion' ffiirG;;il;;it'oi inientionattv forming an island along desirable boun-
*ri i. fi"tia" a forum for bringing forth current operational problems' and daries
--Iir; rather than unintentional islanding [8]'
purpose' . iita, as the name imfli"., "l""itt* ouirloads oq.the infeeding transmis-
-- that end this paper met the intended
to .
overloads which oc-
and in our opinion
it *uny qu.siions raised by the discusierJ are legitimate .ion ii".iltt. itsue raised for consideration concerns the
their "discussions are a valuable-complement to the paper. However,
discussion
a,i.'"" irt. lines and transformers t'hich supply various substa-
.i Jr p"irit i. aeierving detail rvould make this closure unacceptably long' For ".a".ground bulk power supply' In.thelatter case' it is important
,1"". i.; -.trop"olit"n load cunailments'
"' reason, only a brief discussion
this can be offered' io Ji..",f-" relateiquipment overloads to specific substation
to each one individuallv. of such corrective
fr,f .. irpiiJi"i, raises eight poinrs. We will respond Eouallv important-is ihe coordination of the respouse times
..iioni the severity of overloads'
l) For identification of specific disturbances on which the authors' conclusions "itit
whery Mr.Feinstein,scommentonthelow(S0percent)coldloadpick.upissue.ap.
are based, the discussir is referred to the PSR-TF second report [2] from the prevailing vieu" and rherefore it needs evalua-
these disturbances are revierved and their restoration
problems identified. p.;;;;; il;d;parture process-
iion to determine its general applicability in the resloration
2)
-' Application of "knowledge based system".inpower system restoratron.ls
in i',, infancy. A literatur;search shows a single pioneering effort [3]'
The^

authors' reiommendation for providing operators with a simple set of References

guia"rinowhicharebasedonaodderiuedfromtheavailableanalyticaltools
tal, t5l is a short term solution. ttl M. \{. Adibi, et al., "Power System Restoration - ATask Force
Reporr"'
:l-' iiigj.ii"g operator training, at the present time the-media for training' ex- IEEE PES 86 SM 329.7.
.r.Iritg, and guiding po*.iiy.t"* operators rangefrom simple instruction fl-rf. Aaiti, et al.' "Power System Restoralion-The Second Task Force
;;;;J;, to uidiouiiual tap.s, to highlv interactive simulators' In the distus- tZl
Report," IEEE PES, 86 SM 330-5'
sionandclosureof[2],theauthorshaveidentifiedtheneedforhigh-fidelity for Po$er
syste*-.ef..enced iimulators for exercising and preparing experienced t:t
'-' i. 'sri."g"cfri, et al.' 'iDevelopmnt of a Knolrledge Based Sysrem
L'p..u,orr,o cope u'ith system-specific and time-critical emergency situations'
iv".*"n".toration," IEfE Trons' Pob'er Apparatus and Slstetns'
such as restorations.
PAS-102, -i"rtu,
Feb. 1983, PP.320-329'
Restoration Plan Developmen" for a
tat ii.^1. ui.,
4)' Paragraph 2 of the paper seeks a simple and quantitative guideline for '' "t
ilectric
"'Svtr"*
System," IEEE Trars' Pouer Apparottts and S;-stents'
EHV lines or actiYaling interconnections' Untimely energization
iieJopotit.n
"n..{i.ing PAS-100, Aug- 1981, PP-2703-3713'
o, uJtit"tlon could result in the recurrence of outage or have adverse effects ;'iror" of Interactive and Control compuiers in the
on the adjacent system. The authors' intent also was to convey that ir is t5l il.-;. K;ik", it
'- ' De.elopmeni of a"r.,
System Restoration Plan''' IEEE Trans' Po*'er Apparottts
more difficult to ilan for a partial outage than for a complete collapse' In
and Systems, PAS-101' Jan' 1982, pp' 43-51'
the former case, many morJsituations have to be assessed and considered'
In paragraph 4, the concern is for prime movers' frequency and voltage- tOl r..-O. Stt"fti, "Blacksiart Utitizaiion of Remote Combusrion Turbines'
5)' "primariiy '-' anatytlcat Analvsis and Field Test," IEEE PES' 84 WM CA2-3'
d.ciin. in the initial phases (i.e., restart and reintegration) of iti'al Lirre Flo\\ s
restoration [6], when load pick-up is dictated by generation and transmis- fzl p. i.'V"rtv, ".tgorithm for Dvnamic Resched-uling -of Cr
During Sysiem Ristoration," IEEE PES 7l CP 628 PwR-
sion requiremints- The automatic load restoration suggested by the discusser \{odels"'
rst M. .rr.'adiUi, "Power System Protective Relaling and Simulaiion
can be applied during the later stage (i.e., load pick-up phase) of restora- PICA'
Proceedings of tEEE PES 1969
rion when, with adequate prevailing generation there are no risks of unac-
ceptable frequency or voltage decline.
\lanuscript received March 30, t987'
6) The ercessive standing phase angles discussed in paragraph 8 occur between

23

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
A report by the Porer System Restoration t'lorking Grotp
H. i,l. Adibi, Chairman; L- H. Fink, Paper coordinator
Contributing authors are:
c- J- AndreHs F. Arsanjani l,l. l.l- Lanier J- ll. ilitter T. A. Votkmann
I NTRODIJCT I ON
This paper is one of a series presented on behatf
System dperations Subconmittee Hith the intent of focusing
industry attention on poHer system restoration issues'
Unconventionat, somexhat unpredictabte nel, uses of butk
poHer transmission systems, coming at a time rhen those
system are operating uncomfortabty ctose to their design
timits, are making systems more vutnerabte to potentiaI
major disturbances, and resutting in renered attention to
thi need for effective restoration fottoxing
prompt and
possibte major system disturbances. This paper discusses
a nuber of particutar probtens that require speciat atten-
tion in the devetopnent of system restoration ptans.
EXCESSIVE ALARI.IS DURING RESTORATION
C. J- Andrexs, ECC, Inc.
over the years utitities have added a large nurber of sub-
station alarms to the Energy llanagement System (El4S) to
get better indication of equipment probtems. llany of
Ihese alarns are activated by zero vottage on the transmis-
sion system, and hence ftood the El{S during a system btack-
out- EllS atarm processing performance has not kept up
Hith the increase in atartm, and during a system btackout
the E!,ts may take several minutes, possibty an. hour, to
process alt of the data from the substations. This
processing not onty detays data pertinent to the restora-
tion efforts, but atso affects the performance of the El{S
man-npchine interface. In order for the Eils to be an ef-
fective toot for system operators in monitoring ard con-
trol. ing the transmission system during restoration,
utitities must recognize and deal Hith the probtem of ex-
cessive atarrs.
Atarm processing systems in control center computers vary
xidety in inptenrentation detait, but they att are fundamen-
tatl.y' designed to detect abnormat conditions, annutciate
these to the system oPerator, ensure that the atarm ms-
sage has been recognized (usualty by requiring the system
operator to acknonl,edge the atarm), and- c.reate a more or
tess permanent record of the times at }|hich the atarm con-
dition occurred and t'as acknortedged.
Atarm processing is effective as Iong as most monitored
vatues are rithin normat ranges or in normal states, atlox-
ing the abnormal vatues to stand out, hJt during the res-
toiation process virtualty every measured parameter varies
outside its normat operating range- A major system cot-
lapse may begin nith a singte initiating event, accom-
paii"A by one or ntore alanns. In the minutes that fotlor,
state,
if tne poLer system camot be returned to a stabtegenera-
additionat atanns ritt fottor, indicating toss of
92 lrM 105-5 PWRS A PaPer recomended and approved
by the IEEE Power systln Engineerlng coEnlttee of
tire IEEE Power Englireerlng Society for presentation
at Ehe IEEE/PES 1i92 winter Heetlng, Neu York, New
York, Jarruary 26 - 30, Lgg2- HanuscrLpE submLtted
Augusc 30, 1991; uade awal1able for printing
Noveruber 25, l99l-
rprintcd from IEEE Transactions on
Power Svstems, vol. 5, no. 4, Nov 1992,
pp.t4t9-Lo7
92WM 106-5 PWRS
IN PO}IER SYSTEI'I RESTORATION
J. Urubet
tion, frequency dectine, undervottage, autofllatic underfre-
quency toad shedcling, ard other Protective retay actions'
of the I'n aidition to these primary atarms, secondary atarms
based on calcutated control center comFilter vatues - for
exampte, tine fton rates of change - occur' Fottoring
shutioxn, the rate of nex atarrs slors, but periodic re-
annunciaiions of persisting abnormat conditions may occur'
Finatty, as restoration proceeds, return-to-normat aIarrrs
occur, further taxing the caPabitities of the atarm
processing system-
The overall quantities of alarrm in a shutdorn and restora'
tion scenario can be very high- t'loderatety sized control
center cofiPttter instattaiions may have 2,000-5,000 analog
m.""r.",r-ni", most of rhich nitl enter an atarm condition
upon shutdonn of the pouer system- Of-the 10,000 or more
tro-state and m'rtti-siate neasurenents in a typicat instat-
lation, severa[ thousand may enter the atarm state due to
retaying actions on generating units, Iines, ard loads'
ini tions of ttExcessiver' Atarrs
Def
A revier of controt center user coments related to the
atarns that occur during major porer system disturbances
t1l teads to the conctusion that there are actuatty tHo
def initions of lexcessive'r atarms:
1. ilore atarms than can be handted (either at theusing
com-
puter leveI or the system oPerator tevet)
general [y avai tabte atarm processing techniques'
2. ilore atanm than are needed to meet operationat objec-
tives.
The probtens associated rith the tro definitions req'rire
di f f erent sotution aPProaches-
The Atarm Baektos
Ihe probtem that mst be addressed invotves the targe ntn-
U.. Lf alamrs that xere produced dring the atert, emer-
g"r,"y, in extremis st;tes tll teading to the shutdorn'
"nd may trctogtr the corPuter controt system to the
it,""l'"i".*
Doint that the corputer systern is practicatty unusabte for
[n" ii."i severat'minutes after etectric system shutdorrt'
i'h;";'"i;t* tlryicatty m.rst be acknortedsed, deteted' or
oitr".*i"" proclssed by the system- o-Perator' The atarms
in the iense of Definition 1, because they
"i.
stress"i"""tire
both the corptrter system and the system operator'
lii"i-" ""ttain pofnt in ihe shutdoLn,and nost of the atarms
in the state shutdorn become
ihat occurred etErgency
analysis of
,."t. Some are of vatue lor after-the-factbut
ihe conditions that ted to the shutdorn,that the onty
can suc-
atarms of vatue to restoration are those
Point to the @ or extqnt of the shutdoxn'
"i""iiy
io"t of the atarms are-therefor-e also excessive in the
sense of Definition 2.
To prevent the atarm backtos from hanPering the res-tora-
tion process, sqIE conirot center instattations have irpte-
;;;; speciat starm acknoxtedgement modes that acknoL-
ieee atams in a singte action' The cormon past prac'
ii"-".1"timaking a printed record of atarns as they occur
hassorptillpsbecmthel'initingfactorinProcessingthe
backtog; the current systen approach of keeping onty a mag-
netic permErnent record has greatty atl'eviated this
probtar.
Zs
 ls of Alarm I ance
Because system shutdoun and restoration represent extraor-
dinary operating conditions, the usuaI definitions of
atarm importance are of timited vatue for restoration.
Duning restoration, atarms shoutd be associated lrith one
of the fottouing three categories:
1. Currentty critica[ - atarms !hat must be promptty
responded to in order to ensure successfut restora-
tion.
2- Currentty non-critical. - aIarms that might, under
some conditions, require pro{rpt system operator atten-
tion, but during restoration are of secordary inrpor-
tance- This is perhaps the category rith the targest
ntrrber of alarms.
5. lluisance - atarms that are atrays of merety nuisance
vatue to the system operator. |-lost controt center
support staffs xi t I state that there are none of
these, but many system operators would disagree.
The distinction of currentty criticat versus currentty
non-criticaI irpties a need fon an adaptive atarm process-
ing approach. The atarm system, even if using expert sys-
tem techniques or other fittering algorithms, mrst be abte
to detect (or be totd) that the poner system is in a res-
torative state in order to present the most vatuabte infor-
mation. Atarms that are currentty non-criticaI may be
retegated to a tog-onty status in rhich they are onty re'
corded for Iater anatysis.
Automated detection of transitions frqn the emergency or
in extremis states to the restorative state is a si9-
nificant probtem in its orn right.
During restoration, nr:ch operation continues to be outside
of |tnominat.r ranges; this gives rise to the observation
that the atarm system shoutd use a redefined set of timits
during restoration in addition to performing fittering
based on different atarm type and combination criteria
during this phase. To controt excessive alarm activity,
the redefined limits shoutd be, for the most part, retaxed
retative to the non-restorative state Iimits, but sone key
monitored vatues might be monitored more ctosety during
restoration to provide earty rarning that restoration ac-
tions are faiting.
These techniques dea[ largety Hith the Definition 2 exces-
sive atarms probtem- They do not reduce the number of
atarrBs that the controt center colrruter mrst process, ard
so do not affect the Definition 1 probtem from the bom-
puter point of vier. They do, though, aid the Definition
1 probtem by reducing the nuber of atarms that the system
operator rust process.
critical Atarms to be Expected Durins Restoration
0f the atarms that may be expected during restoration, the
fotloring shoutd be considered currenttv criticat:
Anatog atams:
o Vottage - overvoltage Hhen sHitching in a tine.
o Frequency - frequency excursions due to [oad-
generation mismatch.
o Loading - major transmission line and trans-
former overtoads.
The redefined restoration state Iimits described ear-
Iier shoutd be apptied.
26
Status aIarms:
o Sxitching devices any uncormanded change o{
status.
o Retays - most relay actions. sorne relay actions
(e.9., certain distribution Ioad retays) coutd
be ctassified as currentty non-criticat.
o Generating unit status information - onty the
on-tine/off-tine status is unequivocatty criti-
ca[. Generating unit tripping and the off-
nominal operation that may be required of genera-
ting units during restoration atso tend to
produce a large nurber of atarns associated Hith
generating unit subsysters, such as auxiliary,
governor, or vottage regutator syste0E. Ilost of
these may be ctassified as non-criticat from the
system operator's point of viex, on the asstrrp-
tion that the ptant operator xitt be kept axare
of these corditions by locat monitoring equip-
ment.
Return-to-nornat for anatog and status atarnrs shoutd
not, in genera[, be considered currentty criticat.
Return to Other Poier System States
Atthough, as rpntioned eartier, entry to the restorative
state is difficutt to estabtish in terms that the controt
center coflprrter can unanbiguousty determine, return frqn
the restorative to other states is even rnore difficutt to
identify. System operator personnel intervention to irdi-
cate the transition appears to be the onty practicat ap-
proach at this time. tthen this transition occurs, defautt
definitions of criticality may be re-estabtished aM use
of normal limits may be resuned.
Conctusions
l,lostof the approaches described in this paper for mitigat-
ing the excessive atarms probtem from the system
operator,s point of viel can be readil.y inpl.enented uithin
a typicat atarm processing system, once agreement is
reached on the criteria for dectaring that the system is
in the restorative state. The fast atarm acknoHtedgenent
scherne ard redefined atarm ranges are straightforxard ex-
tensions of current atarm system features. Defining an
alar-m as critical or non-criticat is atso a part of most
atarm processing systems; being abte to dynamicatty change
this based on a restorative state indicator is not a dif-
ficutt task. But estabtishing the vatues of the redefined
atarm Iimits and performing the finat categorization of
atarms into currentty criticaI and non-criticat categories
for the restorative state deiland a deep understanding of
the electric system and, most likety, detailed anatysis
and sisrtation-
A restorative state indicator is not a part of current con-
trot systefirs. llo generat guides for automaticatty deter-
minir8 the porer system state are in use. The nrost practi-
cat aproach is based on the system operator.manuatly in-
dicatirB the start and end of the restorative state. scille
control center instattations have atready implemented
atarn system enhancements that initiate different atsrm
presentation or acknorledgement strategies based on the
rate of atarrre. This amounts to a disturbance detector
rather than a restorative state detector, but it is useful
for preenptive controt of alarm backtogs.
The practicaI capabitities of more comptex inference
processes, e.9., expert systems, to perform adequatety
during the stress of system shutdoxn and restoration
refiain to be futty denronstrated. The enphasis of most ex-
pert system alarm processing xork that has been reported
to date has been on normat, atert, and emergency state
operation 12,3,47. An extremety Iarge rute base tikety operabiLitv of Fietd Ecnrirnent
ritt Ue required for useful restorative state exPert sys- is the oPerability-
ten alarm processing. A fruitfut initiat apptication of A major issue during system restoration.
atarm processing for- restoration may be of i'ft. controI mechanisms of circuit breakers and motor
"ip"it of the atarms produced during the atert, emer-
anatysis"vJt"m operator disconnects. The controt circuitrv for under th.is
genci, and in-extremis states in an attelpt to infer the is normatty fed off the battery system ard
"[rip*.a
normal operation is of lor porer requireilEnts' For motor
Iars"'art extent of the shutdoHn, as this information xi[[ ,p.iit"i disconnects, houever, the opening and ctosing
guide the restoration Process-
oouer generatl'y atso comes from the battery system' oPera-
[i;; "; these devices ptaces a high poHeroperated
consulption on
discon-
SI,ITCHING DURING RESTORATION the station battery system. t'lhen motor
T. A, Votkmann, Northern States Po}'er Co' n"ata used in'auto sectionalized schemes, considera-
"r. be given in battery capacity design'
tion mJst
One of the first tasks in restarting a PoHer system is to Thus, equipnent oPeration during system restoration m'st
the status of the system. tt is difficutt to U"-"1*lif"."A as a najor determinent of substation battery
reconstruct the sequence of events leading uP to a systern
"..".t
Generatty speaking, the station batteries are sized
biackout, and to estabtish xhat equignent.is in service or for-a
out of service. The initial revieu of the system status for a maximum exPected tperation of the equiPment
"ir"-
may not present the system operator xith an accurate in-
creditable substation disturbance fottored by a certainbat-
a;c"tion'of equipnent serviceabitity. During thetransmis- course p..i"J moderate battery toad- To insure adequate
"r
iery service in a system util'ities mlst consider an opera-
of ah" ieadins to the system cottapse many
sion t;nes"r.nt.
may trip due to out-of-step retay operation, or iion of each device in the substation duringtothe restora-
,uy tenporariiy t"g into right-of-ray obstructions' These iion p.o.".. until an AC source is supptied the station
for the res- U"it"IV. If the substation configuration lrust has a nunber of
iilititi"t can be serviceabte, and avail'able ras *iot lrp"."t"a discornects, consideration be given to
toration Process. If the initiating event weather-
retated, the equipnent that apPears to the system operator their operation as it affects battery capacity'
to b" in serviceabte condiiion - for exampte,. ctosed In today's transmission operation, util'ities have a major
breakers on the system'- may indeed be fautted as the a"p.rra"n"" on the EHs foi -oPeratjon of. substation equip-
resutt of Heather causing probtels after the system cot- *"'nt. In a btackout condition in restarting of a porer
tapse. Such possibitities mean that the systeil oPerator it is extrenrty import-ant that the substation
cannot use the status of transmission system breakers "y"t"tn
n"nrot" t.rminat Units tnful' associated cormunication
system cottapse as an indication of rhich equip-
"il"i1n. The effort to ascertain this eouirment rernain in service- "na The RTU to EHS comrunication
'iiiot*t;on is not fauited.
ment is or be conf igured nith atl' DC poxered equignent-
ul'tirnatety ui I t detract f rom the restoration "i"iil-thorta
activity. Hotever, any positive verifiabte faitures m'rst coLd tJeather Effects
be factored into restocation.
Snitchinq Straieeies Util.ities in cotd !.eather ctimates have to take additionat
Drecautions in their system restoration ptans in order to
that il"i-"if""tlvel,y xith cotd Heather conditions' circuit
There are txo general sxitching strategies may be
porer in t!'o areas, to Provide energy
ttatI breakers require AC
u.rd in restoraiion of the transmission system, opentl
op"."riln of thl circuit breaker, and tothat energize
ard ttcontrotted operation.tt The |tatI openrr st'ategy can i". to cotd reather effects coutd
[.-"."ormti"hed by tocal substation operators or through strip heaters avoid
aIt substation cause faiture of the operating mechanism'
iis p.oi."r. thai open breake.rs .by
as
by the system oPerator. Th-e lcontrotted opera- Cotd neather affects circuit breakers in t!'o Hays' First'
iion" straiegy is io controt the configuration of the res-
"ete"ted
contraction of the physicat equipnent may resutt inofteaks
toration by operating onty equipnent that is necessary rratl
to
in the energy storage reservoir used for re-ctosing the
restore the PoHer syitem-'The advantage of the openr]
circuit breakers. Secordty, severat high vottage breakers
i" a m.rctr ctearer, ard more straight for- in cotd
for the system oPerator' The system r."
rard c-onfisuration"[""n.",
"i."i"sv dis gas as the arc interruPtion media; may
to ctose, *""tf,.., tss of Ac PoHer to their strip heaters drop
ooerator has only to determine rhat breakers and
gas to a [eve[ such that the breaker may
i'""t iit fl.ve lo ue concerned rith previousty ctosed the SF6 Pressure
O. lnopeiattre, or even may resutt in Liquidation of the
breakers, The disadvantage of this strategy is that atl' iiA's"'. (240-270 PsI)- For those circuit breakers that
U.""L"." have to be opened, creating a greater burden on
the liquidation
the stored energy ard Dc controt systems and atso leaving ,"" if6 under pressure for arc extension
ooint of ii nonmtty in the range of 20 to 30 degrees
sF6
breakeii in the open position for an extended i"i.inn"ii. ltith the loss of AC heaters to these breakers
".u"t"t
period of time. Path of the
ift" titt= for SF5 to tiquify is on the criticalinto the res-
rrcontrotted are bur- po*", .y"t", restart, Lnd m.rst be factored
The advantages of operationrr minimun
ptans. ihe tiquidation- of . SF6 is a srave
den on the ltored energy ard Dc systefiIs, ard breakers not loiatio'n
heaters are designed onty to maintain
used in the initiat operation remaining ctosed' .As ;ili;;
ine "in"" "ttip
sfe-tefiPerature, not to regasify tiquid sF6'
Ur""t"." beconre inoperative due to loss of AC, the breaker
process at
can continue to be connected in the restoration
concern rith cotd Heather is its effect on motor
pl."e of h,rs. The disadvantages are the continuat Another disconnects- Under cotd Heather conditions an
"-."iia
conside;ation of nhat breakers remain ctosed and the ooerated
of to.que is required to operate these
iilt""""a
of the energized and de-energized systerns' -In ii""o.r""t=,amount resutting in a greater burden on the su&sta-
eiiher strategy there is an extensive amount ofthrough
""[t"ilon sxitching
tion battery system.
ord"rs, eithei'verbatty to fietd oPerators or the
Er{s- ihe advent of expert syster}s may provide a snitching in the In devetoping systeo restoration strategies utilities m;st
;rai* that Hitt greaitv red*. the-.sxitching time sritch- suUstaiion eq.ripaent probtems ard the reather cm'
restoration process- These toots nitl' devetop the The "on"ia..
;iii.". in deciding Hhich strategy to use: rralt oPenrr or
ing proceduie to accomPtish various objectives' El4S
icontrottea operationrr. Both strategies have advantages
exlcutes the sHitching Procedure bypassing the conven- in ii-'."=i"tting of the system, but.utitities m'st be
iionat verif ication pFoiess that normaI ty occurs E]ilS Por,er
th. adeqr.racy of the substation ecfJipent
SCADA controt action, resutting in a 50 to 60%
reduction ion".tn a
and system "iut
controt center oPeration'
in System Operator sxitching tine.
)'7
 OPTI}IAL SEOUENCIIIG OF STARTING.UP
GENERAIING UNITS ten minutes can be rafil]ed up Hithout Haiting
J. lt. l.li[[er, Cajun Etectric poHer Coop. for tetpera_
ture differentiaI restrictions on-tf," iu.iine
co[ponents. Beyond t],enty m.inutes, depending and other
lJhite there are various-objectives for a system on the trlit
tion_ progr.am, one Hay of siating ,n"-orl."'tt restora- size and characteristics, the resiart'r_r'i'U" sIoHed to
toration objective is to minimizJ tf,. tln requiredsystel res- permit tenperature eouatjiations.
to re_ dLrped unit can be off_the rin. irU
rh;-;;i; tinre that a
stone service to 752 - e!! ot the system
aoad. There *ilL
tikety be more units avaitabte ih";';ii'i'il"neeoea hot restart is about 30 mlnutes,lui "iiif^b.^r"tr.n"d on a
or than unit, ;r;be prescribed
can be Ioaded. The initiaL objectir"-riiL
be providing |gi.:3"t' or type. of ,nit,'"rxr tfrJ-iniornation made
so{ne poHer source to as many ptants readity accessibIe in the system .""to."iion'aata
ment protection and preparation for
as possibte i.. A;;;: base.
start_up.
tems have a mix cf targe,and .r"r t gln.."iing !/here sys_ Nuctear units reouire special treatrEnt-
sta[ [ed, returnins .ory_-9f the large;i;, units in- checkl.ists qenerattv do not permit hot The NRC startup
be needed before the 75% - COZ syiie; ;" service may diesets routd not be oermitted t, .rppiyrestarts and their
re"storation tevet other-porer stations, .i"nfinn poHer to
can be reached. The restoration program unii-.-ii"i' iere taken off
dinated around the restartins .f i;;;;;;G n."0" to be coor- the line on a controil.ed.Nuctear
shutdorn l* U"'*,*ned to serv-
af ter restor_ ice (synchronized) in
ing enough toad, transmrssron ard z+-'tour"l il."'iirety 48 hours
to secure off-site poHer to each ofsnratter generating units
tn" pt"-nt..
are required after a"u"ut
scram. tlhite restoring off_site
-iestoring
poler to nuctear units requires attention,
Procedure for Determining the Start_UD ice. to nearty att of the. load;itl;#"iiy serv-
Sequence Hithout the benefit of nuctear units. have to be
The procedure for determining the generating unit
sequence shoutd be prescribed ahead _start-up Fur.t
oi firu, before system restoration coutd easity require more than a
system emersencv actuatty occurs [5] ani
-can-be i"r'"* it is easiesfiJ-ro.t nith toad figures retative
' It
in various uays' but tne ;rportani'p"i; devel.opi to't}," r-"etiy ;;k"i#- It is rise to deterhine the
tem to devetop its proceduie ; for eactr sisl oi g"n"."tion .Lqri."a to suppty tro tevets of the
occurs' The actuaL sequenceuer"rJ-anv t",.." .*rn"n.y
ritl' depend upon the papl
"i,o-a
peak toad itr"t *L.i, '-Jn-i'approximater,y
to represent
i""for;ng-^""rty.oqpt"i" nestoration, ard902 another in the
l;:'i::.:JJ::'l:? ::.:l;,"','ff;'"'.4:H.f.J:n:;:L:in: i5iJ"
"'-n*.hi.i;; b. rea,izabre mi,.r, ra"t"rt'
certain key steps' The procedur" -i"t'""trt tvtt",
take into consideration the unique t"'iilttiont.or ,u"i some ptants have btack-start capabir.ity rhir.e most depnd
system' but the fotloring key steps th;ii ii" JfrI porer from the.transmission system. part
be considered. i["""y"tem "r..,-rprestoration procedure shoutd concentrate on of
1' port ptant Avairabiritv' Assess
.n"
each ptant to restart units that tripped #i:ltrplq]Y.3tr:,i""r"'i,-';;r*.:,t;;*""[i{:::,i"i:i:tili
res-
".:^r,*.,,rity-.or
off. The liii" rigr." ,".r
?$i::l:"lr""i'#'; r:?:':::1.:g ;ffi',11' p;"Li; ;,d ;;:;"* iortunaiJ "i."iv-in.have the restoration ptans of the
them avai rabre.
"^",ni'to'
z. check prant avairabilitv Hith
ir'"i'itt ,basl;,sReciri- [::Tl,h,?l':,1*;:ir:"",.,il..*
cattv' the maxim'rn doxn tirnes the data
iffij Ej;::yJ?^l:?;H
g"n"r"tio"-i"t""t".sheet throughout
hot restart' and the cranking p"'"1 "titi-p."rit ""il"a
coutd be made avaitabl'e to """itaute
g""";i;ng
o'r ttrii
-"-' "na
i""t"o'."tron process. the system
unit. il,"t cannot be provided
""-tri unli. the'minim-m toJ'r-equrreo for f tare xith
3- start the road-seneration barance projecti-ons and "Ii!".a stabir.ization
tabutations' Atso, star.t fr'" iu""tir. io;;:
generation batance proJections
;:;$"ifl:tt:,-ti*?:.;:;
iir-'*"it ,"t*::l:l;iU:.;tff";iii
isrands o; i;J and seneration, the r.oad_
."qui.un*nt*. geieration batance is criticar.-
"na
1' Determine hor many- and Hhich of the stotJ to
units ritI be needed to achieve irt" restart The reactiv.e.[oad
tion obiective of supptying 90% oi t-h"
"v"t., restora- tive'capauir,ities requirements a,.'d generating unit reac-
ca=n-'bJ"'ir"n ro"" criticat in deating
least arnount of time' toaa in-ite ,iii
"*tt onr1!ana.s
cursions
during system restoration.
the transmis-"r'# system risk retayvottage ex-
5. ptan the transmission restonation,
operations
..::ll::.f,:i :$J:":J"l",i::r:"::r.l*fl;r",.Aff:;,il: ;j:*ii:
::iJ:;Ifl il?,"",..'o" 'uti'uJ'"onneit"d to .i"i'i"nu."tor trippins road sheddins.
"na'"on""qr"nt
":".i?."t:"t
6. of the units that coutd be restarted The crux of generator sequencing
units uitt be needed to-suppl.y 7Sistoto
Determine uhich determine xhich
quickty routd the restoraiioil"".u."..
augment
[oad. rt is sood to projecl'if," **"iiigCOX-ot the system
capacity that
Supptying 75 to 9OZ of the toad in the coutd be avaitabte in eight to 16 hours
least amount of unit avaitabitities ana proutems i; ;t;;l frJ tte survey of
most tikety regui-re to"Jing'in"- [arser,
:iT: !jtI units above. Ihis
restart after some'of the snal.-l,er -ones havestox_ ritI require restarting. the larger. stoJ-starting
reconnected. The system restoration procedure
been tins units, rith enough. toaa aiJ'"r;ii-gleneratinggenera_
be programned. around these units ;n may need to restored in the isl.and in xhich units
ola".'ii"t enough load cated that the targe units can be i"ig" ptant is Lo-
can be reconnected to.permit """f,
hel,d oi-on". they are
the
.stabl.e f iring toad ""tu"ninjln."t""9" unitsThisto
!l_"|_"ftd: Conpanion papers address the-need
for assess-
[oad_ is at ""n9"
teast-iOZ"""t-y"in'ai"="a""t_,rp. rng transmission avai t_"!i!iy, rdrether. ia.g"'unit"
-range
capabitity oi ttre unlts futt load sub-transmission, transmission
."q,.rii.
and 502 of the futt toaa is'leJiraote. or ehv tine connections for
llearty :l: .l:::"-*its.
requrres . sec$rencing
projecting
the s;;;.;;;j;s";it start r+s
toad restoraiion -prograrming
thermat units except nuctear units can and
started-att
hot if cranking pouer is avaiLabl.e. be re_ transmission connections. the
the turbines start to .ooi dorn, th;-;i; As soon as
tures during restarting must be restriciJin intet tenpera- Data Base RequireiEnts
Perature differentiaLs across the fi."t to timit tem-
Iikerise -firit".
"1"!". Steam gen_ De_termining the appropriate-sec3Jence
:i:!:.". may have-thermal.
rrred steam generating units thai stress Fossit- trng units to service recprires that for returning genera-
the in-f-ormation that
;;"; iestartea xithin t{it.t be needed be readiLy'"""ii.Ui"-in'ii"'
restora_
"v"a*
28
tion data base. Some of the information that shoutd be Hot Restart: A start'uP rith hot turbine metat tem'

inctuded are: Peratures.

1. Generating unit nominat characteristics, minimum cotd Restart: A stor start-uP to limit the turbine
[oad, rarp rate and reactive capabitities' metaI temperature rise to stay xithin prescribed
t imi ts.

?. Load reject and black-start capabitities' Restart Durations for Unit TYPes

3. llormal and start-up transformer- system connections' Atthough generic start-up times are of-timited vatue vhen
Cranking Poi.er lltl arrd t'lVAr raquireflEnts of each unit characteristics
and the system strength and configuration necessary ;y;i; re-storation r"qrit"" the specific times are shoun
;;; ah" particutar representative
for start'uP. =y"i*,
in Tabte'1. Simitar types of units can fxluire diff.erent
before a hot times. eroviding a range. of times routd be
4. The maximum off-tine time permissibte
of half an "i"rt-rp n"r.orr and exclusive or too broad a range to be
restart. This is generatty on the orderbut "itfr".
the tur- ;;;;i;siri. The characteristics of severat particular
ttoui, may be as short as ten mirutes,
on the 600 lli units in TabLe I remain hot *it.
Uin"" ".ta J.. shoxn in Tabte t merety to indicate representa-
restarts tir"-ti*". Sone of the data appeared in reference 6'
enough for nearty 24 hours to permit hot

5. The minim,m and maximm tirnes required f rorn tight off

to minimum U}IOERGRCIJND IRANS}I I SSIO}I SYSTEI'I CONCERI{S
to rott, rott to synchronizati.on,. s-ync' J. ll. tlrubet, Pubtic service Etectric & Gas Co'
toad and minim,m toad to futl' toad for hot and cold
start-uPs. Some syste{tE prefer to. define hot' larm
Phvsicat SYstem Concerns
and coid restarts; or hot, overnight, reekend and
cotd restartsl or normat and emergency
'estarts' The primary physicat system corrcern.associated
rith urder-
g"ouia i."i.,"inission
-(Jietectric restoration is the integrity of
start-up Definitions iir"-"it "yrt",n
fIuid) insutation system' The concern
i"-tft"i rhen att etectrical PoHer sources are lost to the
l,{any of the essential ternrs are defined in the IEEE Stan- p"di;;;i;"; aJciated rith high Pressure oil' f itted
i..i o"ti"itio* in Pouer oPerations Terminotogy, sorne of
betor for con- svstems. the pressure in this system drops rapid-ty. as tie
,ni"n tisted betor' others are defined
;;i;-"i";; [oot. aorn from its Previoustv loaded condi-
"t" of this drop
veni ence.
iion-to'a condition of no [oad' ihe resutts is that ftuid
Load Reiect: The action of isol'ating a generating
i"-"."""r.". if no other provision is made, to tor values
at high eteYaiions coutd decav
ffir p t from the system toad and leaving the ;;J;;;; roo psi) *here xou.td riberate from
unit to suPPtY onlY house toad' i;;;;;i;";;,; eases
It is atso poss.ibte that
irr!'rrr;a, foiming gas pockets- terrninators and the Iine
deveGp inside the
Bl.ack Start Caoabititv: The capabitity to start-uP.
a
any supply from the ""r".r-1ortdRe-energizind rith existing gas pockets or vacutrn
ffit "ioa". f ai ture or
PoHer
i;i&- .";1J re-sutt in irmediate etectricat
PoHer system. aamge xhich coutd tead to faitures in the future'
RamD Rate: The rate at xhich a generating unit
in- in the fottor-
PSE&G, these concerns have been addressed
ffi;" oidecreases its outFrt, usuatty expressed in At ;;9';;;.. First, atl pipe cabte punpins ptants have
rEgaxatts per minute-

TABLE I - STARTUP DURAIIONS FOR SELECTED U}IITS

t4tl ?o 92 110 23' 275 550 500 600 800 936

!ir" t, cT orl,I| Ortn! Drur DrLm Drun Nex SCoTDrun scoT BIIR

lfii,,, Gas Coat Gas ioat oi t Coa[ Coa[ coat coat lluctear
ii.t. Cycte Base Base Cycte q9:t Cycte Base Base Base
'
5 25 ?5 ;o-- 3f' 180 150 2oo 120 400
lll'.611 ,0, r.ru

6 t, )1./A x/A llrs N/A

Req'd off ,Rr Hrs 0 I NIA lllA
0.944
2 1.' 6 1.5 4 48

I?liffiiii' H
0.1
0 o.7 0.1 10.7 I 0.5 0.5 1.5 4.5

0.1 6 6 7 75 12 12 16 48

i?l'.is",;;, x[ 020.5 I '1.7 1 223 1.5

Fut t Load Hrs 0.1 1.1 r-s ? 1 1.5 2 z 1.5 10

,,t0,
!!q!s.: (1) Unit size is nomral futt toad gross lEgaxatts Through (scoT)
(?, Either Driro ty[ uolt"r" or super-criticat once
iii iith". base toad or-peaking.operati??--
thines as turbine thermar s*ess or vibration timits
ili illlffi:1f",.[f,"3'";]"?li""fi!"!lT*1
successful'ty restarted hot
it tft" urit is riot
(6) rirc required tion tight-off to synchronization for a hot restart
iri Time frcrn syflc load on a hot restart
to minim'nr
ii; rine frorn tight-off to sync on a cotd start-iP
iti rinre from sync to minim'm toad on a cotd start
ifot Time frflr minim"n toad to futt toad

29
 provision for maintenance of oiI pressure
site poxer source is_avail.abte. I; ;;r.assuning no off_
Iocations,
PSE&G is that there must be at teast 2 lttu of toad being
engine-generator set is on the proper-tf-unO th"t set rittan served for each litv R of charging to be picked up.
be. sta.ted to provide poHer to neintain'
the purps. At the
other. tocations, a--compressed air operated If the state estirnator/operatorrs load ftox is abte to rtrr
provided rhich niil. maintain at least 100 pump is during the restoration_ process, a quick- study
psi p."r"ui"
the highest etevation of the cabtes for a minim.rn be run to examine the feasibitiiy of'pi.iing up case coutd
of six hours.
"i
period section. This case routd atso determine rhlt'the each cabte
;"i;i;
routd be at the opn end of the cabte to Ue energized,
Ihe next provision for.ntaintaining oiL is by in_
stalting pressure fittings on the air pressure In the case of poner systelns rhich have shunt reactors con-
{nps which can ac_
cept a hose connection frorn a standard'air compressor. nected to or connectibte to the cabtes via bus
the event that it is not expected that off_site poxer In arrangerEnts, =rit.ting
.the .probtem of energizing of the cabtes cai
be restored to the station rithin ttre six frour xitI De greail.y reduced since.onty the surptus of cabte charg-'
rangements xil,I be ma.de to drive a mobil.e _i;;;,-;;- ing over the arnount of the is the net af_
compressor to "f,rnt."uJto..
fecl on the pot{er system. This
the site to continue the air to-it" p.rre"."' '" restoration process.
coutd g.""tfy speed up the
""ppty "r.
A third provision for maintaining pipe pressure is via the
hydrautic netrork piping systems that attox c;rcuiis-ii Before cabtes may be.energized, system operations person-
the netlrork to be hydraul.iial.ty ini...onnu.ted net must be in conm.rnic.ations r'ith'underglound systems
circuits through vatving facitities at i;e pupingtoptants.
other sonneI to per_
be assured that the integrity"of
Thus it is possibte for.one p*pinj pi"it and oiI system has been verified- ntso, ltthe'insutadion
greatLi as_
to piessurize sists unJergrourrC peopte if system op"i"-iion"
!h9 pipes of other ci rcuiis '.o,ini.t"a to the same as earty as possibte in the restoration process,identifies,
hydrauIic network. or sequence system they intend to use during the path
Should- the pressure fal.L betox the minimum tion procedure. As stat_ed above, undlrnro"nO the restora-
systems per_
attoxabte
operating pressure, for every hour at this
r.aucea pres-
sonnet. have a logistics p"obtem to- iaareis
knoxtedgeabte io -g"t
sure there trust be a.tro hour-period at the operating .peopl.e, corpnessors, and fuet for the com_
sure before re-energizing the cabte.
pres_ pressors to the next tHo or three cabtes
reenergization in order to reestabtish oil.scheduted for
It shoutd be noted that procedures tr,o insutation integrity prior to .""n"rgi;tion- pa"""ra" "rrd
quire pre-ptanning and coordination to and three above re_
mate sure that the ConcIusion
required.peopte and equipnent a.e alrecieJ to
pipe cabte terminats the various
in order to d;;l'-their activities As rith most other areas of system restoration, the key to
Hith the etectricaI restoration of the-poxer system
the pipe-type cabtes-. The rhor.e scheme Jan fatt and rapidl.y restoring unrJerground transmission systefi,,
is to
the corrrunication aM coordination pao."arru" are not if
apart have a retl thought out..nta3 in pt".., -9ooA
nararare sysl
- in tems xhich-provide fr.exibir.ity a.d
l!.T:..qi": j-1^1 syste{n breakdoxn. Tl-e-sl- procedures are
revtelred at PSE&G and made part of the restoration """t.i o. xtro
gency provisions, ard reu. trained personnel third contin-
on-the pennsytvania, driLts resources are avair.abte and hor to corm.rnicate tnow rtrat
!{er Jeisey, ff".ytina-interconnection, dinate the utitization of these .""ou.."=. ' and coorj
xhich are performed on a tHice'" y"", U1si".
One area of concern rhich Has uncovered
research for this paper Has that there during the TELECOI,I].IUN I cAT IoN CAPAB I L I I I ES AND L II,II
TAT I o}Is
pieces F. Arsanjani, l,l. tt. Lanier, Virginia poHer
of underground facitities at nany Sene;ting
"..'nr*.ou"
stations Co.
substation arrd
.snitchyards rhich do ;;i;;;
operator prints. up on systen Atthough poHer system restoration ptans may contain
These incLude transior-[r, snunt reactor
and generator leads- As a resutt detai ted technicaI information
"i-tt i"-"iro.a,
prints, disptay nredia and restoratio; dyfgi, they necessarity are on "t".t'.i"' operating on proce_
p.o-."Or."" ";;;i;;
xil.t be ";;.i;;ii;';ependent
abil.ity to coflrrunicate. Unfortunatety, the
updated to inctude these facitities_ ioo otten either
Littte attention is paid to
PoHer System Concerns avaitabitity, or it has been assunedi'e'te"-ommunications
that
tion systems nil.l, be ful.l.y operatlon"t ar"ingtetecomr.mica-
The key concern associated Hith undergrourd tion period, xhich is u"u"[ty not the case.the restora_
This paper
system restoration
transmission
is the abitity of t-he poxer system to ritI discuss telecormunications and
absorb the charging curren-t reaciive poxer produced Iimitations during a poHer system "V"i"r-""p"Oitities
restoration effort-
cabte system upon reenergization. ftie."'mu"t by a
be enough Pubtic Comrunications
:::^:^.^1.r"n-":":1:!, first, to absorb the reactive porlr
ano. secono,.to keep vottages [or.r enough to avoid over_
vol,tage on the open end of the cabte. During _ridespread conditions, the pubtic
:r".g""-:I_
sritched tetephone netxork (p-STil), inctuOiig the cettutar
To address the first concern, one ,rust knor telephone net-l-ork, may be inaccessibl.e overtoad Ju. to
of each cabte to be energized. for ittos"the
lilvAR
charging
control
causd by pubtic catts.
-ileverthetess, attenpts shouLd be
ter rhich have a state estimator or op"r"1o.rs load cen- made to estabtish and maintain conrrunications
through the
PSTil in order to reduce the demand on
reactive is part "n
element rn the porrer system data oi'ir,J*oa"t of that com]
Il::,^_1n",-*arsins m.rnications facitities rhich might be avai(abte.
"ny'interna[
To maxi_
base and shoutd be mize use of the psTil during malir ernerg;nciJs, lt is recom-
readity avaitabte. If not, the System o[raiors
provided rith a docunent *,ich shouLd be mended that the fottoring itlms be incorporateA into a
each cabte at norninat vottage. "hors
t# ciargtng HVAR of coflpanyrs restoration ptan:

To determine if reactive absorbing capabil.ity sufficient o Essentiat Trunk Estabtishnrent _ llost tel.ephone operat-
to abso.b the cabte charging ing corpanies have procedres to p.ioriiiz" ,"ar;""
is aiaiiJUt" on the on_tine to .trLmks designated as ,ressentiat.,, Customer tocat
:.:1.:::to"", system operators shoutd have the
or an equivatent tabutation for exchange trunks designatd as essentiat
:.r:.y- ""paUiiiiy
g"i,"."io., their chances for outgoing_ catt l,rp"oui
snoHl.ng maxirut absorptive reactive
capabi "".f,
""nUv Ling
steady state stabir.ity concerns- A rute Iity recognizing ""p.UiUty
queued ahead of non-essentiat trunks. Activaiion oi
of th.,6 used at this capabitity is not automatic and is onty ;ry1g_

30
 traffic votunes threaten to The HF SSB system can provide eflrergency back-up coiltrunlca-
mented Hhen usuattY high to criticat system Iocations' Hf radio sys-
ou"ito"a a tetephone comPany centrat- office' It ii.n" PoHer
but jt is
shoutd be urderstood, houever, that this Priority. to
i"i.- ri[[ cormunicate over Iong distances, These effects
receive diat tone does not provide any assurance that iig'iti- aii.ct.a by atmospheric.condjtions'.
catts can be coilPteted'
noi"p".lficitty Predictabte for type a given frequency'
of system be a
iherefore'it is recormerded that this
".1
pouer for each
m.rlti_channet systern. Back-.up
o
- Estabtishment of PSTN connections - Since it may be ""iu"t"ut"
;;i;-l; supptied by the lnost dePendabte means avaitabte
Oitti.ul.t and time consuning to estabtish PSTI{ connec- toi"tion incl.uding generators, uninterruptibte
tions, it is suggested that thatgoing responsibitity be "t-"".t
oo*"r. .rpptv, and substations batteries' In addition' the
to an irdividuat' UPon "off-hook"' a by 12 vDc vehicte batteries'
tine may appear dead (no diat tone) Hhich vit[
".tign"a mean I"Jiot .Lit ue porerea
that thl teLephone co.rpany centraI offices (co) are
catls' As a last resort, or
overtoaded and cannot Process any additionaI
jndividuat(s) be i cations,means is avait-
It is irPortant that the resPonsibte ,itu, .o*,trnications can be estabtished tl"ing 1--t'o;.::I-ll
instructed to remain off-hook ard rait for diat tone rtchainrt (vorce-
as Iong as is needed. Hanging-up the phone and iind'mobite radio system by forming a on the
-again ."t"vl of vehictes equipped t{ith. radios, operating
trying Hil't take the catI out of queue rith. the PersonneI in these vehictes ritt retay
CO'equip;ent, so it is best to keep the tetephone "rr"'i."qr"n.y-
ti"-lnfo.nation to the next vehicle' This method of com-
off-hook and rait, A diat tone ritl be heard as soon ,unl""tlon" ritt be avaitable as long as radio equipped
as the CO is abte to Process a catt' Once a catl is ;;hi.t". (xith satisfactory batteries) are avaitabte' The
establ.ished, it is suggested that it be maintained is oi mobite-to-mobil,e (or Portabte) radios is deperd-
untiL it is certain thai no further voice contactthe ";;;iil
ent uoon frequency, terrain, ard envirormental corditions
necessary. Furthermore, it is suggested that
responsibitity for estabtishing these catts to a pre- il il;;d;i;-a; siJcins *.rti b" determined experimentaIrv'
determined tist of stations be distributed to mut- TypicattY sPacing is as fottoxs:
tipi" locations to increase the chances of UHF mobi Ie-to-nrobi te 5-10 mi Ies
"orpuny
receiving a dia[ tone. 15-20 mi tes
VHF mobi te-to-nobi Ie
UHF portabte-to-Portabte 0- 1 mi I'e
I nternaI Conm.rni cations VHF portabte- to-PortabI e 0-3 mites
Prjvate TeIephone Net]',ork. .During protonged etectric
may cease to oPerate' Conc Iusi on
@equitrnent systems
if,"t-"tota, internat company teteconmunications The capabiLity to corm.rnicate un'der adverse corditions is
r.i ii t*"[y be the onty dependabte means of- cormunication' criiical' to poHer rest.orati-on efforts' Utitity
lfo." tp".ificatty, for companies having their oHn "ii.*n!tv plans shoutd inctude references to tetecom-
i"i"pftoi'r" netror'k- via private transmissionard systems
reti- ""iii.s"*v systeflrs such as the PSTII and any avaitabte in-
munications
i*;"ror"u" and fiber optics), the most convenient systems, inctuding a com-
fo.. of cormunications for the restoration coor- t".^"i .vtt"*.. Audits of these shoutd be com-
oLete back-up poHer check per tocation,
iin"to. nitt be I'off-Premises extensions'r oPx's)exchange
"bt. and/or
:i;;;;;"i'" [tt"i. capabitities ard timitations'asIn ad-
automatic ringdorns (ARD's) from a private branch ii;;;;,--'nonlt"t""o*Lnications factors such the
(PBX) tetePhone systefl. A tie-trunk netxork can also be and the
of adequate personnet and vehictes uil't
u.J'to ailt tocaiions rhich are incorporated in the net- "r"ii"[itity of fuel for generators and vehictes af -
,o.i ai.".tfy or assist in contacting remote Iocations by "r"ifJitity
;;;';;*#nv's abititv to com'nicate and shoutd be con-
Ji"i;ns through network stations to minimize dependence on sidered in restoration Ptanning'
the tetephone comPany equiPnent.
Private Transmission N.et*-qrks' Tlt avaiLabil'ity of
REFERENCES
oPvfiffinet!.ork are dePerdent uPon
in.' tetecorm'rnications transmission (fiber op- Under Stress ard
and microxave) system and its associated channet
tics "onp""v's 1- L.H-Fink, K.cartsen: oPerati]1g
eouicrnent. Back-up battery systems ardlor generatorsthese are Strain; isEE spectrun, ilarch 1978, p 48'5?
;;;;Iit .i. liriting factor in terms of time that
2. l,J.R.Prince, B-F.Llo[[enberg, D'B'Bertagnotti: Survey
;;;a; ri[t be avaitabte upon toss of AC; horever' there
situations on gx"e.sir. Atarrs, A RePort Prepared for the Poren
aie certain non-Porer retated catastrophic sisi"m controt Centers Joint llorking Group (HG f3-3)'
rnicfr couta atso impact the operation of tetecormunica- lli. scneiat, chiirman; IEEE TRANs' v'PllRS-4' n'3'
tions transmission sYstem. Ausust 1989, PP 950-956
Therefore, systems shoutd incorporate high retiabitity ard an Energy
deperdabiiity design factors rhich inctude: 3. B.F.llottenberg: Feasibitity study -for
llanagement system tntettigent Atarm- ?rocessor;
IEEE

- redurdancy of criticat
equipnent inaxi. v.pund-l, n-2, )tay 19t!6, pp 241-247
- eight hour minimum back-up poxer for backbone
sites 4. D.B-Tesch, D-C.Yu, L'Fu, K'Vairavan-: A Knorledge-
Based Atarm Processor for an Energy t{anagement sys-
- avaitabitity of spare equipnent for repatr tem; IEEE TRAIIS- v'PIIRS-5, n'1, February 1990'
- atarms for major etectricat equiplrent- faiture'
loss of AClDc poHer, and extrerp envtronmental P.492'98-
[PoHer
condi t i ons
5. comittea' RePort, Adibi, t{' !{:, et at'
redundant media transmission (fiber optic and
IEEE
- ;Fi* Restoration - fhe secotrd PI''RS-3' llo' 4' PP
Task Force RePortn'
microuave) tinking strategic locations IEEE Trans- on Porer Systems, Vot'
- system configuratlon to attor atternate routing
927-933, llov- 1987.
of circuits
6. R.J.Kafka, D-R-Penrders, S'H'Bouchey, t{'}l'Adibi: sys-
Hi.oh Frequencv s=inste Side Ban4 Emerg:n:cy Ra9!o Svstem' for a l{etropolitan
i* n".tot"tion Ptan 6evetopnentv'PAS-100'
l?-1 reca corm,rnications cannot be estabtished by colpany IEEE TRAIIS' n'8' pP'
or or.btic. tetephone, a High Frequency Singte Side Band (HF Etectric System;
3703-13, Aug. 1981'
isei-i,*;n"."i n"aio system can serve as an atternative'

31
 92 WM 107-3 PWRS

Overvoltage Control During Restoration

A report by the Power System Restoration Working Group

Contributing authors:
M. M. Adibi R. W. Alexander B' Awamovtc
IRD CorP. PF&L Co' ECC' Inc'

on Transient voltages or switching surges- are caused by

Abstract: This paper is one in a series presented segments of a transmission system or-by
with the eteryiingla.ge
n"nFEE-" System bperation Subcommittee rJiJir, g *pa"citivJ el e*ents' Switching transients' which
iot"nt of focusing industry attention on pcwer system damped and oJ short duration' in
;;-;r^[y'highly-sustaioed
restoration issues. Restoration of a bulk
pos'er supply
conjunction wiiU may result
overvoltages
unique challenges not
svstem Dresents the operator with
-in
*.".t", failures [2]. Transient overvoltages are not usualiy
r'**-fii ".*untered L daily operations' The initial' and
a sigoificant factoi at transmission voltages
below 100 Kv'
eveo intermediate transmission system
topologies are quite caused by
during normal a,-"UgU". 6ansarission voltages, overvoltages
dtff;; from the weil integrated systems
that pertail to ,wit"iiog may become significant, because arrester
operation. There are t"o"i"l problems
close to normal system
coocern op".atin! voltages are relatively
tfrese non-normai topclogies that are o[ common are usually long so that energy stored on
io op"ruro.t aod rreJd to be addressed [1]' One of these' uot,ug" ia f""i
of overvoltages, is the subject of this paper'
tie li".res may be large. In -oit "ut"s without 5u51eined
tU" itotf"- ir*"U"g wave translnts, surge arresters -have sufficient
energy ibsorbing capability to clamp h*f{ overvoitages
Keywords; switching transient, sustained overvoltage' The likelihood
excitation to s#l levels withoul permanent damage'
harmonic resonance, surge arrester, generator by
*a ,U" effect of transient overvoltages determinedaided
are
Uuay of special system conditions [3]' Computer
analysis has proven to be a valuable tool
in understanding
Introduction switiuing surge overvoltages [4,5]'
During the early stages of restoring higb voltage overhead Harrnonic resonance voltages are oscillatory undamped
or
ate
and uiderground transmission lirres, one's coucerns ;rly;""kly damped temforary overvoltages (TCVs) of
areas:
with the following three related overvoltage operations
il; il;,iln. rley originate from switchingresult
sustaioed power frequency overvoltages' switching ani equipment non-linearities [2]' They from
transients, and harmonic resonances' ."r"rjf*tors that are characteristic of networks during
restoration: fust, the natural frequency of the
series
Sustained power frequency oversoltages ale
caused by and line
resonance circuit formed by the source inductance
;;d"g currents of tightly loaded transmission lines' If capacitance *iy, under normal operating
these currents Bay cause underexcitation' or
.n*gitg "mapetizing
"*""Iriu!, coodItiJos,Ue alowmultiple of 60Hz; second'
even selfexcitation and instabitiry' Sustained overvoltages produces many
distortions inrush" caused by energizilg a transformer
also overexcite transformers, generate harmonic n-*ooi*; a"a nnaly] duriag early stages of restoration
and cause transformer overhealilg' is lightiy
;; ;;"t are ligbtty loaded, 'iton*t" thereforeresonance
damped, wnich in turn means the resulting
uottug"t may be very high [6]' If trarsformers
become
rvoltage' harmoaic
overexcited due to po*"t-ftt[u"ncy ove
grow'
resonance voltage will be sustained or even

approved
92 t${ 107-3 P\'IRS A paPeE recommended-and
bvtheIEEEPowersy"i!'EngineeringCommltteeof Transmission System Equipment Limitations
?il""'iiti"t"*"t s"giir""iittg io"itty iot pt"t"ncatlon
New York' Nev
".=ti""i"i,t tiis ' 3A' L9g2'Heetins'
figz LIintJr
Kanuscript submitted Power transformers, surge arresters and circuit
breakers
,.ttl"r""""ty 26 for printing *itt U. the equipment earliest affected by overvoltages'
i;;". Is'-i'vsi; *'a' available vs' time
Decenber 31, 1991' Figure 1 showi power frequency voltage withstand

reprinted from IEEE TransactioBg on

Power Svstems, vol. 5, no' 4, Nov 1992'
a4
JJ pp. t464-r470
 for typical power trensforurers and surge arresters as In light of the fsyet.ing equipment voltage liml12fs16
would be applied on a solidly grounded rpl"-- As can 354
be fault contingency, it i" ,""o--"nded "that no line be
seen, a power transformer can surrrive a seemingty small
energized if by doing so voltage at the remote
overvolt6ge of 1.2 p.u. for only about oae minute! both the eod would
rarse to more than 1.2 p.u. of uormal
surge iutester and transformer can withstand 1.4 p.u. or 1.1 x (transformer
tap or circuit breaker rated maximum voltage),
voltage for 1.0 seconds. Above 1.4 p.u. voltage, surge whichever
is lower-
arrester failure will precede transformer darnage.
Iu developing a power s,*te, restoration pran thc above
concerns and constraints can be addressed
Ly analysis aod
-sample
simulatioo as illustrated by the three
studies
described below.
-
c

o Sustained Overroltages
e
I
In the following example a load flow program was used to
e voltages of the system sh"own on Figure
1r9y TI3Ied 2.
This 230tV s,rsten_ was eneryjz*d, by a generator
- connected to bus 1. The objectivJ was
e to i_a a iustained
voltage profile as a function of the geuerator/s
terminal
voltage for a no load situation.
IIIT- IITOITS
Figure 3 shows two voltage profiles of the 220kV
System.
Fig- 1 Temporary Overvoltage (T.O.V.) Capability of lhg upper profile shows voltagesebe at a-n unacceptably
Power Transformer and Surge Arrester high levet i.e, about l30Vo wieath-iterminal voltages
oi
Generators 1, &Zls kept at 13.g KV or 1.0 per unit.
The
Any voltage above 1.1 p.u. will put the 6ensfqrmer into total charging reactive poryl for the system at tHs
voltage
level is about 90 MVAR. The lower profile
saturatiou, causing core heating and copious harmonic shows that,io
current generatioa. Note that the per unit base for maintain the sustained voltages wiitr;" the acceptable
the terminal volrages of Ginerators 1 & 2 shoutd
transformer- is the particular voltage rating on the Jimitr be
tap
being energized. t(ept at about 11.0 KV or glVo,tith the resulting reduction
h.:l*q"g reacrive power ro about 55 MVAR, which is
Circuit breakers called upon to operate during periods within the reactive absorbing capability of the geaerators.
of It is important to uote, howevir, ttat tne e)cent of the
high voltage will have reduced interrupting *luUitity
1o. gen-erato/s voltage reductiou is usually
noue at dl). At some voltage, even the aUilityio iote.rupt constrainedl by
line chargr"g current- will be lost. fUis point *iX underexcitation of generators brought about
by a nr,-ber
arnong specific breaker designs. attUougt "a; of limiting factors, including ge-nerator terminal low
standards
require circuit breakers to interrupt againsi larger voltage limit (ar limited by -porrer plant auxiliary
than equipment), reactive 2mpere limit ,"iry, minimlm
normal recoveryvoltages with reduced fault currents,
there excitation limit relay, and rotor core end neatlog
are no overvoltage requirements for line charging
current limit tZ.
interruption. The authors believe that most HV or EHV
circuit breakers could interrupt line charging current
at Control of Sustained Overvoltages
least up to L.2 p.u. of maximum rating.

Sustained overvoltages c,n be controlled by absorbing

SIow clearing of phase - to - ground faults could
aggravate
the
an otherwise Iarge charging reacrive power of the lightly toiaea
acceptable ovewoltage to the
damaging surge arresters. Even oo *ill grounded
foint of transmissiou lines. This caa be accomplished by:
systems
the voltage on the un-faulted phases du-ring pf,^. _
io _ o having sufficient under-excitation capabiliry oa the
ground faults can be oa the order of 13 p.u-.
The longer generators,
a fault persisrs, the higher the likelihooi of equipmlnt
damage-

34
 n'*;;t"
connectingreactiveloads(laggrngpower-factors)
reactors'
considerirg the last
with charging reactive
fl.f'n'"ffTll S;
wi]l
system including shunt senerates about 180 f'rv[n'-e
sVo
i" O" *a"Ayitg "olt^-gereduction
i"duce this charging Uy roZ' or about 18 MVAR!'
, of reactive powcr and "iour
reooving all sources
switchi.g off shunt caPacitorg

I running generators at maximum possible-reactive

-""**i*put t-'=
fE I S@tGd vdEF -Yj-tft'*
to allow margrn to adiust fior.large
ffi;#;;;"-p"*"t wieo liocs are srryitched
o&
taps
ooerating parallel tranqformers on different
f
o
t_J i";;" .ir"ulutiog and reactive power
"urrents
losseq

. energizing only those transmission linls which ,

-;; 6
si-gnifrcant load and avoiding
the
of extra lines which will generate
"""igi-,i-o"
,oor*t"d reactive Power, and

. 6aislaining a low the

voltage prolile on
are vohlgE d 13J tv (L0 PLI')
transmission lines, since the charging-curretrts t& 2TdiEl
ar 11'0 kV (04 PU)
t & 2TcrEiEi vole{ct
proportional to the square of the voltage' ]-Gcffist
**-..

may calrse a serious

Inability to perform the above tasks
;;;;"; po:.r". imbalance resulting rn' for example'
;;;;;r;[-excitatioo and a runaway voltage rise' Switching Transients

Severeovervoltagesresultingfromswitchingsuges6ay
nu.u-ou"r- and seriius d"-age to
equipment'
;; occur in the
Switchingtransients are fast transients that
Drocess of energizing transmission
line and bus load
after a power t-"-*-::-,:
ffi.f*;t--i-t-"ailt"rv
the network' Inductances of transmrssroo
.ooo""t"a to
with capacitaoce to cause
lines and power sources ioteract
of
ie]*;'o."iuutio* i-n the process' The.mainif cause it occurs
breaker;
o"l'*of,rg"t is ill-timed closure of the
p"il, when the instantaneous voltage of the source
"iii"
;;#;ch is ma:cimum a large overvoltage can result'
of the
In order to illustrate this phenomenon results
ZOkV iy.,tm study are shoi* in Figure 4' The 220kV
using Generators 1 and
Sy.r"- of figur" 2 was energized
When the
2'at Bus L ftth tro surge ui'""t" modeled'
rated bus voltage'
;;;;t.'-e running at 105vo of.the
instanta-
i, .- U" seen from Flgure 4 that the maximum buses 6 and
o"ou. ptt^" voltage teith"s about 23 PU on
would limit this voltage to 2'1
7. Typical surge arresters
pU o, t"s. while using oriy 5Vo of their energy absorbing
.rp"Cfffry- By redu-cing termi-oal- voltage
on the twc
;;;^ to aon of thlir nominal values' the switching
ratings'
t"rurrrient. are kept well within the arresters
irq. Z Th. l20tl Str!6

35
 Harmonic Resonance

Dudry the-reintegratio.n nlase with ,Iledgling,

a s),stem,
the capacitive voltage rise aue i".h*dr;
curents will be
5
o-
sufficient to overexcite transforalrs-
anA getrerate
o significa"t harmonics. If the combinrtioo
o of ttrc system
6 impedance and the line capacitaace
o harmonic resonarce wiU resutf
irlaleoe &en a
o
i*ooi"
produced by transforme, saturatioi*l distortioos
o
6 excite these
E resonatrces, which can result
o- in damaging overvoltages.
Even if tra'qformers u:: ool
to sustainsdl overvoltage),continuousl"y overexcited (due
harmouics generated by
magneti-ing iunsh o, eo"igizatioo
;s ,urta"nt
the resonance. To assure that resonano to ercite
sufficient load should b" **;;-i"*rl"
ia dampe4
Time in milliseconds
underlying
s),sten at both ends-of line to
Vollage on bus 6 . aa_p tne resonrnce.
of Gen. 1&2 Analysis for a 500kV lile has,torro
- tnit n"a of about
-\,rqlt6ge three megawatts per mile is ,a"qu"ir-..' -"
Atr RLC model of the network is used for rhiq
s1u6r. A major conoern with energizing a transmissioa
Generators are represented as sinusoidal sourcesl Iines system is
and transformers are represented the increase in harmo,,ic o"rioftrg;fue
as RLC circuits, with the
transformer_configuratious differzni -i.o*to liae and
char-ging capacitance concentrAted
at the line
ends. Bus normal
Ioads are coaverted to equivAeri operation. The overalt objective of
inductances (for absorbing Van foua.),
,..i.t*.". and a Larmonic analysis
study is to determine if tle li"e-traosf;;;;
ir
(for generating vaR loads). A .od;i;;ting
capacitances resultiug from energizing of the
configuratioa
unknowu excessive
rir"l.rra result in
(state) variables of the system
knrr* harmoaic level.
-a
the input is obtained by observing
purameters and
tte Uaric physical laws
of balance of current at each T t" following exaople, EMTP was used
_a ta_ce of voltage to aodel a
"oal
in each loop. The state variables .o*ir, of currents lrmple system consistini of a SOO/ZSOtiliraosfo._e, at
1fu'srrgh each inductor, and voltages
ucro., capacitor.
rhe sending end, u jootv ra".-ana I
sooTz:olv
A result is a mix of algebraic La oraioary "*Udifferential transformer at the remote end.
The und";,,i"g Ioads were
modeled on both transformers.
equatio-ns, as given in the AppendiL
This sa-of .quutioos Th"
to attaitr resonancs at 3rd, 4th,5tb,
Ii";l;;!n ,"* varied
is solved by a method that utilizes uuro*rii. Otl _J-in harmonics.
integration Pre-switch voltage was varied f.om
step size adjustment O.qto i.1 p.u. At these
[g].
:"::j1""o .*ir:qg angtes were varied to produce rhe
m:txrmrrnl sustainsd overvoltage
possible. Lower order
Control of Switching Transients resonances produce higher
orrervoltages. Load levels ou
both th.e sendi,g-end a.id receiving-";7;u;.r_ers
gradually increased until the.".oI*." were
Energizing trans6j5sjoo lines or switching capacitive wicontrolled by
suffci.elt damping. ApproximatelX
elements Gruses switching surges of fast
front, Iow energy : fvfW-foad on tle
or slow froat, high energy traisl"or.. SUtcning
transients ll_d"'l*g will
?..01v syst;; for every ur" 500kV tine
are not usually the limiting factor in re-energizing
a
connected "r 5 shows
damo resonance voltages. Figure
s.ysten. Generaily, if_ the steady state voltages tlre one-tine diagra;
than l.Z per unit of their nominal values,
are less "r
show sample waie fo.ms.
,n"-.a.i;;';*t.". 6 and, 7
ti" ,rit.Uog
transients caa be managed by typical urr".t...
with ease.
A notable exceptioo is energizing transformer
terminated
lines, which mav result in h-armonic
.a.onun.a
damaging overvoltages. "nd

36
 Fig. 7 shows
un?erlYing 230kV
t:
:tf"'.'
sYste ;r :Jilx"H"H "llT:":i H
1'05 p'u'
iln"tJ tt"a".ped io a harmless

f-*{l.4I{
I4P- I
Y^
500-2!or(V
f30|fl

Loro. t
?CElYlr I
Ero t
ci
o
or
6
o
RsonaT ce Studes
Fig. 5 EMTP llodal loI Harmoric oa
6
o-

transfomer is being
In the case show4 a 650MVA li"e' B phase
;";;d., the eod tt * as mile 500kV harmonic). The pre-switch
has been tuned to ffid;?;
and O" uLtot'er being energized is on
voltaee is 5oOkV's*ittul"g b'
i"t* place at o'1 seconds near s'66
Il'#,ioi ..i"
;r;G; zsio wltn * ?"-ou"i magnetism in the core'
The
timo seconds

The voltage shown tt;";"ddt"c "19-b-Y.uoltage' Fio. 7 Case in fig' 6 with 2O0MW
Load on Underlying
it uU"tittfY't**' In Fig' 6 - SYstem
receiving end bus "ortie escalates to 2'0 p'u' and
there is no load' Th;;"16"
shows oo sign of a"*V
J*ilg the- simulation' Such a
would surely cause surge
sustaired resouance uoltug" Control of Harmouic Resonancc:
.I"t* f"rf*es and create s]rsten faults' caused by over
o Sustained harmoaic overvoltages
excitation oft'*'fot-"" * be- controlled by
selecting a uansformer tap which equals (- or
voltage.applied or
exceeds tu" pi*"t f'equenry
lowering ty""neloftuge to at
or below the tap)

before energ'zing'

io o Harmouic resonances' can be -damped by

underlyingloads at the
(D
o connecting
6
seuditg
'Jna"nt
oiu tio", or by connectirg dead load
o "oa
o oo ,1"",t-tformer to be energized'
qt
c
G
o High soruce impedance can be reduced by
'generators and counectilg
starting more
underlYing loads'

system carl'
o The reactive power of a lightly loaded
be ,"duttd'Ly minim[ing the nrrmber
of
g.90 V.lb u'ru and setting the
unloaded tit'e' io be energized
sending-end transformers at
time Secoods the lowest tap
' '-'
Fio. 6- Harmonic Resonance Excited by Translormer Position'
Energizatron -No Load-

3l
 Conclusions
B= 1, 4-.8;
Power.system equipment is protected
overv.oltage.s.lesulting- fron normal
against the effect of L= 1, 2, ...,9; and
arresters which provide a relativ.ely d;;;i""
by surge
tow-impedanl Ort G = l.
for transient overvoltages. ,oroof;oo however,
?"rd
certain line-transf616er configurai;
geuerate a combination of sustaineq
;;; energized
Eansient and Inducta

ff'"1*.!i:ffi':ffi:-"Hr":rfitur"ili:;:ffi
oyer and damage to eqrripment. -::' :dT"d-?ff r;;1":Ei:tx"f l#"*ht:
Line data
Switching surge overvoltages have
become increasingly
more important with-rhe akig"
"f
liaes and substation facilities.-The
*;;;; trausmission Line L From (i) To (j) Inductance
h Resistance Ru
higfi voltage lines is large "i*!yla*d in long
causing ri*,ifi-;t 1-2
resonant overvoltages which musi
transient or 1
0.051457 2.&J20
during restoration. With the h"lp
caiefrrlly be considered 2 1-4 0.084888 4.ffii
as EMTp and those described
d
of ;A;ical toots such 3 1-5 o.t*% Tsoi
m"lrn"l
possible to establish general p.ooa*ir'ana it shoutd be 4 2-3 0.01170e oin
guidelines to avoid ovewoltages.
restoration 5 3_8 o.Lg?8s 63833
6 4-5 0.050s32 2.42ffi
Appendix
7 5-6 0.010076 o.s03;
8 s-8 0.08226s 42si-
Thr subscripts and notation used in
9 6-7 0.0020182 o.wgn
the RLC model of the
?20kV System ofFigure 2 are:
capacitance is lumped at rhe terminal
I:-r^":
ouses "Orrg"g
B-bus
!G -- h" (with terminats i and j)
generator
Source Data
v - instantaneous bus voltage,
i.- - current through line L,"
lc - current through generator G -BnS_. Inductance L" Resistance R"

The modet can briefly be described

1 3.0737e-4 2.4757e-3
as:

di"/dt = t/\ f, v sin(22.f) - Rc rc _ vr

J
Bus Data

dir/dt = L/I* (v, _ R, it. - v,), Bus B Capacitance Co Resistance R,

E crs i. + Do cr6 Lr-= ig, L 7.?.673e-7 0
2 1584e-7 0
ceL = (1 if B = i; -1 if B = j; 0 otherwise) 3 5332e-7 0
4 3.7596e-7 0
csc = (1 if G connected to bus B; 0 otheru,ise) 5 g3M7e-7
0
dur/dt = 1/C, (i, _ v"/r.), r"
6 t.47t7e_6 0
I 0 7 t5155e_7 0
8 S.1567e-7
dvr/dt = L/C, ir, rs = 0
0

38
 i
References:
s#"[il]jl:;::i*iid::rffit,tr-ff
received-the B'S'E'E'
M' R' J' Kalka "Power Systemin Rov W. Alexander (M'72'Stvf84) Universitv of
t1l Atlibi, M. and
t'-;;;i'i* .*"
Restoration lttu# ft; ffiuLt Application desree (summa
il;-ih"" he
'D
in the
Power, vol.4, Noi epa rggr Issue' pp 19-24'
Pe'nnsylvania Pn: las"worked
of
Bulk Power rog"*ii;*."t-f: h:-:'lo* a Senior
-Pennsvlvania
":f[H,'Hfi Power anit Light t"-pL;
*h"'"
t2r 1?*1-t I -";i'lffi.* J'T: Engineer-Co*u11tS; Tb"J;; current responsibilities
include
and transient
ll;.rt'"uI;L-;;. ; rowel and
flPara.,s
proteition
insulation coordrnauoi'
ot"Irt*
-hiti*tioo; insulated
PAS-101' No'8' pp 2r';9$27UL
SVrLil., Vol' analvsis; circuit 'g"
and- underground
subsiation; nign uorlilJ'*p'"Ltottt
r:,?: transmission cables'
t3t l,d"yi:
SurgeProtectton il*I;,.9;IIi:Jffi
;l'*i:Tfrili as Chairman of
Editioq 1978' to 1990 Mr' Alexander served
io."gt""t.ical Engineers' 11th From 1986
Task FoJ-T- for
the PJM Interconnection -r:sponsible
He is
of Electromagnetic ilrta
developing goia"uo"l*foi'ir'"
5o0kV System'
t4] Natarajan, R' et al' "Adoption NP TT Pi and a
Transient r,ogr"--o" i"oond
Computers'" r'EEE a member of Eta Gil"io -Beta of
No'4' oct' 1989' pp 1550- professional eogio""t
the Commonwealth
Trans. on Pwr. $', vol'+'
1554. PennsYlvania'

et al "Transients ?rogram
Usels
Bozidar Awamovic (S?8'
M'80) rece-ived the Ph'D' degree
tJ'r Dommel, H. W,Publication"
I5l n"iversity of illino'rs at Urbana-cfuampagne
rn
;;;;iJ uBC Aug' 1e88' ;;;;; Pupin rnstitute, General
1gg0. He has workeil.*uirr"il. Power' and
Alexander, R' W' 'Minimum
Source Consideration Electric company, iyJ'"*Etti"eering^for
t6l System'' PEA System & Fink e"Jtiut"t' S-ince 1989 ha has been
a
whenRestonng the PJM 500kV Carlson
OP".utioo Committee' Jan'
191" iead Consultant with ECC' Inc'

applied research aod

t7l Mercer, L' S' (Chairman) 'n91c!ve
pna
Output of PJM's Dr. Awamovic is activeofinporver simulation'
development in tUe *"ut
Study' July
Large Genet"t-"g ii"itti
Reactive -sy:tem
toottot' H" o*':!Io:1
1983. security analysis -igl"*"'ito
l8l Brenan, K'E' et al'Numerical
Solution of Initial-Value i;;.'?:'*":
Automattca Jmtf t':'ffi
anq fl," Si,[
problems in Dii"r""ri"r orgebraic Equations," North- monograPh.
Holland, 1989'

BiograPhY

the B'Sc' deglee with

M. M. Adibi (M'56, SM'70) received
fr-om the,University of
honors in electrical "ng#"'ing
Englund,"io Juni te50' and the
M'E'E'
;Hi;s;; i-n January'
Aamee from Polvtechnlc Institute of Brooklyn
iiEo.
"t'* i950,;;;t assumed various- responsibilities
has been
frifr" utiliy industry; about half of which
"f""tfc with IRD
c".p. He is at p'esent a consultant
"ii'rioa
L**" "**"d in powercy't"* computer applications'
IEEE papers' a
Mr. Adibi is the author of over thirty
."*u",ofthePowerSystemEngineeringCommittee,

39
 92 wM 109-9 PwRs

RESTORATIOH
HE}I APPROACHES
III PO}IER SYSTEI'I

A rePort or,n:#:il;'i:T.T::l:';#.-:::# ji::t

H' H' Adibi'
iJ,,.itlu'itl.,s lYth^1t-t"iT""h;r. J' zabrszkv
J. Gi ri D ' S ' Ki rschen S' lil' Shan

rlrrRoDucrlo* :nlll::.*?',.:li:iliii'$.j::""r""'"??xklj.:ll$":!:
liitt op"r"ting.
xiffT;*i'+.ff!11""i"1H ltrs: ":,1jilffi.j1"-nili;;
l}li#fr:.:;,*",llililI::
;;il.;.iattention."il.H..;'[emrestorati"ii""u"..Inffifi:f'1t;+""H...ffiit
jlii:;;.;.--,he. reitora.tion then
Reneued, intensive.int."f'"'
;,*' ";rll"::fl.::rl:i:;':f:il
restoration is coming "t u:jlT-::'";-"";"; !:^:"?#sj1f
such as large tasl(s Hnere riit pLanntr ruture
oersoective in ptannins
a br-oader p"i'p""ti*
**#
providins porerrur n"*'."i"uii'ites
in ,..""i..i""}1;.}"::: l3iti.;; l.'-,''^"i1'*a""
5lp!'Iii'InJn-"xecuting th'm'
t1l
1;i;-;;.;. anarvsisl
{
;;;;;"r'l;i"u.isence,
il;;J;
ji:::iliiry*h._*:rfifi:
:::X;,",""';"li,l?|i,1"..11'-fiii
"^q
.iouta u",'"r""'
"l.lL"o^^o:*:;,:::;"inc-ralnce, ,_:-- +La .octoratioo based on anv of -the three
but in a resPonslbte
possibitities.that-^alt^a"[".ai""!.
[.,H:::'.,,'Ji"',:ti::i::ili:H TJTs=i"T lll'i:r::l
conputer rust b consroErw'"Ui'ii.V
Xi"t"l! ."ri;-ot tt"restoration stratesies ano PracLrLED'
and his sys- to change
is^unsurpas-
;:::;#;ystem tn _"*".;^:."[:":H:i';i.;;-i;'another
sysTEr'{-trIDE cooRDINATIoN
#,Sun'*o"
.RGANIZATI.N ::*ii*'t-i$-: i"t':t:t*f*-lil'""*ipl$[$
John Zaborsziy, r,rashington
universitv :i:r"":fff:it:??":?"t'Jl''ff.1":i:*.iir.".'J*i;,;1"::";
seria['
orsanizat.ion of the severaI iY:::Tl"t:""''dili"i"Jn'""l!Ii"t"ii'iit
-ian inherenttv predict
The coordination aruc overatI *itt t-ttii i"rt"""t'f lll":#i'#'-i' i''" "tn'i-i""i' effec-tivetv
aspects of the '""o'r.Jt'i=i'i'p'*'i*
the errectiv"n... ot'tti"' i"ito."tio.' 11i;ii: ;:r"""'.1;l Hi ;'U;;'"ii""'" "t :i;j:;T:"lt;To#":.."tJ:1""'il;
tr**r*xl,i;:"n'"ir.-".iuutv,:lr'"
ti:::i::1,,i[i,ml"rt:.ili";s,fr:*""'**r*=t"il,.*t ii;t,"[ 'iarge'i
; ':l::f;iiJ::"*:rlii-d:".f:,r,t"'tlll
rn..-"-asi,,"sj:il*X".ilU i:.;,;;';;'".titi- .""ilill;. ;;;; one
.*p,,."... programs, systT-tr*-:::.;:"'"""ri.".
the svstem from oPera'
putationaI i.1"^t^*.'l: .J1 "igniti."n"" a sometimes r"t*tins com-
cia[ intettisence, ."i:"J;i; ^',H;r";'io-l
"*put.. "i-n"itli*""
:ffi:t": :ffi::*#.**$I;:,":^",:1,,;i*:;i["ii #*'S+r'*:fi:tr.""ryttili'#;;'*:*';::':l#l
t'. t:ffi?:rJi',".*illilr:!ffi::i?:3lll'?!1'111111
p.os."* ,*l:!ii? [ry'n*l'I'-ttiii.:!d:1':i*"t',.;tttt-t'ruti:
-restoration' Thus
usrng rntlr""tins
type); "Iiii.#;;i :lt::,:n:nl"'l::n:':.'ii:y-;;-;"
and computer, n-"J"'loJp"nsatins -strensths
11".".o.
and
intettigence -^:^:^-:""""...
-
3- cooperativ? t!"io't"tion' ""n :ott"tor-computer
readine
pariner.r,ip ..r.i'-ir,e
oP
.:i:"H!;;;u";:: li"#+-=r$:*.:iqii,.; 'k,'i:':;':l;':';11"""#::":::
ireen them- ganizing principtes ttste
..;i tr"#'

ffi
and its feasibitltv
cause of the extensive-
:ii :r,'l!
" 1''-;" "...T!?
tot-llv-
and time
:
time-is
i:::'
consuming
doubtfut il:
be-
searches
for deci-
",iF'e. !,rh i chever orsani
l:::00,"^""iir:"!:'"1'.'1":iil^"b";i
this Pattern') These are:
on.,T::i3
:o i"l: l;l#'. "tl;:
za t i t

rie' 1 and 2 ratr

t t

into

(rhether conventronar'tt "iplttand-."Ytt"*1-t"^1ded

because of the presence a) Database bui tdins
sion nekingby the
the"onpyt"t't
resident exPert' ) Target
b1 setection
reach the tarset
"i-ar',r"-tp"irtor, b2) otll"i^n""i-tieps to

ffi
torat i on steP by
""O
cIosec though him ditStt'i''='
::

t'it'a"tition^ykinn
S;
l't in"t:.': ' a'nd ",';iil,:
f ii.ls
ri' iloop
the control
is hetped
t
r,4ost of th e
c)
necess a
IrPtementatlon

rv.
i*::*" # ""g"T
t''i'"
:5" :'t3^;1:
-a
"-it (:'s' l::.1 fl'or'r) *hich he
bv interactivt to'np*""1'p"ogt"'n'
r-estoration manua[ (uhich of may be lii:il:1'Jr:i';:ii1,:f .il:'i::":': j-;:ll";","'t"lx;1;1
can in:errogate, and iv as part his ot the creus to startstart;
them;
storei in the "o,n'"""">"ni"'i'rc tl'aled :#::^lir'::,i-Jliil"'.;; "u genera:ors for cotd
Loading schedutes ";"t;";" time re-
reenergization time. "t "q'igtt"* .in ry1ll-glance;
subs-tation or a manuat
e2 w!{ loe-e PwRS A paper-rec"T::::o.:Hr".nll'l?u ouirements to reacn
"til.r^'I"n""a
t"J f or
tv ctr. IEEE Power Svstem Engineerrng
e
sr,ritch in the ,"t0, Jl'tt]"'i"i 'ithori'corrections
pri ty rankings of
Sociecy for presenEacion
cire rEEE ro,tr et'gi"'';;;i"; lleecing'-New York' Nell the ect of tr''" ii "utt"nt";
ef f
totpon*tt; schedute for the
at the IEEE/PES fsi''-'i"t!t various equipment -tni'[";a from neishbors' and the
submitced inmediate future ot ""tp-""ii"tite-
All infot*"tion transfer' as
York, January Za 'iO, fSsZ' -Manuscript
for pri-nting associated transfer ;:"^tt:-' f ro* tot'pt'rter to cunpxrter and
;;;;. za, tbgt; roade available far as possibLe, *frii'u" of anv
Deceuber 11' 1991' -t"t"" toconmunication
avai [abte in the o"i""L"t?pt'iot l!:..::"ut"nce system'
reprinted hom IEEE Transactions
on disturbance' o t"ti- ""a
PI*". ir*,t*., vol' 5, no' 4' Nov 1992'
pp.ld28't434 4L
 r{here atI transmitters, have emergency
(batteries) that. Houtd -ifr'.Jrni, por{er suppties the softHane for organiza.tiona[_
period, i s essent i a [ ,o t"ra atu restoration schemes such as the
tainty for maintaining a "ny-.""ao';;ry';n scheme and cer-
r.ii.bte aatuU"""- Database i:::ll:.:;"..:ff ::, - _cons
i deraii
";;. ;; r".a r
"...a
- ones
r,.,Jii
re_
:Y;;"T:!l'':':'j:;?::5'*'e same resliiil"' hox the pran; 5ii;,i#.:x.:i*l_::, i[:iil', i:i.fltii"ox, It"::;:gijl:
"t r;;" ;;; ;#-,ili"::i
The ptanning task (Figure
3) rriU. differ significantty for to devetop iifr tfi :' i;l:'?il, ::l::t;*.:l
speciat atsorithmic-'apo."""i"J'lith
the different or-sa.nizJ_tio"-;.;;;ipt"Jl.,*or"u"., pLexity but xith sufr r. imited com_
sary etement atxays_.is. .noo.lns one neces_ tif u t""r. -i
s
ro.""o: ;il
pp r ;; :'
il;.the a oach e r ,.,n ir'."X"t,
judeei r"""i;i" next restoration nt",, ; r, : I I i
:;H.."r.t";fl:t.i:i'-1'- is bv operator and :ff"t
"utititv r"' .""t-"i"ti"r.
"
Findins
**+.g<_+" ;-+,S',t
target for the"inext rnove
tli" t::rt:r':. t
r."u"; fi
nhich
,
"1T:;:. j*:1, il #
hJ t."i."<u"sed on "his ex_
J" i a i'',r'#iXt,.li::t:
",,p1
*';;,ti';, LiJ "".,1 ;1,:T ,,.,",1
:lin5r::,ffil"liii i:* "p".i"i-..i"ii.llii.". Naturarry
n, ;" HI 1."1":, i::
!!ll]i"; i t. I i. i .i, ff ;:ii;.r!!!I.
:n 999r. "J,i-, "= "v".* .status repre-
ri,f;. ri
j
gmun t" ;;' .il T:: ","
m i "".,,""il i,,
jua
i'
programs. There is. an inptied
j
J" ?i" li:" :H, ;l;r;m j: schedutes of'cotd start senerai;;;.
Ioads nust be considered.
ii",,,.i:.
;;";;.ity
d5o l::i?i
status of
each tarset. rn *;; ;;;ii;;.;; ;;:"J;;;
moves S-rls ,,vp. "i ;;;i:"
witl be of r,fri::d the individuat
,top. tp.:'.i,;;,:"*
nect a transmission tine, synchronriu'" loads, recon_
-m""trne I:::::tlt rT'rfi"lilli.:r restoration is or obvious inpor-
or an is_ -1"
Iand, cold start a generator
fo.
-r,ri i"tJ.',r."1.
to. ." in;
t ;;;;l -X?.;':,.. :.:H;,:],..?:""H:::i;:i;
scope and duration of the Atso the pursuins".i it. Restoration of
.
consecutive moves, rhich-nift moves ii';.y widety betxeen very conptex process. " t;i;;oHer system is a
have'io f," .h" qr-ti
r.r thin the ranse or
activiii ;;';"; oi=".".o..
rerent operators ane in .h#gu'oi'i"lt"rn".."na """1"t at least
rf dif _
type of performance "a-"p.ill'ot
go. The measure of lsrogress thatprobabty not "*
-i:
comnon
the *'t;;
n

ments, coordination needs to system

ble-;;";;;;, usuatty onseg_ tia". rr"ii-I;;";' "1^1-Y:"=.is is setected strouta tonl
tetephone, thich is time consumins the
by misunderstandinr "^d.;"ia*;ve of enrors :::1.:#.JsJ;"':"".-:::::;ll:?;n";..J."1",;":.y.**
prlorlties of the conponents in the
r"',"i"i"..,1;l;J":o:l:i,;l JX:,i;,;?i:ffi":::.1""m:: be considered. The 'form """t"""A system
ii""_"..ill',.t,outa rxjst
surrunarize the maior evspsIt o.s"nir"iloi"r. .on.e.n" reatistic and intuitive.feeI"i t"l-.n"-rJlg=ln give a
their timitations-as,they and toration r,tl and shou[d r"nd to futt res_
speciat atgorithms to ctose. tt,"ii."i; #';t;
puter aided restoration. appt!' i""i".sJi,"",ection in com_ desisning of
pi"nnl,.rg *J'","p"
to reach the
tarset r.ri L t be retativety ai."i."""d==i.iaishtforrard *.sin:-"
Iittte computation as possibte t2]. j::. and r,rith as
this appr'oach, becaus.e of the in
the tarsets. ,..un:11,.,r, .-h"."i"ii,I"t"v'timited scope of
.;:;;iJ ."..h the tarset
in
:]ll target.
P" the operator'shead i[u ii*. *r,"n he setects
each "t
ln cooperative restoration (Fig. 2; a COMHUNICA?rON
tron betHeen more direct coopera_
ope-r"to.
tives and tishter
"o*ortei--Eid- "ii;; broader
organizati'on.---;"."i;.;"nce,
time horizon (say 20.to l,o,,i"ra""i.";.;"
objec_
a uniform
consecutive restora.tion ---it'""'.orpua".
set for each
charged with generat, "augu. can be
tn"sesulces.;;;-,;;Ji;:,T;"":'l:,;l'lil-Ji"....i.!r"T..:a j
l:::.--.1":" tarsets shoutJ ."p-*.I",'".=nj,no..
prrorrtrzed restoration possibIe compIete Figure 1.
pected to be avaitabte at. tte r.i;;;ii equipnent ex- Computer Aided Restoration
This constitutes partiJutTr horizon time.
target seLectiorl.'ir.I".onpr,.tions
effectivety done by it," .ouprt"., '0r,".:,'*lir,o are
srve computer search time to ."*"
mediate steps Ieadino to the ""t"Ul-;.h'ii,J-n".r,".ou. "^."._
int..-
takes over the Ieading rote.tar;;t.-'s""ih" operator then
can readity propose these steps n. ifl"-i".iient expert he
RESTOBA?ION SCIIEDUI,E

ottton and trusts the computer if he knows the ta.get con_ PI.ANNED ON LINE
that the target ritL be vi-
abte if reached. nr r tr.,.." op";;i#
.#'i ..ri t.y parat_
Ieted and stassered in time.'-'ii;1..;""i'fo.
next horizon time can,be computed thu second
,i,if""ii" target for the
next horizon time is u.;ng, iip-t*.;i;;'
DATA BASE
SC.ADA,/E}{S
teams of operators can wo.rk ili: operators or
check steps proposed uy tne
in panat ier.''in" .*p_,aer can
opeiJ;;,'J;. consisrency.

!::.1_,1-n
out the imptementation of the tarset
can. asain varv wf detv condition
Figure 2. Cooperative Restoration
on ttu o.#izarionaI prin-
ctpLes used. For effectivetT:9i"nprogress this tast shoutd be
automated as much as oossibte.
i,frll" *"V steps coul.d be
drrectty conmanded b"' tle ."",p",1.,'"r"f"''*,itt
done manuatIy and even n""d to b" IHPLEi.{SNTING
computer must monitor
att"r aiivins io-""= Jro.,.,ion. The THE P I.AN
tt,u p.ogrlr'.' # ir.ri,r:*renrentation
-,*g"i,' CoI',IFUTER AND/oR
pLan reach, the.nI*,
:.1,^:!" to the
aonerence .to
scheduLe ancj for .;;";;.,
t. .i".t for CO!$TUNICATION
L apses or errors. or iri .u.u of time
modify ,r.," ,".*,"i" !,,;::t""n"o pFosrams are needed to
FUIUP.E STEPS
There are nunenous atgorithmic
means possibte:o generate COT.{PUTER A'D/OR

Figure 3. The Three Basic Functions o,

Restoration
42
 c riti. ca t
:^ iT
To*"1-t * ,o.,'.T,ffi[I:|',r".""t'."J: riL'' o llf ii'
cs,y"t. b"- tended this approach ltr"r"Jt"',-"nd has feuer constraints'
Economi
and
::1::*:::' l, ;3";"t',?::",:t
certainty in restorart."1",^i,':.:--;" ,"t i as
g:X!i!.^
i n pubt i c
*ttl".igning tion svstem i' 9:T:?:;'oi;;; i. more manaseabte' To re-
outs are very exPensrve
in dotLil-:-"-t^ io that the restora.tl"^: 'Ji;"., severaI steps .are--f ot-
j;;; ;;: "nd store a maximum numDer :.'- :::;::";ion. zone restoration'
H::l
ji
restoration
r : I ."r'"?' ""ffi :: :i i' "
:i i"n:l::'*"ioi--ptoi""t",
:-t-1'-t,t^inn
I ::
extensrve ii...i t.niln incrude,,t:"o
-t5'i.::::::i""1;,llll.
and if necessary' a svstematic
:l::^';'- :Pp::"-t-"
und otr'""
.*..""h .for devetoping
:; ;;:;be; ieve "
r opm.ent
exPensrve' :::.r: n::ml.' l'.1" ll'"t rl! .' l,
" lil i!]r. s,ii-i"roduced
li n#, ti, "^. "r 1"^. ;;;i, ::l *t l:, :r.; in, n:-Ell.'J;
-
=r
uoutd
;;;i; is cLeartY catted for' ""i

SYSTEI'I RESTORATION
it*.'.Ts:h":"'fi',"x;i:l5{.,"i]i$:6t':r.T';ii;
svstem consists 'systems'
In this
EXPERT SYSTEI{S TOR PO'IER ooHer "ii;;p-;J.radiat
al'ternatiy:" "t" senerated
Institute of
s. H. Shahid"ttpout,';iti;; iiti"*
rechnotosv
studv, fast, t"t", una-ttl-*llte
Internationat anf i nt"t""t i ont--*j-tl th" operator'
S' ri"""n!n"ittpi"t automat i cal [y ni tnout"
Daniet
il :H. l;
ii i .'
"; : :, 1:" 1*;il: :i il :.:i "r" lll t H,$";""0"
^:
I ntroduct i on
:. ":'r"ffi" i'"";" . ff;G J t " 1*'-T. -li During this i me r equ i r ed

As poHer systems continue to g'ot{ in size.-and colptexity' io"'.""".d,oJ-; the f i rst pttl"" it resto'ratj'on'
conpl'ete
the anrount of tirne t"q'it"a T t.""1::"^.0^"-'X
-"fa"rmath of a btackout reacnes l:;"iff:; In- ;;";;5; "-" t:::" ^lhii"il .,*' :i '.'*"..'fi"1"::i",'r"X1 .,!1
in- att" and sociat.^costs for an f;:;ffi '
::' i - ob j ei t i ve dvnami c op-
i'i' t'a""t
oroduces unacceptabte "lono'it is per- I l?1".,,""11.'i"t t{ith tnis probtem' a
dustriatized society. cJlilii.ti, the restoration timization probtem- i;"";"; ioptopot"d rrhich is basicattv
manuatl'y' based on Pre- hierarchicat ti*
formed step-by-steP'"iJ lnottty One of "j'"ioif-'it
tion'
establ.ished guidetineJ IJ opeiating.procedures'
t!9 ilt"it- i"*Po."t time decolPosi
the avenues Hhich i:'u"ilg-!*pt"fJa'*it.n
of' the btackouts ts
?l "'
finding rays to t"a']"J-iiI Juiation h"Jl':l: Imptementat i on
the appLication of ;;9;;'^;;*t^'^t-^"d l9
execute' restoration actlons nhich nust be per-
oDerators setect, schJute and svstem' Taken individuatty, none of theoftasks
a is fun-
;fi;';:,..-;'ii it'" status of the poner
formed during the restrration
';;;;;;' PoHer.system
""i""t difficul't' constraints must be
manv
damentattv
tn mathematicaI terms, the restoratl:.1.g:tbt"*
mul'i'i-objective' mutti -stase'
mav
com-
be
; ;; ;; ;' nj maly "-":g'-.-'." ;;,;* ; !,n "",1" "lt r!'E!:!!:er
a

:'"'$i;;*;;- " oPtimization probtem' iL'" ivp"' or actwhen iv i t i es r ast

binatoriat, nontinear,' tintii"in"i
t'"t''.a probtem currentty ::.:5:.H:t"" ;';"?i"";;
tn"""i"j*""' especiatLy the humans
Unfortunatety, ttre conptliiv' "i method which noutd and rnore retiabl'y
orectudes the devetotr#;;^;;' "-s";;rat for a are under stress'
ot*t"tiot"tive contro-t-actions
determine a series A i-t :-Y:n that instead
suff icientty *ia" t"ng"--of- operatins-circumstances'
reflect a of the restoration probtem
The nature capabte of
woutd
more heuristic approiJn-whith probrem thus aPpears
human
of thinking in terms Jt o-i t;ngt"
- expert-:I:tem
the " i''1 resiorat i on'
handt i ns "'^" "!::'\:
;";";;;;:"';;P;J;"h- an "n'i ronment composedaskofforvarl
ous
oreferabte. Such an 'ppt""t1
'o
nouLd- reLy systems
and uouid be
-on.expert rather desi gn "'p"Jt'
"r".y advice
techniques
and other artificiat'i'tiietl'igence svstem oPerators recos- knoutedse-based toots]"'riJ'op"t"t"t'ciyta
spec.iatized expert system
;;.";;-; i"J"s" unictr'*outJ hetp
tl:-"Yttem' minimize on a particul'at qu"s-tion"it"*'t the monitoring of a
nize botttenecks in t'flt o-p"t"'i"l:i devetoP strategies for or coutd detegate tn"""'i"Jii"n-Lnd svstems shoutd
atgt"ilti-on' and simote task to "noth"i ;;;;;-
The
"li'pui"tlt"a ,expert
further system to the
;;;i;i^;;;"ii"uL service to the uti ritv customers' tnui be designed tt assistants
'n""i'"!ti"tants'- they shoutd require
Like aLt
The major steps in the devetopn"n:
of ?1..:lPert svsten area ooerator. ..t1y:rt of the r'ray of
as tittte instructioni as possiute, t"tt but not teast'
required to soIve
-ia"niitit"tion of the Drocess tnat a the operator unt'"t" t""ii"i-6t"'the operator.
or *,e kno*redse
iiil"t.jriir;i!;" "nd The opeFatol.
"p""iri"
p."ii*, tr'"
determine appropriate ccitrot ill"""i'r.,"'li.li nota""iJion-to'
t'uv""''to *"t" time. entering data beyond
human expert rno".go""--io
:=::- shoutd unanbiguousty uhat is ex-
indeeA
;;iT;;;'";" a".iu"tiin or sovernins 1u!9s f'or 'th" the minimum required io'tp"titv eit .tt'" disi taI and
;il';;i .ont.ot of that pio""tt' 1ry -lh"-
imptemen:atton
oected f rom the
practicaI situations' The "'r"it;t;;* rectLv from the
and testing of these rutes on depends' to a great anaIog status a"t" !io'ti'i"-oui"in"a(El'lS)' .di Furthermore'
quatity of these tut"-uJtJ appioacnes 'th" u-sed to rePrssent utiLity's Energy f,l"n"g"'"nt System
systems to base
]t"*ilitltv ol iii ;iG*t the exPert
H;;: ". lr't" Sode]- t{ith v{hicr the intesration xith ttre
status of the pouer
the actuat po,". "y"-tu'n lJ tn" ctoseness techniques of an expert their recommenaation-s on ihe actual'
alt""tty through the scADA
sotving
rutes mimic the proo-iem pn"n"*inaI advances in hardrare svstem and to it""""toil"nJ" -
rtls' ihe design of expert svstems
ooerator- HoHever,-iit
--hi"l 'nav" ptace in recent vears have :G:;t.;-";-,n' .tl1:have the abitity
:['t;;;;".; [ut"n a much shouid be such that ih"'op"t"*t- shoutd
their use if
t"t'"*p"tt systems and bypass
made it possibte .to,anatyze tir-e and to ignore tneir recomm-ena'"iion.
that the ex-
uider range ot pottltiiililt to detaitsi^ a much.shorter
desired. rnis uppea-rs;i-Pi" but. it,impties
even E1 ex- io track the evotu-
nith much more attention .than Exper: sys- pert systems u"''Jut"" ina"p"na"ntty
perienced oPerator coutd ever hope.to
achieve' of "*t system'
the Povter
on-tine the res- tion
tems thus have the p-ollnii"t to
identi-fy
toration strategy u"ttluitta tohon the situation at halC' to
I'lost researchers have concentrated
ihir attention so fara
this--strategy can be
tytt"ms
quickLy devetop pt";t;*i^g the time requirei for on the devetop"tnt oi "'riittt*'i"dec
"'p"t'
f-or .re-estabtishing
of' this section witI
imptemented nencJ to *ini*ize sketeton netHork'
system "na
restoration' therefore be devoted to a Aiscussion of this probtem'

The first aPPl'ication of expert -in s/stem Hany utitities have devetoped v.itten procedures which
tytil*t--in poHer
by sakaguchi, t3l, r,hi3:r tHo mor" patnr. atons which this sketeton
net-
restoration uas introduced (syrnbor.ic ani"r,tnr.e-icat) o"=".iil';;;;; ccutd thus very easily
different types of "o*pui"tion, of-system'i".i"i..io^. xo.k ;;-il I..onrtrl"t"a.-- o'iu
xere considered for ".[""iti"..ase
:,1:^5il:t,#:;:lJ'T::".i.1?,ll"illl::: ,.n',.i:::iii*i nqrl;" ,ouia-"iat'". hit*:::":*:'"1'?'".' "'::::"n::l""iixlil;
fait to provide a recor'*''end"tion or routd
sus-

ing for a viabte "pp.i".r, to asiist ,y.t"*';"";;:ll"

43
 possibry dangerous course
:i:;."",:"i:.1;::""::g or ac_ designed for inptemena"ll:n. in. an on_tine
";:1."l"::ff envirornent,
;:jg rl,t ii.:r;i:l :?#:i :i"ffilJtf"li^:g:f. th-em io"'pl"#i.n or opera-it
""._l[i.ii:::l;":".ffi
:!:."y.1,;;;';,:J,"r'",:.;^i"i,JLiJ#:1,:Hiil;;i[i:tr vehicte Thev provide a
f; ili.kt"tl'"!:.:l:!"' arrJ eva convenient
scratch has tHo inporiant .onr"qu"n.""i-'-".,' strates i es 1# Iuat i ns restorat i on
";;' .L'S.t.:l]* that a restoralion
tuatl,y-be p."r".rJi in=lYtns l"l

; ii**Hi}r $"fri,i?i*,;;
o the system I set oi schUua;;.;":.reasonabte arpunt of tim ""n
Sumary

The characteristics of expert

giv"n-"

syste{ns aDotied
tem restoration can be surmarized to poHer sys-
A rrroad maprr of the oouer cvaro- as foiiors=
anou;e-cl--o",;;.1Tffi,:irr"I;:*.;",.i:,r,..il?.hl;#^:i o These systems shoutd function
as assistants to
iyJJ""Jl:r["#1T_:I-."_.i'. r". "iiiJiLy reasons, it the operator.
ror the *;". operator responsible
o They provide oj"ti"Jili..tn" procedure
::iii.:ilffi :lk j
;;
i:: *,#1i""^:?
;
:: ;.,U: : rapid decisio"l -?I"t:*t;"- for making
used ror p"r". itli "hj the basis or tt" a"t"- rid" ."nn"ii J,+."#::'":::.situations "nu toi
""il:rt:tfi:.on "
o Logicat reasonins
This.
-hierarchical .description of rne.. programs can he used "*i"iii s, atsorithmic
faciIitates a 'ii-13-*-t approach to the porer system to iaentifi,arxr
'-..ri, v'. prioritize
t"".;at" plinJ. tHo_r"."r..I]lll--y, _
ttre searctr'-iJr control actions.
o Expert sys:flE integrated rithin
:ii!."_".lilj;,"nr{::+iiiil;,T![X.1";,*"ruj;.. j: ment have the_poteniiat i"" an El,lS environ_
ttre atrectio;..#;;
expert system at this t"u"f
tr-".iuli ",jg.lticantty reduc-
ins the amo,ult-.o+ aiTg-."qri"eJ'io
ice to att of the utitity,l-.i,.r-Jtqners. ".".o." """r_
tion of ihe-"t"i"'il.''tL. be .fottoxed during the reconnecj o Expert systems_coutA
*4" .on"".it;''.1:"? Tt*t*' once a dec-ision'h*';;;" atso U."ri"O to plan and
test restoration procedurl"
j5","#* iI "!, ::,'I:'.
.nLl: :ilt.E!!. "i:H*i:; "ia1-t""t"9i"".
opERAToR TRAiltrNc rrlylATgl:-
u,,;it:":H5jttr:_iTi:iJ:rijr.i;er",:.iai;:t;":i
possibtv modifv this a"tait.o Jay Giri,
rr,t por.,ER sysTEil RESToRATToH
Corporation
rnis apiroaJi'"iti'# iiin. ESCA
ta c t i c a i ;.
*'"'* .i
arnount of searching tt"t :ii!il:.#.
ff".Xff l, ::r:".r.: lil:
"
Introduction
*"i-U"-ie;Iiffi":, In actuar poHer system.operation,
A feH prototype systems. b3."9 severe restoration situa_
been described in ttre technicaI on these principtes have
fli".r,rl"ia,1o,11j. :;:H.:::n j ij'XlT"l !l:, rt' e'JrJ'i' ir,ln='.r'"v do occur,
sig_
r::j:rrr ;i; J;;".tr:!!!
-
j."111,.""1;.i:;j;i"
il;:: ; l:. i#,'ff ?J.1'. " !r.:qot'u""'i i'"il' n'' in a". i gn - o?
=,
J,il""J
system as quickty as possibte, -;rriI" :;"
ttre aevetopm"ir' "'
of- the porer system and in tron to many technicar.'detait.. ir"vi.rg ctose atten_
abitity i; "" "i'1"."1-t-".tiont, techniques
rhich provide the it"v fir:rr,,d.."* to the
most from their base of_ tnor.t"aj",,,"-"*|""i"n"., ut_
t t gi t i ";;;;'.i""ttn
I i . iuit J "*:? I il ":." "] oi il?S,o order to and
t v,'qu i ilir,".""Trt
i_au
rrnportant ^",- benefit of these systems l.-iiriit.v
sophisticated graphica[ ."p.6"*i"tir"
;:._::i "-; :
provide a
:::I.l::;:" ""r" ci ent ry re_

paths. These graphicat "i'rri"

disptays-*t""ii'possiut" restoration operator training silry..rtators provide an effective
quickty s.asp the'.t"tr. ;i for the t{hrch the operator can be means by
:fI".:..,to
both at the system 'tei.et and ..
-.-t," fr: sr tuations in a secur_e,
train; ;; il"i';lln .""to."tion
lro"".";,i;r.ij;",..".t*, envinorment. This tra .
controt t"ui"l-lrit,ine sinulation
0irection of Future r ie res,Jiji, # "l liXl.
Llork rea r - t
stressful manner fl2].
iJ,l,, fliolii",F:#: H:"',:;j
sfi :: ::itTrjr",'"",t :l- tn" t r. reco-rmenda t i ons on th e bas i s
r
arso ut ;.
cause a viotation of i^
J
;;" ;: ; i ; ;1,, j!!::'
::: 1fJ"..",.",^"".1, ; j I * operator Training Sinrutator overvier
tion of the exprt an operating "ff
"on"i."rrnt, Anroutd
*;il, Inrifti.Ii,toot. integra_ operator training simutators provide
a reatistic environ_
sure that onty feasr:bt"..u.o*nJ";i;;;";."
"v..le,ns en_ ment for openators
the operator. For -* presented to ".?1 l::*J;F;"'!il"ri""
"l:TJ:, paths"rd-"yltem responsibte
ton suggesting reconnection perrence
operatins tasl.:
:::il_d"y emergency al9 procedures, as wet I asnormar,
to ex-
it,ortJ,fliu" the abi t ity operating situations. The
prosram to training activities can be ."r"tv-"#""invenienttyvarious
;:.;"ll,i i"i"'.jr'r"J
",-r,.,.:i 't'""i tn"t a particural ticed Hith the simul.ator resqonding
in
prac_
resu r t s i
i"ij' lil:;", power system rr:,r+:-. '=ri; "-*"nn". simitar to
expe.t system coutd theni!iji:["',i,
"oi....
"ll il:to
moa;ty-"ttre" paih"-ia .".o,rr"nds tnvestigatory manner. to recreate ;#,:"n be used in
ll".::..-yi,.
an
tronaI scenarios and to puJt
;1,'; i,,.",ff "i- ""dh' "'ir I"''i,.ii's *re vo r ias" dures. Scenarios can beformutate ".trat opera_
.v"i#".j.a"ration proce-
"::*::;i" oTs can be used
creat"d;
for evatuatins
;;;; lii,."-u""a. The
The prototypes xhich tormance of ner rear_time ii""]r#.iJni,r.,
''i;":;;";;'"and and per_
ll: fashion.
operated in a standatone 0.""1 developed
far have att
'--r.-f,liso i[.
tuning AGC in an offtine, secure atso fo.
tegrated rith power .r.a*.",.in]i.i"." be in_ environment.
ptete verification of tn"i. "frorfd
a""il,"in a more com-
tron of sirrutator and expert ..p"iiijai""l".. This conrbina_ l^.1[]r"t-openator training simutator consists of
t ortng main subsysterns the fot-
used for restoration dril.Ls systern toois snouta atso be :
tlveness of these toots. a"-lriir","iie "overart
ertec- 1. Energy Controt System. (ECS):
This subsystem ernrtates
the normat Elts function" in ilrl'"ori-""r1
Uhite most of the systems described in the titerature part of the OTS
is the only
rith xhich tnu t."in"J'interacts.
Here consists of the Supervisory ;;"i;;i";;';ata It
Acquisi-

44
 Scenarlos
for PqHer Svstem Restoration
Requirements
an'd atl other OTS
systeln' generation system abno'rmaI arri off-
tion (SCADA)
Restoration
- scenarios invotve severety
EHs functions' ns'
This subsystem sltIiJ-
;;i ;"i ope r a t i
"S iii.;".;X; .
-
r: t',1 !',i.li"
PoHer system Dynamic. Sinr'rtation: sYt- toration scenarios' tn' "',1"^r'
2. po*"t
tates the dvnamic b"h"ti:;";;-ii"
-'"irrs "-I"-:*' tion requirenents:
tem f requencv l" tl*tlt"i
poHer sys'
".1""9;::rT"T:H: o -ot: ard thevery simi lar
of -the E!{S functions
:$gH{i*:".,i:.iliil%::."il:ll :: are rePre' ResPonse
tem sim'-rtatiX"'i^'- tr't"
be
tt-t^ Et'lS'
sented by modets ot tf,'t"'uiiit' tuibin"s' -governors'
ftous to the respol"'ot ttt" reat-tine
boilers, ard boit"t l"iiii;;;;t'
rhe-netHork one's
The sirutation fltrst accurate!1-lenresent
trans-
and states (ils votta;;;'"nd "ngl'""''topotogy'
it periodic inter- o
" and one.s oun poHer sYstem.
former taps, ut'u='"JilGt? ; EHS
are *altiJ'
vars. Reravs"a"'l ; il:'rffi::t"
the be-
fidel'ity must U'"'T:inttined over
a
haviour of the
actual o Simulation requencies' This
xide ranEe :rui;'"ilandof-
f
r'ncludes capa- system com-
Instructionat system: This sr'bsystem inctudes titl'si*utatign transformers'
111er tines'
3.
bitities to "t"tt, 'top"'t"-"t"tt' ,arrC-controt
simu-
ponents (s;;"t;;it; units' at i on a t go-
ii't['a!! nrakins ard- retrievins save- j,bJ'It'fiericatty
fr i me-movers-'-''S i nr'rt order to
i;;i;;:- ii "i'o time' initiatizing retays,
"t"' "'U t:'T."-t-^io
cases, re-initiatizaiiii-to " 'i"* etc"This subsys- rithns must condtttons'
to a specific t"tt-ti*'-tituation' sotve severety off-nonrinaI
schedutes' Events
tem is atso used to'Jitin" event' systern simltation modeted to a
are associated Hith i1'n ttt" PoHer o The external PoHer sys'tem 'rytt'l"
L {or
ard the Ecs functionJ'';t;;t"';;utg- + deterministic
corditionat (based on sreater i1r5"'"t-'detai f "ul:l-1tl:n
(occur at a pre-aetin*ea fi#i conditions beins
scenariosii"n-t.'normaloperat,ionaIscenartos.
accurate sirr'ltation of
a pre'definea ""t oi'"io'it-titt"* This is tt''"rrt'*
' 'il;;t; ";;" i nterconnect i on
(occur at rardorn)'
;.[i; ; p;;Cbitistic the dvnam'i c ";; .:1- -th^",
ot the system have
*hen targe disjoint Portions
been btacked out'

is initiated by a series of cascading The OTS user interface

tnust be abte to ctearty
A typicat probl'em Iead to
trios and sHitchlns';;;;;";-xh'ich
#
eventuattv
-tt'" svstern' tvpicat sequence l;" ;' i. .
"..
l-"-, lo^n". r.rl...
that are occurrlng' * ff
'# i. f"T,T i:
il liil*'ir -A. at anv time and use-instruc-
optt"'ont inctudes the fottouing steps:
"'-po,.tion-
of restoration ;'j;""i;".-i*t"tion disptavs to sain
Hi"ir""ii""s ard generic svstem' behavlour' P:.t:::. '"-
o reat-time informa-
Criticatty study the avai,table et-c') ;:;"i";;;; or the
tion (atarmsl-i'cniin disptays' in order to 'r-Jorationrirr
tire' restoration
;;i;;;;;,'in ."'t torma'f ptan
be per-
rhich
td'"iity of the btackout' formed using a gXS
assess the
"it"t"-"ta ..^-^ .h^ crana aM furrctions, the use of in-
uses Lrrs provides
o Open the system circuit
breakers-in the btacked- structor disPIaYs ano functions and. expt-arnrns "l ]n-
imp!'ementing the i Itusratine
out area, r'rr'ittp"t"tion for i:'t;.;i'" ;;.'of (such as effects
restorati on Procedure' the undertying system J"no*nt to1{-1t:l'o''
:;= ;;;i;;;- Jabi r"iiY or .co!a par-
gas turbine in the of the
Cotd-start a hydro unit or
system
o iii.'#n"ti. understanding the system -1s
btacked-out area' ii.rtlii, beneficiaL lrhen lnersency
ciocunented restoration
the btackstart - tr''" tot*"ioperator
;.;T;;";' rIo* has to relv on
o Energize a transmission path from
(,possibtv a-fossil n"'", the
;;:";;;". judgenrent to.,extra.Pciate
unit
unit to " ;;;;h;;;l"s ind svnchronize this iris oxn
unit) and;;;;i-;P
next
;;;r-;; pG".* make "'U "iptti"nce
decisions on-the-ttv'
unit by pt"'iai"tin" cranking PoHer from the
btacksta't unit' Easy access and transfer of OTS scenario data to
other offl ine pt"nning func.tions, is--highty
pick up cus- f'n"iions tr'ansient
o Graduatiy increase generation 'andensurins that I".T..ui"..-rnu'" o'*'ott"g"inctude. sim:tation' and
tomer toad i'nJIJrn"ni"rtv' r'rhite
stay *ithll..t11p^:, stabitity, transient The abi titv to ini -
f requency,
itot{s iiil';;i:rii-l't'ut"iion''
not cause unnecessary retay 0TS ard to con-
and-do "nd
abie timits""'iitg"" tiatize ihese functlons from the
or
triPs' is
il;i t;;i". pf'"nom"na' invatuabte f anatyzins..svstem
restoration Integ-ration of the 0TS
transmission t i ty functionr .1n Par-
o Graduatly energize additiona,l' ;;;i- ; transient stabi
Paths, pick;;''i;; [oads' and brins more units Ii"rt..,' is-hishl'v a"tit"ot"' The stabitity
on tine. ; ;;; i ; -itt
";
sxitching oPeratlons -..'-': l:il.'.*:' I :i ".:i'"1 :' ::J ii-
o Continuatiy monitor voltages' frequency'
act i ve
to ensure i"ii""t ir'r"i .esutt in retay trips [151 '
and reactive pouer balance' and IloT:
iiirt af'.V stay rrithin acceptabte Iimits' An oPerator training simutator rnust be abte to simutate
n tlhen appropriate, re-synchronize.
the area rith the fottoxing:
- ;h" ."ii oi the live interconnect]on' of
Instantaneous trips (and re-connections). .gen-
t".a, Iarge generation-to-to-ad-im-of
o untiL a[[ customer loads have
RePeat above stePs "."ii""-.^a and the ."'u-tiiig dynamic behavior
batances,
in service'
been restorei,:-"tt units are back to normat' poHer sYstem f requencY'
back
and po*er sy"itm-"onaitions are phenomena caused by
is to restore cus- steady state instabititv
The Dararpunt objective of restoration Larqe l{lJ poHer transrers,'rhich resutts in abnor-
normatcy as quickty and
tomer servic" and pou'"r-'"v.-a* matly Iarge poxer angte differences'
safetY as Possibte'

45
 . vottage coItapse ohenomena caused
tji*OTl by The expert system rute
po.t, '-tn't1T"'.L;,,.,."'TntT..nt".tv..u"J,--u-"-".u[1
desradation. tgniricant heuristic
voltase .in*rt"io.. scenario *i jf :on::ptr-:1 procedures t..inins
"."Lirilt"r".loti.t1'..1?1,
from the
iii
dures onr ine.,,u r,"IiiJt'iJ ^:fl"r:.
o system ble3kue into fiuttipte create a training scer Jff::Tilii::::":1":.8::.;;
some of ;i;',J'X etectrical istands *,"t-""irrt=''i;"tj:""j"Ilo, creates a sequenee or
:,::'pl-:l"ctricat
,",' o,"J.XT|,Tl.r..i"""t"::lii:i"f'.*
islands' !ru'r ;[; il:il
or erec*icar :;:::f ",""*"1t"H[1.i{id;J:T,.:#:H:," Uil:
ff"::.:: ?:.ir.::-.n"
"r"niJ
a"g."oii-"11J.*"r the porer
o Re-synchronization and :lil.I""',:.:'ii'.ntono".liltJ i l"'qlXll". "oTt'"r.n." rhich
gupp[y
rami-- -.
ice (oar;i"r+"fi:.}**?13 ,l,H,ti"t*":r:i;".;,"":l: q""pr,i....r disprays courd be deveroped
to
o Restorali::
"r,custooEr ,o.*,:--"j-r-u:_l1.or cord
Xll[tr",ffi;llffitj:=l'*:!irVt":*"'l,iji,"l[
shoH the

li:r.:;:ru"1;:lt:;ji::;-l:":::l *;i iJ ".="'.1"o up, a dis-

toad pickup and duratr'on ;;T"'-"""J"'n"i".'"",,""1,'l,lj

o
ef fecis or vort"g.';'J;il;"J1#'#"*?
Feeder sectionatization
"* :ii!:ili!rt!:r;;;#"r",.'.rg1.0.,,,"1.n?.,ir,t;i"i::.:r,::
its capacity.
ard sHitching of discon_
;::::"?H^:_',*...iffi:lHa,":1i?5".,,,*i.?LT:
a,* vortases rithin accepl-Jt!'
tl'ft". ,[+i::ili!;i
;::,[H:,:::,*.;:;,.::.ffil?l,,ilfiifi:
ir,. ors p.;;i;;.';;-ii'itr.ot"
6 Reray actions a.d reray
nntrur.c_tions pertinent potentiar "nvi"J.,,*II-il"*." .rs.""_
to restoration condition",..iu"r, il:::r.:X[#&,..j"1 "ppii;;il;.'# benerits or
as synchro_
check, [oss-.t^:1"it"iiii,''ir"".r"tt"tion,
current, automatic over- REFEREflcEs

vortage, vorts/Hertz_. ;J;;;):fu".

"""to"ri ?Iilj",#r"."- ,. i;ii?"iiiik.$#.Ji6jiii"lLX*;"&i;i"?il";"l';
o lnctusion.of a transient stabitity systefi Restoratio.rl,lloc._
fith
r"itinn, Estonia,'rrienniaf
program that
:i;,:"
automaticartv in;ii"-ii."o-i.o,,i jii *" JH: #.;!-}!,.
Horr.d con-
uiii,-iunu.t teeo,
o l'luItipte,-,sequentiat and consequentiat, 2' c.Huang.,, p.Huang,
ing disturbances. - - -'"eLYucrtrrat, cascad-
cascad- -j'Zeborszky,
poner Syst# rrJ"i J.B.Liu: A Dynamic
t..liarr.Graded precision-ior
traction of pertinent^Load ftou Fast Ex-
TRAt'rs' v.PAs-104 ni, l#J.*"tion;
""" IEEE
" |f,jff:];,.f."er"o.v and vottase toad-sheddins, lgas, pp.siZz:n.
of automatic toailstreo?l';',i''ir.i'i;
.".,o"raiotrllg 3. T.sakaguchi, K.tatsunoto: Devetognent
Based system for porer of a KnoHtedse
o verbal comunication xith field -1v:i"r" n"raJ."a.,on,
Trans- v-PAs-102-, n.'2, pp.3zo-329, IEEE
crer, substation Feb. 19gj
15fi';'Jiiii"'1"'nt
operators
4'
a-nJ neishu;G-;;;r
!1i1ii';':^i;i"i:.i;i;yill":il t:":-i:::...H1,r8:::
" ::ff.'JJ",.Xtli: r1""i11."" xith RTU. and other Jilti;#" sv.t",.;-iiee i."n.l;".:,;';'Jr.61s-6?6,
o Battery discharge effects on 5' S'lil'Tatukdar, E-cardozo, T.perry:
RTUs, and operatins c-orununications, sistant - The operator,s
*.r,"i-i",i.'of fietd aevices ni't lnGii ls"lt,- As-
(batte.ies discharg-e
il;il,i io,..). Expandabte program for
::f.;1,'r,fl,g::i:il*.:11r.,"I"e'JE"?l!,Jf u.pwns-r,
conclusions and Future t'Iork
5- s-s.shah, S.r.r.Shahidehpour: A
Heuristic
!iii""'"TffiLll,.?":tI't"to.s
restoration
provide an invaruabre
system
orr-
restoration. sin""
Approach to
l;ll ,tljft,*,i"lrtr' ieei'r."n.l-,.il:-;: n.4, pp.
ana u"cau"e' "itu"tiop"""ticing
;'l;';';:.":"^^".,:!,t1tr:#,1:t'J-riL:"'ri"il#i y.Koj ima, S.r.Iarashina,
'
Ii,t";:g:.:":,:::::t..;{:","ffi{".'t:#.,t#Ti[ .s.Nakamura, K.ratsumoto:
much more pnompt and cofiipetent
manner. i,II[tri:,iI;,:ii{:-;liil,l,}:iiH
August 1gg9 i!;;:1,};,
The potentiat ot 8' D'S,'Kirschen, T.L.Votkmann:
slst ln restoration
"'0":..systems and fur.r. graphics to as- Restoring a poHer system
Dt
,i"s"-"i;"";5*1,r"t,.i,'i;:'#:::.jl IEEE i..n*
"3.1
tiaLl.y be presented {.ith the'.."o*.'nlJ,lnext
This action could be the resuri--o7'1'J;;"the
ia:T:T;."i;
action.r, g.
;]j:#,';ff[;vstem; ".iu'ns'-Zl'n.2, pp.

toration procedure, in conjuncti"n formar. res- l:I:dira., T.E.DyLiacco,_.K.A.Loparo:

Interactive nprr.6J.f t" Electric power A HierarchicaI
network runction. io quickrv "iii''"n"lr;::f:r$:; systan Restora-
and to suggest one tha "";a;;"-.;" il.:TBi:';f;::T j#X;[;r7IEl"t;i'rinter poHer neeiing, (e1 r*,r

i;;1:6.:rs=';t#ilii*rl
sibty by visuaL[y hightishting #;;i#*iSii*..
,r," ."."*"#lo n"*. action
10.
tion Af ter
f=*onqo.n
et ar.: ri,ARs .
.- fo."i'oi,
An Aid ro*ietxork Res,o,a.
on a displav t.L.r''"r. .r,"nning'.ot.#'.IJ"lut.".ins reii'0J,.,".'i,loJJi:;,.3ffi:i":,.;ffi?:::;":t.:l:
r.rne to be enersized next)
ages that woutd
the
aia ih#n-n,il"ri"Hs an, vott_ ]frr
,erence, pp.3aq-=+i.-
resutt t.o, inpi"mJn;id';;",action.

46
11.

ilii-li fifi :ff :i hn {I.

ffit;:i*ifr i

12-
T.!;l3l'i+.,X;,'#11,1;.'o$ii'":f^'.l'^l;"'Jl"'l;;:
Aprit 1991 . PP''le-24'

r" l; "l i i'

13.

kr$:th.rfl i,itr#J fi [':{

ji" i* I

G.t,la i sht, K'ilodenI'

n'^ot tji
K' ilodeh i' . !':L"f rs!''
r+' JJ.G.t',laight,
14. . . otski: An Ad-
:.-"1"'"u,
t;31?l?1"
;:;;;, R.d"srev, E'.stacltl::1'- "Tl","litil:
simur.ator;
i;ix'"?ii;liiii'.t"",,";"6;;;;'.-'-::.1:::'.'"'J?:i;:l:
uanced TransPortaDte
PICA, B' iffi;;; M;;iil; ilay 7-10th,
IEEEIPES PROC.
1991, PP.164-170'

15 *ii
l*ffi:lh:#":',"*,""1.jig;*liiii,'ill
ittanta, FebruarY

47
 92 wM t4?-9 PWRS
TECHNIQUBS
RBSTORATION TR''AINING
BUI-K POWER SYSTEM and the Power svatern
- M' E' cooper' chairma$;

*S,*,ff*'3ffi H,x'ff--,f's| ffi'?':##ff'* A' B' storev' F' r' wood'

Gonzares'
conrribuprv 3.,y8ffi*;y1;
R. J' Kafke' ts"
j *lfr',;i*,T; H*t*;",, N1T#i*J

s?lf.te;;,ff.ry{,if-nriiHfi i}pj#Sffi,lq:?iffi'-#m*A'Il*f 3sfli;{*:"1ffi

effective bulk power- svstern res"crati"l
iliri"c uTgtrlighted 'v't"m-'pcciq"' TgjTT:::#;;:;i;'i*;Gt"*
'"q-qy#Litilirte:
!'E toeiisis ei-muletors are neederi'
ne
necd to conrinue o"r"rupffii};;;; :ljfffif'di6"il.tt y system-referenced
*1-ff:lffii:."
sddressed in a sYstem r'
Hiffi;f h.* 6perators should recogn'f
'*1-T; of training
*"Hf*:ffi :f

shorr nore
t&,[q]*l#ii#I,i,',*ffi
u,H$;Tprovides *.uiniiliI-or-tn6.'*"'g"n"!*;A-;;;' Hffifrffi##trr*ti*1";-,''*"
ffi;:*'ffi'";;"it-oi p*rons;1il;;G--in the
'puolic'
rapi6'
:he
cfieciive
trainingprosramsr.*ri'i-*il"ii";;a;*. *nno*i,'-"n?''eowcr svstem "it'ip;Iii-*"*
very important' restoratron
INTRosucTsoN
M. E. cooper, Associate
potomac Eiectricpower company
Member *3o"S$"fi'1fl"T.'i":,,il,iTrrlff?,Tf:fiiiF'trtt"-if;:'.:i
in
day-today
foi Ylr-l:l-the Eto{s
accurt;med "p;il;'-;d not designed and are
in power system reriabilitv, rnajoriistur- i$J#Ff,#Xilfffidtip#i*"i'
with the increase
f*=ffli:-,ffi -wer svstem
r\cre are aistinct dirrgSel"T bsv".'n rhe nornra! state and the
:##;;::,Ltn*''
;;ili;;t;*,e*q'"ig:?iijf#",'"T5fgfd3'tr ,"#';;;u* q *", Yl""iff*'i.*?"*t*".-i!*,#,,*'
aie a varietY of tools-
;'.;;.;;;;i"-=:*ih.3J;'*ffi.1#*;;,fts#".r.a
Each comPany or go *ln*;y:uti.t,:---'rufi:+*[$b.*ffi#r,",fi-,.xffi[
.T rl.*,'T":'ffiffTffi
resroration plan
il,li;";';;i;;
0"..a oI'* f,-'ri.i' restc
ebnormal conditions ; fonrral deveropedio
securitv,
H
ensure
:B'.H;;*;*in 99T,m; flTf,i5-.ffitg,1",*i,r rHo

rhen be wri*en *na t *ini.e p*cr.T_1T,i.:,,

these ptans.
Hrilrs,"Ff^"trim.r'tmrx#'ro""t'o*-il'ff"';;;;n
which ir pt*l[CIy
frorn
rhar systom oprarors J*n Foifod incofrraie'dats "tlittJaubmatieal]y
meth.o'Js. of
system the system'
There are many different 'delivering
m?**p?"n6nti"" bv cont&st' the objective is
quite
Jh,id; i;as its plac'e *:-*T[:1f:cess,
:'"{#ffr-#.ffi r:T,rft f '#t'#{ffi *S
restorarion rraining; nuring $e.

:r;:r**"#::1'#ffi#ffi['#f f"*t-Htrl?,-.ffi
restoration; ott't' toi5i"T"t'-"t "o*pu6r-based
insrruction can ul:'

t".,".y,.ir"r r".:.T,.",f;8;'*':rffilTsrtg:'TffiH5:;;"H:!
::.$:,*:?'iillll;;";;"il.
simulations
;i"i;';"e;i,"Plescenarios; more
5i:G[-a.il* ""0
advanced.'"',1?T;;"l,ilrr'"*ii,
lW il"**$ft$*+l;t-ifi*=:*1'xtrdfi
operation' pllY
during nornral ";lJ';il';i";'i'?'*.i"g.*
For example' in
h]i:_*-11*^t"T":ffi;lHi;il.,;ii"n''r;r.'
n".a io L,e taken
restonn
;',
po*"
high fidelity .g11fiit"*i--it'"*Av ,y.;;, "."p;;;;;it"*
"J^f#;A"tii''to """6unt'
need to consider informarrcn sr
use of more sopnrstrcaied * ,*rpo"iio iiiuuri*, rt ui
beneficiar in training sysrm opraror. dr':m type'
have never sctusuy odcun"ea" - the mix of .available'prime moversr including supci-critieel' oil
much In""-G*uet. .rru"atJti""oJ[ir"ititr
training.proFrars in existence,
whire therc are msny usetur'n"ra-"r?i,r"Iopingiyr[*-*riiori"" ;ffii";'-;;"i burning' and nuclcar;
remains to be done i. it" a ;.d*I-]'-pt'"' q:: including time intervals
training. r"r"oy *nipJ,ii*'[*"'"",4"t r"i*, research; rnost companies - boiler-turbinc srsrt-up characterisrics, rntnirnurn
Jon;t tir" i'to *n.il1i*iiln'ii' A;'*i"ilcranrin!;;t:im,lif.*"t-""?.t*
il;",,;^;ffi**"i;i*il'hi;;[i:"*:"F:S
of a sYstcm oPcratc
*;'r"""":1",'ffJ: ii?j;;"i't; ana isc
just
dedicated the '"uou''"i"'-'Eqlitti to a"J"roi'"''"nJ 'tititt - the prime .m'v.ers' .mode of
opcration and^conditions
r;.'
toaded' e'*clins
i.xfl,Jr;i:,Jg&tiTh-ffi,i,fr"JffiAngrr,:rm:
:'Ji[iiil',.;tn*n"i"i'"t to power svstem operators'
["ffi"#:*U:t#;',.:ldl provide
"ii"*'a The present SCADA systems
and EMS 1o'ftware {3'not

e2 \.rM r47-e pr.rRs A paper-rec"*^:?1:o.:Hr?o.o"l'I?" :tj{;Jti.ir,::"1;ffidt],r"fi[ltl3'+lu-':ft'f;38#e

:iiiJi":#tr'"i' i', major facirities
:i";l#'::-::T:,"'":::?"""3i:i:;;"?':"H:::ii"i1:."
I'Iinter Heeting' Nes York' Nev
aE the reeeTres-iE92 -,}:kT, o,i"#'i**'**':H;*"J;
:;iki::i?'ag,;'ill.iii:,."tt"1::';:'::l:""'"
November 25, I991'
H:,".' :';HI**"T*H,.,*

reprinted from IEEE Traesesti!49-@ 49

Po*". Suut"*., vol' 6, no' 1, Feb 1993'
pp. 191-i97
 procedurcs based on ce11in.olgryting
with. racteri"ti", "fi and practices,
r'-philosophies
Such a tool would s
Jln'l' :tL
cha 3 ii,l-i, ,i.. prrnr .e.t".t
"lf"
:*rtnm.,',:r,tr*r*"ffi;r.[3:j:..ffi #i#;}$$
ft the power
of system u
;gffi @;xs;,r,,p:rt*,?fi fu ti1,:,r#
nIidFiff"*lFi,fillLHi#lfffi '',fl*,fj,,ff f, i . .This approach can b

t[ Hnffi f, fltfifH1i:r*iiffii'# rg",#rffi:

,*ffi tr#,jXlf Jff#jg-_ql" made avairabre in the rorm or
*##.:,rr,:,ta{$ft sysr,li?,'ffiffffi
nffi rHft ffi ;$l!,F Hi,gffitX?tcRAMs
PSR Issues
conccrn which necd top be
i;faXfl?#trja
*Ih['il?if,:,f#I* addressed in
.,Hi,flffqi#?sy*,3.?lig1ffh,,'#
o ldentification of the status gr.
of soilepsd system, compo_
".f; }iro",*ffi
knowledge
ff
snd skile-
nents and equipment.
*::tfrg comprchensrve Brnrng programs. F
'lT,:X,Hid;rJ,y,;lH;kTr,fi ffJffir*Hg[lg,wtre,elu'cc.isii,il,,i$iffi !f,rl]
,"o3.*",subsrations,
o Coordination of powr

mnm:r?ffi"ffi#,'#lrLTf ,3'11''*- standard or lever of competencyt"

u.."r,i"r.a-,
t large sections of. transmission
"ii ,r,"ofcondltions
underwhich the tasks *i,;1g.i,iirJ##.-1il'.iillrro
JTA are
ln-rrqyrgtransient lhes within the
acceptable

' il#;";'a"1"f,t".t
and sustainJ';;;;il;;:,
large increments without the
ff ffif #H:*:r,-r"::ir""m;*fl*:f ;,fa;:tx;
risk of *tf}fi',![{H Restoration
rraining _
o LL:f-B
p"*.1..y.i.,nr;;*""#:i:,'ff
Reintegration of the skeleton
of the bulk
thereq-uisitetir.^on.L*intffi o
il;:##T":upplvwith Sfffi,::rf,;ffT,l"i process.
"fi-N;A;;,i,
i-fr,f; il,Tr.L*Tj,",ffi
it i. jou.
;
o Deactivation of "
;*i;i;;;""1"i,f;,Ti1"rf :f dl*.Tf d?".*auto.matic is gu-ided bv a set or
o Maintenancc of
and transient stability as the
"o#ifi"'/;,*;lfl"?ii::^g:cess
lgdf.state
system is being restorEd
"nJ*tJn d;;;"o are large.
m:.*i:,1*?I*:"rf,H:ii{:lfil,,'r,Hll:#f*
o Reduction .f r*_rllTg
angles when closing loops g*#-1+?ui#9"#"*r;f u,#i,*-.,#ifi
rrrm up transmission p,hase
iralths.
to
restir.ation jniur",iii i, u
ffl,",,X.ff,oo"Tguir iiiure. rhe pran
r Probability of successfuI start_up restorationoiir.i-'#:;:iff#j,.Tfll"ffil,f, j[T"1""r,],ij
.
particular, combustion turUines.' -r v' thermal
of sr\ units, in
o Stability of black
ffo1,lio#"'':i,i:3:ti[:J:1tui'itt-;;""f#'r'il"J;i,-,;rdi;
start and peaking combustion
they constitute a large turbines while Further, despite the
p".fi"" corlllexitl of restoration, the
PSR Traiaing
"i.g"*,"i# restoration

ffi .,?*r,"ri[#,i#*[:_:fi #*"idffif ##

*#ix:[r1,iii;.H[,ft8'fi Ht'"fi#:Tj.H?:.7
iflffi5il-f,#.;f*i*.,fl{f ft '*,ffifrt*;*
tr'"f*Hdsii*f Hlt#?ljilffis"[$}'
system often consists of one
i.I3nj{.-i".iof ,f,"
controls have tripped o, or tw."
Wthin rhis context. the_ answer to the topicat question
automatic conceming the relevance .r
-*"tL[ion jre'i. ,lrt"l il;#i
'y".'.
83ff:*["'Xt"ilff :Xt .::rt or. Dil;i#; earry phases or
"r"-a.."iii"ii,..irii",r," sysrem is s-iril* training prosrams ,nliLTIT,t ?

srmuutrons
ffiffiii:.i.'11"ff.ir'?ftr,H:
3::: .F* which have_ pri.Tiff U1*"-i"t"iJi.a
for smaU
*-mP{*;
perturbations will not
"*ir*t"fy i"p.o"nt-il"-iln"uio. of ti"
power system and its components.

An on-line resooration
gyidance system, capable of guiding the
efff#: #mr.jTl'j::'.:: ". ;d';6i"",f" "ia *,En to
lffi
orbrackouts,an;3",1,ii15"1fl"?,Y.'#rT"TAHr"*:
prob.tem, in the sense'of a
j5;f :'"{,ffeif ir**,:T,T*T,ff I+f l,Iii*f fo*,,,,a,,know,
ambrguous alternatives. Gcompletc'.inio-riLn and many
-"n-L-t"gntod
suggcats a- need foi
consrsting of both expert
syGms toot. ff:?H:EIi#Ti'ei1i;*,:nrxf:".',,3":ffi{ffi
rn tne Eccomplishment of
a majo.r gi;1.'-T"rk;;ay be H
";j;ppr"ft"!" Jrlalttical tools. oovrn into subtrsks. Fo. broken
.t-'ti"r',1ipry cranking
"xam"pll,'ffi't

50
 q#JrH
*F^F;if #nfiiiffii:$*rd'ffiffir:m-"mt
[ff s;*riff$$ff pcrformancc'
TRAINING'
BULK **t8liff'f'f-tff ilAIIoJ

tB:,iffi$.gff1"' Em;I#n::il"H;I

ffi
,?,';:P"f :.4[EiiFSt.ryJs"l]i[
-vitin't'tiol
""HiJ:*,'Hf
critiial to rv,* -ESHf.#Ht5|;
'""i"i'tioi' submiue<l tocxPerts'
ope
:;;;t b*& on questionnaires
'"iiiiil"..r .."1""'uy tt*gni"d restoration
H before'
o nce the,*P*t""Iif*lX'i.ffi L;]",xt;t:f*i! #,it#: experienced
iding training for
i'5"f, i*lT,x*;,#t#i;I'#l#4H"*6;
,-ffi rhis shon note P"*',;ff;'X:;1ftil'"?i 'Ji""ff,iJt oa''-
ffi these unusual needs' ur
'*;t'^"tqiiS;."*-l$$rm;:H",tti*#*f nf;p
are bv needed an
rnT:ffirtlT1?H'[:;;;..ri.'r'' 'iln".g'ev-
i;$:ffi n'y-liut**i-xl;x'o;"?'PrJ'ro'"n"'"
t+,ffigE+ffi-s*r:,ruxu
Techniques
"ffii, r"'. t*'r.3ii
Classroom frnm one<)n-one tutorial
"' j#ft j,,Itt#"xgTtrJl"li!
ffiffi
Hh,;[ffi [*.nt'eitrir"r;*mi*X+f.,*m rit-"m**#**$*:+#*;:,"ln":p
;ffi T*t#f##l.q;#,"#*i;H*ruH'fi
rmance c:
sirY Perfo
",s"l:;
Coverage topics fall into
two categories:
nece-s
bulk oower system
task.
o Generic - This area includes necessry o r is s ues that
rrl!1
pr."n:l*:-Ylil*l^f :ilff rn"J'"'ls,,3;J'**,'tr':f*'{ resto ratio n n'"a"#t'ii'""til "aq!t11
during1"aja restoratron'
i.r.fr* ""6"., 4rrs tblf1!h:t-3*
rac-E' and
involves actrons' facts, training ppgTm
the dispatchet nt:i;-;-';nsider
;;;;.i"-tion
operations.. - Theretore^',,I .-':-:-. .mqmms to avoiJ Zu'ptic-ation i*i"i"i must be Practical'
:ff fr:'"rl'*iJq"#'""1"";"*4'ry!*'-?"1I''*
should buuo on uururar
,i?-rFr"i"i.y-and effectiveness.
This
lnrs
r Utility Specific Trainrlg must address the utility's
and therebY foster methodologies '
' Assessment techniques'
restoration pla' *i io
twwrE!'-'- --' pHt;i?ts
ilg,f",#il",'flffi
means that the tA Ior
distinguish i"t*"""
i'rfffiild
J s)rsrsrrr
'#irr,-*l^'f*f
r}urru4r
- ipcE of
'^*'S;1HI
'iself a special
tas **tunication
specific 3ou'"*poltif, iiriti"t' be covereo'
and
+" l""r1 :11"f::",f:':1,,1'it
between {le
v*r"r--' cloS{e t !i=f::J:
I v. exampre,
.p".,,
" requirements must
actlvruEs. For
activities. ::X.t,* "uconditions
buichecking the necessary c "tiift.'titn
system restoration acttvrty.. ^ L-^rza? .qn ;"
he a soeciai restoration
e special n be conducted bv a combination
;J*18 |""?.l3""ff:il"#"i;'i;;**.' Classroom style.training should
activitY. or-.!,t"."rygi:",.#llmr+i.,mi:1il,Ll:il"iEyliF
operation Personnl' to dispatcher feedback'
in aetait. The rarners ;;:?i; 'J"pontiu"
lttHJl'J*"ff";i$rtantbenerrts'.'111"-:i0."'theessentiar
Program' And' bv for enhancine
roundation for building "?;;;i;;iiFtd i" iL"1:- of the actual Informal Role Plav. - One method iT:i:f,:[:U[
documenting the job
"o'i""
"iEi;;;-;;*qo-1 for easier .*lffi ;;^;;*4Tl""X,f?:=[T;:XTfi'Ji#i',r',e*"t"a
resrorarion tasks accompit .re{erence "J".ilil"*-d-Yatchers'-RorJpraving
ildffi;;G and communication is established' *i3l,?l",f t'#f"?"ffi
and misunderstsndmgs'
specialists'
This means that trainees' instructors' '!tlTi"g ""ilr"*'p*U1ems
restoration experts, iilliti'F *ltt}"'ly appreciate the
Drills op-T^d* to include fiold'
"no The role playrng-exercise shouldfce
iii*f:?t";i"rfl;n[i"':i:t':."'+:,-Iffi
know exactly';i;il;y ;-ilI'ti"th'
structo rs
'l*il;i:ux'
-tt"tnin
g sPecialisu
know '#f
in
l"* t::l: t::t'o'
*pUt ttta'
know exactly what must
that what has been
"I
.g.Jup";'in9orp9r1qs coJrect"*perts
restoratlon [h$+;ffiry,:;;ITi;'$A,.$#it"Hrjl
HffiH l#y"*t* f;-iffJ:
what the system restorat'lon
u:;:*H,ts" ",,,I.1,,"ffi
oractices, and m"n.g"r.G.-ti"i^"tfy allocating appropriate
progo. entails for p";;;"i fr,,;iing
"t simulste realism, an
resources.

5t
 pcrsonnel Ere invalved.
capsbiiities, and non_intrusive
o! cornputr+ased training. record keeping are key contributions
o'"?"'i'oTr:xi**tr$d-**"**u#xi"*m,
hurdles, and evcn prot Adventagc
trarnlng and problem An obvious simi-larity betwee, .^m-rrra- L^_-r
r
.
It should invoivc as n
Hfl#*:H*":#dit":#*,"#ffi ;:1,ffi ,:"*_=
-fr;
::[f; jffi
l* flffida,y#i:rnfu ,ffis,!ffi
roso rccs for :i13i?:i"t?[T*
til::T{"-q';'iii'J'it';3ii";:":T[T&:x:
u
:x:
the st udent.pipularion
; sludentr '*Ts,T#
*m ;;.,"};;p!!t Iation,
Ji.p-t.r,"^'"*:;ii"ll'!o rraln
even*. ^anf andltions
must be
in thc handting of-vari"d
,"rr=di;TiJ
;'*trg,m,',nrnr*1,::*lrffi
srnce kainins is on an rri"",i,,Ti{"}}.P:_-"lg.e.f fi ffi#.
i,"1#},li
f,ffif ffi"
strldents. This T1 j:lg:1"^ . ---" 'rqr
characterisa.- t"
;ffi
;ir: 4.r "#.,ff#i
rnslructor "ffl,
il situations J,H
and other
Job Aids *n
a rew p,cpirlc *h&;;1,
b. .o,,li'?Jy"':.:.li-!
Thc restoration orc :*H,ffi':trll"Jitry*g*t#*tx.tf
til"#.ffi H;t:ffi ".6-118",i.tr9;"*9:#,,x1ff organized classes. Si :].L:i""!fl]
themselves to
rotsling shifts, flre ability to

"
r.:rfu :rl"ti-i:r[[*ffi fi:: ;:ffi *'S session at odd hours [] ;rp";r;iii#;iiyd?fr?,[fi
r" ;" i#lir".E! :fi trif ""#[ j"",f i
Evaluation *I heProperly d.*igned
iT::f
computer prografi
aided training is truly interacrive.
In order to measure the effectiveness
of the training prograrn,
pro I res s, n a". L^i
:l"r;L.il,rr5] ].ig,i,i," l,"r r"tio n i a re

r Fundamental concepts and generic [qe,$g$3sxl*t5mffii#:*u*xr;ry

ituaeri;;,;ffi il#.tT,"ff
with objective written or oo.j materiai are best bsted au-tomaticalry branch to" a, prior
;*3i:i:&1i::.:,#xa;nix
t".t .
di,erent descriprion of thi:. portion'oi-iti"*resson or to
a
. Drills and mle olaying rrependmg upon the ro u" leamed.
jffionf.l, sufficient
"on.,"pi"or"rtiii
$esjgn of. the
.are etfecrive ways of meesurine
dispatchers, siciits' in' ha;d[nc demonstration
of the studenr:"
frorn rhe plan. (Evenrs
;;; ilffir: no devi,tioni -i*^,I'-^.'^""-Y.
bypassressonil;,"'Jl.J5il.T:+';yf,k";":ffi
T"qriilg;;i;;u""
pran can also be int.oor,i.a ali.irrion from the
Jirinei.rin-r-il, computer-based trainin e
*
::*r;,t:
i*"."iro,uri"""L!r9,b.rxur"ir-&ii;il,;f#fi"r"Hil? later.
drscussed
rs especially evident in
i
.i*pf".i*rf"ti"riil
respon ses, again st vario
u, por. iut" .oIrt.i*li
In well desiened trarline^Rroeram
an_v
-id;
the leaming objectives
,*If, ;:iH'.':",, 11":" ::-.:l:i'thltu."i" "tested " *rroughout
manasernent resct
rhe ?
H* J;;:" *f :,1?,.,H : * - 9t*;t"1.'allv ffi o, s wri tten i
I r p" ifli ;lJir ::'":Iil
utscrptnCres which are un*""tia {'uicuv to ou. 'co tr,"' in;.:#;f fj"8-TT
ln
require tt'it ait";pri""
eq ulPment' comDuter
"trui'ning "ral*h
i";L;;""'-'' au*r,l *p*irrty,-'*?'r?i'Lil,1li systems and,
prore..r.ii-ii.'iill'lll,,ffi -

Surnmary
The need for restoration training-cannot
compurei
mastery of the set of ;"1!1iltr;;:,iff"",1,
skiUs.and-Jil#ru;;ilir
course. The goals wili have be.en.partition& tle training
t:
training conducred must be po.tidl. be overstated. The smatler goals and sreos. and lnlo numu.. of
involvement in the developT."nt,gf "nl'"ti;rg; Dispaicher fo$["i-G;il#,iriff
developed so that each';nt"rmeaia-J " " have been
the. poLicy, fi.li enhance t.^#rs'Ii:J",i"e
only the document, but also the dispatchirs, not
;naeritanaing of it.
depend upon one which anpears
l"i.fir',i?,&.i?I. wiU nor
studenr anention ro and'retenri"".."i ;;;:;jeiive, eor Brearer
?1-g#$x,ffi $,+H?_f, $"
Iearned or knowledse sained..
seq uenr, and id ea[y,
uI t" ."ilI#i} o,. the skill
used in
i-mmed iatet] fi ;i;i:";".
su b

'8?I8Jfl
R. J. Ka{ka, Senior Member each resson and from lesson
potomac Electric
eo*"". Co*i"ny ," "*l:;'i.,};o:0.",i:":*:*through
Potomac Electric power Company (pEpCO), lltf-Tr,n"ffi ;a*'"",:l;,i,:."rs:"x,*:[:1".r,,*::
m ""1"*, -
operar i n g co mpan ies,
uii.r"" ir"..gr;,;;il ilr;,o like.many o*rer fff;Lffi':?:1j:?j,,",.y* "a"""J"'tJin" r.,.on. iiJ
retated to sysrem resroration in the r trr p.obtem s ,,,d ril ;r; ;; # ; i##':"'# ,"E[,
actlvrtres were [aken with respect.
f"iJ iS70* A "number of
to ,".aif,""tio* to the electric tne next lesson secrion or ilrlffi i: f
nextlessoni;-;,-igrii-;""nt
:f#ru;;
system to aid in svstem restoration, Eaci.student's advantage.
dere rmine how rhe jysrem. could
and;;il were made to ;;i;;;;
prosress^can b;
ls m lhe course. and the instructor if ,lil,*r, where he
f" ,.rtor.a i;ji;Ag a subsrantial of the objectives wil ha"e bein arp..ii.o. "an be assured
or complete shutdown. m"." **ri,i.."*.-*Il[l.r"l, oa
atso necessary to rransfer rL" bur ir ,*,as ::X,j:J- rnI.-,L.#.", the end of the
and many of the training meilrods-
k";;il;;i"iilT."* opcrators.
paper were used. one o-f rh
a".r";i"i-#Lis short note The information resarding the
merhod, ;+l;; w8s compuler_ curent position of *re student in
based training, but verv few relevant the course is easilv JUtainea.
cou...i*.[ fnund. Finallv.
PEPCo derermhed thlt it would una",iiitii"'j"r"topr*t
from rhe ctmfui"r-if rhe program
specific course ro teach the t"y grla"rin"i;;;;;*, of *:]|:: operating sysrem has il; ilffi; to collect rhis
during lhe planning studies. uncovered" .ffi
.{:illiii;*qililrr:n"T,Tl,;:"il:,"37"ffif
the studnt "patfr', to th"at point
can be documentj.Uy maintainine
#*"[:
Computer-based training.is a self{earning a record of rhe number .i.n"*fi
student interEcts with a snecial method where the or by maintaining ouiz ,"q=rirJ'io'.?*pt.t. a lessoi
o f' p rinted o r recorded
comput"rprog-o;
.rr!i;i.;F,fi ;ther than a set d.ilf ;;;;l;."1;;r";;,
-o; alr be done
;111;"r..
methods are similar to the programm.a ;,.x*put..+u..r automarically so ih^i it ".
generally know w.hen records
is.not
inrrusive. ;;r..., srudents
rn the re50s and '60s. but'wifi f.r*inirysiems aeveloped progress. There are ciifferingai" u"ri'*"i"t"irij"regaroing trr"ir
th-ose salty programmed
f;;;;;'il;;;""idiii. p-ur"*. or phil";";hi;';;n.l.,ng the effects
or.such knowledge on rhe s-tuidenrr,
ot thrs rraining merhod has maEe.ou...;.'j;;;i, ;:rpurerization
t"rr,.,ing
Irarnmg program. The advantage, ;;6;;;;,ii
prograrir.t
wnrte providin g add irionar. cap"uiril.."'""J' ijlirg practical " ,.lf-pr""a
student identities are conceat*,?.: of .oifirtingih". ar*, even if
program looping and rltr?.. A utomatic
controi rrp.ri"r'Jirffi'lio .irrl"tion the effectiveness and progres. q;t,;.;;#;, ;;en
*, evaruating
tfr",t.iri";.'"'
"f
 *echnical experts was formed to develop the
training, computer and
Simulatbus tt *"t cons iderable' the-end
;"-;;' lvt-ii" ttte ae""toptn"nt "ifowhich
is the ability
A sienific8nt advantagc of computcr-based training Animated ;;ii*";; Gn-to.on'*urse still meets PEPCo'e
," ?r""'r"raJ'fit""ti"" "? t-it""r"ii"* it the lesson-s'
*rr'i***t for the computer+ased portion of the systc.m
--e.".;"e
Irifri,i"* *ifr- a'.p.ra ufin tt'" graphics display. characteristics IffiHil;'Lir-i"g. so many Laric conccpts-must be
of the computcr syttem' fraining which.uses tie -course has also becn
"lJ ",o*f,uttir+ased
u.i* t" t".tti"t oi*tnputer systems on which the
-n"iott
;;;iG; for sy-stern restoration,
to the concepts of
;t
",;[,ililIl
program of quasi-standsrd
tiic advint ffi;ili"I tt-t"tr#r"itg "t*l-*a*'t" engineers
training "p.ot"' electric systqns.
*rrori"f*iputtt"""ayrtixnr,this rcstriction could be thc dominattng
;a;;
ffi;:-'-F;-i pu.poto orIBM discuraion we arc csrentially
Thc courge covcrr many asPcts conccrning .H:i:'**
personal computcr:'
i?Iilrit iGl Japiuiutia compatible
bed;. voltage control and systcrn rc'energrzac
ilil&" ;f ir,'-s.'Pt'i"t--"nf i"rct""tit'e &pabilities of the
Intcractivcsimulr,tionsarconeofthcbc'st.waystoillustratc
;Y;; ;toration is f'lled with aYlP" trar*g,t t ;, and enjoys
'fi;^aGer.;;.
comDuter+a8cd
a high ratc of oPrator
othcr training'1*"9:
d;;i;;;;;;;d ffi tti'-iiJ wittr tiri
;";;;;'i""ft;; mqrln"v rclrponsc to load pickup *d +1 Oi computcr$iscd systetn.n*toration training
lE 8n
$ffiil";;;ti.d;ni. 'si#ing riblc to visualiz:c thc process that "",rfor"a"
irdCril Psrt of PEPCO's operator trarnmS'

I;'f,ffr 5'n:TH*i'x*fi'm:ffi,:l:iTtr#
actions' Learning is CAPABILIfiES OF AN qLqTATOR TRAIMNG
desisned to includc "o"tt"l
"p"ratoi
ui-iilnut"tiont which allow the student to
"'r?,i?i'tr",ri;ffioa rrorks and what docs rosllPFoR.rt-tffi*t#tNTRAINTNG
l#ii#',1 iit*"ltlni'ir,rc-"ri"ns, what
;tfiil-'st il[ii;-.,;;i ;;"rariv bc simplifrcd or otherwise
pmffi size aira compltation timc' when I.G. Waight, Member E' J' Dobrowolski' Mernber
;;ihA; ,rd;cei"ttretfi-pti! K. Nodehi, Membcr Philadclphia Electric Co'
iiTffi.i*i"tfi
r*t'iurt the simulation-dynamics' there -are
e*!-. SYstems International
;,fit 6 ;,i;a;d time and computational burden'
il; t*httqI" it t" G simulations in
P.;i"*' solutions in a which can be
mathemati6al.
As dascribed elsewhere in this paper'.there exists the
need for
*tt"t op"'t"t^ott to restore the bulk power
advancc End to store -,tt*Ji"tt {Ilrc ,r"fri";;il;*"i-l tyti";-*'[^ot"' in most utilities'
Since
#tr#,i".t':grui*nt-#rulhft system following
".
ffiffrt such as tt'o'" 1i"'Jr"Ia"*iti'
"'*f-:'JfJffiubdonsn**o't extension' Since all #:**k*hti+j+.:u.s*,"r-r:+q"i"iffi
ffithitc,"iJJ;"i:fi;;'
arc donc in iar..L, *reful planning. is.required,.
and ;;;;-;d. blackout, t"qui* system control operslors to ce,nter
svstem a3 quicklv and as safelv
simulations
mdst be
-limitcd to those i'.Tdi:;-;6; th;'b,ui po*"i ;-;'i
ii,ii".i-ir,t"-"titt *nttoi "tttiicc's II ffi:fii'.*w!t[ ih;; "'il
]""'t" to'"pp'6oriate training
oferator Toalq
includcd in the simulation' to ensure pnolrcrency ;'-;#;d;t' "l' program m
liev psrt of a successful training
Sir"ri","t fcifs) is a of system oPerators
Dbadvartages ;h'il;. b-af-n'vli ot's'permits the kaining
Aswasstatcdcarlier,therearesomeconditionswhichaPPlyi{ ;til";;.id;g'.i.t toofhi'rman life, damage !o P9'":t :y-tg
t."ilit b to be asractive'. The required due to tranee
*f;il;+i; to the student population' It mu* be A;i;rlni,;'* *:,. non-economic opetation
equipment must be j,Y;rs,tltTil;:*rrtl""g
""u,i?tti
availBblc on ,o*" ,*"JntUitt"t'"aut" ot in^
il1ffi:-d;ilGa t*i"itg
reasonable quantities'
prosram must be available'
ffi Y#;t$i'gr.l,tt
;i:#,i;-;il-tilt i" ioi,i"g op"oiions problems' and compress
"d;:;;;ffi;ffit';A;l;i;; ili' job raining"o-into
much
[nthediscussionofsimulations,the.equipmentwaslimitedto :i".#';ffi-;ili;.' 'Thi' nolt PSPtr describes the
expected to be
s.inte that is 'hott OTS which are essential to
IBM compatibf" p..tonJ-"otfuten, of a systcm *rri*f center
caoabilities
fi;';;i.;ffiii"'r;il.bFJ of campatible equiprnent' There mav
tr'p,p"ttitg training in system restoration'
6J fr;A;; t qtir.rnent"-;;;ing iisplsv cipiultties'
execution
specd, math
If
Sitt'storage'. the requircd An OTS is made up of three major -comPPnents:
a Power
couioment i" not"*p-"ot-oti-oi
arr..Jf"""it"ut to the. students, theremav may.be
s"rl*-r.aoaa ipsr'al, i clnttl Cen"ter tvtodil (ccM)' and an
3;5Hitfi;i;;p."#"; d"t", in obtaining it'
rhis also
s;d;t#; iesl' 1t'"
;iilil;;t previously architecture and terminologv
ffii;;-;;;;io? ttua"ttt *t'l
can be.accommodated' There
have been described rn reler'encc [rI'
mav be schcdule *nnilit'Io'*t"it"
-u" if the required quantity of
lf,ir.rii"ri i""iJ, "ut"i".a. whatever thesomi required equipment
Power Svstem Modelr and AlSorithms
t"^S'i';,ilffi1; ffiii;;-p"tibl;- Pc or. other specific '"i# p',i'i,l' srttt* rt,l"J"t ptitiat" the simulation of the power
configuration, it must be available for tratntng'
,r.i:;:"+;;".'p;ii;i; iii tt'i' inodel are derived from its
()f prcater concrn than the availability of the proper comPuEr
tI; ;;;ii"ditlit f th" p."p"i.tra inin g
o
rses' Th e re lirs,*:'ffi'lt;:l*l*:m'.#rTffi
iil;;; -it'it-*tcenter by
.**tli in tt'" *nt"ot means
T'xi'Jli';
of a real time
"qil;."Ii;
arc many courses *"t*! g"nt"it oi eltmentary subjects'-and
-cou
SCADA or EMS,yrt il nt thit models are required
some of these t." for operator training' but very iiule itl" dynamic behavior of the bulk power system
;;;-"iilr" .;irt""'uv"pp-ptiiti
iot svstem iesloration' The development ilffi ; ]t data
l-f e soccific i:ourse could be very expensive and tme.consumrng'
;;;;ti the"ri"t"system ofiotot through a system which
ro
scsns
models should
ft;;'.;;f;G;of effort is one hundred hours of derelopment typiliii'.;;ty'2, ro,'-"nJ- soJonds'- -The
to that of the data gathered by
titn", and.the individuals involved simulate d&ta wrm
,#;-lil;;il"tort or "outti - "."uo"i1ititar of
,h;-;;;;;"tation and- tllemerry req-uired-o f-SCADA
modern systems
;;il; Gr,ni*l manei cxpcrts,- training professionals
-It would alsoand it'i' these models are
be UpilUU';;J ; % i.
;;rrd;;;e developmeni proiessionalJ'
the electrical quantrtres t*t'
"'qi''t
tt'tV, tUVanS' .MVA' amps' and
;;;;b1.," "*p""t tha't some typc of program shell or course "t control center'
ai"ioi tLtr*s'seen by th" tytt"tn opcrator in.the behave as the
controller would-need to be obtained' ;i"dJiil;A"u?..-,hal'*," t'ia"rt of'the simuiator
i*i*i,.ia ilould in response to the actions of system operators.
A-o ExemPle
'*A"';t"t PErcO
'e?.i't"u]" J;;; "if';;uivis possiblc todav' iepcnding on the
: *rter, duc to the lack of available material'
restoration
model parameters'
and iccuracy of data for
u"altt"ol tft. devciopmcnt of a computer-based system
a vendor on a "".if"Uitity
*rat". The courge was dcveloped through. network:
An OTS then, has models of the bulk power system
shunt rcactors'
"J:"ffi t*n.,ni,,ion lines, transformers, phase shiftcrs,
L"',,[h?ffi rillxm,"h"t":'#"ut-r'r'fr i
F8fiilil;;j'-r*iti"e ouJ"tti'"' were dehned' and a team of
fi
ilunt ;il"it".t, g"n"o6g
'nitt '
t'oaos
'
etc' Dynamic models are

53
 .r3rT.d for generating prime movers, loads,
transtormers, and external.units,
.ornp"ny acc-""r't .ri.*
relavs. restoration have been summarized.
pool controllers. It is importart ttui tf,i-*"al'f"Tr;;icHd;ffi
"ria ""i,i.i
x*rlm ..i*fh#
-*:jl:',,T1'ji, Rcferences

&ff
restoration.
rc 1. J. Waight, ct al, Tranrportablc Opcrator
Training simutaror,-"An_r{dvanccd
IEEE PICA;Briiilofi, rcar
Sincc systern *toTgll t .,joing ,"qyiru
power Eystcm ooerating proccdurE
must allow an c:xact rcpicscntation .i
traininS in spccific
th" urir;titiy,.d5;T;
2 F.;3:[t,1i!"Jf"y::f"'"?i3#TH;Hiffi"i,llH:
"t td; ;;;l ujility,s systcm.
The oTS must altow tti. ,"p-rG;Ld;n-Jrl'i'r"r"r*t
equipmcntwith cxactlv the fr";;;il;irusea typcs of LESSONS FROM OTHER INDUSTRIES
in rhe utility.
Couhol Center Modd R. Hoffman, Mcmbcr
Procedure bascd trainjng such as systern
restoration rcquirec that CAE Electronics, Ltd.
the representation
ors 6; ;';;; of tl
;ilL TiE,.iI1ffi
the displays, kevboaird, strip.cha-rrs,
,#ll;i;..iifffiI"t: ,h.ffii#bs,yTff H'}j,ffitilHff
etc. should be the same. in'the
OTS should allow rtre.
OfS
uuuoir,
anJG;;L"
;i;
bells, whistles,
system. The
must be prepared co c,r
targe number of occunations ffre foUowini
I a summarv of
ffiitffiHHq
simultaneously, as is requircd$.rnu,rt
i""m of operators information. el?led
grririg,i;t"_ rffiiratron. Multiole
';;;t t1: !1. " series of infodJi;i;il;'i.f;
people involved in training
trarnee consoles are thui reqgrea, ;d.tr.
q"ir,g ;ffi pifoL, nu"JJi phri'ilil;:
yi.ry_:f thc,training exercise. as would Ue ieen at rhat console y_lTffi" conrrollers, c6mmunicition'.;;lh;
"irtin" controllcrs and
dunng actual system re,storation. Togethei*th arport security pcrsonncl.
CCM allows thd trainec opcrator !o .*.iut" tilpsil;;
ri,..'irps of the power Airline Pihh
system re.storation olans and to see the
*.rit f,i;
time. exactly as if cirnducting ar actual
*;;#;."f ";il;; #;i
a critical advanrage of usin! ttrc ois iliHi."*ri."This is seen as
The training . of airline pilots is tightly regulatcd by
training.
.&:#.{i?3,#".Trff :'ff *Tii3,[ru:uh;_i;J.lg;*
srnulators thcmselves must be certified by
System Restoration is a communications
intensive process. The th; *grhLt;;;;;.
system control center operator i" in consta"i
numerous orher utilitv operators outsiOe "oilmunication
with A commercial airline pilot typically spcnds four sqssions
UrJ control ."rfi;;"i,
;; oer
'i*t"tir.' i*i
the operators of oorier'plant", ,r""iJ ,,luiiii"ns, field crews, vear of four hours each in a. fligii iriil'" *i"rifil
and rhe operarors .f
oTS should also have ""ietbo-.ini--uiifiio.""ffi means that the
are considered as training,
l:; grr;;"-f t*,1'L}."d;ti.r-,
two are true examinationJ which he must p.;.
in;;",
tt
ii.uitity-'r..'tiiirg ,til-op.oro. in to keeD ",iJ
his
training cu..i"uia t,,i".td; ilri'ti;i i"##
c.om_municationg. a tygilt
system restoration training,-is-"pp-o"t
t-li";ft rhi, ;;;-;;such 113y._.T"
course ol a year he is exposed to a br6ad t':
io provide'th,irit*"to, with thc - range of
ability to ptay.the role if tilrJ p;;i";;iy-rientioned
utirit"
d.g frn
t'
situation, ih"
by tire regurat o t';t;;t F;;;;i'l?-fi , "..ffi";"I
personnel outside the contror
instmctor in the.se scenanos i.-o.. i1L,o#r"lii-liliila li5# actions which "r"*-h".
memorized a sequence of inffi
thev musr .*..ut".i*."ai"t"tiii."rn"*o.y.
:il[t:"ffI
".ry
i;;g;;ij"frpi"uy requires
two or more instructors to conauctLffeciiv. going through thi initial memorized pro*i';;d; After
t*#i"g. to a manual for additional steps to --- "..* can refer
ftrform.--'
Ed:cational Subsystem Capabilities
The Educational Subsystem capabilities normaUy As part of the checkout procedure at the airport
provided with for each flight,
an OTS. are important for trainihg-operators
to-tnar"i.y.il, I.,:IiTgl"^1 nilnt crew
9:l procedurcs-
or pnncrpal emergency t" mu'i;;i"; il;
seps of a ser
restorarion. Time based pre_scheiufed ;";;b;r. (e.g., loss of an engine Aurin;
way to steer the svsrem toward a coUapsea i.6.t"ni runway acceleration before-and after Eritical
"n ori..GG.-
oi Utt"a rapid decompression above IO,0OO f"el;liiira",""l."ity-i. .r.irti
other events or maltunction;;i th;;;;irt#"quiprn"nt
*"y emergency evacuation of the aircraft, erc.)
*iia descent and
occur during the restoration in s.r.rdt *"y.. 'n
may occur during the course of ti," ."riootion
e_."t U;il;;tl
accoraing to O" Nuclear Plant Operators
by rhe instruoor. Additio;;i *inti'ru"r, as
Illi,s--r_1rp
oreaxer ope{rtr-rgg may be introduced into the circuir nuclear generating station after every six weeks
!{p_i."I of
ot relay models in the oower system simulatitr.scenario
-a " ,"ruii -^Ar^1 shrft
norrnar work, the ooerator spends one fuIl *"it in
is over/under freoueniv
",
g".a.**pf" p,!eram. During this week, abo1ri25 ;;'r8 h;;;"r. " t*i"ir!
spent in a
classroom situation and 12 to 14 hours on
9,;dd;;:,1#i;i:LfiIlu"!li:1J:?'*llffi,H,"s"ii
frequency
during the course of a year, the ope*t ,Ii""al "-.i*rf"t".. Thus
film 80 to 100
T._ytP. There is also Bging out i", certain time
duratrons. "i.ll;;;;;;;
a requiremenr
ion for tt-" *p"Uifity i"itii"
-iri;^a]i.ir?,rr,e
hours on the simulator.'
instrucror to introduce erents the resroration There is an annual evaluation of operators for licensing
scenario. purposes
by. theNRC but.generally tt" toiri." i, ,nu-*u-.!1t when
oemg revrewed srnce the training philosophy is. to he is
should also have rhe capabitity consider everT
I[I*":,j:1'al_s-lb_:l:"*
a recoro oI all mstructor and trainee actions, and to
to kecp simulator session as if it was ftir pr""t'.iiuuii"i.-
record kev "
information about the state of jrr" pii".ii'rlJ;#
scenario. Such information is important in the post ilil;
Ta . There .a.e. l*9 separate external organizations which are
debriefrng and evaluation of ttre tra-in'ee. session mvorveo m detmrns and evaluating_the training programs. The
-Nr'"r*i 'ir;;"F
!1dus.t5r. funded listitute "dpeotion, h".
Various scenarios mav be-eslablished to conduct id_entified
"r thaineej
some 7oo specit;c tasks ;;; p.r'f";ilyil;
restoration oprator and has catesorized them as being eithli kno*fed!"
References t1i an_d. t2l pro"ij.,.r-"*i"*-"Lpb or
II1TF-
ot system restoration exercises which can U" r."n".io. skill related. A set ofiraining scenarios on the simulator
has been
-''-
OTS having the capabilities aeseriUJa-bor;. "onJuitea with an defined such rhar during th-e
trainee is
reqi,ired to exercise all o"f the OennJ,Uffi "";;; "i-';';;;;;"
,'t1n'ri"n.".
Summary and Conclusions
April 1991 issue of Nuclear News has an interesting series
. In. summary, an OTS may be used.as an important part of a
training progrym for system.operators in of-The
articles on some current irrue* in ,r"f*it."irl"g.
system
capabitities of an ofS wtrii,tr are- pl;iff;ii restoration. The
ir"p"rtant for

54
Air Traffrc Controllerc
It is very difhcult to bccomc an Air Traffic Controller. For
cxample, in 1989 approximately 25,0O0 individuals applicd to
cntcr thc Canadian Govcrnment training program; 400 wcrc
accc,ptcd and only 115 succa:sfully oompleted thc program.
The formal training pmgram at thc National Training Ccnter
involver approximatoly 7O &ys of classroom training and 35 days
of simulator{asod training. Simulatorr arc ugod primarily for
basic proccdure training while tnining for ernergenciec is
primarily from printcd materials. Aftcr completing the program
at thc National Training Center, thc individual is assigned to a
specific site whcre hc undergoes additional training spccilic to the
sitc. Thc major portion of this training is on+hc-job.
Approximately one year is required to bccomc fully qualifrcd.
Oncc the program has been completEd, there is typically one
weck per ycar of refrcsher training consisting primarily of lecturc.3
and group discussion of topics of general interest.
Communkxtirn Satellite Operators
The chief rcsponsibility ofthe satcllite controller is to maintrin
the correct satellitc position and orientation. Disturbances arise
from the unpredictable solar activity which produces random
radiation prassurc and can cause electric charge build up and
discharges which can put the satellile into unknown state.s. The
worst situation is an uncontrolled satellite "spin-up". The
operations manager of a company which has been operating
communication satellites for 19 years described how they have
developed very specific operating procedures for recovering from
ttresc are based on a very cxtensive analysis of possible
L.,;r.*lPt
New operabors, typically ex-mi.litary technicians accustomed to
following procedures to the letter, go through a six month training
program consisting of private study (60%), classroom timc (30%),
and simulator$ased training (10%). With esch new satellite the
associated training simulator tends to become more sophisticated
and, therefore, its usefulness in training is enhanced. The formal
training is followed by an additional six months of supewised on-
the-job training before an operator is qualified to work entirely on
his own.
Ope.rators arc encouraged to occasionally re-read the procedures
manual on their own and once or twice a year they have ad-hoc
group refresher training sessions.
Airport Security Personnel
Airport operations personnel must always be prepared to deal
with emergencias ranging from bomb threats and fuel spills to
major airplane crashes. The training supervisor at a major
Canadian airport stated that the role of his department was to
provide as much information as possible on the potential
consequences of an emergency and to keep in constant touch with
operations people just to remind them that emergencies could
happen at any time. Inlormation and training were stated as being
the key components of cmergency preparedness.
Underlying all the training programs is a very careful analysis
of rcquired procedures and defining the role of all the involved
agencies. In addition to preparing and updatiog emergency
procedures manuals, typical training methods include roundtable
exereises where a group of people work through an emergency,
discussing what each of the various parties would do. Every six
months they organize a major simulated emergency to the extent
acceptable by the public using the airpo*.
Training Pushed By Safety Issues
In each of these cases, the importance of careful analysis and
development of detailed plans to deal with potential emergencies
was highlighted. The emphasis on continued readiness training
seemed to vary eonsiderably, however, being the greatest for
aircraft pilots and nuclear plant operators, In both of these
applications, the underlying driver is public rafety, as opposed to
economics or effrciency. Because of the involvement of the
regulatory and licensing agencies, the technical sophistication and
degrec of derail in the simulators far exceeds those used in other
industries, including dispatch tr&ining simulators for power system
operatorg
Biographies
Maurccn E. Coopcr is Manager, Training and Administration for
the Potomac Electric Power Company's System Operationa Group.
She is Chairman of the Working Group on Operasor Training.
Mike Adibi is a consultant with IRD Corp., engaged in power
systm computcr applicetions. He is the author of over thirty
IEEE papers, a member of Power System Engincering CommiEee,
Chairman of PowerSystcm Restoration Workhg Group" Chartered
Electrical Enginecr, UK, and a PE in the State of Maryland.
Lestcr H. Fink is an Executive Consultant with ECC, Inc., He
has nearly forty (40) years experiencc in electric utility systems
engineering and research and is well known for his extensive work
and technical publications in the areas of automatic generation
control, voltage phenomena and dynamic security sssessment.
Ronald G. Wa.ley is a Senior Consulting Engineer with Macro
Corporation. He has worked on many EMS projects; his interests
lie in power systems analysis, network applications, and operator
training simulators.
Rick Gonzales is an Operations Engineer with the New York
Power Pool, with responsibilities in the areas of short-term
transmission planning, on-line system security and system
rcstoration plan development.
Arthur B. Storey is the Dispatching Supervisor of the New York
Power Pool. His 22 years of utility experience have involved
operations engineering, dispatcher training and system operations
responsibilities.
Fred J. Wood is Supervisor of Operations for the PJM
Interconnection Ofhce. Employed by Philadelphia Electric Co.
sinc.e 1952, he has been active in Power Pool Operations since
1969.
Richard J. Kafta is Manager, Power Pooling Economics for
Potomac Electric Power Company. He has developed system
rcstoration plans for the company and has served as a training
subject matter expert for system restoration.
E. J. Dobrowolski is the Philadelphia Electric Company Project
Manager for the EPRI OTS project.
K. Nodehi is the
softr,vare lead for the OperatorTraining Simulator
at Empros Systems International.
J. G. Waight is the Manager of Advanced Applications/Research
at Empros Systems International. He is the Empros Project
Manager for the EPRI OTS project.
Roy Hoffman holds B.A. Sc, M.A. Sc. & PhD degrees from the
Universities of Waterloo, Toronto and Saskatchewan. He has
worked for CAE Electronics Ltd since 1982 and currently holds
the position of Manager Control Systems R&D.

STEAM PLANT STARTUP AND CONTROL
IN SYSTEM RESTOHATION
F. P. de Mello, Fellow IEEE
Power Technologies, lnc.
Schenectady, NY
ABSTRACT
The IEEE Working Group on Power System Restoration developed
a panel session for the Summer Power Meeting on July 14, 1992 on
Special Considerations in Power System Restoration. One of the
contributions to this session is presented in this paper dealing with
aspects of steam plant startup and control in scenarios of system
restoration.
The topics addressed inctude the complexity of a steam plant, the
contrast between normal plant startups and shutdowns and those
following major system blackouts including the effects of plant design,
automatic controls, bypass valving and operator training.
KEYWORDS
System restoration, steam ptant startups and shutdowns, steam plant
design, plant controls.
INTRODUCTION
The complexity of system restoration has been well described in other
contributions (1 ,2,3,4) with reference to the electrical plant
particular note is the realization that the state of equipment, whether
or not ready for restoration, can be affected by the events that led to
the system shutdown. These events often admit a large number ol
combinations and permutations, not all of which have been factored
into system design. Equipment failure can be one of the byproducts
of a major system shutdown and the result is in extending restoration
time periods.
Steam power plants, fossil and nuclear fueled, are a combination o{
complex thermomechanical equipment as illustrated in Figure I
showing the elements in a typical coalJired plant Operators are
concemed with the state of hundreds of variables (pressures,
temperatures and flows oi vlater and steam, flue gas temperature and
excess oxygen, hydrogen pressure, bearing temperature, vibration,
valve positions, etc.) Among these only one and not necessarily the
most important variable is the MW output oi the genei'ator. The
condition of this maze of equipment can be affected significantly by
the manner in which events leading to shutdown occurred.
Thermomechanical systems have relatively slow dynamic response
relative to electrical phenomena. For this reason, past practice has
been to allow operators to manually transfer various plant control
systems from automatic to manual conirol. Traditional control design
allows some sub-systems to be manually controlled while others are
being automatically conirolled, The action of control transfer, either
automatic to manual or manual to automatic, alone has caused
manyunit tnps with resulting equipment damage, Equipment damage
due to operator errors is likely considenng that the events in question
are very rare and in all likelihood operators have not been trained to
93 kt'i 201-4 PIdT.S A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Power System Engineering Comittee of
che IEEE Pover Engineering Society for presentaElon
at the IEEE/PES 1993 llinter Meeting, Colmbus, OH,
January 31 - February 5, 1993. Hanuscript submitted
August ?l, 1992; made available for printing
November 4, L992.
paper 93 WM 201-4 PWRS, presented at
IEEE 1993 WPM Columbus OH Jan 31-
Feb 5, 1993
93 WM 201-4 PWRS
J. C. Westcott, Fellow ASME
cope with them. ln addition, the robustness of the equipment
precludes the occunence of failure during rapid transients but the
rapid transients can cause significant reduction of equipment life
expectancy which cannot be overcome by preventative maintenance
programs.
Aspects of plant startup and control that can play an important role in
system restoration are discussed in this paper.
Normal Plant gtaduls_sndlghuElewns
Fossil and nuclear fueled steam plants, traditionally, have been
classified as base load, cycling or peaking depending on the portion
of the load duration curve that they supply. Evidently those plants
with the most economic generation capability will be used to supply
the base load. Units with a combination of relatively high efficiency
and lower fuel costs will be base loaded. These tend to be ihe larger
high pressure and temperature units with con'espondingly high cycle
efflciencies. The maneuverability of such units is restricted due to
temperature gradient limitations affecting stress of thick high pressure
and temperature metal parts. This lack of flexibility in load cycling
duty is offset by the fact that they normally operate at base load vrith
a srnall number of startups and shutdowns per year.
Of'
The ability of units to load follow during periods of low power
requirements is an important aspect particularly in islanded operating
conditions. Units with rated steam conditions in the supercntical
oF, are the most
region, greater than about 32OB psia and 705.5
difficult to operate al low loads and, because of the minimum flow
requirements, many units cannot be operated at lower than forty
percent of capability. Some supercritical units have been retrofitted
to allow ihem to operate at outputs as low as fifteen to twenty percent
and at reduced Pressures.
Those units which are used for most of the peaking, cyclic and tlvo-
shift-operation duty are generally older and have lower initial pressure
and tempeiature conditions, These can experience startups and
shutdowns as often asonce a day oronce a rveek. Units as large as
600 mw have been built specifically ior two-shift operation.
Figure 2 is a time chart (Ref. 1) showing the startup of a unit after a
shutdown for about seven hours. Time irom fuel ignition until
synchronization is about 85 minutes, 20 percent load is achieved in
another 15 minutes and 65 percent load in another40 minutes This
unit was designed for two-shift operation. lt is natural gas fired which
helps in attaining this type of startup. A load restoration after a unit
trip could be accomplished is less time.
An industry probiem has been the fact that changes in costs betvreen
fuel types as vrell as improvements in cycle and equipment
efficiencies have, with the passing oi time, forced older base loaded
units to operate in increasingly cyclic duty. Recognitron of his
phenomenon should lead to increasing automation and sophistication
through revamping of old startup and shutdorvn controls. Sometimes
insufficient attentjon has been-given to this need. An appreciaton of
the complexity of plant startups can be obtained f rom reference (2) by
the IEEE Steam Station Protection Working Group.
Regardless of how well procedures, manual or automatic, are
established tor normal startups and shutdowns it should be
emphasized that a normat shutdown is quite ditferent {rom an
unanticipated abrupt shutdown,
57
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32 32
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2O% Load
Synchronization
Turbine Roll
Main Steam Opcn
lgnition

Figure 2. Stafiup After A Seven Hour Shutdown

A normal shutdown is accomplished at an appropriate controlled rate
and, when the unit is finally disconnected lrom the system, it is done
by tripping the furbine with the generator breaker opening after the
electrical power has been reduced to zero. There are no steam
generator safety valve operations, the fuel combustion in the fumace
has been reduced at a safe and desirable rate, and the whole process
is slow enough to be handled manually. ln a multi-unit control room
plant, the normal shutdown procedure is usually handled one unit at
a time.
Other aspects ol normal shutdowns involve the proper planning of he
turbine cooldown and steam generator bottling process depending on
the anticipated time beiore a subsequent st"rtuP
This procedure must be as concemed about rate of change of
temperature as during startup. A turbine tripped from full load will not
experience any significant rate of change in temperature. A steam
generator will experience large temPerature and pressure translents
during a full load trip and can possibly implode the fumace walls if he
combustion is terminated too rapidly.
The procedure of reducing the number of fans, teedwater pumps and
other auxiliaries can all be handled manually in a normal shutdown.
The duration of a normal startup can vary from a couple to hours to
a day depending on whether it is a cold, warm, or hot start, type of
fuel, and depending on the steam supply design, with the once-
through design presenting a more difficult process using a complex
startup steam generator bypass system which is gradually phased out
around 3o"/. load. The following table lists the average startup times
afterdifferent shut down time periods. These may vary depending on
unit conditions and a considered iudgement on life expendifure of unit
components.

s9
 Time To Roll
Startup Worst Case
From Steam Turirine Roll
Classification Loading Rate Turbine Roll
Generator To Synchronization
Lightoif To Full Load

Hot Start 5 Percent per

30 Minutes 10 Minutes 30 Minutes
8 Hr. Shutdown Minute

Wann Start
8 to 60 Hour 3 Percent per
1 to 2 Hours 30 to 40 Minutes 1% Hours
Shutdown (Weekend) Minute

<3 Percent per

Cold Start May Require Heat Soak
Up To 24 Hours Minute Depends on
Holds ol up to
Greater Than Depends on Water temperature rate of
6O Hours
2 Hours. I Hour for
Chemistry change. 1 Hour Heat
Acceleration 5 Hours
Soak at 2 Percent Load

The points of these comments on normal startups and shutdowns oj
steam plants are that:
1. Depending on the design of the plant and controls,
the startup and shutdown process can be
complicated and lengthy. Contrast this with the
push button start, or stop, of a gas turbine or hydro
unit.
2. Whether a startup can be considered normal may
depend on whether the shutdown preceding it was
normal.
3. During a normal shutdown, startup or indeed under
normal operation, the power output of the unit,
lvhatever it may be due to plant conditions, can be
absorbed by the system which is usually very iarge
relative to the size of the unit. This, in essence.
has removed one variable to be controlled when
other more important variables (from the
perspective oi the plant) take precedence.
The variations of the type of unanticipated shutdowns are numerous.
The simplest case is where a complete load rejection occurs. A more
difficult case is where the plant is islanded with the plant capacity
being a significant fraction of the island's load. Under this condition
the goveming performance ol the units, which is hardly ever exercised
under normai operation, can present problems particularly in cases
where steam generator-turbine coordinated control schemes inhibit
the usual govemor fast response of turbine vaives. The plant
operators are faced with a condition where the isolated system
frequency determines the unit's or plant's MW output. Manual
supplementary control of MW output becomes baffling as such control
action on a particular unit is negated by system frequency effects
acting on the govemors of that unit and other parallel units.
Effects of Plant Desiqn
The ability of a steam plant to survive an unanticipated shutdown is
very ituch a function of the plant's design and operator training.
Dominant factors are:

fuel type
Sh utdowns and $!er!qps Followi ngrMqipI Svstem I lackouts steam conditions and steam generator type

Unit and plant shutdowns occurring during the unravelling of a major
system blackout are almost always initiated by the breakup of the
electrical grid through circuit breakeroperations. When such breaker
operations result in complete isolation of the piant or unit. ihis creates
a condition known as a load re.lection. ln many cases, a units control
capability will not be sufficient to keep the unit from tnpping.
A complete load rejection such as a generator trip would be foltowed
by a turbine and steam generator trip within a matter of seconds as
the turbine speed controls react to turbine overspeec. Such
shutdown is markedly difierent from the normal shutdor.vn over many
minutes previously discussed. The abrupt transition from loaded to
unioaded conditions can be traumatic, particular.ly when several units
experience rejection almost simultaneously.
steam bypass valving and ability to trip to house
load
automatic controls for steam generator, turbine and
auxiliaries
Many utilities have upgraded control systems, auxiliaries, and, in
some cases, rnajor component modifications to enable units to
withstand a generator breaker trip without tripping the turbine or
a steam generator.
Fuel Type

The scenario in the control room changes abruptly from one of sleep
inducrng tranquility to a blast of Ioud bells and whistles, blir:king alarm
lights, perhaps a throwoverto auxiliary lighting, safety valve operaiion
and, much toc cften, a throwover of many irnpodant controt !unctions
(drum level for instance) to manual. The integrity of the auxiriary
power supply system is often breached as the normal suppiv from rhe
network fails and throwover schemes malfunction. Those ihat nave
witnessed an unanticipated plant shutdown cannot lail to nold in arve
the burdens and stress imposed on operators and to rnan,el at how
adrenalin keeps them functioning.
There is a marked difference in the abilrty to control heat release in
the furnace of a coal-f ired unit compared to a gas or oilJired unit. ln
the former case, response characteristics of pulverizers can exhibit
dead times of up to a minute or more whereas a gas or oil-fired unit
has a very predictable short (few seconds) response of the fuel valve.
lnherently oil or gas fired units are able to match heat release to
steam flow demand transients much better than is possible with coal-
fired units. On the other hand this fast response characteristic and
low residence time of gas or oil presents other problems such as the
possibility of fumace implosions on fuel tnps or lumace explosions if

6{}

HP
Superhea ters Turbine
ar\
(< Qs
Furnace
]rurn"."
llal I s rcui t Economi zer
-Ci
-(J,1
Qe Boi'ler Feed Pump
Downcomer
Rec. Pump (some desiqns)
Drum TYPe
Figure 3.
the air supply is not properly coordinated with the fuel flow. A full
load trip of a gas or oil fired unit causing a fuel trip is much less
traumatic than a similar event on a coal fired unit where tuel shut ofl
results in shutdown of pulverizers loaded with coal.
Steam Conditions and Steam Generator Tvpe
There was a period in the So's and early 60's when the desire for
greater efficiency and economies of scale led to higher and higher
steam pressures and temperatures. A significant factor was the
introduction of the once-through steam generator design both
subcritical and supercritical.
Figure 3 shows schematics of the two basic types of steam
generators fluid circuitry on the left is that of the so+alled
conventional drum-type unit. ln this system the pressure level is
always below ffre critical point of steam, 3208.2 psia' The most
common maximum is 24oo psig.
Since steam generation occurs in the waterwall sections, the
recirculation flow rate around the fumace circuit is five to ten times
that of the generated steam flow. Depending on ttre load the unit is
carrying, the waterwall exit flow, lor sub-critical designs, is a low
quality mixture of steam and water and the lumace circuit remains
essentially in a saturated condition at the existing drum pressure.
The steam is supefieated to rated steam temperature conditions in
the superheating sections and passes on into the high pressure
turbine.
The fluid circuitry on the right of Figure 3 is that of the once-through
steam generator. These units may operate under subcritical and
supercritical conditions (i.e., above 32oS.2 psi). Note that the flow of
fluid through the steam generator above typicalty 25 to 30% load is
HP
Superheaters Turbine
jl_ \u,
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Furnace wal I s
/
t!tttltz\
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I
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0nce Thru
Steam Generator TYPes
continuous, and that as heat is added.along the fluid path, the fluid
properties change in a continuous manner.
The pressure level in fris type unit is basically specified by the flow
being forced through the entire boiler circuit by the feed pump.
Changes in fuel input will have essentially a transient eflect due to the
expansion or condensation of the fluid within the steam generator until
the new operating conditions are aciieved. Since these units operate
in the higher pressure ranges, i.e. supercritical, the changes in the
fluid specific volume are, relatively, smaller than conventional
subcritical units, thus diminishing the effect of heat addition on
pressure. ln this type unit then, feedwater has a dominant effect on
pressure.
An important difference in characteristics and, hence, control
requirements of once-hrough versus drum-type steam generators
relates to the fact that tTe steady state flow rate of fluid in the fumace
tubes foronce-ttrrough steam generators is proportional to load in the
normal operating range of 3o to 1OO7", whereas it is almost
independent of load cr of feedwater flow in the case of drum-type
steam generators. In drum steam generators, changes in feedwater
llow or steam flow co not materially atfect the fluid flow rate in
waterwall tubes and, hence, there is no concem of major imbalance
between heat ilux to he tubes and heat absorption to the inner fluid.
For once-through steam generators, however, it is important to keep
a close match betweer the once-through ffow rate, i,e., feedwater flow
and fuel flow, since cnly a few seconds of a major imbalance can
result in rapid rise oi tube temperatures and bum out. Fuel and
feedwater flow must. drerefore, be moved in unison and correqtions
in the ratio of fuel to ieedwater should be made within well-defined
limits in a slow rese: r'ecalibration mode to correct {or temperature
deviations.
The danger ol transient mismatches between heat release and
leedwater flow lead tc control modes that inhibit the response of the
turbine. With inadecuately designed steam generator controls, once-
61
 through units ar much lss capable of sr.rstaining islanded operation
where govemor control of turbine valvs is signilicant
Another factor, previously mentioned is trat trese large high pressure
and temperature units have much less tolerancs to load drarqesdue
to fatigue ol thick metal parts.
Steam Evpa$ Valving and Ability to Trip to Houee Loed
Many of tre poblems ol a rapidly imposed load cfrarpe on siearyt
units can be linessed with the provision ol turbine steam bypass
valving, a common practic in Europe and partiarlarty olher countries
where the frequency ol system break ups is much greater than in the
US, and the interconnectd systms are smaller,
The provision of a sr:fficient capacity bypass system shieHs the
stearn gnerator from rapid changs in furbine steam demand. Wifr
such capability it is possible and the usual practice in Europe to be
able to trip he unit and have it carry stalion load. OI courso tte
amount of time that this condition can be supported is limited by
temperature induced stresss in the furbine.
Automatic Controls forSteam Generator. Turbine. and Auxiliariee
Perhaps the area where greatest opportunities of improving tre
reliability and safety of steam plant operation ckrring major
contingencies lie in the exploitation of he immense logic and
computation power of modem digital control systems.
From he days of pneumatic
control to their replacement witr analog
operational amplifier systems, stearn generator control systems urcre
severely limited by he hardware in extending their use through wide
excursions inoperating conditions. Anytime an additional
computation function, such as nonlinear compensation, multiplicalion
or division seemed indicated to improve the control function, tris
entailed additional hardware with all its problems of calibration,
maintenance and reliability. The result was that steam gnerator
control systems were designed for operation under limited operating
load conditions. The different requirements firough wide excursbns
or during startup and shutdown were usually handled under manual
control.
The transition to Direct Digital Control, DDC, has, lor tre most part,
replaced the old analog controls with a digital implementation of the
same limited function.
Although the logic capability available in today's digital systems is
literally infinite relative to what is used, extending ttre function to
handle the wide range of contingencies without abdication to manual
control requires engineering effort through use of nonlinear multi-
variable control design. This involves use of simulation which is again
very feasible today with tre us of digital computers to an extent
never possible in the past witfr analog computers.
To illustrate, take ttre schematic of Figure 4 showing tre feedwater
flow snbloop for a once-trrough steam generator. The flow demand
signal generated by anotrer cascade control is strown to be limited so
it cannot drop below, say 30%. A controller responds to he enor
between demand and ffow feedback developing a signal to controllhe
speed of $e steam generator feed pump through a function gsnerator
62
des(tnd lo linearize the speedflow characteristic ol tfie trrbine
ddven prmp. F(prc 4 shows the typical nonlinear iowlspd
charactedst-rc of a pump supplyng ttre steam genrator. There is no
llow undl he pump speed dvelops a discha4ge prossure qual to he
stearn generator prss{lr, From that point on, because of the
squared law of pressrre dmp witr flow, a very small ctrange in speed
prcduces a very larye change in flow and this gain between fiow and
speed lhen decreases with increasirg flow. A function genrator to
lineadze lhis characteristic would only be conect at on valu of
stearn gneralor prssure and srpply prssrur to the teed prlmp
fu6ine which can vary appreciabty dependng on tle stearn source
(extraction lrom main &ftrine or an auxiliary steam gsneralor).
Evidendy it is a simpb matter wilh dQiial logic to djust th
compensation as a function ol these additional variables (steam
ptttssue to led pump trlbine) wtrersas tris uould have been
discouragingly complicated to attempt with analog implementations.
Ld F6dlon
Lhtt co** hld
,'-l (
PmD Sp-d
*l; StodyT ,. -
I st.i,.,a
",1/""**
Slgil to tuhp Tuokx
3O-6mnH
a Cdtrol Fadu FlUa ffi mC
:i*T'[t'Ht#"H
Figure 4. Erample of Subloop Control Problem
Another problem in this llow loop is the requirement to prevent flow
from dropping below tre minimum flow demand level. An alarm and
time delay trip is provided to protct tre unit from operation at flow
rates below minimum. ln tre configuration of Figur 4 trere is no
intelligence to the controls to indicate he rate at which the demand
sQnal is approac*ring tre minimum and the particular amount by
which the fiow is away from minimum. With digital logic it is faidy
simple to use the combination of these two items of information to
slowdown control action in anticipation of the demand signal reaching
the low limit, hereby preventing an undershoot in flow.
Another example of an improvement in control that would be of
immense value to operators is tre problem of drum level control. ln
many cases hese controls trip to manual under upsets such as rapid
load changas or load rejections. Even the restoration to automatic
usrally invofues manually bdnging tre level to sepoint and trrowing
over to automatic when tre enor is zeroed. With digital logic
incorporating desirable non windup features and appropriate
compensation lor nonlinearities of pump speed versus flow as
function of stearn generator pressure this essential control function
could easily be provided without any need for manual intervention.
One does not achieve these improvements without engineering effort
often tailored to tre partio.rlar plant.
Ooerator TraininE
Plants hat undergo lrequent unanticipated slrutdowns provide hands-
on experience to operators. The more common cas is one where
the event is very rare and operators have had lit{e or no prior
experience on how to handle the sitration.
The concept of training simulators has been well established in the
nuclear power plant industry. Similar concepts should also be valid
tor fossil fired steam Plants.
Where control systems are designed to control the plant auxiliaries
through wide ranges of upset conditions, the fact that they are not
called to perlorm except in very rare instances, points to the need for
periodically checking out the condition ol the conlrols. ln the case of
digital implementations this does not reqtire checking the computation
logic since other normally provided computer diagnostics assure the
soundness of the l/O and conect functioning of the CPU. However,
the state of actuators, valves and ottrer equipments that are critical to
the perlormance of the controls under these abnormal conditions
should be periodically checked out with appropriately designed tests'
CONCLUSIONS
The main points on the problems of steam plant startups in the
system restoration process can be summarized as:
(1) The steam plant is a very complex process. Unles's
the design provides for in the design for the eventuality
of unanticipated shutdowns, there is a significant
likelihood of equipment damage due to the unusual
sequence of events that characterize a system induced
plant shutdown.
(2) The ability ot a plant to be restarted quickly can be
greatly enhanced by basic design features such as
bypass valves and tripping to house load as well as
resorting to automatic control of auxiliaries through use
of the vast control logic power ol modem digital
systems.
(3) Operator training in unusual shutdown and startup
scenario is an important aspect of thb restoration
problem. The more remote the likelihood of a system
induced plant shutdown the more important it is to
provide training since the required experience is not
developed in day to day normal operating procedures'
F. P. de Mello graduated with a B.Sc and M.Sc degrees in Electrical
Engineering from MIT in 1948.
ln 1948 he joined Rio Light and Power and Sao Paulo Companies in
Brazil and for the next seven years held positions of increasing
technical responsibility in system planning and design studies.
From 1955 to 1969, he worked in the General Electric Company
Electric Utility Engineering Operatron where he specialized in studies
of dynamics and electrical machines, excitation control, prime-mover
systems, overall power systems and boiler dynamics.
Mr. de Mello joined Power Technologies, lnc. at the time ol its
lormation in August of 1969 as a Principal Engineer, Dynamics and
Control. He was appointed Vice President in '1973.
He is presently a Principal Consultant lor Power Technologies, lnc.
J. C. Westmtt graduated with a B.Sc in Mechanical Engineering from
BPI in 1946.
He joined General Electric Company's engineering training program
and in 1948 was assigned to the Large Steam Engineering
Department working in areas of steam turbine advanced design and
development.
ln 1960, he joined the Power Generatbn Sales Division where he
eventually became manager of application engineering in power plant
automation.
Mr. Westcott ioined Power Technologies, lnc' in 1973 as Principal
Engineer, Power Generation. He is presendy a Principal Consultant
for Power Technologies, lnc.
REFERENCES
1) 'special Considerations in Power System Restoration', M' M'
Adibi, L. H. Fink, C. J. Andrews, F. Arsanjani, M. W. Lanier, J' M'
Miller, T. A. Volkman and J. Wrubel, a report by the Power
System Restoration Working Group, 92-WM 106-5 PWRS'
2) 'Ovewoltage Control During Restoration-, M. M. Adibi, R' W'
Alexander and B. Avramovic, a report by the Power System
Restoration Working Group, 92 W 107-3 PWRS.
3) "New Approaches in Power System Restoration', M. M' Adibi' L'
H. Fink, J. Giri, D. S. Kirschen, S. M. Shahidehpour and J'
Zaborszt<y, a report by the Power System Restoration Woking
Group,92-109-9 PWRS.
4) 'Bulk Power System Restoration Training Techniques", M E'
Cooper, M. M. Adibi, L. H. Fink, R. G. Wasley, R. T. Gonzales, A'
B. Storey, F. J. Wood, R. J. Kafka, E. J. Dorowolski' K. Nodehi,
J. G. Waight and R. Hoffman.
s) "Two-Shift Handley Station Units #4 and #5', Bill Hoerster, Walter
Gozegno, Heinz Termuehlen, Amencan Power Conlerence,
Chicago, lllinois, April 22-24, 1985.
6) "Steam Station Protection Working Group', Minimum
Recommended Protechon, lnteflocking and Controlfor Fossil Fuel
UnilConnected Steam Stations, EEE'Trans. PAS-92, p. 37 4'4o 1'
I
63

Reactive Capability Limitation of Synchronous Machines
Ir{. M. Adibi, LM D. P. Milanicz, SM
IRD CorPoration Baltimore Gas & ELectric
Bethesda, MarY1and Baltimore, MarYland
Abstract: Achievable generator reactive
EapaUiUi:-ity (GRc) is generally much lesg
thin indiiated by manufacturers' reactive
capabil5-ty curves' due to constraints
imposed by plant auxiliaries and the power
system itself. The nature of these con-
slraints is explained and a method for
calculating them is provided and verified
by field tests on a unit at high and low
syetem voltage levels- Several recommen-
d-ations are made to enhance the GRC of the
tested unit.
Keywords : overexcitation, underexcitation,
reictive capability, generator owerheat-
ing, excitation limitation, reactive
reguirement-
III:IRODUCTION
The generator reactive capability (CRC)
curves furnished by manufacturers and used
in operation pl-annlng typically hawe. a
greatLr range lhan can be realized during
actual operation. Generally, these GRC
curves are gtrictly a function of the syn-
chronous mactrine design Parameters and do
not consider plant and system operating
conditions as limiting factors- Recently
concern over GRC has been heightened by
i-ncreasing need for reactive Powgr to
provide voltage support for large blocks
of power transfer.
Thls paper, describes a method for deter-
mining ihe reactiwe capability limitation
of synchronous machineg under plant and
system operating condi-tions- The method-
ology is tested and verified on a large
geneiator. Then several recommendationg
are made to enhance the GRC of the unit-
BACKGROI]ND
1. The Phasor Di-aqram
The basis for generator reactive capabili-
ty (GRC) curvee is shown in Figure 1- To
simplify the diagram the effect of satura-
ti-on and of resistance are neglected, and
an ungaturated value of synchronous reac
93 WH 2O3-O P$RS A paper recounended and approwed
by che IEEE Porrer SysEed Englneerl-ng Coonlttee of
the IEEE Power Englneerlng Soclety for PresenEaelon
aE the IEEE/PES 1993 lllnter Heetlag. Colunbus' OH,
January 31 - Februry 5, 1993. Harruscrl'PE subEltced
August L2, L992; nade awallable for prlnclng
Decenber 14. 1992-
paper 93 WM 203-0 PWRS, presented at
IEEE 1993 WPM Columbus OH Jan 31-
Feb 5, 1993
93 WM 2$-A P\"-?.S
Co.
tance is used. The generator is ass'-:med
to be connected to an infinite bus t1l-
For a given terminal voltage V and cur=ent
I. at phase angle o (i.e-, for a giwen l{VA
output) the emf E is obtained by adCing
armature reaction I.Xd to V at 9O" t,o :r-
For constant MVA output, I" is cons--ant
and its locus is a circle with cente= on
the end of the voltage phasor V- cons:ant
excitation impl-ies that the locus of I is
also a circle with center O-
The angle between E and V is the Pcwef
angle 6. It can be seen that generaicr's
Hlil output, V*I.*cosiD, is egual to:
(v*E/xd)*sin 6.
For 6 = 9O" the static limit of stab'1ity
is reached, so that the horizontal '1 ine
through o rePresents this limit-
_l__
STATIC STABILITY LIMIT
o
Figrrrc 1. Aha Phasor Diagrau
2. The Rated Gen. Reactive QqgYes
The GRC curves shown in Figure 2 arp- lrawn
for synchronous reactance Xa = !a; per-
cent. For zero excitation the a=='3ture
reactance drop (shortcircui-t ratio c: SCR)
is l-OA/1-67 = 6O percent of ful-i load,
representing 60 percent of fui- MvA
scales. ahe vertical Iine Go is dra---n and
scaled to 50 percent MVar, and cor-=inued
beyond O for Iagging MVar- Frcc, o a
horizontal line, which is si::-larly
scaled, gives Power in MW- A circl-e drawn
with o ae its center and ite radiu= simi-
IarJ-y scaled gives stator curre:t in
percent of full load- Ahe radii jrom o
lndicate power factor values- circ- es of
percentage excitation are dra'-':: f rotn
Lenter G. A 100 percent excitatior: ii-e-,
amperes field no-Load or AFNL), :orre-
65
sponds to the fixed terminal voltage GO. chronous machine design parameters at
Y rated terminal voltage and do not consider
generating stati-on and 1>ower system oper_
ating conditions as Iimiting factirs-
These design curves show that different
generator loadg produce greater heating in
different parts of generator. The segiment
AB ig limited by rotor heating du-e to
over-excitation, Be ig liraited by armature
heating due to large lagging reactive
generation, the limit-line epex by the
prime-mowers MW output, and enF by arma-
ture core end heating due to large leading
reactive generation.

CENER.ETION RTACAIVE CAPABILI: T MODITT.ITIG

The operating lirnits imposed on GRC can

be for:nulated using the design curves. fri
Figure 3, the design limitg are described
by arcs AI!, BC, CD, and DF.

/
THEORETCAL STABIL|TY UMIT
,/
Figrrre 2. GRC Curves

Taking 1O0 percent l.fW as the maximum

aLlowable power (provided by the priroe-
mover), a vertical limit-line is drawn
through P at 1OO percent lltW. It ig as-
sumed that the generator ie rated to give
1OO percent litW at power factor O.9O lag-
ging- This determineg point er. Limi_ta-
tion of the stator curent to the corre-
4ry,
sponding value requires the limit-line to
become circular arc Be. about center O.
At B a new limit by the.. exciting current
has to be introduced, and it is assumed
that the rotor current must not bxceed
that corresponding to an emf E
percent of terminal voltage V (i.e., GO).
The circular arc AB is therefore drawn
260
\i/
from center c at thie value of excitation-
The upper limit ABepp ie thus completed.
The l-ine epp cannot be continued
to the static 1imit of etability dowawards
because Figure-3. GRc ltodel
of the limitati-on in the underexcited
region by the localized overheating of the 1. The Design Curves
stator core ends. This is due to the fact
during weak field The emf E can be determined from the
taining rings at the enOoperation
:h1t.
6t the
th. .._
stator are excitation arc AB which gubtends the power
no longier saturated allowing armature end angle 6o at the center G:
leakage flux to produce :,oci:_ir"a heating
in those areaEl .here the flux-i" Let Nr be equal to the cord
"t right
AB, then
:3gI::rrTrtto imposed
the ptane of the tamination.
1l:_ by the end hearing is
a-t-so circular with ite center
Nr =f(\-Br)r+8,7)tn,
point H, on the Go tine f2 & ti. at aome Or= tan-t tB^/(\ - Br) ),
The generator reactive capabi)_ity curves coe 6, = Nr/ (28) , and
of Figrrre 2 which are provided by manufac-
turere, are etrictly a function of syn-

66
 E = Nr/ (2cos er) -
Coneider a Point on the excitation arc AB
corresPonding to the Power angle 6, reac-
tive power g,, and real Power P, then
6 = sin-r (plEl ,
coeS=1q,+E-\)/Erand
gr = \ - E(1 - cos 6).
The l-imits impoaed by the stator- iron end
heating during under-excitation oPeration
is a circle with radius R, centered on Y-
axig at H. Therefore, the leading reac-
tive trrcwer qI2 for a given real power p,
can be determined in a manner similar to
that of over-excitation operation-
The arc'DF subtends the angle B" at the
center II:
Let N2 be equal to cord DF, then
N2 = [(Dy - Fr]' + D!7'o,
or: g.n-t [D,/ (Dy - Fr) I ,
cos = Nz/(2R), and
@,
R = Nz/(2eos r).
Consider a point on the arc DF correspond-
ing to the ingle B, reactive Power 9zr and
real power p, then
B = sin-r (P/R),
cos B = (qr+R-F!) lP., and
q2 = R(1 - cos B) - Fy.
?he stator curretlt I. (assuming 1 pu volt-
age) can be determined from the arc BC
vrhich subtends the phase angle (Power
factor) go at the center O:
I.= (Br2+B!1tn-
Consider a point on the arc BC corresPond-
ing to phase angle' Q, reactive power ![r
and real power p, then
% (r.' - p')'o-
For a point on the arc CD,
9r = -(r.2 - P'r''.
2. The PLant and Svstem constrai-nts
A typical arrangement for suPplying por.rer-
plant auxiliaries and services in a gener-
ating station ig comPosed of many major
components and sub-components that operate
as a system to supply Poirer to the power
ayatem- Each component ie designed and
rated to oPerate continuously within cer-
tain electrical and mechanical limi-ts
epecified by the manufacturer. Any compo-
nent may have operating limite imposed on
voltage, currertt, frequency or a combina-
tion of thege euch'as MVA, wolt/hertz, and
etability. These limitationg reduce the
reactive capability of a generator to
below the designed rangee-
The Limitations imlrcsed by station equip-
ment on the generator's reactive capabili-
ty during oortilal operation can be deter-
mlned using the system rePresentation of
Figrre 4, where:
T and X are the resPective trans-
former taps and reactances,
gt a, a and as subgcriPts indicate
the generator, auxili-arY, system
and start-up buses or transformes,
1, Y, P and Q are current, voltage,
real and reactive Powers as indi-
cated, and
mx and mn eubscriPts indicate the
maximum and Eoinimum limits-
Eg nTr Er
Figrrc {. AuxiliarY EquiPueut
In general the main and auxiliary trans-
formers are equipped with fixed taps,
whose optimum positione wi-th respect to
power system operating conditions need to
be determined- otherwise, they may Pose
more restrictive limits on either lagging
or leading reactive capabilities of the
generator-
The auxiliary real and reactive powers, P.
and Q., are some functions of generator'g
output P. and Q., e-9. [5],
P. : P* (3P* + P.l / (4PF*), or
a. = P* (3Pr* + Pr)/(4PF-), for
Iagging Q., and
Q. = 0.85P.- (3Pr* + Pr) / (4PD*) , for
leading Qr.
67
Neglecting the effect of the main and and minimum aystem voltages reflected to
auxi)-iary traneformerg' resistances, we the generator terminal bue, then when
have: 8.1 > Er*, Er* is the overexcitation limit-
ing factor, and when E, ) Erre E,_ is the
P. = P. * P., and underexcitation limiting factor. Thus, the
generator reactive power ag can be deter_
e.=Q+e.+r.2L, mined as a function of real power output
P., from minirnura generation pjor to maii-
r.rhere: mum generation Pr-, for a given main and
auxiliary transformer tap positione T. and
a @)2/x, - t(E.E.JxJ,)2 - P.'l'o, T., and for syatem voltage schedule E..
The above formulation also allows optimi-
e. = [(E.Es/)qr,)2 - p.r]r, - (B,/t,lr/x{ zation of the two transformer tap posi-
I.=(P.+je.)-/E.,and tione for a given system woltage schEaute
under light and peak load conditions.
E.=(8.+jI.x.)T.. Figrrre 5 superimposes the cumulative
effect of all the operating requirements
where: in limiting cRC on the manufaeturer,s
deeign values- The actual reactive capa-
(P.+j q)' ie the conjugate (p.+j q). bility ig reetricted to the area bounde.l
by all the operating curvell, which are
The maximum and minimumauxiliary woltages consi-derably rnore restrictive than the
E.q and E.- reflected to the generator design curves-
terminal bus are:
E.' = (E* + j r.*X.)*T., and AEST AND VERIFICATTOH OF GRC I,TODEt
E.'=(E*+jr.*\)*T.. The operating reactive capability of a 46O
MVA generator at Baltimore Gas and EIec-
ff E3'>Er, thea the E,* is the overexcit- tric Co. was tested in order to verlfy the
ation J-imiting factor, and if E.-)Es_r GCR methodologry and also to determine the
then the E- is the uaderexcitation firnid- extent of improvement which could be made
ing factor. in the generator's reactive capability t
& sl.
Similarly, when 8.1 and E, are the maximum
vtNlyttv criltatflov urlfi
BOTOA IIfiD'NC E'I'NC ilrrutRr Dgs
ilrtn cv&R fit LrylT ToLttcE uylt
crrratfitB t avliltL
EtcE 10L7ICE UvIt
TALftC' &gclrlttoR o N/r- olrTPt,T'
Irc (+) E;D iOLts/Et LIUTIBR
(0frR- tvR.alxt uvft
,xcltrD)
t&vt1:ttRt cr,RRt:f? IJ vtT

IYPERE UYII R',J'

I
I
I
LttD (-) I
(ttt{DtR- y I tilvtt v E rc ltaTto ti u u tt
,rutBn)
tuxt.r/.RY Ears fQLTtc, Rrclq.ttoR
LOf YOLI/C' Uytt tt yINtu{tv otrfPlrt
cENtRlTnS ttRaINlL LoJ foLttc, uutt
coR ,ilD EEtt r{a uyn
Figrre 5. cenerator Reactive capability Li-aitation

68
1- Test Conditions and Procedure: o the unit eervice megaeratts to be
monitored at the control center to
o Station eervice load was carried by determine the net generation,
the unit eervice transformer,
the voltmeter gcale on the unit
o The generator voltage regulator was service traneformer to be expanded
placed under automatic control, to read 6OO volte AC,
o The unit wag paralleled and kept at the net rather than grose generator
fuII load for the atart of test. MVar to be monitored at the control
center, and
o Minimum load (14 Mw) ' full load
(4OO Mvt), and several intermediate o the local voltage adjuster to be
pointa (i.e. 1OO, 2OO, and 3OO MI{) replaced by remote solid state con-
were selected, trol.
o Syatem voltage was maintained con- aabl.e A. Rated Machine Reactive Lilrits
sLant at the desired level (23O and MW MVar MAX kV MVar f'{IN kV
237 kv) for the duration of test,
o 318 26.2L -2sL 22.42
o The generator was kept at each test 20 318 26.2L -257 22.04
point for 1O minutes and test data 50 316 26.2). -263 22-03
was recorded for each uw loading ?5 314 26.20 -266 22-OO
for both overexcitation and undere- 100 312 26.1A -26a 21.98
xcitation, and L2s 308 25-L5 -269 2l-97
150 303 26.L2 -26A 21-97
o Tegte were rePeated for high and 175 29A 26-09 -266 21.98
low system voltage levels- 200 292 26.Os -263 22-OO
22s 285 26.00 -25A 22-03
In addition to the generatorg warious 250 277 25.94 -2s1 22-OA
ratings and plants parameters which vrere 275 25A 2s-A7 -243 22.13
discussed before, the following 'GRC Data 300 2sa 25.80 -234 22-20
sheet", was completed before the start of 335 242 25-69 -n'7 22-32
the test: 370 224 25.55 -196 22.47
400 207 2s -43 -t'ls 22 -62
2. GRc Test si"reet 430 160 25.09 -1so 22-80
460 o 23 -94 0 23 .94
Hydrogen Cooling Pressure 60 Psi
cen- ierm. VoJ-tage, Ili Lirflit 25-2 kV
Gen. Term. Voltage, Lo Lj-mit 22-A kV
cen. Field Current Li.tri.t 3,026 A
sta-ser.Bus Voltage, Hi timit 4576 V
sta.Ser-Bus Voltage, Lo Limit 3744 V
Turbine-Generator Limit 398 MII
Hin. Excitation Limit Circular
Sta. Ser. Unit Transformer Low Side
System Voltage UPPer Limit 237 kV
System Voltage Lower Limit 23O kV
Field ?emperature Limit 8O" c

3. Test Results
Table A l-igts the rated GRC- The simulat-
ed and tested GRc are listed in Tables 1
to 4 in the Appendix. GRC for the 237 kv
system vo)-tage ig shown in Figure 6 -
o 2OO r.lf, 600
ENEANCING GEN. REJACTIVE CAPABILIAY
o r.st pdnt' rotd
Baged on the above test results the fol- *-Jf:: coeoDir'tv
" I

lowing changes were recommended to enhance
the generator'g reactive capability:
o the step-up trangformer tap posi-
tion to be changed from 235.75 to
241-50 kV to increase the lagging
reactive caPabi)-ities at 237 kv
eyetem voltage,
Fignrc 6. GRC aL 237 kV- Systen Vol.tagc
The comparison of GRC simulation results
of Tab1es 1 and 3 with-Tablee 5 and 5 (for
system voltages of 23O kV and 237 kV,
rispecti-veIy), listed in Appendix, show

59
 that the imp)-ementation of the above
recommendations would improwe the GRC-
Tables 2 and 4 ehow the spot tests on the
cRC curvee, verifying the eimulation
resulta ae ghown in pigure 6- E.igure 7 is
the plot of lr[Var lag and ]ead for the two
Tables 3 and 6, ehowing the GRC improve-
ment for the 232 kV eyetem voltage case.
cottcLusroll
ActuaIly reaI-izable generator reactive
capabilities, whi,ch are ugually signifi_
cantly less than those indicated by manuf_
acturerg, curves, may be calcuLated ac_
cording to the expressions developed in
thig paper. The resuJ_ting, verified
mathematical model may furthei Ue used to
identify the step-up and the auxiliary
trangformere tap lrcsitions that will
provide the best overall GRC under pre_
vailing high and low system voltage conai_
ti-ons.
Th: powgr sli.stem reactive capabilities
under changing load condition-s can be
determined by including the GRC models in
poerer system dynamie eimulators. This
will be the subject of an ensuing effort.
SFt.fr vol|ogE 2J7w
o half of which has been at fBM iorp.
o
o 2oo
Mcgo{tts
Sist;ng Lkits o OEsot^g UmiE
Figrurc 7. Increased
ACKI-IOWLEDGEI.{EIil:f
The authors wish
to express their appreci_
ation to Mr. J. E- - Siegmund, III, of
Electric System Engineerin-g Oepartment of
Baltimore caa & Ellctric clmpiny and Hr.
M. J. O'Grady of System operatlon', potomac
Electric power C-ompany for aegigting with
GRC- Hodeling and programrning.
The-firet
author acknowl-edges the partial aupport
ECC, Inc- of
REFERENCES
t1l Say, H.G.: The performance and De_
sign of Alternating Current Hachin_
esi pitman & Son, Second Edition
1949.
l2l Farnham, S-8. et aI-: Field Excita_
tion in Relation to Hachine and
System Operation; AIEE, Fall GM,
Nov 1953, Kansas City.
t3l Nagy, I.: Analysis of Hinimum Exci_
tation Limits of Synchronous Ha_
chines; fEEE TRANS, VOL pAS_g6,
No.12, JullAug L97O, pp.1OO1_1O08-
Pri-nce, I{-R.: pJl{ Generator Reac-
t4l
tive Testing; pEA, Hershey, pA, Uay
1983.
t5] Milanicz, D-p.: cenerator Reactive
Capability - Testing and Optimiza_
tion; Southwestern Electrilal
Ex_
change, Alabama, Oct 19g9.
BIOGREPEIES
M. Adibi (U,56, SH,7O, LM 90) received
1,1-.
the B.Sc- degree with honors in electrical
englneering from the University of Bir_
mingham, Englandrin June 1950,- and the
U.E.E- degree from polytechni-c Institute
of Brookl-yn in January, 1950. Since 1950,
he has assumed various responsibilities in
the el-ectric utility industry; about one
is
at the present a consultant .ittr HeIRD
Corp., engaged in power system computer
applicatlons.
Ur. Adibi is the author of over thirty
IEEE papers, a member .of power System
Engi-neering Committee, Chairman of power
System Restoration Working Group, Char_
tered Electrical Engineei, UK, and
roo
Professional Engineer i-n the State ofa
600
MaryIand.
_ Rotd CoFoilib/ D. P. Milanicz (t1,72, SM,85) received the
B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
CRC at 237 kv the Uni-versity of Haryland in 1972. He
has assumed various engineering positions
at Baltimore cas and Electric -Cimpany
the Electric Test Department including;in
nineteen years in designing. building aid
testing protective relays, relaying sys_
tems, excitati_on systems and .="oLi"i"a
generator control systems.
Mr- Uilanicz is Supervisor of Generation
and Associated Transmission Unit, System
Protection, Metering and Control Section-
70
 APPENDIX
Table 1. GRC at 23O kV System Voltage Table {. spot Testa at 237 kV
GROSS LAG MAX LAG LEAD MIN LEAD GROSS LAG MAX LAG LEAD I{IN LEAD
MVI UVar kV TIMIT MVar kV LIHIT M!{ MVAr KV LIMIT MVAT KV LIMTT
o 262 25.20 3 -77 22.4O 8 20 L64 25.2 3 -t72 22.2 7

20 262 -2s.20 3 -77 22.4O 8 100 1s3 2s-2 3 -16s 22.L 7

50 262 25.20 3 -7A 22.4O I 200 153 25.3 3 -L44 22.4 7

75 262 25.20 3 -7A 22-AO 8 300 1s3 25.2 3 -11s 22.6 7
100 262 2s.20 3 -7A 22-AO 8 400 1s6 25.1 3 -68 23.1 't
125 262 2s.20 3 -'77 22.80 B
150 262 25.20 3 -77 22.4O 8 fab1e 5. Iacreased tead CRc at 23O kV
1?s 263 25.20 3 -76 22.80 8 o 318 25-04 1 -1s8 21-55 7

200 264 2s.20 3 -75 22.80 8 20 318 2s-O4 1 -158 21.s6 7

22s 265 25.20 3 -74 22.4O I so 316 2s-O3 1 -1s5 21.57 7

2so 266 2s.20 3 -72 22-AO 8 7s 3L4 2s.O2 1 -154 21.s9 7
27s 267 2s.20 3 -77 22.80 I 100 312 25.OO 1 -152 21-51 7
300 258 2s.13 1 -69 22.80 8 125 308 24.98 l- -148 21.64 7
33s 242 2s.OL 1 -66 22.AO 8 150 303 24-95 1 -143 2L.67 7
370 224 24.47 1 -63 22-AO 8 L75 29A 24.91 1 -138 21-'ll 7
400 207 24.74 1 -60 22.AO 8 200 292 24.46 1 -L32 2]-.75 7
430 a60 24.39 5 -4A 22.87 7 22s 2A5 24.41 1 -125 21.80 7
460 0 23.20 5 o 23.20 5 250 277 24.75 1 -117 21.8s 7
27s 26A 24-64 1 -108 2],.91 7
Table 2. SPot Tests at 23O kV 300 25A 24.60 L -99 21.98 7

20 249 25-2 3 -168 2L-A '1 335 242 24-44 1 0 22.74 6

100 zss 2s.2 3 -1s9 22-L 7 3?O 224 24-34 1 0 22.72 6

200 2s7 2s.3 3 -140 22-O 7 400 207 24.20 1 0 22-70 6

3oo 245 25.t 1 -107 22-9 7 430 160 23.85 s o 22.6'7 6

400 195 24-A 1 -s7 22-A 1 460 0 22-63 s o 22.63 s
Tab]-e 3. GRc at 237 kV Systeu Voltage Iable 6. Increased Lag GRc at 237 kv 7
o 159 25.20 3 -l.70 22.ao 8 o 242 2s.20 3 -168 22-2L
20 t59 2s.20 3 -L7t 22.AO 8 20 242 2s.24 3 -1,67 22.22 7
so 1s9 25.20 3 -]-71 22.4O 8 so 242 25-20 3 -166 22.23 7

75 158 25.20 3 -L7]- 22.80 I 7s 242 2s.20 3 -154 22-2s 7

100 lsg 25.20 3 -170 22.41 7 100 242 25.20 3 -161 22.27 '1

12s 1s9 25.20 3 -167 22-43 7 t25 242 25.20 3 -1s8 22.29 7

1so t59 2s.20 3 -]-63 22-86 7 1s0 242 2s.20 3 -154 22.32 7

175 160 25.20 3 -]-5A 22-49 '7 L7s 243 25.20 3 -149 22-36 7

200 16L 25.20 3 -]-sz 22-93 7 200 244 25.24 3 -143 22.40 7

225 L6L 25.20 3 -L46 22.9'7 7 22s 24s 25.20 3 -135 22.44 7
250 163 25.20 3 -].39 23-O2 7 250 246 25.20 3 -]-29 22.49 7

27s ],64 2s.20 3 -131 23-07 7 275 247 25-20 3 -121 22-s4 7

300 165 25-20 3 -\22 23.L2 7 300 249 2s.20 3 -111 22.60 '7

335 168 25.20 3 -109 23.21 7 335 242 25.t4 t -97 22-69 7

370 l.70 25.20 3 -94 23 -30 't 3?0 224 25.01 1 -81 22.AO 5

400 t't3 25.20 3 -79 23.39 7 400 20'1 24.47 t -67 22.A9 1

430 160 25.09 5 -64 23.44 7 430 160 24.53 5 -51 22 -99 '7

450 0 23.94 5 o 23 -94 5 450 0 23-35 5 0 23.35 s

The lag and Lead liroits identifY:

1- Field Heating,
2. l{aximum Excitation Limit,
3 - Generator Bus VoLtage/VoJ-tage Regulator Control at Maximum,
4- Station Service Bus Voltage at Maxi-mum,
5- Stator Heating; Armature Current; Field Current
5. Armature Iron Core End Heating
1 - Hinimum Excitation Limit
B. Generator Bus Voltage/Voltage Regulator Control at Minimum
9: Station Service Bus Voltage at Minimum
1O: station Ingtrumentatlon

7l
 93 WM 2A4-8 PWRS

Power System Restoration Planning

M. M. Adibi L. H. Fink
IRD CorPoration ECC. Inc.

Problematic Aspects of Restoration

Abstract
ogra- The restorative state has some characteristics.that make,it par-
Svstem restoration, as an extraordinary mode of syslem tl",if"ii, 1ri"i u"fa"naty.' For on-e'- it is extraordinary:
tiirr.. izuuir"s careful planning and operator tralnlng' ln" ;;;;;i".J[iu.[ouit "t"ir... which is fortunate' but the con-
o*."ric- tasks of restorition include deterrrunallon oI svslem I.o.,Jil;i.",'tiii';h;;'th"t do ot"", thev pose severe and
for
ff i':1",i;il;"I'i;i,':' ;;;;ui"iio n o f pt'n ts an d netwoik
irn-lr.uui-p."Ut".t. The oidinary task- of sysie.nt operatlon ls
-rh;'
svstematrc restoratlon, ie"r\er-gization 6f the network' and sys-
hrehlv aulomares
iJil?dir,iiil' ;#"j;;;' i;; e;;;r"pi Is an errective that of euiding an oneoing' complex' t"F
i".i"r"ti., ,tL incluile formation of a qualitied plal1lng ffi.""",I.%]"'i"[ii.,:"il;'iLt;iif"** is'that of reas-
i"rm. reviei, of relevant system charactenstlcs'agreement'Iorrnulatlon 5JiliH" iil";i;;it'ofit^t c6mplex Process' and getting it
wr.In
regarding blackout scenarios.' on eoine alain. The slstem may be.largely dts,membereo'of its
"?r.."motions goals, of strategy. and tactrcs' valroa- i,,lnV ;?;;st- oi lis elemen'ts disco-nn-ected' Many dlsar-
iestoratioh ifevelopment
,""i.{. the plants, may be in various states ot
';ttd.-"r'i"*pltunir"t
tion of the f'lan, training. and documentatton' ffi:'*ifi
"i"-"nts. and pressures outside the
rairie of effective control of plant control loops' or lncom-
Introduction patible with rapid rerurn to serylce'
Increasins exposure of power systems to.extensive blackouts Ooerators must work with timited information' Much infor-
il:i;;lBo"rJ";;"r rr"iriii loading and recent' al-
;".i;r;-ilr;i,.i,".v it *g* in'vitem
industry struc-ture' The jmp-ryj #;i;;ii"'i;;rld ; hliptuiln out the restoration
'"rrying
oieritors' either because
ffi;Jss *iit U" unavaiiable to the
oi- prolonged blaikouts on the .public'. 9n jne.trfi?Tl:^-fl iil"Il"ii"i il'i."ti.r, *J i*paired dui to the e mergency tua- s i

on 'the oo-wer system itself makes rapid elfecttve restoratlon ii6n, o. (b) the data is nof needed in ordtnary,op,e11t'o",T:
;;*'i#";;;;' A"';f i;ii ve sv ste m'restorati or pl an reduces therefore'ii not provided. SCADA systems ancl 'E'MJ appllca-
on cuslomers ald.ql. the economy of
tf,"'i^olJ"f-* ""tug"reducing ai the disposal of power system ooerators were
;iffiJ;; tbe probabilitv of damage to ii;;;"il*.
iii; ;-iiiiE #i'J#i;A-r;;;;;;5 ffi *"[r-"a"pi6a to thl state or the
equipment [,2]' pertains to restoratlon'
system that
Power system restoration is one of five 9t't?:^g:i^t:1,:l Amons the manv complicating factors that make restoration-
oo*". .Jtt"* operation. Operating tasks arise from the tnter-
#;; ;iih;.;[;i';;i" and the operating ob-
'ttrtoI the sv*stemStrategies
the pres-sure and stress of
;il";3*;;.;tt"'r, . oiTn""ti titt isamourit of time' a.Ssravated
iectives oertaining t" tt^i" tjl' iuy tnJn be- ;;;5[i#iir;il.-'[ io'" *irimal and unfa.mrltanty, oI
; i [1. ti'3'' rhe" r ispec t s o f ;;'-iil;;;il"bilirv of many resources'
'rl"'ii,l?,5i' 6. Ai,vi", ; J maj o

system operation in the Restorative State are as rollows:

-' -o"tpit" with the unusual
o"oeratine personnel .conclltlons Inar
IIJ"il ti"tJ these constraints, prioriry .loads must
.
L-i".io."J ouicklv, and in adverse weather condltions almost
Svstem status is abnormal' with (hopefully.decreasing)
#'a".pt*d unserved load. disconnected equipment' dls- all load may'be of high PrioritY'
rupted communications, etc' Restoration Tasks and Related Concerns
Restoration objectives are to rest-ore the.system l-"- i:l- tasks' which'
md operation
-as
quickly as may be conslsten^t wrth sys- -"-" 'ihi involves a broaddiversity ofcircumsrances,
Svstem restoration
or x#l-,iiiir" svstem involved and the
tem Security, niinimizing the amount unserveo
;tIfi;ifi*;.'6" in the same sequence' In what
kilowatt-hours of energY- - - "i.tl"a
i;ii;}-s, *J ait"*. "ut
some . of . the. .major
concerns and
,i"Uf"rfu that may 6e asiociated with elach of the major
Restoration tasks include ascertaining.the detailed state
of the svstem *a itt prepa?rng- the equipment lroups of tasks.
"t"*"nts,
for rest6ration to service, reintegrating the system' ano
System Status Determination
balancing generation and load.as they 3[e brought' m a
back to their noniral level'
""nt "tt"??tanner, The maenitude and actual requirements of system status deter-
Restoration strategies determine the manner in which ;il.i'i'"fi;il I a"p"ra r"ty mirch. on.this
the circirmstances and -e-x-
task involves identiff -
i6;;;C t*[t ii" """rdinatea, and the sequence in ;:";iih; 61."t'"ut-'hi'glnirat'
*""!,
i#ril;;;e;;; iieigizd .*d gathering informa-
which theY are executed. ii"t":; fffi*rti*t "f*J ,6tt"ges within eri"grgi.zed aleas',the
status of eeilerating plants, equipment overloads ano trouDle'
This discussion pertains to restoration of the bulk power gen- ;;i-i;d'"-il;;.6?"[ b, iirdci tripping or under-frequencv
- -ko"*["age
;;ii;;A trandmission system. Distributionwhlch system restora-
shoulo oe i"ia'.["aaire. of thb' sta--rus of stored .energ]i
tion has its own problems and solutions, [&#;;d fit, t]"tt"ti*t)?equired for remote switching can
studied and planned for separately' Le criticd.
approwed SCADA svstem capabilities may be -use{ to. the extent pos-
93 IJII 204-8 PWRS A PaPer recommended-and
Com'lttee of .iUte to asiess the status of breakers, but In the absence ot er-
by the IEEE Power sy=t"ro Englneerlng
-octety for Presentatlon i;il";;6*"ti" a"tm pto"osing, this l4ay bP infeasible
the IEEE Power ungl-neerlng due to alarm saturation. The overall quantltres o[ alaffns
rn a
fdgl WftttEr l{eetlnS' Columbus' OH' be very high' 9f.1h:
""-att.
IEEE/PES
31 - February 5, 1993' Hanuscrlpt subuLtted
rt"ti"*" *a t .t"oii"" -enario-cari ln a
;;"t"ty iO-OOO or more two-state and multi-state measurements
;;;;:r7, t992; nadl avallable for prlntlng ;;iJ"i i,itiii'i"tidr' ;;#i thousand r-nav enter the alarm
November 30, 1992' :'tl#t"J'il;;t"}"i';s;;i;;; on gin'rating units' lines' and
loads [4].

13
 Most..major distlrbances are iniriated by transient faults Network Enersization
(usually cleared irnmediatelr,1.. misoperaiion of pioteclive
equlpment, or operator error: in such cases. fault lbcation is Reintegration of the skeleton of the bulk power svstem rn_
not a concern o['restoration. but rather of post_disturbance volves tlme-consuming switching operations'. Many'ohen._=_
[alf,si;. ,However. if rhe disturbance was initiated by .ui_ ena rarely seen during normal slystim operation -ri^;"ilt.;
talned tault. and/or occurrcd during a maior ^
storm. attemots countered during resi-oration. Energiz.ition
to restore a faulted line or equipmeit coul"d aggra,,.ate the dis_ hieh' r11,...
turbance and extend the time'required for iEstoratio;- l;
unes. may lncur sustalned power frequency "f overvoltas:-.-
swrtchtng translents, and harmonic resonance. The fin: is
such cases. knowledge.that major transmission paths aie un_ due to reactive power generation (chareing current) ot. _::_
avarlable would affect the restoiation process. loaded I i n es. esf ec i aliy-t V' ii;;i ";".
;f ';;;J.i..:i
Plant Preparation
".;-EH -pip.'
cable (oil-fi lled br h i 96 p'e#ur" rvp"l".' 5;rl;ilf ';;i:
lpttages may,overexcrte transfcrrners, generating harmr-j.:
dlstortlons and overheating, and may calse generitor uncir_
For restorinp predominantl-v thermal power systems, excitation. or even sel f-exI i ration -
i rriiuiri ir-.' s* ii"i,-,-.j"
operators- need to consider ti me-cri t ical boi ler_turbi ne-start_uD transients on lo^ng HV lines, although ^ria of shoriEurati"rlEli
characteristics. These include a maximum time intervil cause arrestor tarlures, particularly if coupled with sustrir:i
beyond which a unit with a drum tl.pe boiler cannot safelv be overvoltage conditions. Harm6nic res'onance on Iist:ir
hot restarted. and the minimum time interval after whi6h a loaded lines may result in very high voltages that mai-.ci
super-critica.l.._once-through unit tan safely Ue restarted. a,mpllned by.translormer overexcitation [10.l. In anv ei--.rr.
urum type borlers have a rnaximum elapsed-time to hot re_ lne react I ve absorpt lon. (under_exc.i tation) capabil i ty of gen. ra
start of about l/2 hour beyond which th'ey are not available tors to be synchronized is of considerable import. - " _

until cold restart four to siX hours tater. Suplr-criticaL once_

th^rough boilers have a minimum elapsed timi after a trio_out
of several hours before they can bj restarted. Other'con_ Maintenance of stability of black-start and peakins coml:i-rs_
tion.turbines. during the time *hen ttrey clnsiii;i"-;"i.-;
strained intervals include hot start rime to ,yn.tionLti"n, poruon oI generatron and may be feedin.g into a weak ;jr_
time from-synchronization to minimum load,'and time from worK, may
mrnrmum load to full load (rate of load pick_up). all of which
a_drftrcult problem. Combustion turbines in
^be
partrcular otten
are based on temperature related phencimena ii,t ii""i ir'i[" do not have the reactive absorbins caoabi,in
pnysrcal construction of the boiler-rurbine_generator complex
r^equipd to operate into a long, unloaded
Anorner baslc tasl( rs maintenance
iil;-lr;i5;j;j.
t)J. of active and reac:!r:
power balance as generation is restored tt t, iZ, tA.-
Many.thermal plant control systems, desiened for normal Data necess.ary to quantifo these phenomena, and the non_
9p_elltlo.nl are not operationa.l duri_ng starl-up. or at low lrnear models necessary- to uralyze the data, are not normill\
\:Z57o) Ioad.. Also, protecrive relays on a i-rnit could in_ available wirh even rhdbest equ-ipped EMS.'
ltrate an undeslrable voltage regulator response or generator
trip: .e.g. out-of-step, under-eicitation, i"i aist"ni;';;l;;; System Rebuildins
:g-!Ld 9p"r,qlg
during,electric power swings or transients [5].
such condrtlons make heavy demands -on manpower 'fdr If the.system.is being restored by building up islanded subsvs_
mgrq"l. operation, and neiessitate carefi,rlly cbordinaieJ Ierns rn, paral lel,. rnterconnection of generati ng stations u. i i.rr-i n
scheduhng. eacn subsystem-rs camed out after generatinf units attain rbe
Network Preparation Ixnlmqp.spqgrtred generation, but prior to restoration of ;ull
road.wrthrn the subsystem. However. certain industrial 3nJ
munlctpal loads such- as traffic lights are time critical. t
r\ruilB ytJ!.fpt
wrrn planr p.reparfllion,
preparatlon, the netwo
nerwork must be prepared
Al_"lg
tor reener.gization [6].
Ior reenergrT.atron :Tl-:!?:I.t"moneftant must be responsible for keepins rhe
[6J. De-enersized bu,
De-energized
openrng of all breakers"
Global op-ening
qlob.qt-
buses must be'cl&red. rrequency near 6U Hertz.
breakers following
followiing loss of voltzge
voltase
simpli fi es' and. hay speed up the restoiati,oi r;;;r;: #';i; [.oad restoration^and generator loading must be coordinared.
exhaust some local supplies of stored enerey: The aiternativ'e
consTenng the trequency response of prime movers to sud_
ot selected^breaker operation will require6ore data and oath oen toad rmposltlon and cold load pickup characterisrics_
t-rn many,systems, in the case of widespread
Tllyr!:..
outs,. lt rs nearly always advantageous to sectionalize blick- rne lofiner rs a cntrcal consideration.- In riormal operarion.
a sys_ plant operators.are able to synchronize a-generator ana ute
subsystems to.allow parallel restorarion of islanils, tne urrt through. the above start_up phases with little or no
:e-qr ^llnro
and thus reduce restoration duration.
coorornatton wrth the power system_operators; the incoming
During.the initial stages of restoration, when the svstem ils i;;;"d; d;;-*i *.-
uni t. shares I oad w i th th e o ther' paralt.f
prlmarlly under manual conlrol wider fhqn nnm.t rj-^,,--^ Pu
to 1,1S_ 19rt9..ati t# pi-*;; L;;
on, however, th'e vari o u; ; rp
fl ',i"3:ly-:{=}PYt:::'I9rr-yjd"jli,"t.,e;;lr;"i;;;",
and vo I tage vari at i ons mus t be i"t" *i.il*fu .il.Td;-;;i"ia
be coordlnated with load pick_up, thereforl
ihe actiriw
tions, aut*omatically switch"a ."p""iioir' coordination between power ilant,'pir*.. .vi["-,;J'ii:i-d
anl' inder_fr
JrD artu unqer-Irequencv gperators becomes very important.-Closing
relays responsivel6^smaller pertirrbatiions may hinder t6e rej- in on bloclt_s of
toration process [7,8]. load larger than can be abSorbed Uy g"n"i?t".s on line ca-n
cause untt tnps and set-back the restoration process.
A. feasible start-up sequence for .qenerating units reouires The amount of latent real and reactive load
schedullng and provision of remote iranking-power, witlr demand varies
sideratioriof th'e effects oi con_ with the Slaprgd time after an outage. Gads restored after
awareness of the importance "r"r!iri"g
rj"ifiJrl- lid-iliti; some penod.ot outae may be considerably greater than thev
of r6active'abso.Ui"e
;"r.Uliiirl were ar rhe tlme ot rntemrption (which
1no ol prckrng up_cold loads [33]. High preisurd unae'.l load pickup"). Numeroui srud'i"s
-hrv;;[;;n
is ieferred to as "coli
cable ts subject to loss ol insulat-ion n"*
toss ot pressure-, requiring rapid restorationinteeritv
Fround uoon "oincil
of"oo'wei io ffi i'{ilJ"-l?Tff 'f{r".f; '#t.lJty,"f J""ihr;,#:
R:f,|''*',"3lll3li,lilr#i",iit"ifo"t?Ifi i:"1??":rffi.1?L
accommodated. All of lnv"fu"
these requiremenis
ot remote power and in turn ,"qui.Jid"nlifi.iii",i ;;lir";
#ffi ""ff
,S' ilil,n 5#:?,::[" ;x,;#"y,'i;.ffi i,
manual or automatic dis_c-o_nnection irf-t,"ra L"iil;;i*r;; "o.
llx;*
lntervening transmission paths.' t-p"rf""[ "f
,"iL[li during a p.gw.el faiture [8]. ftur,-i""a7ii;;;#;Iff""i
m"*l"ds"-;i-;;i:
work status implies in rurn n"ra i'"-p.Lria;;il;;;; resultant "cold load oickup', malnituaes -6.-.yrr"-il
plans. " #t'h specific and difficult to'predict. "*
One concern involved in closing line breakers within a
tially reestablished networt< is"thai-
"T;-;;;;i"" ;
74
ansle difference across the breaker. Closure across such a
;;.Enaine ohase anslen difference could shock the system and
oossiblv'ciuse instibility or equipment damage. The mag-
hituae bf such phase angle differ-ences that .can be tolerated
deoends on the'svstem Voltage: with tolerable angles being
-voltages,
griater at lower rihere electrical impedances are
greater.
Once subsvstems have been synchronized' the system will be
olaced under flat frequencv oi tie-line/frequency-bias control,
ieoendins on circumstanies. Full restoration of load and
eeileratio"n may proceed in successive steps, with care that no
Bio.t uf load 6e'picked up at any stage that exceeds the avail-
able generation absorption capability.
[-ogistics
lmplementation of the above eroups of tasks requires close
and continual coordination between power system' power
olant. and field operators [9]' The plant and network prepara-
iion tasks oroceeit in parallel' and are mutually dependent tn
manv resp6cts. Unit r'estart scheduling, for instance' depends
n"i onlv bn coordination of manpowei within plants,. but also
of transmission piths to provide cranking and
.t"ti"n r"*iEe to non-black-start units. Also and impor-
""-r.tJa"ii"g
i*i -ittt"
ir"tir. wider and longer the disrurbance, the more impor-
is that neighboiing utilities, . tocal governmental
authorities, and cus'[omers Le kept as informed as possible
about cause and extent of the distulbance,. and the progress of
ihe restoration process. Thus communication policies and
facilities are critical and must be coordinated and used as et:
fectively as possible [6].
In a widespread disturbance, or one accompanied by severe
storm damiee. public communication facilities may be tm-
oaired. or'inac'cessible due to overload caused by public
hemand. and the utiliry will have to depend heavily on tts
own cofiImunication ficilities. Nevertheless, publtc com-
munication facilities must be used to the exteot they a-re avarl-
able in order to minirnr-e the demand on comPany (lntemal)
communication facilities. Back-up battery systems and/or
senerators are usually the limiting thctors ot- company^
ieleohone networks and emergency radio systems, in terms oJ
how long these systems will-be ar'ailable upon loss of AC
power [16].
Criteria for requesting interconnection assistance.by a system
being tlrm,and
-[orestored include (a) the adjacent system
bei,ng
tie<i other systems and having adequate reactive absorbmg
caoabiliN. or lb) the svstem being restored not havmg black
riiri A crit.rion forlroviding assistance to the
tt;i"'^ is (") whether th'e systern-- being restored- is
"url'"6ititv.'
;Ji"";;i
firrn and staUitizea. Once a tie is closed, the interconnectton
is ilsponsible for controlling the tie flow and the system
being}elped should control its frequency.
Retum to Normal
The restoration process is considered completed when the
final confieurati6n of the target power system has been
,"[4""a. "Economic Dispatch*mai be reiistituted and the
t".a oick-up incremeit will b6 based on considerations
"Lii
other thaniechnifal requirements of bulk power restoration'
Development of a Restoration Plan
Considerine the scope' diversiW' and unusual nature of the
tasfi invotVea in res'toration, and all the things that might go
development oI
wrong, oevelopment go(ru plan
of a good Plalr is uvurrr
ls a considerable under-
t"iirEiI7f ough p"f"r
tn--.- Although
t kilEiI7f Alttt"uph
Aftt ponier svitem
oovier syitem
syitem.characteristics dif
characteristics under dif-
iJtinitb".i levils anE o'peratin{ conditions requr-rlng differert
gase ot t-!l:_.Tf:
restoration plans, it is important f9rfor the
[he ease
lmplemeila-
ii;6 irv.'io-io r". as pbssible, to develop one rnaster plan
or several iirnittf
strrular plans.'Maior
3i*it"t p@l.'
plans. Majol in-the procedure are
elements in-the
Major ele
"ii""i.J
"ii""eraI
discussed in the fo'llowing sections.
'lJ
Formation of a Planning Tq4!0
The first step toward development of an e-ffective plan is for-
mation of a ieam to provide the combined exPerlence oI per-
.;;;i' r"-iri"i- *ittt'production, protection, gPerations, in-
strumentation. systeri analysis' and communtcattons' Be-
;;il-;ath; ,nutuul system conditions and phenomena that
;;; G'";;;rni"i"J a#irg the restoration prbcess, proposed
actions will have to be simulated ln order to en-
reslorative-the
rri"'ti,it system will not inadvertently be thrown back
i"t. ..ii"o.". 'This requires the participation of knowledge-
;bj; ;tJ;.""rvttt.' Operatorianalydt cooperative efforts
fr"ilitit" ""."iatJ modeling and interactive si-nrulation of the
i."i'iu.i"* t" ptouia" fa#turn-around analysis of alternate
restor'ation stepi suggested by the operators'
Review of Svstem Characteristics
Characteristics of power systems relevant to restoration may
b;;i"iI;J i;io two functional groups: those related to sys-
system.control dynamrcs'
tem structure, and those related- -to
Strucrural characteristics may differ according to system. stze
(load and eeneration), the type of servtce .terrltory
imetropolitin or rural, -compact . or extenslve' or
combinltions), generation' mix, triensmission voltage levels'
tvne(s) of di3triEution networks, types and slzes oI loaos'
;JtA;'" ieeuiation practices,
' and ava'ilability of interconnec-
w i dely in th e i r
iii', e"ii lii"d"' ii iit f Fti "," mover types. d i ffer.dlstnbutlon
.
ner-
black-start capabilities or restart restnctlons;
;;;i ;;;ii;;;"ti"i,i ,ri*i the degree of control-that may be
effected ov5r the size of load blocks to be picked. upi Yoltag
control capabilities are an important tactor tn malntarnlng vl-
able systein conditions during the restoratton process'
Dynamic characteristics affect reactive and -real iower
Uitarrc". and protection and control systems [!7J' Charac-
i#.ti"s ."latei to reactive power balance include:.(a) glnera-
;;;;d ;il"h.onor. condensers' reactive capabililies (over-
;e ;J";f"*itationl under(b) different system- configurations
shunt capac-ltor and reactor
and ooeratins conditions;
;;.I;;;ii;;s. voltaee levelsand modei of control; .(c) uq-
dersiound cable voltaEe levels, charging currents and maxl-
*uil suttainable voltlges, (d) transfo-rmer reac-tances'. taP
HV overhead
ffi;;.';d;"ait of c-ontrois; (e) EHV and
ii"i". curr"nts, number of sections per line, and num-
ber of"f,"iri*
cirduit! per line; etc.
Characteristics related to real power balance-include: (a) num-
ber and sizes of low voltage AC network loads unclef Pp15
and lieht load conditions; (b) generator ffilxrmum and mlnl-
;;;'Ailts under nonirai'aid emergency conditions;. (c)
tim" conttr"ints, frequendy.rpsponse to sudden
il;;;;I,;;-ir-io;a;,
Ii"*L" tpes (drum, supeririticdl. .oncethrough'
black.start
&.- Wii.,- nuttefii, pu",p.d stbrage);- ^(d).
*ilUitiii*;' (e) cold load pi6kup of ridial feeders and net-
w6rk loads; etc'
Characteristics related to protection and control.systems in-
clude: (a) number and siz-es of feeders with unde-rtrequency
iira i*ii6h.l capacitor relays and their settings; (b) number
sizes and locati6ns of low frequency-isolatlon- schemes;..(c)
number and locations of synchronizing tactlttles (at otner
than seneratine plants); (d) number ?4d locatlons or rre-
;,F"&--irJ;-.iie' ;"inG;' (Q interlocking schemes which
].JrJit (f) numbei and locations of
breakers "..otieffie'deua'uuie3;
witli- syndhrocheck relays; etc'
Formulation of AssumPtions
Restoration plans are usually developed in consideration of a
;;;';;-J;n"ti" r".. mijor powdr systep disturbance and
iondition under which
ti;;;;T;..b"ui! tooa and Len6rating important
It ii (for training
;;;;AIt"-.b;;"-"n;h, ocEur- that rqstoratlon-Plans..De as
as well as for implementation)
uniform as possible across differing system.load condrtrons'
"*rtii"itii affecting -reitoration - may ..differ
ffi;;;il
markedly, not only between peak and light load condltrons'
 but under other circumstances. all requiring some variations
in ,restoration .plans, or ..r.en separafe pla"ns [17]. U"a.i
Iight-load conditions. critical activities include itari-uo ofcv-
cline stearn units. Under peali-load conditions, critic'al tas(s
usually include the coordination of network load oick-un
with generation response. and consideration of possible risk's
tbr svstem freouencv decline beyond prime mover recovery
capa6ility.
Conditions for black-start of a system may be more difficult
during a weekend at tirne of syitern rninimum load than on
peak. Many stations that rvould be suitable for hot-restari
may not have been on-line at the time of the blackout. On-
Irne generators will be primaril_v basc units; cyclins and peak_
rng units will be cold. with nir hot re-start iapab.-ilitv ivail_
able lbr 4 or rnore hours. Reliance u.ill be on hydro (lf avail_
a.ble) or on combustion turbines having limited ieal and reac-
tive power capabilities.
Nevertheless, the occasion often considered is a complete col-
lapse under a given year's off,-peali load. From rtie annual
load duratlon curve, the level of load with the lonsest dura_
tion (houis per year), and the qeneratine units seirins that
Ioad can be determined. This Ior exami-le could be ai oFf_
peak load clp{itio^n.of about 90% of the annual peak load
over about 9O% of the time, or 7000 hours per yelr. Next
the worst scenario for a ma;or power system 'dirtrrrb".rc"
should be determined using tlie pdwer sys[em oDerators' ex-
perience and judgment- flris. for examfle could be splitting
of the power system into subsystems.' The power -svsteri
may either break
^into the subsyitems as the resirlt of a inaior
cllsturbance, or atter
a complete blackout be sectionalized-bv
the operator into the subsysiems for parallel restoration.
Establishment of Goals
Despite thephysical.similarity of utility systems, local condi-
tlons, whether specrfrc-generation mixes, uncommon loads,
or. perhaps- contractual obligations. may mandate estab_
llshment ot system specific goals for the restoration plan.
Strateglc,. system specific, priority restoration goals are cru_
clal to achlevtng a restoration that is optimal w-ith respect to
maxlmum restored energy and minimum elapsed time. '
In each power system there are certain immediate obiectives
to be achieved, after which the remaining restorat'ion be_
comes a more generic.(i.e. less system-sp&ific) operation.
Depenolng on the local system characteristics and 6oeratine
conditions, these objectives could be reenersizine th" bulE
power network, .or reaching a certain level of -generation
(reactive power absorbing or-real power) capabiliful ;, ;i;E
lnq up.a.downtown network load, or supplying time_critical
lnousrnat loacls, or energizing extra high voltage lines to a
l"l"gl",and large.generaiing. Init. Mo"re specifi. ;;;pl";
nlglr p9: p.rovldlng cranking power to drum type uhits
wltnrn JU.rrunutes; restoration of the high voltage'tiansmis_
sron lrnes to large units such as super-critical onci_throush or
nuclear units within 3 hours; r6storation of 9O% of"load
within 6 hours.
Beyond the earliest attainment of such critical obiectives- a
good restoratio4 plan will be based on a strateqy id mi;i;i;
the total amount of unserved energy as well as'[he duration of
the restoration.
Development of Strateey and Tactics
Development of a c_oherent, practicable restoration plan re_
qu-rres postulatron of one or more collapse scenarios t6 be con_
and choice of a basic ."it5."ti* .irategy reheci-
il*f{ [tSl,
rnp local system- constraints and characteristics. Ailocation
or resources and coordination of activities to ensure en or_
derly sequence of actions to successftrl co-pi"tion of restora_
Ilon tn a nunrmum of time is an important cbnsideration.
$*"+tggteS. In preparing the network for restoration,
most uttlrtres open all breakerd after a system collapse (an
76
'all-open" to simpli$, determination of network
.strategy)
status and lmplementatlon of the restoration process. Other
utilities, parricularly in cold climares, folfow a ,'selecred
operation" strategy. opening and closing breakers as needed
!tI heth.elatter
restoratlon process in order to conserve stored energv.
requires exact knowledge of the status of break?"rs
ano olsconnect swltches.
Development of a restoration plan from a point of comDlete
collapse and. without interconn'ection assistance may be iela-
tively straightforward. Often. however, due to emersencv
control acttons, a system disturbance maV be arrested ofror ti,
r'.orrrplete collapse. Furthcrmorc, some jevel of interlonnec
tlon assistance ofien will be available. It is thus desirable for
a_ restoration plan to cover different system operatins condi-
trons and various degrees of system tipset. After iriitial as_
sessment ot the system status. a proper entry into the olan
pay ge made, and the appropriate |roiedure si:lected and'fol_
lorved to a successfr:l restoration.
The basic strategic choice is between a "build-down,, strategv
of reenergizing the bulk power network before resynchonil_
rng -most generators, or a "build-up" strateEv of restorins is_
lands that *'ill then be mutually iriterconnti6ted. In com"par_
ing the two strategies,_it initial[y appears thar the Uuita-a5*n
strategy rs. srmpler. However. upon closer examination, it
becomes clear that restoration of partial outages and reliance
on the interconnection necessitatis assessme"nts of both the
system being restored and the interconnection status. These
assessments use critical time and make the build-down
tasking. On the other hand, while simul-
strategy more
Ianeous restoration of service in subsystems under the build_
up strategy can appreciably reduce the duration of an outage.
the extent of' sectionalization is limited by availability "of
resources, including the number of operating teams as *.ill as
the communications available to pe;mit eflective and effi_
cient coordination of their efforts. '
The build-down strateey. The build-down restoration
@;gization Lf t["'trff. power nerwork
as a first step, is followed by balanced, step-tjy-step restora_
tron of loads and generation I I I ,20]. A maior itiffiiulW with
ttus strategy is the reactive power produceil by the unloaded
tugh voltage transmission pfant, which often dxceeds the ab_
sorptio-n capability of the generators that are energizins the
network, and which at the same time results in unicceoitable
over-voltages at remote locations [10,201. This stratisv is
usually more appropriate for smaller syitems without "fons
high voltage linas [21], for predominintly hydro svsterni
wrth high reactive absoqption chpability, or Tor large sistems
wrth--very compact service territories. On other wstdms. it
usu.a-lly_ is selected only when interconnection asjishnce is
avarlable, or- after a partial outage. One utili$ with a laree
amnount of t-ry$.ro generation studied a "low voltage,, varii_
tion on the build-down strategy, wherein the netilork was
reenergized at a minimum peilnit voltage, rninlmizine Uoth
the amount of reactive produced and the"magnitude
ofovli-
voltages [22].
h^ *y case, the build-down slrategy includes: (a) assessment
of power system status (breaker -aird disconnect oositions).
power plant conditions (hot, bottled, cyclins, cold 3tart. peali-
ing, and base load), and local enersy dtoraei status: (bj 6ner-
gizStion of HV or EHV lines avoidi'ng sus6ined ori,*6ltrs",
and harmonic resonances; (c) supplf of cranking po*"iio
non-black-start plants, and/ or .r'p'pli of stuti,on-"s"Irvi;;- fo.
tne hot restart ot drum type boilers before elapse of the rraxi_
mum critical.time; (d)-synchronization of ,hits;-th, G_
come avallable tor service; and (e) full restoration of load
and return to normal operation.
Pg!+t9:gp+trg!qtty:
tron stratery f17,23,24) .-The more common build-up .restora-
is usually selected rn contunctron
wltn a scenano rnvolvrng a complete system
aTy interconnectio-n assi stahce.'I1,i -ii."t"gy'f* Gi;
colla'pse and
l1|llg
srtuatron lncludes: (a) assessment of power system'ltatus (as
above); (b) sectionalization of the sysiem into subsyste.., ,o
that each subsystem contains at least one drum type boiler freouencv isolation, controlled islanding,. under-freque.ncl'
and one unit with black-start capabilityl (c) supply ol crank- load sheilding capabilities, lelay blocklng/transrer.IrrpPrng'
r""d"d to permit im-plementation of res-
ins Dower to non-black-start plants, and/or-supply oI statlon and shunt reactors
sefoice for the hot restart of drum type botlers betore elapse toration in a timelY"t"
illanner.
tt"-*.il*um critical time; d) iriGrconnection of genera-
"f
ting stations within each subsystem (after generators attaln Validation
rriiirnrrn eineration but prioi to.res-toration of full load In order to develop a restoration.plan' it is necessary- to
;iii;;; ti;; itutvit.rl; (e; dl nchronization of subsvste.ms and
model the steady siate and dynarnic behavtor oI tne Power
load pick up to-stabilize all units; (f) start-up. and syrchrontza-
svstem by representing the physical and operatlonal oata
ln
tion 6f larde super-critical once through unlts; and (g) clos- (More than one
inp of ties"with the interconnection when adequate reacttve ;'";;; *1,." Intl.""tiv"e comiruling-systems'
of the wide range
abtorbing capabilitY is rea:hed. ;;i;i il;ftoiirtw"y. nectissary-b6cause.
phenomen-a that must be considered')
"i-ayn.-i"
Soecial considerations and tactics. Development of a restora-
ffiation of the probable effects Durine the restoration process' abnormally wide swings ,in
freoue"ncv and voltage aird other transtent phenomena may De
action on the system and on subsequent restoratlon
"f "jCt It is importarit both system resPonse to in"5unt"'r"a (may elen be prominent) that..are not germane
-"utu."t. 'and to consider
operator interections at the control ;;;il;;;;ii'oi,eration Ib,2s]. This. will require
the .in-
control actions, forme? use of a variery of system analysts and slmulatron
center. senerating planti and the load centers, .recognlztng -
i;;[. includine the c5ncurr6nt use of and. steady state power
*i C6oFainuting"ciitical time intervals. . Fspecially .dunng
h-"*i. ii*.ieni and dynamic stability-, electromagnetrc
stages"of restoration. firm capability should be em-
the early -co'nsiderine the ieastbtltty and secunty
;ir;tir"a. firm transmissi6n in the interconnec- transient simulations, io validate
fi;;; ;;t*;;;";rd.y;ds. and firm generation capacitv in ofproposed actions-
each subsystem.
Transmission line loadings, reactive power balance' over-
[ions, generltor loadings'
under-voltage condifions,
,ia-"-"a"i-""ltaee
and loadings' trans-
Deactivation of automatic load shedding and automatic tap posltlons'
former taD positions, shunt capaclror and
rt caoacitor
caPac antr-sllulrL r@rur'
rsaurv! starus'
shunt reactor
;it;i;"a ;;;acitors mav be necessary during the initial stages phasti dngle.differences betw
;ffihaiJi"g[-air]L.o,""tbltweenloadcenters-and",g^"lf,t::
and
of restorati6n, when frequency and voltage excurslons may ;;:1;il&"r*t"a uy means of power.flows'
tors'can be ivaluated by power.tlows' ,qq"dl
,fqndt{t,$
b; ;id;; than'in norma-l .ip"tu[io.,. An alt-emative.approach' ohase angles may appear across oPen- swltches wnlcn wlll
in order to avoid the need-for global deactivatlon,ls to.avoto
["*-t" U? closed to'ftrm up transmission paths,-or to c,om-
;;"";;-f;;!E"ipp.a with slch devices, but this obviouslv
imooses severe rb3trictions on the restoration .process' ;i# ;t#i;i"fiti.,-"r..,ilL
;r"o i.i*a. n"auc[ion of such phase
it ..iti""tii i *pott*t task that
Dvhamic and transient stability (as the system is betng re-
#;i"i b"i#'.Sii.n "
st6red and impedances between generators arc lmge) may De ma] require optimal load flow analysis'
;;ril;;dtth'a"ing each station Eupply nearby loads' Trans ient vol tages caused .by. energizinq. 1rg," t"CT:1Jt,.:^1 1
1

with the in- tiansmission svltem, and the harmonic di-sturbances prooucecl
Load pickup capability of the system
'Initialincreases illi;;#siie " *d transformer magnetizing cuffents whrch
crease in system e"n'.t"iioo- restoration of loads -overvoltages'
;h;;[ uL i', t*"tl-increments; restoration of smaller and H";";;.; Ji-"ei"s resonance. be
I ne tlme
and- Iow voltage Ac evaluated by electro-magnetic transient -slmulatlon' -can..
iiiiiir"^it it oirra pt.""*" ttrat br larger *ti"-n-"frt;;v-G 6"ght on line, the rates .at which gen-
;;;;;k l,rJ.. *nii" *^intaining a ieasonably.constant load
real
plcx- "i
irators can be loided, mismatch between load plcK-up.ana
to reactive power ratio. As restoration Proceeds'
ir""'Ji",ira 6" in-"t i"tge increments as i:ossible without the *;,u:lir"m;";,f"TF:;,Hff !"s,i:T&"t?#1"",:t1;
ritt of dangerous frequEncy decline' means dynamit simulation' This simulation is
of long-term
i"#il,ri""ir" iEJJt"'"vatuat" tne plck-Yp of low voltage AC
Reactive balance may be improved by initial.ly energi4ng hetwork l<iads equipped with group breakers'
onlv one circuit of dbuble circuit underground transnxsslon
ii'"J.." een..ators under-eicited to the extent Simulations require careful preparation of load data' genera-
"*"iiaEtu-tions allow. System voltages .may be
^i,J'L""iatine
iiiri"iuuirir" --*a-Jth".
po*"r systeim characteristics. Data neces-
maintained'within acceptable bounds (e'g' pl-us and mlnus iiliii-,i"6.
5%\ bv such means as keeping generato-rs- at the low enoand or
ffi,f#?*,li*:,:u:i*,',l:ff r*"1",fr,'B'J*i#$J1:
it1lL i,i,r"tJg;;s;;;t-&a! itag". of the restoration,
-to appropri ate. positions' obtain.
adi usti n e ivstem- transio-rmer'taps
T'lie sen-eral suide used by some operators rs to.PlcK-uP loao
wherisystem-frequency is high and raise generatton when sys- Iteration
tem frequencY is low. one
Restoration planning involve! two iterative Processes' and
between Dower svstem-mldeling and model ialidation'
In view of the importance of commu-nic-align dqring extensive ;;;';;;.'b"t*;;;it"t"sv andand factics' The Podels have to
i"stoiation. and ihe potential unavailabiliry of normal com- iil""Jiiit.J i;;i".t;t":ilred
iirii"?tli-# r*iitiii.r,'pi^iis will be needed for the pro.vision
telemetered
"*"Pt!1rg *P
and use of company- owned or other alternate facllltles' obtained frorn-the control comPuter-sJstem''lhrs lteratlve
for com- i."*J-i. "d"tin""a until an aiceptabfe degree of agreement
Mo."o,r.r, "ompiany' spokesmen w.ilf b.9 neededthe L';b-t^i""d between the models and the achral power system
il;i""ti"; with'loJal iovernmental bodies and public'ot an adequate outputs.
All these arrangements are necessary elements
restoration plan. After a stratesy for restoration is formulated, and a candidate
General nrinciples- It is essential that the syslem restoration
;:i;..itilon;-iffi ?ti"li"ii i. a"teloped, tle restoration planano is
adainst' the initial strategy tbr contormtty
ffi;==fiter!-;o-5-asi c restorati on princ i p I es' St rate gt es must "n"ct"a ip case of si gni.fican-. t- departure, the strategt
illow for chance events during the- r-estoration process'.rncluo- i*.-iluititvl-*[
and/or pfan may have to be modified [l7J'
ins the probability of unsuccessful ope-ratton or eacn rasK'
;;fiJ# IriJ"riiri:iip tirrbi?e, energization of
"i, "Lnt*Jtion
of a power circuit breaker' Provr- The above iterative procedures entail careful consideration of
;ii;;-.;t1d, Lr c\osing ,#-"?""U.[r. 6m*Gli*Jn restoration step on the rest of the
sion should Ue made-Foi-aitEmate-tr"nsmission paths for systLm and on planned zubsequent measures'
remote cranking power' to accommodate line outages'

Durins development of a restoration plan it may- become ap-

parent" that ndw facilities or capabilities' such as unoer-

77
 Documentation Audits and Updates
Another important element in restoration plannine is effec_ A functional. system r-estoration plan is necessarilv comoler-
ttve documentation. Three levels of documentati"on are re_ and desp.rte the best ot care and discipline in its de-veloprhenr.
quired: .for reference, for trainine. and for ui. Ju.ing1"t"uf rnere wlil be a nsk of overlooking some essential opbration
restoration. or condition.. The penalty for an]- ,rctr
""iiiigtt-J;fi'H
senous. As rs natural,.because of the close priximity and
$"Ir'.1"nra means a complete record. not iust of the olan as involvemenr of project team to thJ-iystdm
Itnally appro.r"{ ,rq adopted. but also of ihe development of .the restoiatien
ptan, no matter how experienced they may-be, certain flau i
rne plan. rnclud-tng tull documentation of rhe simulaiion test_
mal escape their detecrion. Theref<ire ttie tajt< ofi;;h;;.ri
tng and rts- results, showing control actions that u,ere re-iected audrtrng should be assigned to a quarified person outside rhe
because of.adverse system*response as well as control a'ctions
team.
that were rncorporated in the plan. Completeness of this
relerence documentatron will greatl_r lacilitaie Iater revisions Fven an audited restoration plan, to be valid, must be uo-ro-
of the plan. date. The documents must 6e regularly .*iJ"J-i;'.;fl.;i ;;-
current pouer system physical characleristics and operatins
Training documentation shorrld be developed to incoroorate condrtrons.. lhe plan should be updated on the occision o?
not only the plan itsell, but peda_eogicallll .ff.ctir" iili"irl cnanges rn.the system. changes in the EMS/SCADA installa_
procedures.
tron or,maJor plant controls, changes in other available tools.
ano ar teast annually.
Cgnyenjggt use during.
ltcrual restoration implies
ment ol the plan. in.guidelines
embodi_
lor operarors. 'These should Conclusions and Future Needs
aostract the pran.ltser,t in such form as to be readilv accessible
to operators during the restoration process. Most operating companies mainLain restoration plans
procedures against t!,d plp without"n"Uiine-th";-i"
fi'aving to on thelr restoration obj.ectives, operating philoiophiesbased
search lfrerr
:h-ec.{ through one or more encyclopjdic volumes. anJ
practices.; and familiafr ty with tde chai?c[eilrii.r"'iii"tfi:_ii
power plant restart capabilities and their power svstem rein_
A system. restoration plan should be readily accessible and tegratlon peculranties. While these proceilures ha've success_
easlly understood.;-its final effectiveness requires that the in_
tormatton and guidance it provides be readily and easilv avail_ l,]I P:lo.gg poyel systems in the past, rhey can be im_
prqv9d srgruhcantly by of steady slate, transient
able to those who will need to make use of-it during the res_ :rno ^simulations
process. This imposes requirementein turn"upon-thl _oynamlc behavlor of- the power system under various res_
191tion rorarlve operatmg condltions, and by engineering and operat_
map9l rn.whrch.the.plq_is documented, stored, anil made tngJuogmeDt reilecttng many f-actors not readily modeled.
avallabte tor retrieval [26]. It should be stored in a con_
venient media for quick-aciess, and possibly i, o. Mos.t power systgm.i have certain characteristics in common
complementary media. It would be-converiient ^tt".nriiu"
to be able to ano Dehave rn a srmrlar manner during restoration process.
access urgg!?tly needed information by a light pen on the It
operator's EMS display. j.s.thepfolq possible to-establish t g'"r;;;l
;;;i;;;;
llsr or. guldelrnes to enhance rapid restoratibn.
;
ptan, qowever, has to. be
A detailed
At all .three levels, the restoration plan needs to be docu_ {eveloped..specifically
'indiviau"i- p"*".to meet the
mented with utmost care. It should be written clearlv usins ELrticular. requirements of an svstem.
l,hus,.tt.ts. lmportant to determine and recoid the relevant
prec i se terms. for e.as_e
9 t unders tand i n g, ;;-
til;;;il6rij"63
rncorporared ln a detlnltive glossary or dictionary. Further_
cnnractenstlcs ot each power system.
more, tt should be rllustrated with familiar diaerams and An on-line restoration guidance system, capable of euidine
charts. The documents shoutd ue organiiJ i; i;Ei;;l-".d;;
"'--' the operator in, making tecisions at to *hut'.t"p; t. dk;;e
so that specific information can be lo"cated
lri;f "l;-"'--' when to t3ke th^e1n-, would go a long way toward minimizine
Trainine me duratron ot blackouts, and consoquently their imoaci
Preliminary. resutts with some
schemes has mdicated a possibility of"."iairiita""il,.tii#t]"ii
substantial reduction in
ll".f*f,ig,l^plan il comptete until it has been incorporared
even the reflexes of the operators who
unserved l.oad.d.uring Slackout-[l]. Th" nutu." of ini
.l1l,o:^:itiltt:!l:q^+q
wrII have.to pu^t it into action under stressful circumstances. prootem, . rnvolvlng- as it- does incomplete information and
many amDlguous alternatives, suggests a need for an in_
I tus requrres etfective, and ongoing, training
tzj ,291. tegrated tool, consisting of both in'expert iystem and ao-
ql?pri"t"" analytical togt^i. 1s^3 platform t5 d"rl'i"p i'eiiJ"r5"
l_*,,.d:,ylt :ty of techniques are available,for operator train_ sXstem tor.rastoratio.n lZ9-321. Such a tool would sefue as an
!:q -L: , l , slmp.te rnstruction manuals or audio-visual tapes for t?.?.1!g to the on-line environment many of the iooG
rnoependent,r!Hdy, cl3s91o9p instruction, interactivi pCs, 19Y,T.
and caDabrlttle.s olanners and operators use in planning 6s1
::*fj:: int"..";ri;;' o;;;i;i
"' ;.inins
'Sffii: whili it will stiiibe'*bfii tl"ip"rutor approval
simulators 1:l!r_ 3nI ]righly
augmented r"F ,:".t"iaiion' ;iil;;. resto.ration,
of all major decisions.
methods
f:!?$ ,syc! p independent
-sych 3s study are mosi-.piropri#f;;
most ap"proprirt.
P 6;
- -- ---:-o "fact;' about'system
fgilg .Jr Jtwrrr ri"it6..ti",;
srruurrvu uar uE very,usetul
very useruI for
eJ.ur arlult r UUIIID
"";;'"i;;-iffi;
ror tnculcatlng
inculcating undersLandins
i
uriderstanaing of
References
llryt,gi_9*^be
gooo rools Ior dnll and_prLctice
!3:'i.?,:i:'fj'.d.tfi *f slmDIe
3I"T,f.;t1;mlmi,H,:::":x::
of well_defined
well-dr scenarios;
l. PES Task Force Report: power System Restoration
the Second Task Force Report; inFE-iiiaNi,t.FnrRs_
_

Xlfrpinsgpliqticated
train{g
high fiileliry simularors are
,r" extremely
i*t."rn"lv use-
u"il 3, n.l, 1988, pp.lt8-126.'
1l! syste-fi--operat5rs to i"rfood-t;1ffi1tf;i
emergency srtuations.
2. M.M.Adibi: Discu:lion of D.S.Kirschen, T.L.Volk_
mann; power
fteslsrine a System witt ,n'Eip;.t'dy:_
tem; IEEE rnqfirs. i.z, is;i;p:5;s.
ili{fl'="i,"ti"ijiHl';::.r'it,i."t?1**,f, ""'""":"#"J-:Ft
ji'Ji,"'"i,i'#ll 3. ".o
i::p:.:p":ld^thiFi".";;;r'i;;#fri rf()olem solvlng capaDtlltles
L.-H.Fink: Power Sl:qgp- _Operation and Control;
po_WRSySTEMS^iNAL_ists.ANb-'i,tilylsllyc--i#l
lffi iotrf; ffi ,'Ji:,',H:"+H,i,:i'f*,::.1[ii:]rti[,*:
.
lng- sesslons not only enable A.H.ElAbiad), McGraw Hilt, l98l, pp. f Sd_SO.
vl.vr4tvrD
operators to
rv understand
uuucfs.:tno rne
execution, but also provide'an
plan ani
the ptan diil; proficient
and become iriri"ilirii',ili"
in its
?1Tu1,:", opportunity'f6i
opportunitytry f6i
lur tlem
lnem Io
th"rrr to sug-
sus_
sus_ 4. C.J.Andrews: Excessive Alarms During Restoration (in
gest alternative .t;p.'6i'til;'l
restdration steps
resto^ration iirr..r".-*i"^r"if-
for the rmprovement of the
Qroup-: Speciat a.;ie;iili*r"i, p"*"i
restoration procedure PES Working
system Kestoratron; 92WM 106_5PWRS)

78
 E.J.Simbureer, F.J.Hubert: [-ow Volqge B.ulkvPouer
J'
5.P.J.Clelland:TheRoleofPlantControlsystem(Part22. i;,i;;;'fr-;'i;.ltan sirutation; IEEE 7RlNs. PAS-
ilii'iir*i'ts"t^;i''F;ici R"gort'- Po*rer Svstem
n.l 1, l98l . pp.4419'84-
Restoration) ; I E E i" iufii''' i'-Sns-z n' 2'
Mav'l 987' 160
pp.27l-77. E.Mariani er al.'- Field Experience in Reenergization
of
23.
Ei*'fr ili' Ni"t';;'i;'irom' Thermal and- Hvd ro U ni t s :
6. -(il PEi
T.A.Volkmann: S* itching During. Restoration Ti1i'lMni. u.Fes-tor n-7 , 1e84, pp' 1707-13'
Workine Group Report: Spegi4! ^Cqqsrcleratlons ln
P;;;; s?'ti*il".to.ition; e2wM lo6-sPwRS) 24. J.Gutierrez et al-'-
-inxrui.
Policies for Restoration
--r.pwnS-2 of a Pou'er
Res-
's;"'i#,'"/ECE n'2, Mav le87'
't. M.M.Adibi: lssues and Problems in Power Svstem pp.*e-+2.
i.i"iif''iiiil pEs r*r Force Report: System onerations
" t"
E#ii#g'Jl)i
"iri7"rn"iits.'"I.iwils+ re8?'
of Overvoltages Caused bv
25. S.Nishida et al.: Analysis
with
pp. I l8-26. 3;ii:il;Lii.n-'in ut SA;;i"J Fo*"'-sv'tem
te6 Shunt Capacitance: IEEE
J.Feinstein: discussion of PES Task lorgg-Report:
Svs- #;;"-;;J"unI
'rili'rts.i. sI t se+, pp'2et5 -42'
8. i'pwnS-: Fnsrto: n.
tem operations Chaueriges iieiE' inalus'
n. l. 1987, pp. I 18-16. Plans: Revis-e, Rewritq or Leave
-bTiirRiCAL
26. S.Mullen: Emergency
fii;;fi;"r Julv lee I' I 7
woRLD, P'
I N Wmbel: Underground Transmission System Con-
9.
PES Working Group: Bulk Power -$Lslem Restoration
ir*.'t'ir,rt*:"',t'srt,*'n.1"???'t;'tbrTifi il!3e- 2'1.
Tiltiil i;E"iqu"t'; 92\t'IM S t 47 -9PWR
5PWRS)
28. J.P.Smith et al.: Development o-f Opertor Training
10. M.M.Adibi et al.: Ovewoltage Control During Restora- t;#;"-il utire'il," t struttional Systems iDevelooment
tion: 92WM107-3PWRS X;ffilli'"" ffiil-frirts"';3,,iS:ib?- rz' 're85'
in Srvg{gq and Txoerience pp.l++0-SZ.
11.
e;;J "'ii.,"' Restoration
R.Kearslev: -
i-r," er,Iil.,ii' r s8i'
-1E r e 7n'lrvs'
"T" 29. Y.Koiima, et al-: Development of a TGuidance Method
t.2, 198'1, PP'422-24' f-'i3,*H sv.t"- R":i;;;ii""; IEEE ra.NS' v'PWRS-
".PWnS-Z
of 4 n.3, 1989i PP-1219-27 '
12. R.D.Shultz, G.A.Mason: Blackstart Utilization
Analvsis and
ii;;;; c;uu.iioo-IEEE Tr*'bi;"i {alv-ti9{ o's' Y.Koiima et al.: The Development of Power Svstem
i:i.;ii'i;;J;'" ?xr*/is.-',-ie's-ro: re84' 30.
i;i;fiffi; i'Glo-"d !;;; :- lEE
Si,'ierry;iffl5
J; ;ffikTechniques
pp.2l86-91. i;;'6;H!" Engin"'ring
euigust le{e, pp' 1228-3s'
IV'l in'PES ;:F'il;RS-,i;.?,
J.G.Raine: Reactive Power Balance (Part
"t;ii'il;;'RJp.tt,
13.
p"*"i Svstem Res-t9rat1gn): IEEE 31. D.S.Kirschen, T.L.Volkmann: Guiding a.PowerTRANS'
Svstem
in irus. i.z. Mav'1e87, pp.21 1 -17' with gy*tryi
an"i'ifr; IEEE
".i'nvfls-z Restoration
Adaptation of the Simplex Algorithm
,.PWnS-S n-2, MaY l99l' PP'S)u-bo'
t4. M.H.Yolcu et al-:
il lti;a;iir-'"iC"ia liad Pickup-o-fir Iergg Secondary 32. C-C.Liu er al-: Genetation Capab-ility Disnatch for Bulk
-I--K"6*l"dse-Based
iY"i;;;k"ffi ;'iu,ti"o*sliiJ,i'-lsEi;-nfiNs'v'PAs- Power Svste- R;;;;;i[t' Ap-
lO2 n.7, 1983, PP'2064-68' proach; dzw]ia t os- t PWRS
of
C-Y.Chone, R.P'Malhami: Statistical' Synthesis 33
15.
Fr,.l.iiiiir' BL.J' i;,Jil;;i
s witn appLi:aiion
n'7'
to col d
1# UIle' %"Hr'ffi::1fficdl"s'?.fl$y'i's,?,^?!"!,
iil',il"Fi',ir.,ip' lfiE-
inets v'PnS:io3 le84'
C"""tla"".itibot- io Power* System Restoratron;
pp.t621-28. 92WM1O6-5PWRS)
C3nabif -
16. F. Arsani ani, M. W. I-anier : Telecommunication
iti;;';tr L'iilt ti"".1in PES working
S;;i.l -Con;i,i;tutio"i in Power System
Group.Report:
Restoratton; H#++tr'JY -if ftiit
,'i;96",U1J:J;""f;kxillfi:1'"6;
ioauttry exlerience includes
Xiii'".irir"ri.' r sfof "tititv
e)wMl06-5PWRS)
s#$",t':xici;*rt ;5}:ru, ?lil':id ffi{tr:L:i
17. 'ET"["i'".T:[['''&D^riii]'dii:] j ;;;.I";;i Eb^r"o.' nt lgM, as a Program Maneger' he ''"'3s
Lif "ff :,;:fii,,fl
r.pas-too n'8, ie8l, pp'3703-13' ii$ffi fbili.iiiJ;"rlri'i"";i.r;,;$"i;'*Sll',:;";m":$,"fr ;
iEti nii'Nsi
Power System-3?storation'
18. PES Task
i,i'.i. irf
Force Report:
"pi*Li syttL*
-bharacterisli
cs; l EEE TRA N S' i:#sfi+#,$"#tj"ffiq#.hr*,$i['*b.,,'*].#i
several gtilitig:' H" is a mem-
,.P[rns'-2" .2, Miy 1987, PP.21l-71'
;;";i";A;storaiion P6;1"'
il;;iih"th'.;i;;;Sv;t5- Ir"li;.,.ing c"--ittee' and chair-
Force Report: Power Syste4- Restoration' ;;; f i;*it3v tt.. Re"storati oi wo rkin g G roup'
19. PES Task -iV.:,
i,;.tr iI. tstoi"gi")a IEEE lnat'ts- v'PWRS-2
-lslai,
pp-ztr:tt ' L. H. Fink (M'51,,SM-'f8,f'17?,1-F:'o) *:** y^TY;fY
;.i:-M;y y"u1ffi ffi .'?ilda;i;fi ;'ir""tii"co6e31.:1";:f
intlerconnected *1"-"#
a Maior '"ffi#Ij#J i;;;;;'.i"; "od oo ;*J"-
wstem
20. G.Morin: Service Restoration Following
F;iii#:; ir,J nia.i,-Q[edi,i"F.;;;' st'i;a; (86wM #;,%;;"d"ri;;;;;'t"iltior
##,1#l"il"d"Tft;;e-t"nt*t
the
iiq
(1a Yhtih
1vhigh
areas he h-:lf
U,S. Energy
i
holds 3
l(esearctr oc
183-8) (T&D) {i",*:::i{^kru'litgyti;;xp',ffi ilf ,*
J."ttopine and"managing the

LL'
21. D.Scheurer: Sequential vs' Parallel R?storation (Part rr,;$t?b^r"u,""ffii".lfffi
NsY
Iratru,4r vrvFre"'.'ii"-;"a
ln sP
in
and thirteen Years
3EFfi*#:T*"}ff
nap aid consrrltil'g involv-
Regort: Power Svstem
i-V]i"ii'-i;E5-'r;;f-F"rce i''lth{ -t conirol- securitv and voltage Ph:l-"-T:li'
hl!i"'"ii""l 1 r Ez" iil 3-z n' 2' M av ea7'
fi s'--"' ru;&;;
iigffiTUtffi
He
.istem'..,#.1i,'*li"-:*sl;*_T.rl*:-L:':,:S:,:f;
tausht power system englneeflng
has taught
H5 6as at three
enginqering a-t u,rYsrJrrr.-'
LnrEE g"lY9t*IlT:
pp.27l-71 .
ii; ffi il!'-u""t "rsy.i.-
tn"'irieEteEslowe"r
.-F*i*r
Sv.stem Engineering
Conrol c.,,l.nnmriittee
Subcommittee' and several
d"rit*itii*l- tttl
Working GrouPs.

79

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION IN POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION
THE SECOND WORKING GROI]P REPORT
A report
-- by the Pohrer System Restoration Working Group'
--'--- ctiairman: tl- M.- Adibi, IRD Corporation
Abstr*t: This paper is one of a series presented on be-
hatf of the Sysiem Operation SLbcdnittee rith the intent
restoration
oi-toi*ins industry attention on Porer systemever
issues. Today's poHer systeilB are more than wlnera-
;i; t" p"i;;ii"i *jot disturbances, dictatinsa renened ard
ctoser attention to restoration fottoring Partiat or
*it"p*. This paper, the- secord rePort by-the
PoHer system iestoration uorking Group. addresses four
"orpiut"
oro." i""u"" nhich require speciat consideration'
COLD LOAD PICKUP. MODELING
u. U- Price & S. Ihara, GE lrdustrial & Porer system
In oerforming sttrdies of system restoration, it - is
n"""-""".i to i"r" matheflEtical nrodets that can be used to
ritt be present.at various tocations
;ili;i ihe toad thatvariation
Ln thu The of the toad as a fr'rnction of
"y"t*.
itr" i"nsth of time that it has been disconnected and other
i".t".tl i".t as Heather and vottage, must be considered'
Load Categories
In generat, Ioads can be categorized as: thernostaticatty-
conirotted' toads, manuatty-restarted Ioads, and fixed
Loads.
Thermostaticattv-controtted tgads inc-ttrde space heating
ffiirigeration, and sone indus-
il;"r p.o"-"!ses, is a major concern for cotd toad pickup
becausl it tenas to increase as the duration of the outage
increases. This increase is not due to the increase in
DoHer consunotion of individuaL toad devices, but rather
[. itr" increase in the nunber of devices that Hitt be in
an rronrt state fottouing an outage.
tlanuaItv-restarted Ioads inctude industriat t:,".dt
:hi:!
rritt tripofaupon toss of system vottage and Hll'l onty be
restarted nnnuatty once vottage is restored' During
system restoration, the absence of these toads ritt
represent a decrease in pouer, partiatty.offsetting the
increase due to thermosiaticatty-controtted Ioads' A
retated category is toads that sHitch over to a backup
poru. .or.""- dlring the system outage ard are onty
returned to the system nranuatty after service is restored'
Fixed Loads such as tighting, cofiputer/etectronic equi-
pr*nt, u"a to*e mechanical drive loads, nitt be essentiat-
iy the sanre ducing restoration as they Here prior to the
93 tiM 202-2 PI.iRS A paper recoomended and approved
by the IEEE Povrer Systen Engineerlng Conmlttee of
the IEEE Power Englneerlng Soclety for presentatlon
at the IEEE/PES 1993 Wlnter l'leetlng, CoL:mbus, OH,
January 3l - February 5, 1993. Manuscript submitced
AugusE 12, L992; made available for printing
December 14, 1992.
paper 93 WM 204-8 PWRS, presented at
IEEE 1993 WPM Columbus OH Jan 31-
Feb 5, 1993
81
93 WM 202-2 PWRS
outage, assu[ing they have not been discomected dring
irr"-ir["g". Lofos tfiat sritch to backr'p porer drring the
outage autonaticatty reconnectd to the systen
"ttd "re of the vottige voutd atso fatI into this
"p"n-i""to."tion
category.
rodeting Aproaches
Tno approaches have been considered for modeting the
U"tr"riT. of the toad during restoration heuristic and
physicat ty-base nodet ing:
Heuristic modeting characterizes the I'oad behavior based
;=xperience and reasoning regardi ng the- overal I behavior
;; i;"; on typicat feedeis, sr+Portd by neasured data
during system incidents'
or the r'nder [y-
Phys i ca t t v- based rpde t i nE deve t ops. node I s f
@gether Hith data on the cutPosi-
tion of the [oad.
The heuristic approach is usefut for conceptuat consider-
ot toad behavior. hit it is timited in practicat use
"iiont..t of sufficieni
[V'" experience and.nreasureddata' The
i.uristic modeting does not readity tend itsetf to
uJir"t*"nt" catted for by varying toad corpostions ard
anrbient conditions.
The phys i ca t ty-based modet i ng, rh i t e- requi.ri ng si gni f icant
a"rJi"'p*nt ind d"t" cottection, has the Potentiatto94 to
p.Jt"L reasonabty accurate nodel's for varyingroutd
[o,rpotition" and conditions- Such an approach
invotve the fotloring:
1. Ctassification of toads on each feeder by toad
co{nPonents, such as residentiat space heating'
tighting, etc. The variation in load conPosition
ard other
tiiitl tide ol day, season, Heather, character-
factors rrust be determined in order to
ize the fractionat corposition of the toad at the
time of an outage. This type of load charac-
terization based on coilPosition is simitar to
that required to devetop vottage-sensitive toad
rnodets for toad ftox ard stabitity anatysis' The
EPRI LOADSYII program tl,2J has been devetoped to
sinptifY this Process.
2- Each toad coflponent m.rst be charactecized by its
response to I system outage- A first -st:P !3utd
be io ctassify each ccrponent a$ one of the three
tvoes discussed above: thermostatic, manuat ty-re-
siirtuA, or fixed. The irpact of manuatty-re-
started ard fixed Ioads are readity apParent'
ihe thernrostatic Load, rhich ney be a sdrstantia[
portion of the toad, requires further nrodeling,
as discussed betoH.
Thermstatic Load l{odet ire
The modeting of therrnostaticatty-controtled Ioads has
received sorlre attention by researchers' The fottoxing
information is based on reference 3. figure 1 shons a
schenntic btock diagram of a residentiat space heating
 load- Ihe fottoring sirpte first order dynamic nrodet ras Figrrres 5 & 4 shoH the simltated response of the heating
shoHn to produce accurate resutts of Figure 2, for an load (represented by B) for 10,000 honres. Figure 3 the
irdividuaI house: response fottoring a 30 mirute outage for three different
initiat vatues of B. Figure 4 shors the response for a
Dt/dt = -<1/.rt<I-Il -trtc), specific initiat I for three different outage dratiors.
rhere:

T mean telperature of house,

r effective thermaI time constant,

Tr tefiperature house Hitl approach xith heater off,
tetperature gain over T, attainabte Hith heater on
indefinitety, and

tJ thernostat status ('l or 0).

fl T tfil
II{TERNAL HEAT V
LIFESTYLE Figure 3. Cotd Ioad pickup af ter a 30 mirutes
oPEN,/CLOSE oOORS outage effect of initiat rr8.. = actuat
l,ll,/instatLed ill, - (1) 8=0.7, (2) 8=0-5,
(3) 8=0-2

Figure l- Space heater denrand modet

rr lfl clxuTts

Figure 4- Cotd toad pickr-p - effect of outage

Figure 2- Corparison of nrodel and test resutts fon
roo{n teflperature vs. time. (NormaI ther-
nrcstat cycte; 80 minimun outage,. .l1O
minim.m outage)
The representation of a large nuber of houses or other
therrnostat.ic Ioads requires anatysis of the probabitity
(B) of a given thernnstat being on at the time of the outl
age. tor a large nurber of toads, B is equivatent to the
actual load at a particular time divided by the rraxinrrn
toad if att thermostats Here on (instatted capacity).
duration - (1) 50 minutes, (2) j0 min-
utes, (3) I0 nirutes.
This type of rodeting coutd potentiatty be used to devetop
aggregate npdets for the behavior of feeder toads fottoyl
ing an outage. The data for such modets does not neces-
sarity require detaited nrodel.ing of buitding thermat
characteristics, but can be obtained from systen diversi-
fied demand data ard sinpte nreasurements of the on ard off
cyctes of thermostats, as descr-ibed in reference 3.
AdditionaI data on the curposition of the toad, as
discussed above, xoutd atso be required.
Research lleeds
The basic toad characteristics that affect cotd toad
pickup response a.e quite rett understood. Hoxever,
additional research is needed to devetop rrcasureflEnt and
data cottection methods to determine parameters, particu-
Iarty thermostat on-off cycte statistics for particutar
feeders at particutar tifires ol day, seasons, etc. lrith
such data, simrtation studies coutd be jerforned to
characterize the col.d toad pickup response of particutar
feeders or typicaI feeders. The resutts of these str.rdies

82
coutd assist in form.rtating restoration strategies that
property accountd for the probable or Horst-case nngni-
ttdes of the [oad.
COLD LOAD PICK.UP
LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK LOADS
Chartes Uetiky, Consolidated Edison Co
Over the years a great deal of effort has been experded in
concisety forecasting, measuring, and Preparing for toad
in-rush fottoxing custoflEr outages- HoHever, another
criticat consideration fottoxing initiat restoration is
the effect of rrCold Load Pick-Uprt rrlrich is a sustained in-
crease in toad due to the reduction of the nonmt diversi-
ty in the toad being served due to the Passage of time'
Recent experience has denronstrated the iflPortance of being
abte to knor approximatety the anount of real ard reactive
toads rrlrich xitt be picked-up at any time foltoHing an
outage ard atso some excePtions to the general rute in the
case of torer vottage netHorks.
tEol.f Cotd Load Pick-up
A drarnatic exanpte of consequences of cotd toad pick-up
occurred during the extrenrety cotd veather during christ-
nras of 1989- Atthough, in some areas precautions had been
taken to timit etecied notating interruptions to 15
minutes, rhich had been catcutated to be naxim.rn tirne to
avoid tLss of toad diversity, this time uas exceeded in
hundreds of cases due to forced outages resutting from the
yery high overtoads. As a resutt, cotd load pick-up
increased ard restoration becarne very difficutt and re-
sutted in further damage to equignent froat overtoading arrJ
exterded customer outages- The speciat nature of the toad
in this case is of inteiest. ExtreflEty cotd reather in a
nornratty rarm ctimate area vitI cause more significant in-
creases in toad ard greater opportunities for cotd load
pick-up probtens. This greater than nornra[ [oss of
iiversjti occurs for the fottoxing reasons: heating is
atrnost att resistive, insutation and h.ritding designs
(residentiat homes on stabs), the tack of atternative
heating such as fireptaces, and poor preparation of the
poputaiion to handte cotd xeather (avaitabitity of rarm
ctothing etc.). These corditions att cotbine to increase
toad due to the cotd ard reduce the probabitity that
customers xitI turn off heating Hhen .equested'
Los Yoltage Xetrorks
LoH vottage netrorks consist of m.rttipte high vottage (13
or 27 Kv) distribution feeders supptying transformers
uhich connect to a toH vottage grid (2401120 vott) feeding
the customers. These netlorks provide a great deat of
redundancy and provide for the most retiabte suppty of
etectriciiy in the united States- Hoxever, the nature of
these netHorks, Hith aLt distributions feeders emanating
from one substition, means that in the very rane case of
a substation shutdorn, the tength of restoration may be
extended. In tight of these extended outages, the poten-
tiat for cotd toad pick-up corptications seefils tothis in-
crease. HoHever, experience does not reftect tong
hypothesis. Experience has demonstrated that
duration outages ril,t not necessarity resutt in greater
toad pick-up. Son refrigeration, hea-ting and air cordi-
tioning toai requires ranuat intervention to be restarted'
I portion of cofiIerciat ard irdustriat toad atso requires
manual intervention to start or Hitt be ceptaced by on-
back-up d'iesets' Based on experience
"ii"
O"ting"u"toror-oHned
major area shutdouns, it can be assuned that the
toad ihat-xitt be re-energiied ritt be about 80x of the
toad prior to the shutdoxn. The fottoring tro scenarlos
defipnstrate hori these considerations can significantty
inpact on cotd toad Pick-uP.
short Duratisr lrrcifuit
THo tou vottage netrorks emanating froor a singte slbsta-
outage- Since there rere no over-
tion, experienced an
Loadi. fautts or darnaged equiFnent the netrorks rere re-
energized Hithin 35 minutes- Due to the nature of a
n"tr6"t, att feeders are energized simlttaneousty, therebY
restoring att the custoflErs to service- This irrcident
occurred on a hot sunner day and the netraorks Here
exoeriencing peak toad conditions due to the use of air-
Therefore, based upon nonnal cotd-toad
"oi'raitioning.
oi"t -rp foricasts, the theoreticat exPectation Houtd be
!n inciease in toid. tn fact. xhat ras experienced ras a
."duction in toad. This seeming inconsistency is a resutt
of the nature of the toad. These netr.orks inctude mny ard
t".g" "p".trr*nt h.ritdings, connrerciaI businesses,
iarie lispitats. l'lany of these custorers have stan&y
g"ni."toti rhich Hitt be activated to suppty essential
ioad. ln addition, soop of these customers have motors
rith ton vottage protection nhich require manuat resetting
orior to rettaiti'r,g. Atso, att etevators mJst be rnaruralty
iestarted as required by housing codes. Another exarpte-
oi-inl pot"nt i a t' f or detlyed t oad pi ck-up .i s .an ai r-condi
iioned'apactrnent ehich is r.noccupied arrC the air condi-
iioner requires a manuat reset- These factors conrbined
Hith high aHareness by the custofiErs for the need to
ieduce [oad, ted to a reduction in the toad picked-up
irnndiateLY after restoration-
Large corytex Re-Errrgizatisr
This incident de{rpnstrates the dramatic variations xhich
can be experienced xith very targe-toad custorers Hho have
ioad control.capabitities. Due to a serious probtem in a
substation, it uas decided to de-energize it for a short
period. this station is unusual since it suppties only
Ln" .r.to*"" uith npre than '100 HH of toad. Before the
shutdoun, the custoflter ras notified ard ras therefore abte
to anticipate the toss of poxer ard to start on-site
generators.
Once the originaI probtem in the substation ras etectri-
catty isotated, it xas imediatety re-energized' Horever,
xhen the breakers xere ctosed it ras observed that there
*u" t-,o toad being suppl'ied- The custo'ner strategy had
been to corptetel.y isoiate f rom the br.rtk porer system and
to suppty essentiaI toad vith on-site generators'
Load Has then graduatty .estored by the custoflrer' tlad
ihere been probl,ems due to toss of diversity these coutd
have been managed by coordination nith the customer'
The high densiiy of the load in an urban center cornbined
rith tfie netrori design arri custoopr control capabitities
significantty nrodifies cotd toad pick-up concerns' HoHev-
er, utiLities supptying these types of toads mlst ensure
thit these mitigating effects are property managed to
optimize their vatue.
THE ROLE OF GAS TURBINES IN
PSE&G'S BESTORAT!ON PLAN
S. A. Janes & J. |1. t'frubet, PSE&G Co'
The current PSE&G restoration ptan anrd phitosophy vas
devetoped by a Task Force in 1985' The major drivers for
PJ'{'.our
the pian r.ere the guidetines devetope'd byinterded
.eslohut pouer poot. These guidetines.Here to
priviae consistency among menber conpanies and facititate
83
 ^l ,.^. ,.r,ts le,lJ sPeol si ,(lo6alel PalelaJ

easier integration of th:,poot fol'toring

bance. In i985, our a msjof.distur- can be fairty tength (g to 24 hours).
prace {or rrla ueen-in
"pp,oii".-.1;:", ;:::::"ll*fl""i
:;:L::"ffi '**qixiririu$;r*'tr*;r.*
dom in.1957 and syste{
us in 1965 at l9TT. *'ilt -.rf itixti*irr*ll,:.'"::ffi
rhere perswnet are not famitiar or l,ack urp..i"n""
ii, tf,u
Orrcnt Qeratian Process.
The mst signif icant.:!?ry".in-pSEtG,s past tests have confirmed.tiat our
s)rstem is that of targer GTs can be btack
generation sr4loty. startd and held in stand-by mode, ari
.^ixcept arring-pea[ ilo perioo, rnost
of our fossil generating as needed- "ri"_";h_;;;";
onty of targe nrclear Git""qripr""; il'-i shutdorn.
plant arc.normail,y or.tine. IJ'i"Jiiilrr"
- "L""r"coat-fired General
rr,J-ttl-.l,i.r"of our load is
frH*"",or." ix;::*,_,r- tocatJ lii.iiv-"-.a uri ts, l{ost of our GTs are tocatedl sith other fossit units. This
!i,"ui.G"-i,iii,ilr,H_:1.,::X""#i"i.fi,"i.."r*;'i; ri tt
_assure
adequate rEnporrer for restari ing
at atmost a[ [
these units are ouick_si""f-<t"=l-ti"n"io ,irrrt.") tImes-
boot-strappabt e.
"rd CqEerrE
Restoratiat ptnr
Stat i ons
PSE&G,s current restoration pl,an is designed
this current node of to address Not at.[ generating stations have smau
."p"*ti*."-ti".,fri""i}, ' tocat cTs rhich can
leaknesses in our equignena ".-*"-tT'I" any inherent provide. I ight and poper
are -for.sta.t-,+. ia'iilr mits, nfrictr
The ptan reties on the-strength of ".."nn"*na.
our gas turbines-_their
ava i I ab I e, may c"u.e_s,os"q,r.ni i on prob_
tocations and capabi I ttles. past testing erperienced gained
"vr,Ji.'*i."a
1ry.
test during fossit unit
restarts confirmed OitfiiuttieJ-.in
A key factor frequency and toad contro[; *p""i"iiv controtting
to our ptan is paral.tel, approach. One *i"n
the guidetines ras to.assureatirat of loads such as fans p."io. -1-i-"lJrtT=*'*ted 1,".g"
"t".tingthat
tisht our ptii couta pr.ovide is good practice "r,a it
and poHerto J"."i"ii.;",:;i'; Hithin txo to stirt the t;;;st motor first,
hours. As a result of"rr
the.-earii-er'""r"iil'"I*oorns, smatI if possibre, bv ,oto." ii-alii."",ns
GTs rere instatted tocatty-ai I:llord,
st ze. order of
Other, large groupings of GT
;#;;H'tine
"t"tion".
s have Lreen instatted atong the transmission System
ternal to the steam porer. ptants. ff,u." system ex_
atlor the restoration- of thi ir""*i."ii. larget units One significant ftar ras discovered
in earty ptan tests of
sarp time that the fossiL units;;"-;;.g systeo at the equipnent Has that tnLoaded crs coutl'no-i
ie parail.el.ted.
They atso provide redundancy i..-tigi,i restarting. This necessitated that the- ptan
if-tocat crs at any generating sources ;;;r;;; Jir smatt toad
blocks tocated near each-malor cr a;;t;;;,
start. =tition"na*'por",
"houtd
fait to appl.ied guickty to provide to"o rol.
iii-Ci..
*tich coula be

Strengths In addition, att of our.GTs are eqr.ripped

po,er factor setting, vo-ltage rith automatic
Generatinq Stations feature during restoration, ""grtltJl. io defeat this
the
;;ii;
"".h-il;;i m.r.t ue pr.rt in
As statd eartier, smatt (ig-l{u) -nanuaI vot tase controt',,,"d;
as- instructed Lg'i estagt isnea
GIs by system-operations.' ii-i"-n"."t,
tocal [y at nost fossi t stations. - have been instatted not provide as m.rch ."ns:.11 vottage GTs do
;h"J
capabi t i ty and. requi re-mi n imai-irit.r, ts at I have
uli tess vAR absorpt ion ."grt-.iion, and m.rch
.T:!r.r."o
vrde start-up poper. i ng to pro_ ""piui
t I ty,- ri"# *'i a".
..Each station--a""a. their unit
"l
rnnthty to assure ..:9in::: Another major concern is.the unproven
Typicatty, each station y.iLt ;;- G;.;; fami t iarity. frequency conmol caoabirities
;i;;;
load regutation and
';"* rerr
_atso ;";;
unit start-up usins thejr ii"i".J'li'on"" a futI steam they share the toad ,, it..pi.rJ ;;:: Hiu,
Another key designation feature i"-it"'"Oiiity " y"..- unit test starts, no .""I a..t "pr''d,i"i than fossiI
Ep".',.'in'.e is easi ty
station to synchronize its isoiaij-fiiiii Ij poHer system of each yithout puttins- tirm custo#f1'oJ'-".
aevetopins transmis"ion
3ftai3ea
thought on the subject .i"f r One
13^1-!1 .yri*.-'iii.-"t Iors fossi t
restarts to proceed in paraliet ,iii only the largesl single L_
a_t-11 g""a-p."llr:"1 uoutd
-iltr) have
and the remainins GTs set to rroia ; ;;"q;.""y controt
::::t:^ ir," transmis_ GT (125
sron restoration, thereby not iosing
,"iu"it" ,i*. under these conditions, the system ;;^;;;; ilH outtrrt.
Svstem coord i na te the add i t i on_or. d;;;';"rtd-at," have to
t"rn J*[r.,a* ri at
and_ toadins * .li
Large groupings of GTs (> 400 ltU,s) "v" .*ia;;;r-to'maint"in synch ro _

are tocated in four

locations atong the transmission .V.t*. 1!zati91
Large GI in its safe operating ."ng".-' tn"
vrde pSE&G the abitity to rapidty;;;;;;" ihese Gts pro-
core path. These units.proria" a transmission Fihatty, the toad rrblocksn
stations not equipped .t".t-rr-**". fo, those that are used to devetop our
riih to;;t-;i.'olr*il." subsequent
transmission core do not at present
f,"r" underfreq-
synchronization routd I old. shedd i ne :to assuie
:reate : proOtem. as'x-et I as.a IeveI
of redundancy for the.generatins _,t:?:y Hould
unrt be protect-ed
th;i- th i ;;"Ii
"^orgf,.r," r
Staiilri""Jitn
setected nodutes at ttiese ror. L;J. 'i;";jor" tocat crs- prevent another cot Iapse. rhis
by_.sufficien;-i;";
"' ".n"r.
sheddins to
start tested ar-e btack def icrjerrc-y-lvotved based
every trcnth. on the poHer pool treour er{ulr'nDt of onty 302 toad
ttr.""-r[z ri6'.wt shedding in
This appioaclu, both in.transmission
Grs provides psE&c Hith-th" restoration and use of
Genera I
cant nutter of mesaxatts or. -"uilitv;;;;''up a sienifi_
crst-ili loli.e".ty,
steam units are being ytrite llunerous generat itens-of
_res_tarting.
Dasetoad units and units r..t".l-li*s for Iarge the formutation of concern about GTs arose during
previ-orsty-on' ."."."u our present pf"n in.i,raing:
shutdorn conditions battery
at crs,. tack of o_.- t-*i"t".r;;;* **.
".
E4
 I8
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ualsls rarod pre lr{6!l parelos! sl! azluoJq:uls ot uo!tels
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 98

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 98

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 r*ren Restoring the PJll 500kv system,', PEA System During tlr- Uetiky,s 24 years at Consotidated Edison Co- he
operation conmittee, Jan. 1991. has hetd positions of increasing responsibitities in the
Planning and Operation Departrnents inctuding Chief Systern
t5l R.J.Kafka et at-:System Restoration Ptan Devet- Operator ard Ptant l4anager of the 59th Street Generating
oFnent for a l{etropolitan Utitity; IEEE Trans. Ptant ard has been Generat t4aneger of System Operation for
v.PAS-100 n.8, 1981, pp.3703-13. the last four years.
t71 J.G-Raine: Poper System Concept of Reactive Joseph I. Llnnet (14,63, Sl{ ,71) received the BSE froot
Porer,' The IEEE 8th Eienniat uorkshop on .rReal tJorcester Potytechnic lnstitute in 1961 and the l,tSEE frqn
Time Honitoring and Controt of Porer Systems,.. the lleH Jersey Institute of Technotogy in 196/ . fle is a
llontreat, Oct.1986. graduate of the Generat Etectric Colpanyrs PoHer Systflt
Engineering course.
I8l D.P.l{itanicz :Generator Reactive Capabitity -
Testing and Optimization; Southrestern EtectricaI He joined PSE&G in 1961 and spent 8 years in the transmis-
Exchange, Atabama, oct 1989. sion ptanning group before transferring to the System
Operations Department in 1970. At the present his duties
t9I 14.,{.Adibi :Apptication of Digitat Corpr.rters in inctude the procurement. devetoFnent and rmintenance of
Steam Electric Station; Advanced Devetognent Div. the advanced apptications softrare on PSE&Grs Energy
Pubt ication, I8t{ Corp., l,lay 1961 . l,lanageflEnt System. l,lr- urubet is a Iicensed professional
engineer in the state of ),leu Jersey.

BIOGRAPHY

X. X. fdibi (t{'56. Slil'70, Ltl,91) received the B.Sc. degree

rith honors in etectricaI engineering frorn the University
of Birmingham, EngtarrC,in June 1950, ard the tt{.E.E. degree
fron Polytechnic Institute of Brooktyn in January, 1960.
llr. Adibi is the Chairrran of pouer System Restoration
lJorking Group, Chartered EtectricaI Engineer, U(, arrC a
ProfessionaI Engineer in the state of t{arytand.
Satoru lhara (Hr73) received his B.S- tand ll.S. degrees in
EtectricaI Engineering frorn Kyoto University, Japan, arld
his Ph.D, in Appl.ied tlathematics frorn Harvard University
in 1973. He is currentty a Consuttant Engineer nith GE
PoHer Systems Engineering in Schenectady, Ny. Dr- Ihara
is active in several IEEE PES conmittees.
Steyen A. JrEs (11,72) received his BSEE fron Lehigh
University in 1972. He is a graduate of the GeneraI
Etectric Coflpany,s Porer System Engineering Course.
He joined PSE&G in 1971, speniing six years in the
Production Department before joining Etectric System
Operations rhere he is currentty TechnicaL Analysis
l.lanager Hith the Corporate Rate CounseI group.

l,lr. Janes is a Iicensed professionaI engineer in the state

of NeH Jersey.

llichael. J. O,Grady (l'1,80) received the degree of BSEE from

Virginia Potytechnic Institute and State University in
1980. Since joining the Potomac Etectric Porer Conrpany in
'1980, he has Horked in both the ptanning and operations
areas.

l|r- O'Grady is a senior engineer in the System Operations

Group, currentty *orking on PEPC0,s reptacement Ef.fS, and
a is registered Professionat Engineer in Harytand and
Virginia.
Uittia U- Price (t{,68, Sl,t,78) received the B.S. degree in
Etec. Eng. from Ctarkson University in 1968 and the.H.
Eng, degree from Renssetaer Potytechnic Institute in 1971.

l.lr. Price joined the PoHer System Engineering Dept. of GE

in 1968, Hhere he is presentty Consutting Engineer. He
has yorked on EPRl,s LOADSYil program and chairs a task
force on Load Representation for System Dynamic perfor-
rrance Anatysis.

Charles lletiky (t|,68) received the B. S. degree in

electricaI engineering in'1968 ard f,f. S. degree in
Operation Research in'1971 both frorn potytechnic Institute
of Brooktyn, Ner York.

87

An Approach to Standing Phase Angle
A report try r-he Power System Restoration Working Croup
S. t#underfich M, M. Adibi
Drexel Univenity IRD Corporarion
Philadelphia, PA Bethesda. MD
Abstract: This paper is part of a series presenred on behalf
of the System Restoration Subcommi*ee with rhe inlent of
focusing indusrry attention on power system resroradon.
T.[9 presence of excessive sranding phase angle (SPA)
diflerences across open circuit breakers causes significant
delays in power system restoration. These angles may occur
acrOSSa tie line between two systems or between two
connected subsystems within a system. They must be
within SPA limits before an artempt. is made to close
breakers to firm up the bulk power iransmission sysrcm.
There has been a need for an eificient methodology to serve
as a guideline for reducing excessive SpA diffiiences to
allowable limis, wi&oui resorring ro the raising and
lowering of various generation levels on a triat andenor
basis. This paper describes such a merhodology,
Keywords: Sunding phase Angle, power System
Restoration, Generation Sc hedule, S ystenr D is turbance.
1. Introduction
In re-integrating a power syslem Iollowing a
drsLurbance, power system operators somedmes encounter an
excessive sunding phase angle (SpA) dilference across a
lj.l:. Closing .a power cirCuit breaker on a large SpA
diflerence caa shock rtre system, causing equipment-damage
and possible recrurence o[ the system ouragtj ti].
In order to avoid inadvertent closing on large phase angle
differences, breakers are equipped with synch-roiheck reliys
which prevent their closuie on angles greater'than preset
values. Under such a- condition, a syslem operatoi may
attempt.to reduce the SPA dilference by changing real powei
generarion in as lew power plants as'possib-le-by triil and
error. This time consuming process prolongs the duration ol
the restoralion as illustrated in the foilowin{excerpt
[2]:
"The restoration of the system did nor proceed
as rapidly as it
should have... . There was also a pioblem in clbsing rhe
230kV line which inirially caused the'disrurbance due n"a 70
degree phase angle berween buses on each end of the line.
This a.ngle was reduced by alrering line loading and
increasing generation."
93 '*-lt 205-5 PLES A paper recomended and approved
by che IEEE Poser SysEeD Engineering CommlEcee of
rhe lEEE Pover EnElneerlng Society for presentation
ac the IEEE/PES 1993 llinter Heeclng, Colmbus, OH,
January 3l - February 5, 1993. Hanuscrlpt suboltced
September 1, 1992; uade awallable for princing
November 30, 1992.
paper 93 WM 2OZ-2 PWRS, presented
at
IEEE 1993 WPM Columbus OH Jan 31_
Feb 5, 1993
93 WM 205_5 PWRS
Reduction
R. Fischl C. O. D. Nwankoa
Drexel University Drexel Universitv
Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia, Pd
The significance of SPA can also be illustrated bv a
disturbance in ano&er intenionnection where the nonhern ind
s_ggllEry pars of a 500kV system nearly separated. A
50OkV breaker connecting the two pans was clobd on a 40-
45 deg:ee SPA difference, shaking a 600 MW generator off
is pedestals. There was extensive damage-and ioss of
revenue due to the lengthy generator outage.
range of SPA differences that a system can withstand
lhe
depends on the voitage level, opera-ring condirion, and
Iocation of its circuit breakers. Synchrocheck relay seaings
p pgqtiqgd by one northeast interconnecrion are 20 degrees
lor 50OkV, 4Odegrees for 230kV, and 6O degrees for t i5tV
systems.
This paper describes a method for the systematic reduction of
an SPA difference via generation adjustment, witlr due
attention locgryd upon transmission line thermal security. It
is anticipated that the approach will provide the basis fo-r an
on-linealgorirhm designed to help auromare the suge-wise
restorauon o[a power system by suggesring a safe sequence
major of breaker reclosures, generation adjultments airO, if
necessary, load shedding. Note that the question of
s-lqdin g wh ic h involves irequency sync hron izarion i nstead
i
of SPA, is" not addressed here.-
In the past" a considerable number of studies have been
conducled apply ing mathematical program m i ng techniques o
related problems, but none has addressed rhe isjue of
rescheduling real power generation in an on-line basis to
reduce an excessive SPA difference. An optimal power flow
solutrln was developed using real and reactive'power and
lr-qnsformer.taps as control variables, under constraints, in
[31. {n. optimum scheduling of reaclive power production
for minimizarion of line losies was described i; t4l. The
reschedulingof generation and shedding of loid was
formulated as a nonlinear optimizar"ion lroblemin t5].
Linearized models of power sysrems.were used in t6i io
relieve line overloads'by active and reactive geneiation
rescheduling and by load shedding. The concept-of rorating
line overloads for state confrol was developed in[?].
A scheme was developed in [8] for the control of an
underground transmission network at potomac Electric
Power Company. The dual objectives were to: (a) relieve
overloaded underground transmission lines within ttre dme
limirs,imposed by equipment shon-rime radngs, and (b)
minimize rhe amounr of load to be cunailed by rJscheduling
ge.neration-and regulating transformer phase-angles. Th;
scheme offered a very last and reliable algorithm in which
accuracy and speed were traded depending on the severity of
overloads.
The merhod,presenred in this paper first establishes rhe
ieasibility of SPA reducr.ion via generator rescheduling,
subject ro rhe rransmission network- rhermal limis, witho[i
the necessity of load reduction. Once feasibility has been
established rhe alrernative rescheduling straregi6s are then
determined. The approach uken is based on rhe "region-
89
wise" approach to security- assessment, namely lhe
determinaiion of the set of all feasible and secure operating
points [9]. This work concentrated on characterizing and
iacntifying steady state security reSions dictated by thermal
timits,'altf,ough iome work was also done on incorporating
voluge limis ol +57o at load buses.

2. Problem Definition
Civen a Dower system with a desired (base case) topology'
il;'h;;;r;;ni" or on. or more sustained ouages 9n th.?l
ir.t".. an aleorithm is to be developedtowhlch provide
wrll
ror
iJ.;;;.;i ;'Erfi;;;;i ee"ctutio" rcschedule
of the
,,1. *f" rcclosure of , pairriur.t bicaker and restoration
associated line.
Figurc I: Vics of a Porsihlc lnterscction of
T*'o key aspecn of the problem thu.s suted are safery and Securii--.- Regions in JP"-SPacc
)tririi'^ril Safetv is ensured by the simultaneous
as derined in &e
;lli;;;;;'" "iiii d"r,in"nt consrrairits, the thermal constraints depend on system topology. It is
no"r"linn tr".e o[ generator real power outputs during each possible for a line with an ihidally acceptable power flow to
;;;;;i,h;;Lsto.a"tion. Specifiially' the constrains to be
.";"4*"J i, the formulation ol this problem are derived become overloaded after the closure of a breaker. Thus,
irom tnennal timits on ransmission line flows, high and successful reclosure of any breaker at any stage' k' of *re
low limis on power plant outpus' qnO Se.n limits of open restoration requires lhe existence of a region S(k) such that
bieakers priorio theii reclosur'e. (Although the first two o[
rhcse tvoes of constraints are concerned only with steady- S(k) = Snr(ktr n Ssee(k) n Snr(k+l) ;e O (l)
sure seiurity, dynamic security can also be enhanced, with
Iirtle addidohal complexity, by the inclusion o[ constrains where S(k)*O means that the region is not empty. An
dcrived from limitations on angle diflerences across energized example of the regions involved in (l) is shown in- Fig. l.
lincs.) Note that if ail constraints can be sadsfied, there will The first requirement of an efficient reclosure procedure is a
always be some subset of them, called the binding fast method' of determining if the condition of Eq. (l) is
consiraints, whose satisfaction guarantees the satisfaction of satisfied, i.e., an efficient region finding algorithm.
atl other consraints in the operating space. The set ol all
operating poins satisfying a set of binding consuains is 3. Methodology
rirmed a leasible region. The efficiency of a reschedule is
related to the amount and number of generation adjustments The outline o[ the restoration problem as developed above
perlormed to sarisly the constrains menlioned above. Since suggests a two-step approach:
ihese are to be kept to a minimum, a sct of preferred
ihe region SG) of all feasible generator
generators available lor redispatch should be defined. Step
' i: Obnin
reschedules d6fined in Eq- (l) and determine if
It is important to note that, in the overall conduct of any S(k)*O,
rcstoration scheme, the only time that an operating point
should be thermally infeasible is immediately following the Step 2: Select the element in S that minimizes rescheduling
occurrence o[ the outage(s). The first corrective action taken effort-
should be to establish thermal leasibility, and all subsequent
stages ol the restoration ef[ort should maintain that 3.i Identification of Reclosure Feasible Region
ieasibility. It is apparent, then, thal any operating point
hcld just prior to the reclosure o[ an open brea]er must The oertinent constrainls that dehne the feasible region for
satisfy the binding constrainLs oi (i.e., must be conrained in) reclolure (i.e., region SG) of Eq.(l)) are those defining *re
the lollowing threc regions: rhermal line and generator limis (denoted by SmG)) and tie
SPA limis (denoted by Ssprft)). Mathematically, the ses
S,{(k) = The set ol operating points satisfying all thermal Sn1ft) and Sspeft) are defined by:
binding constraints of the system with topology k,
the pre-reclosure topology. (The k'th topology S'-(k) = I AP^= P^- P-0: f(x.P".u,\'k) = Q;
corresponds to the k'th stage of the restoration: k=0
' lll < IM: Pe*< P8 < Psv j (2)
implies base case topology, k=l implies post-outage
topology, k=2 implies the system topology after the Sspe(k) = ( Apr= pr_ pro: = o,
first line is restored, etc.) l63?rb*S) (3)

SspA(k) = The set ol operating points satisiying the SPA
limiurion of the breaker to be closed.
S r,,(k+ I ) = The set oi operating poins satisfying all thermal
binding constiaints of the system with topology k+1,
t}te post-reclosure sys!em topology.
Considerauon ol the Sr-*,(k+1) region is necessary because
where f denotes the power balance equations; x denotes the
vector of slate vadables (i.e., bus voltages V, and angies 0,);
P, denotes lhe vector of generator real power injections and
Plo denotes the oreoutaqe generation schedule; u denotes
th'e preoumge lodd profiie P'io*jQao, where P60 and Q60 are
,eciors of real and-reactive power demand; Yk denotes the
bus admitunce matrix for the k'th topology; I denotes the
line culrent flows, whose iihi6 fue given by IM;
"iitoiof
P.m and P.M denote minimum and maximum real power

9S
 generation limits, respectively, on Po; 0X, denotes the 1--t = (m-l) identity marrix
rnaximum allowable limit for SPA 0*- for a breaker on [l] = (m-l) x I marrix whose elemens are all ., l"
ouraged line m to n. [-l] = (m-l) x I matrix whose etemens are all "-1"
In terms of the above, the region S(k) of Eq. ( l) is delined in Clearly.from Eq. (6), the t"a 3G) consists of many redundant
the space of generation reschedule APr= P.- Pro. The consminr. Thus, step I of our procedure is to identify onlv
following shorld be noed: the relevant constrainrc. The technique we use is rtie onl
developed in [9]. Essentially, the routine is a linear
Remark 1: If &eorigin (i.e., APr= 6; Iies ouside S(k) as programming (LP) algorithm followed by a specialized
shown in Fig. 1, reschdduling is needed- pivoting process aimed ar enumeratirig ali binding
consraints of the region in question. The algorithm is fasi
Remark 2: Under cerrain load condirions the ser S(k) may an-d th-u; applicable for on-line applicarion. The LP problem
not exist (i.e. S(k) = A). h this case, one needs solved is
to.change ]oad u. so as to guaranree rhe
exisrence of-t!e,
S(k) as indicared in Eq. (l). Problem I (Idendfication of the Binding Constrains):
Maximize y subject to the constraints
Because of the possibility of the above and the exisrence of
many_redundant or conflicting constraints, our approach is to *l=u
tr,f Lyl
first (Step
-l) identify
procedrre for
the binding constrains df SG). fne
doing this employs a linear programming (Lp)
o)
algorithm- This means rhar the consrrainrs wtricn Aefiie rhi wherex= Ir=r,0ul,'o=o
regions SruG) and S5p1(k) of Eqs. (2) and (3) need to be t{
linearized. Although there are many methods which can do
this, the simplest one uses the DC ldad flow model to derive
t-= fla,l - 4 >. *,
j=l
i = l, ..., # rows of A (g)

the appropriate constraints. Thus, based on the DC load The solution ro this problem yields a tableau which is
flow model, and uking the thermal limirs to be based on real processed via reverse pivoting ro identify the set of binding
power flows (lP,l<R,, where P1 is lhe vector of line flows constraints (see Appendix A for more details). This meani
Td Bt is the vecror of line rarings) rhe regions S11ft) and that the many constrainrs defining Sft) in (6) are reduced to
Sspoft) are approximared by t9l - the minimal set^To emphasize this we use the subscript b
to denote that S(k) is only represenred by the binding
otr' *1".t:'< Hfr,*tr<1ae.< nf consuaints, that is
io*) = /
pD-pI.k<Eprispo-pT..r
I 1u1;
,0,
Su(k) = (arr: [eu]aP3<br] p)
\n[<ersrf; !''
SspeG) = Rlru(r)
{ae.: < Hlro*ir;aer< n.}n1uy} (, where [4'6] and b5 are subsets of [A] and b representing the
qind-ilC constraints. Table I illustrares the [A6] and bo for
wtrere the 39 bus system (described in Section 4) which (withour
nf(u) = -Rr- H[sPf., maximum generation limits) dictates 207 constrains- Noe
ni(") Hfupf.r
=Rr- are the transfer matrices relating real
that only 30 consraints are binding.
HiH, HiH.e
pgwel linenflows, P;.;, ro ner. real powei bus Another important aspect of the binding constraint.
injection, PIct, and to'the generadon ieschedule identification algorithm is that it allows one to derermine if
re,spectively, under rhe k'th ropology. all the consrains are conflicting so rhar S(k) = @. In thar
_- APc,
HSpn, HSrr,. are the transfer matri6es rEating bus case we know that no generation reschedule will alleviate
pair-angles, 0i.;,. to net real power bus injection and limit violations and the only strategies left are those of
to the -generation reschedule Aps, relpectively, changing the load profile P6 or performing line switching so
under the k'th tooolosv. that condition (l) (i.e. S(k) * O) is sarisfied [10]. The l,cad
shedding can be accomplished by setting up an LP problem
f;lglfr]= ,q:*lit5l*' in which the cosr of load change APd- Pd- P60 is minimized
Po repreQfns the otal system real power demand. subject to the consuaint of (6) when AP" - 0- The line
P"i..t, Pli'..r are the maximum and minimum limits, switching can be accomplished using line diitribution factors
respectively, on slack bus real power injecrion. and the associated costs of swirching lines.
rn = # o[ generators available for adjustment in the
system (the slack bus is indexed first) 3.2 Generator Rescheduling for Safe Reclosure
Note *rat rhe notarion R(u) emphasizes rhe facr thar rhese R^esc.heduling for SPA reduclio.n is required prior to reclosure
limis depend on the load profile of rhe sysrem. The of a breaker whenever the origin is not conained in rhe S(k)-
c.onstrains dicuted in Eqs. (4) and (5) are combined ro form region associated wirh that breaker. The rescheduling
S: Xt defining S(k), a linearizeC approximarion oi S(k) in
bq. (l), as tollows:
problem seeks a strategy AP, such that

APre Sft) ( l0)

..1,
wnerc
31x1= {aer: [a]ae*<u ] tol
There are many approaches to find APr. They depend on the

[e]'= [ [uiu.J l-HiuJ' IH!,^,J, [-u!,n .], [uii].J, [-s?;j.J, h--,] [-r--,] t rl t rl ]
ur= [[nfa'kiul]'Ini".*tri]'[n$^tul]'Inlro(r)], Inlr.*-,tri]'In;"*.,(u)]t Ipl']'[*f], tpo-{..J [pf;."r-po]]

91
type of generator control available' i'e.. eilher manual TABLE I. BINDING CONSTRAINTS (A6x5b5)
ib'nrror dr Automaric Generation Control (AGC)' This INE Gf,O clt cl2 ctl GJr G15 G]6 cf,? GJ!l b

i..t-lon shows rhat in either case, rescheduling is greatly hcrmal

iacilinted by using the solution of Problem 1- t-21 .o25 -0 23 -0 25 -o 2t -0 28 .o 2a 4:t .0.10 .o 5l 56

.{) a9 -0 17 6r8 -0 20 -o 20 -0 :0 {:0 .0 4t .o !! 52t

Manual control implies that each generator is.controlled one
t-19
{09 5Jl
at a [ime. Thus, m-urual rescheduling seeks the
genlftoL ol 2-25 o t.t -0.01 -0.0t -0.09 .0.09 -o 09 -0 19

aPs tnat 000 000 000 000 r00

a set out of the available generators which- givs 2-)O loo 000 000 000 0.00

nu-r.ant""t (9). Note from fig. 2(b) that if only generator o0l 072 oJ6 017 0l7 0l7 0 l'7 00r 00! 1.20
6-7
I30 is available ior rescheduling Then we can never (9)sausly 6-1 t 000 lo0 0.00 000 000 000 000 0@ 00c to,
*31 is available' then can lt
lSi. Ho*"".r, when generator t-9 -0 lo -o 59 -0.66 -0 6l -0 6l -0.63 -o 6l -0 -0 I J82

be satisfled. 000 L00 000 o00 000 o00 000 000 000
I 0.12 000
l-14 .0 0l 028 0{J -0 17 .0 l7 -0 l? 417 -0 0s 2l{
Rescheduling via AGC imp!!1 finding a minimum cost I
t@ 000 000 091
100 1.00
strateqv which guarantees'(10). When the set S(k) is I 5-t5 000 0.00 000 1.00
o00 000 000 175
,iJiJii*""i uv 5r (9)' thin 6ne possible solution is via
"r
r9-20 ooo 000
000
000
000
000
lo0
100
000
000
000 000 000 0(s 018
tni folto*ing LP Problem: t9-l 000
000 ooo 000 000 l4
20-14 o00 000 ooo 000 100
Problem 2(a) (Rescheduling): Find rhe AF3e Su such
2t-72 o00 000 000 0.oo 000 065 5241 0.00 000 009
000 ooo 0Jo
that CI(APJ=f clAPgr = minimum o00 o00 000 0.00 000
000
1.00

0.00 l.oo 000 o@ 090

)=2 71-76 000 ooo 000 000
,<-r( ol{ -0 09 -0 09 04t 412 ,.79
where c; is the cost of rescheduling unit j' -0 08 -0 0t -0 09 -0.09
oo0 0.00 000 1.00 o00 l l0
25-17 000 000 000 000
4.08 0t 4.09 -o 09 -0.09 041 06t 20t
26-21 014 -o -0.09
Note that the manual rescheduling problem is the special ooo 000 0.00 0.00 000 0.00 r00 0.r0
2(a) in which aPrl =0 for all k+j' where the
0.00
.,.i' oi nout"* 25-r1 0.00
SPA
j'th unit is selected lor manual sch-eduling.
0l 401
l5-17 4.OO 002 002 00J 006 006 0.06 -o 0l -o

s06 oo 61t
Our approach to solving the AGC-based reschedulilg is 1o o flo -o o,

exploit'the information obained from solving Proble.m l ' Note: Thc nomegativity coosmins of gcncrilqrs fO' 3l'
32' 33' 35' 35' !7' ud lt wse dp
This approach gives the solution to the following simplitied binding
rescheduling problcm:

Problem 2(b) Gescheduling): Find rhe aes e 3u such

ten Dower plants are available for adjustment,-corresponding
;;;;rfi;in wtrictr AGC is in operation' It is desired to
rhat Cz(aPe)=ic.;(APgr)2= minimum
t=7 iiclose the breaker restoring line 1617' The cbnrol space
where the c<ist of rescheduling ci = 1 lor all j' ior-6it exists in-nine dimensions; one for each
non-tfu"["ir*pt"
gin6*tot. In the formulation of the constraint set
The soiution to this problem can be- obtained using i;;'tht*;ft; i*i, tt".e are a total of 2a1co-nstraints:
rhe 205
205
(!)'
inlormation provided in the solution of Problem l' As i;; s;Gi""i1+l'ano 2 for Sspr(k) o!
shown in Apfendix A, the same algorithm that identifies the i".q"iiii[t-ioi eq. (4) include (2 topologie^s);r (z 5t+l
ionsuaints li (s) also'iaendfies thE vertices of Su(k)' This tinei)) = 196 line thermal constraints and 9. Pg.z r.gi=u
in-iotmatlon is idefut because the optimal reschedule point is neneiator consuaints (no maximum generation lrmlts or
either the closest vertex o[ the Spft)-polytope' or l[ rs on i;;t ;;;;* ti*is *"t" considered). Onlv 30 of the 207
given in
on" of *t. hyperplanes of the vioiatedconstraints defining^ ;;&il;;;te'iouno to be binding' rtrese ar--e

thot ,..t.*, ,j. it it on an 'edge' formed by an intersection of i;bi; i. Fig*es 2(b) and 2(c) illustrate polvtope two-
two different
t*o ot moie of the constrairis, at least one being a violaed ;*;;;ilul"tutt' dr o" nini-dimensional {ormgd
hv the bindins constraints- Notice, from Fig' 2(b)' that the
constrain!. Thus, a simple check of the squared disunce
llap"l12=&p,;)2 to these liyperplanes, their intersections, and ;;t;; i; f"u"no to u" insecure immediately following the
trrc ieasiUiti?i of ttre cl-osest poinrc on,.them is all the otiu".n." of the triple line outage, sinceofthe base case
lines G7 and
ooint vioht6s thermal coi'strains
additional work is required for'rescheduling after solving ".*[ti"o load flow leta gjven
Problem 1. This fact iollows directly from the convexrty ot i:rq.-rfrilli iorrouoratea by thetttACSPA corrstraint of the
s(k). in iaUG n.lr. Also nodce ihut
;;;6;*k; on line 16-17 is interest
violated, indicating rhat the
s"P; ;;;; tnis ureater of is greater than the
4. Test Results
;;;iil li*it of l0 d"gtot. These violations indicate that
iescheduling is required.
In order to tesr the above two-siep SPA reduction algorithm'
tho EPRI 39 bus system shown in Fig' J is used' The
.onting"n.y chosen for resl-ora-tion operation is a 4.2 Solution of Problem 2(b)
simulta"neous outage of lines 2-3,5'6 and 16-l7' Tables
A.t. ana B.lli. shlw the system loads, generation' and The rescheduling algorithm of Step 2 starts with another
to^urit'e: the closest vertex of
*i"rilir* t. dgioi-nnaingo[l'zgo
,ritug.t U"fore and after the ouuge as obuined from an AC ;;;i;iil.'iiu"oittun.. p'u' from the base case
load flow program. io*to !v {'llte5Tlon or thermal
;;ffiil"p.iii, ii 6-J,
t Solution of Problem ;5;il"U"r 10-32, 19-'33 ,2r'22,22'3s'2s'3,7 '
lines
$e
an SPA constraini of bus pair 16-17' and
4. L
;;;i"it-18, the
nonnegatirity .onrt uint of generalor 30' As expected'
For Srep 1 ol the algorithm' it is initrally assumed that all
q?

rqsr.r E IqIPV'hl 'W UClrapunr{'S


(rl Bsr Cuc
Figure 2: A step-wise view of the outage of
lines 2-3, 5-6, 16-17, atrd the restoration of line
16-17 using all generators for adjustment. Each
frame displays a two-dimensional cut of the
current security region in the subspace of Gen.
3l vs. 30, centered at the operating point. The
shaded regions represent: (a) S(0) = Srn(0): (b) S(I)
= Sru(l) n S5pa(l) n Srs(2); (c) S(l) = Slr(l) n Srpo(l)
n Srn(2); (d) S(2) = Snr(2)
TABLE II; THE OPTIMAL RESCHEDULE
cEN aP Pn"r GEN AP Pn"r
BUS # (o.u.) (o.ri.l BUS f (o.u.) (p.u.)
30 -0.028 2.473 35 -0.320 6.680
3l -0.633 2.817 36 -0.320 5.280
32 -0.488 6,bi2 37 ,0.046
-0.031 5.369
33 -0.320 6.000 38 7.954
34 -0.320 4.732 39* 2506 4.&0
* Gen. 39, the slack bus, is not independently controlled
two violated binding constraints are in this set. The point of
optimal reschedule must exist either solely on a hyperplane
associated with one of the violated constrainE, or on the
intersection of one or more of these hyperplanes with those
of the satisfied constraints of this set- The vector from the
current operadng point. to the reschedule point must be
orthogonal to this hyperplane or intersection of hyperplanes,
as the case may be. Il was, in fact, found that the point
given in Table II., existing solely on a hyperplane associated
with line 6-7, satisfies all 30 binding constraints of S(0).
This point is the optimal reschedule using nine
independently conrolled generators. As shown in Fig. 2(c),
the SPA constraints of the brealer on line 16-17 are no
longer violared. so rhat safe reclosure is assured. Fig. 2(d)
illustrates the thermal security region after reclosure. Notice
that the rescheduled operating point remains secure.
Consider next a situation in which the gencrators must be
controlled manually. In this case, it is imperative rhat as
few generabrs as possible be used to achieve SPA reduction
and thermal security. Displays such as the one shown in
Fig. 2(b) now become very useful because they show which
generators may be individually adjusred to move lhe
opcrating poinr inside the securiry region. For example, it
ts^apparent that Uading generation supply between generator
su and the slack bus can never accomplish the task, whereas
decreasing the ourpur of generator 3l by 1.95 p.u. *'ill place
tne operating point inside of S(0). O[ coursc, rhe slack
93
generator must then increase its output by l-95 p.u. to
satisfy demand (EC. (8)).
5. Conclusion
This paper gives a new and efficient method for reducing
large sunding phase angles (SPA) via generation adjustrnent
subject to the transmission network thermal limis. The
method is a two stage procedure in which the first suge
establishes rhe feasibility of SPA reduction via generator
rescheduling witlrout the necessity of load reduction and the
second suge obtains the optimum rescheduling strategy.
Since in each of fte above two steps a linear programming
algorithm is used to solve the problem, the technique
described can be implemented on-line as part of an Energy
Management System (EMS). Other features of the method
which need mention are:
. If the algorithm determines that there is no feasible
gmeration which can reduce Ote SPA, then the algorithm
is able to determine the amount of load shedding that is
necessary to establish the feasibility of Senerator
rescheduling-
.
Since in many cases the exact bus load profile is uncer-
tain, the algorithm is able to handle these uncertainties
(see tl0l).
A number of poins needing further investigation include:
.
Both the feasibility region finding algorithm and the
rescheduling algorithm are based on linear assumptions.
The accuracy of the results are then checked using an AC
load flow program. We are currently investigating using
more accurate models.
.
Further work is being done in developing load-shedding
stra.tegy in the absence.of a-feasible generator rescheduling
region, so as to minimize the amount of load to be shed.
. Thus far, only SPA, transmission line thermal and
generator MW output limis have been considered in the
formulation of the problem. Although our procedure can
handle other operaring limis, such as voltage and VAR
limis and voluge subility limis, they have not yet been
included.
6. Appendix A
This appendix outlines the region finding algorithm which
finOs Soit) oi (9). (For the theoretical basis, see [la].) The
first part-of the algonthm is a sundard LP algori&m which
solves Problem t. The solution to this LP problem yields
the "most secure" point: i.e. the point inside the security
region that is the maximum possible Euclidean distance
away from the closest face of the polytope. More
importantly, it yields a tableau, called the opilmal tableau,
wtrich serves as a reliable starting point for a reverse
pivoung process. This process then systematically identifies
each vertex and creates a special list from which the binding
consraints may later-be found.
Let us consider hoblem l. The variable y represenrs the
smallest Euc[dean disunce of the point x from the all of the
consrraints. The solution of Problem I produces an optimal
ubleau giving the optimal values {x*,y*}, where x* is the
"most secure" point inside S(k) and y* is the Euclidian
disrance from x* to the closest constraint.
Step two of *re region-finding algorirhm involves a Simplex TABLE B.II. LINE IMPEDANCES AND FLOWS
pivoung process which progressively reduces the value of y
until it can be reduced no further wirhout becoming negarive. OLTACE FLOW FLOItr
A.FTER RE.
An ordered list is maintained of those slack variables which RAT PRE. POST. CLOSURE
are nonbasic in each new hbleau obrained in this "backwards LI\'E R x .l:..G RESCHDLE RESCHDLE
Simplex" roudne. By keeping this list ordered according ro
(pU) (PU) (PU) P a P a P a
the decreasing values of y for each tableau, duplicare entries (PU) {PU) (PU) (pU) (PU) IPU)
are avoided and a path is constructed to guide he process 6t :,
0 00{ 00{l 281 -0 2{t -0 26 218
along. Each new tableau is examined for three different
types of pivor.s: t.27 0 001 001 65 103 0lt t7r -O ial I ll -o aJ

(a) Pivoa removing a slick variable s; from the basis, l -l9 0 00t o oo7 65 -o{t -o1 .0 90 o0l -0 6r o06
thereby creating a new set of nonbasic variables to be t -!9 0 00? 0 0t6 6J -0 18 -0 18 -o.ll .0 0t -o t9 000
considered for entry as a new record on the list. t -19 0 001 0 019 65 -0 16 .0 7? .0 16 -0 6J -0 26 46t
(b) Pivos removing y from the basis, thereby collapsing rhe 0 001 0 015 55 oul out oul oul
higher order polytope onto the original security region. 0 007 o 009 5' -0 24 06t 0il 0t -0 01 075
This idenrifies a new venex o[ the security region. :-i0 00t8 6J 2t0 o!I
0 000 217 -0 58 2t7 -0 t2
(c) Pivots removing a control variable x; frorn the basis.
l-J 000t o o2t 65 l6 0E9 l4? 045 -o 1t o62
This is similar ro (b) above with the ddded knowledge
rhar x;>0 is binding. -18 0 001 00tl 6J -0 99 o9l 16, -0 {7 2 6l -0 54

The wholi: process may be heurisrically viewed in three r-5 0 001 0 0tl 6.5 -o 8t -0 ll I lr {! ll7 .0 20

dimensions as first finding the peak of a 'mounrain' whose It 0 001 o0ll 6' -6 27 -o J4 -J to -o.90 -J ll -o 82
heighr (y) is a function of horizonral distance from is base 5-6 0 000 0 003 65 oul oui our oul
boundaries (sep one), and rhen systemadcally'Verticeiof
locating spurs J-8 0 001 0oil 6t -0 84 419 129 -o.22 ttl -0 09
with lower and lower elevarion (step two). the 5-7 0 001 0.009 55 752 t.l5 6lo 117 t9J I.l7
b.ase (ir9., the S6g)-region) are found ar every spur having a
6-tI 0 001 0 008 65 7.t5 .0 2l 155 .0 2t I20 -o lo
slope (i-e., a pivot) going direcdy down to ihe base of ihe
6-l I 0 000 0 025 65 5.41 tlo -4 79 -r tl {t0 IOJ
mountarn.
7-8 0 000 0 00J 6J ,15 0.09 ].9.1 0lt 159 0lo
7. Appendix B 8.9 0 00? 0.016 6J -0.t7 179 -2t 29! lat
9.19 0 002 00tt 6.5 -o 50 -0 70 .o 9l -o 69 loJ .o67
9-19 0.002 oott 55 -o Jo 470 -0 9J -0.69 lo. {67
9-19 0 002 o 020 6.J -0.47 459 .0.87 467 -o 9r -o 65
9,19 0 002 o o20 65 -0.41. 4.69 -o.87 -o 67 -o 98 466
t0-t I o 000 0 004 65 279 0J6 o57 140 0.5E
l0-l l 0 000 0.@r 6J 417 099 42J 0.96 ,t 5t 087
t 0-.1: 0 000 0 020 6J -6 47 l.r2 5.98 l.5r J99 t 4l
I t.l 0.002 0.044 6.5 0. l4 o.11 o t7 0.47 020 047
I 2-ll 0 002 0.044 5J 0 0.1 -0.41 0.08 -0.4t 0.1 I -0 4l
Il-14 0 00r o 0t0 65 4.19 0.56 430 051 1.67 0.42
l4- 15 0.002 0.022 6' -2 I 4lt -o.Et 4.6t 0.,t9 -o J5
I t-15 0 001 0(m 5.' 5.r2 1.65 .407 t79 269 -t.7 I
t6- 17 0.00t 0.009 5' od ou oul oul t.39 ott
l6- 19 0 002 0 020 6t 117 4.92 3.t4 {.91 ,tl I.0l
l6-21 o 001 0.014 6S t50 {06 -1.22 {08 -t 27 -o t5
,2-
o o I

l1
6-tJ
It
0 000

0 001
0 006

0.008
5J
6.5
-o 59

2..56
l.l0
094
-0 13
,22
-l
055
II -ol
,1.2 I
l.l5
083
Figure 3: One Line Diagram of 39 Bus System t7-tl 0.001 0 017 6.5 -2.56 494 -1.22 {J6 -2 t3 -0.t2
I 9-20 0 001 0.0 t4 6.J t71 421 z.09 {.20 209 -o 2l
TABLE B.I. GENERATOR BUS DATA I 9-ll 0.001 0 0l{ 65 -6.29 {.7' -J 95 -0.67 J96 -o 74
20-t{ o ool 0 018 6.5 -J 0l -I,] I -4 7t t.l0 -4.71 lll
GE}.'ER,{TION VOLTAGE
MV'A R
0 001 o 0t4 6J -6.14 t.il t97 t09 5.96 I l5
BUS BASE CASE OU AGE
MW 27-2 0 001 o ol0 6.5 0.5t 04t o65 046 066 0,16
BASE OUT. PU DEG PU DEG
CASE AGE
2 0 000 0.014 7t -6 99 t87 -5 66 -6 66 It4
lo 250 0 I25.t 6JJ I 048 tJ9 I 048 382
2l ?. o 002 0.015 55 ,.70 0lt f4l 0.12 ,41 017
lt 2l-t6 000t o 027 55 558 ,0 l5 !2J -0 t2 t25 -0 l5
54J 0 6t 4 tal I o 974 198 0.914 420
1-r5 0 001 012 6.5 219 -0 t0 109 020 296 o02
]7 650 0 9.r 0 2lE O 0 9r2 fl5 0 9t2 11 0
]l 612.0 100 0 ll5 0 0 996 20 0 996 16E
5-t7 0 00t 021 6J ,lt 0 5,1 5.14 0l7 Jt4 0.4t
l4
0.00t 015 5J 438 070 ,a J9 120 149 9
JOJ 2 t55 9 t7t J 012 i0J 0ll 4_r 2
26-2t 0 001 0,17 5J t.26 428 I o.42 171 -o t.r
l, 700 0 22t 25 t.7 I 051 4{ t I05t ,a9 6
2.1

26-:c 006 06l 55 -1.75 ,0.t2 t17 -0 46 1.72 -0 tt

36 560 0 92.1 ll00 I 06? d10 I 062 Jl 9
2t-29 ool 0 0r5 6.' l.l2 021 ]29 00t llo o t7
31 540 0 0 592 t.0l r r0J tolt {29
r9_18
It
ool 7to o
t00 0 0 It 2 I 025 {{8 I 02J 4{2
l9u' 2rs 5 -10 0 27t I O5a 100 I 0J4 ]00

v1
 TABLE B.III. LOAD BUS DATA l-oad Shedding ro Alleviate Line Over'loads," IEEE Trans.. Po*.er
VOLTAGE
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98. No. 6. Nov/Dec. 1979.
LOAD
DU5
pp. lE76-84.
BASE ASE OUTAGE
t M\I' MVAR
PU DEG PU DEG
[7]Krogh, 8.. er al., "Multi-Stage Rescheduling of Generadon,
2t27 r lt.6 I O5,l 29t t.053 29t Load Shedding and Short-Term Transmission Capaciry for
0 0 r 051 325 I 06.1 35t Emergency State Conuol." IEEE Trans., Powet Apparatus and
!22 0 20 I Oljl 29t 0.991 240 Systems, Vol. PAS-102. No. 5. May. 1983,pp.1466-'12-
1

a soo o 181.0 M6 29.L -o.976 26.8

, o I 008 ,0.6 0.9t0 27.5

[8] Adibi. M.M. and D.K. Thorne. "Local Load Shedding." IEEE
o
Trans. PWRS. Vol. 3, No. 3, Aug. 1988. pp. l?2O-1229.
6 o 0 I 0{}9 ll.3 0.999 ll ,l

7 2l,a o t40 l00l 292 0.9t4 9.4

l9l Fischl, R- and J.A. DeMaio. "Fast Identification of rhe
8 !22.O t77 0 I OOO za7 0.982 280 Steady-State Security Regionsfor Power System Security
9 lo4 0 125.0 I 045 297 I 044 96 Enhancement,' Paper No. A76-076-0. IEEE PES Winter
IO 0 0 I 0lt 135 1.006 la.9 Meeting, Jan., 1976.
il 0 0 ! ol4 t2.t 1.002 14 .a

l: 90 880 I 055 328 I O4l 34 I [10] Fischl. R.. G-C. Ejebe, and J.A. DeMaio. "Identificarion of
Power System Steady-State Security Regions Under Load
t3 0 o I Ol6 !29 1.000 33.9
Uncertainty," Paper No. A76-495-2. IEEE Summer Power
l{ 0 0 l0l4 3t 2 o 990 315
Meeting. July 1976.
l, t20 0 t 53.0 I Olt l0E o00 l.r 2

t6 l:9 0 ,20 r 034 172 020 369

[ll] Taylor. D.G. and L.J. Maahs. "A Reactive Contingency
l1 0 0 I olt l09 ol5 25t Analysis Algorithm Using MW and MVAR Distribution
!8 r58 0 lo0 I 035 30. I 005 247 Factors." 1989 IEEE PES Stimmer Meeting, [,ong Beach, CA.
l9 o 0 I 050 )6.7 045 ,il5 July, 1989.
20 680 0 lol 0 0 99t 35.1 o 988 40 I

2l 274 0 I t5.o I 0ll 34.t 021 396 [12] Galiana- F.D.. "Bound Estimates on the Severity of Line
Outages in Power Sysrem Contingency Analysis and Ranking,"
0 0 I 051 39.5 o{5 41.3
IEEE Trans. on PAS. Vol. PAS-103,pp.?612-2624, Sep. 1984.
24t O tto l 04J 39.7 040 440
t23 l7
24 109.0 .92 0 I 019 o21 I
[13t Schula R.P-. et al., "L,ong-Term Sysrem Dynamics." Vol- I.
:24 0 a70 I 06t 31.7 059 36.2 Technical Report, EPRI Research Project 90-7-0. Apr. 1974.
tl90 17.0 I OJ9 i2.2 04t 3t s

z',i 281 0 760 I O{7 lo4 ol2 282 Il4l Matt]reiss. T.H., "An Algorirhm for Determining Irrelevant
28 206 0 280 l 053 15r 04t t47 Constraints and All Vertices in Systems of Linear Inequalities"'
70 I Ot? tut Operations Research. Vol. 21, pp.2a1 -260. 1973.

9. Acknorrledgments 9. Biography
This work was supponed in part under National Science Scott Wunderlich received the B.S.E.E. degree with
Foundation Small Business Initiation Research Grant # ISI- highest honors from khigh University in 1988. After three
91ffi179. ye?rs of employment ai an enginelr with Metropolitan
Edison Co., he is currently pursuing a Masters degree in
8. References electrical engineering at Drexel University. He is a member
OT IEEE.
lll Adibi. M.M. and R.J. KaIka, "Power System Restoration
lssues," IEEE Computer Applications in Pou'er, Vol. 4. No. 2. M.M. Adibi received the B.Sc. degree with honor in
Apr. 1991. pp. 19-24. electrical engineering lrom the Univeriity of Birmingham.
England, iri June t9S0, anO rhe M-E.E. d^e-g^ree- from
lll "Review of Selected !r'lajor Electric Bulk Power System Po[ytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in January, 1960. He is at
Disturbancc in North America,". North American Electric preient a consultant with IRD Co.p,,-91g3ged in power
Rcliabiliry Council Reports 1979-1983. lytt.* computer apptications. I1r. Adibi is Chairman of
ifi" Po*". System Risnration t{orking Grggp' a chartered
lll Dommel, H.W. and W.F. Tinne;', "Optimum Power Flow Etectncat Erigineer, UK, and a hofessional Engineer in the
Solurion," IEEE Trans., Pouer Apparatus and Systems. Vol. State of Maryland.
PAS-87. No. 10. Ocr. 1969. pp. 1866-76.
Robert Fischl received the Ph-D. degree lrom the
lJl Peschon. J., et al., ''Optimum Control of Reactive Power ljn*L.tlty of Michigan, Ann .A'rbor, in 1966 in electrical
Flou'," IEEE Trans.. Po*'er Apparatus and S;-stems. Vol. PAS-
"nnin"".,i
e. He is" currentll' a Professor of Electrical
S7. No. I. Jan. 1968. pp. l0-J8 Er,"g-t.iirg at Drexel Universitv. He is a senior member of
IEEE.
l5l Chan. S.M. and F.C. $6fiucppe, "A Ceneration Re-
Allocation and Load Shcdding Algorithm," IEEE Trans., Powet Chika Nwankpa received the Ph.D degree in Electrical and
Apparatus anci Systcms. Vol. PAS-98. No. l. ian/Feb. 1979' pp' 6orpr,"t Engineering at Illinois Institute of Technology'
l6 - 1.1 Ctriiieo. He-is currently an Assisunt Professor in the
Eiec-t"ial and Computer Engineerlng Deparrment at Drexel
iil tr'lcdichc:la. T.K,P. e: al.. 'Ccncration Rcschcduling and University. He is a member of IEEE-

95
 ANAI.YTICAL TOOL RE,QUIREIVIENTS FOR
FOWER SYSTEN,I RESTORATION
M. M. Adibi, IJM J, N. Borkoski, SM
IRD Corooration Baltimore Gas & Electric Co
Bethesda, Maryland Baltimore, Maryland
Abstract: This paper is one of series presented on behalf of
the Svstem Op'erition Subcommiitee with the intent of
focusiirg industrv attention on power svstem restoration. In
this pa-per a set of analytichl tools is specified which
together describe the static. transient and dvnamic behavior
ofa po*er system during restoration. Theie tools are iden-
tified and described for restoration plannins. trainine and
operation. Their aoolications cover dll staeel of restoiation
iricludin g pre-di stuiEance condition, post-disrurbance status,
post-rest-oiation target system> and minimization of unserued
loads. This paper draws on the previous reports by the
Power System' Hestoration Working Group.
INTRODUCTION
Power system restoration analytical tools (AT) consists of a
set of off-line and onlire programs which'togi:ther describe
the static, transient and dynamic behavior of a power system
durine restoration. AT meets the requirembnts of-three
group-s of users: the restoration plannini team in an off-line
interictive mode, the instructor -'traiaeeleam ia both off-line
interactive and on-line real-time mode, and the shift opera-
tors in an on-line real-time mode of operation. AT should
be able to assist the above three erouos of users in the
power system's pre-disturbance confi tiods. post-disturbance
status. Dost-restoration larget svstem. and minimization of
unserve'd loads. This oaoir driws oir the orevious reDorts
by the Power System Restoration Working Group [1,2,3,4].
Pre-disturbance Power System Conditions
The power system operation and equipment condition vary
with time and events (such as loads, generation, scheduled
and unscheduled mair:tenance. equip-ment deratins, etc.).
from anr:ually to hourly. The plariniig team shoulilbe abi6
i number -of
to postulate a of realislic
realistic operlti
operations and conditions
ou their experience and famifiarirv with their speciflc
bas'ed on
based specific
power. system... fhey should:kq_b" a6le to validat'e.such
bperatir! conditions-using AT. The i,nstructors should be
able to select one or more of the operating conditions
posrulareo by
postulated Dy rne plannlng team
the planning scenanos lor
as scenarios.
team as. for tnelr
irainine sessions. The aclual operatins condition of^their
the
poweriysiem
oowerivstem and equipment-shgu'ld shift
eouioment should be aiailable to the shi-ft
operator, provided that such information are continually
updated_w_ith the changes during normal operation of power
system [5].
Post-disturbance Power System Status
Power system status and equipment condition followine a th6 model of the electric power svst6m is built up lrom the
major.di-sfurbance can not be predicted accurately, howeVer
experienced operators (in the planning team) know rn
93SIVI IEEE Commitee Report. Prepared by the Power
Svstem Restoration Workine Crouo. Soonsored bv the
Svstem Operation Subcomriittee oT the Power Svstem
Engineering Committee. Presented at the IEEE/PES" 1993
Summer Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
July 18 - 22, L993
panel presentation, presented at IEEE
SPM VancouverBC Iul 19-23,1993
97
R. J. Kafka, SM
Potomac Electric Power Co
Washington, D.C.
seneral terms which ore-disturbance condition is likelv
turins a maior oower ivstem disturbance and which postl
disturbance iondition would be the subsequent effect. 'The
olannins team. usins exoerienee. should be able to use the
hT and"simulate a sElected number of pre- and correspond-
ine post-disrurbances, The instructois should be able to
selec't one or more of the post-disturbance status postulated
and develooed bv the restoration olrnnins team as scenar-
io(s) for thi:ir tra'inir:g sessions. Initially,"the shift operator
snbita be able to aisess the status of the power iystem
based on his experience. SCADA/EMS displays. corrmu-
nication with power plants, fields and other control centers.
[n the ultimati use, when AT is integrated with SCADA/E-
MS, the AT shouli be able to adviie the shift operator of
the power system status [2].
Restoration Procedure
Followine the assessment of pre-disturbance condition and
the recogtition of the post-disrurbance status, AT should be
used in:?eterminatiori of the post-restoration target system,
preparation of power plants ahd transmission linEs, ri:stora-
tion of the bulk power supply. minimization of unserved
loads, and ilterconnection with the adiacent systems. The
develooment of the restoration olan is conducted in an off-
line baiis and therefore AT shorild be fully urilized in all the
above restoration staees. [n restoration frainine. both the
instructor and the traftee should be able to use tEe tabulated
AT results prepared for a set of pre-ciisturbance conditions
and the coriesfonding set of pos't-dishrrbance status. This
should enable' an oI-fine sfmulation and trainins. In
ooeration however. the need for information mav pleclude
tlie use of on-line simulation and the tabulated At results
should be presented for use by the shift operator 12,6,71.
Data and parameters necessarv to quantifu all the unusual
ohenomenh involved. and the'non-iinear riodels necessary
Ior analysis. may be difficult to obtain and maintain. ln ttie
absence of some data and parameters, particularly those
related to thermodvnamics of orime moveis. reores6nbtive
values should be 6reoared an'd used. Althoudh functions
specified in the AT ivould meet requirements"of a broad
sDectrum of different Dower svstems. some of these oro-
g'rams need certairc deg'rees of 6ustomization. simplifica'tion
ind adaptation by the"users [8,9,10.11].
POWER FLOW (PO PROGRAM
PF Program has a number of specific requirements. First,
a sreat deal of interaction with the program is required as
first seneration-load com6inationio the eventual i'e-connec-
tion 6f the post-restoration target system. The data-base
should allow storage of the entire system model; even
thoueh most of the Elements mav be diiconnected or out of
serviie. Bv savinE each case aft'er makine small chanses or
additions tir the pievious case, it will be-possible to ierum
to anv level of the restoration seouence lf the subseouent
cases-would lead to an unacceptable sinration and a'new
restoration strategv is required. Second, in restoration, each
case is built upo"ri the cises which precede it, without the
need to examine several alternatives at random. Third,
there is a need for graphics output in the form of one-line
diagrams showing reEtoied. restoiation in progress and unre-
stoled parts of th"e power system.
PF Proeram should be able to allow simultaneous solution
of seveial islands, rapid solutions of sequence of cases, and
automatic checkins bf acceotabilitu of the several cases.
The post-restoratio-n target system niost likely will primarily
consist of the bulk oo?er'suoolv. woicalfv reoulnns tro
more than several huhared bus' irdwei hows'fl2]l
PF Proeram should be able to start on a flat voltase profile
(possibly should use the modified Gauss-Siedel meThot) and
ilways 6onverge on the same (unique) solution, i.e., 6void
multiole solutions. ln the olannins mode of ooeration. the
swind bus for each series of ooweiflow cases ii selected bv
the s-vstem analvst of the reStoration plannine team who is
-running
expeiienced in power flows. fn tnE training and
operation modes, if PF Program is to be used, then the
swing buses shoula be selectfi at generator bus in an island
for a-sequence of cases.
Finallv. in all applications except for Electro-Masnetic
Transient Proerafr' (EMTP) and'Transient Voltase-(Tv)
Program, traismission lin'es are represented Uj, ineii
constance reactance (r.rl) and susceptance (l/oC) in
nominzl zr circuit. While such a reoreientation is adeouate
for off-line use, it may be inaccuratb in the on-line (simula-
tor) use. where frequency mav varv as much as 10 oercent
evtin if ihis is for a'verv short tim-e. i.e.. several srionds.
The simulators in whichihe representation of inductance and
capacitance are independent oT svstem freouencv orovide a
m6re realistic operatlne conditioh in evduitins ihb reactive
power balance, voltagJprofi le and controlling-the sustained
overvoltages.
In the AT/EMS integrated mode, i.e., the ultimate mode of
operation , problemi associated with equivalency, external
system, state estimation convergence.- and observabilitv
(not power system islanils) should be consideret
ii,iidt
Applications of PF Program
The most important and useful tool in AT is PF Program
which shoulil be used for transmission line loadlnss-
reactive power balance, sustained over- and under-volta"g6
condition-s. senerator loadines. selection of transformer tio
positions (v6ttage and phas-e'angle), shunt capacitor anb
shunt reactor status, and phase angle differences between
load centers and eenerat6rs (steaifv state stabilitv). PF
Prosram is the basic reouirembnt fcir other analvti6il tools
of AT includine: traniient stabiliW. dynami6 stabilitv.
transient voltagel, AC short circuit, pr.itective relaying,
standing phase-angles, and cold load pi'ckup [14].
Sustained Overvoltaqe Control Usinq The PF Proqram
During the early stages of restoring high voltage overhead
and uiderground traismission linei, cincerns ire with the
following -three related overvoltage problems: sustained
power frequency overvoltages, siitching transients, and
harmonic resonances. Sustained overvoltages should be
controlled using the PF Proeram. The switchins tralNients
and harmonic -resonances dhould be controiled usins the
transient voltage program (VT Program) and the elitro-
magnetic transient program (EMTP) as described in subse-
quent sections [15].
Sustained power frequency overvoltaees are caused bv
charging currents of lightly loaded traismission lines. If
oxcossive, these currents may causo generator underexcita-
tion, or even self- excitation and frstabiliry. 5usteined
overvoltages also may overexcite transfonn-ers. senerate
-and
harmonic-distortions, cause transformer over[eatine.
The sustained overvoltages should be controlled bv absor6-
ing the large charsins r;active Dower of the liehflv loaded
transmissio-n I ines.- Oiherwise, tf, e imbalance reictiie power
would result in generator self-excitation and a runav/ay
voliage rise [16].
TRANSIENT STABILITY (TS) PROGRAM
TS Prosram should describe dvnamic behavior of a power
svstem Tor a oeriod of one t6 frve seconds followins a
o'erturbation. 'It is used to determine how cerlain p-er-
iurbations may effect the stability of the power system is it
is beins restored. Tvpical nerturbations in restoration mieht
be a su?den increas6'in loird, loss of a generator, but m6st
probably a fault on a critical line. These perturbations
3hould 5e introduced into the TS Program systdmatically for
probine the restored subsvstem. interconnected subsystems.
ind in'lerconnected pow'er svstems. Thev can ilso b6
introduced by the plabning teim and/or the'instructor.
In the initial phases of restoration when a skeleton network
linkins the eeneratine stations and the load centers is beine
re-eneisized. the ir;Dedances between senerators will bE
a Iarge ai'd generators 'irill be prone to instiUititv with respect
to;mall pirturbations. In <ither words, the s'tability-rotatine
le'vels
of the power system are lower because'of reduced
inertia-and weak transmission capabilities. Therefore, in thE
planning mode from the initial restoration phase until a
number of generators are firmly interconnected, transient
stability of ihe power system sh'ould be examined to avoid
recurrence of the outage.
The TS Prosram determines stabiliW of an operatine point
with respect-to the above perturbati"ons. Thd PF Prllram
should bb used to determirie this initial ooeratins ooinf and
the TS Program should simulate the behdvior of the oower
system aftei the initial point has been perturbed.
The models used in TS Prosram for three phase balanced
fault conditions include the pdsitive sequencehetwork model
which is similar to that bf the PF- Prosram. senerator
models which i-nclude non-salient pole (codbustiof, rurbines
and steam units) and salient pole (pumped storage and hvdro
units) rotors. the excitor svsiem. -and Several w"oes of s-oeed
govei:ning systems used ii hydio, combustioi'turbiniand
steam pnme movers.
For unbalanced faults, the fault impedance should be deter-
mined from the positive. nesative and zerc seouence imoed-
ances of the power system-under considerati6n. The fault
impedance at'any polnt varies with the tvpe of fault includ-
inj line+o-ground, line+o-line, or two lirieto-ground [7].
Applications of TS Program
TS Prosram should be used to determine the stabilitv of the
power Jystem, operation,of out-of-step relays, and t6e auto-
matlc undertrequency relays.
The stabilitv of the power system as is beins restored can be
determined- by a sequenc6 of balanced Iaults olaced on
critical lines/5uses and the automatic checking fot'each fault
(case) of the differences in the angular displacement of
generators against the allowable (stable) limiti. To allow
rapid solutions and automaJic checking-of the results, TS
Prbgram should use simplified load, ne-twork and generator
models; the simulation-duration (i.e., the swini curves)
should be limited to the first swing; and the-program
capacity be dimensioned accordingly. --
Out-of-stop relay oporations and formation of islands can be
e;qaTined by placing balanced or unbalanced faults at critical
locations on the network and checkine the aooarent imoed-
ance traiectories in the viciniW of thi ooeraline zone(s\ of
the tranlmission relays. To allow the rhuireilfive tb'ten
seconds (h_e fi1st several swings) of simulation, the TS
Program should include load,- hetwork (including the
98
legativo and zero sequence impedance), generator, excita-
tion systems, speed governor systems, ancl turbine models.
Consideration should be given to reducing the solution
time(s) by ushs the dyn--amic equivalencE of coherent
generdtor5 withii'the opdrating plarits in the power system
5f interest [18].
The examination of automatic underfreouencv load sheddine
can be initiated bv oickine uo the n&t bl"crct< of load (if
possible the smalfesf availabll block), or by tripping tLe
larsest on-line senerator and checkins the decline in svstem
freluency levef (and possibly the fr&uency rates) alainst
the underfreouencv relav settins(s) for the related load
shedding schridule(s). t'hus, th6'fS Program is initiated
with the sudden excess in load and althoush the simulation
time would allow modeline of generai"or controls and
subtransient effects, the simpTified 6odel should be used to
conserve the overall simuldtion time. The simplification
does not affect the accuracv of the answers s-ince load
sheddine schedules are res6onsive to svstem freouencv
decline'of O.7 to 1.5 Hz (ile., 59.3 to 58.5 Hz), whic[
usually occurs in the first swing or about one second.
LONG-TERM DYNA]\flC (LD) PROGRAM
ln the course of system restoration, a reasonable balance
must be meintained between eeneration and load. avoidine
excessive over- and under-fr#uencv deviation. l,oad pickl
up in small increment tends to lengthen the restoration dura-
tibn. With larse increments thire is alwavs the risk of
fallins i:rto a frdiuencv decline with conseodent recurrence
of svitem outaei. The size of load oict-uo (e.e.. low
voltige AC net#ork loads) very much depends cin fh6 rate
of response of prime movers. A related concern in resto-
ration'is with tlie effectiveness of generation reserve in the
recovery from loss ofa generator ii a subsystem (island) or
intercoinected subsystefrs. tn determinin;i reserve requlre-
ments it is important to :onsider the dvnamic caoabilities of
the sub-svstein. oarticularlv the res5onsivenesi of orime
movers t<i a larie'excess loid. Anotlier concern is wi'th the
inevitable load-ieneration mismatch within a low freouencv
isolation (LFI) Icheme which may cause excessive fr,fouen'-
cy deviation.
Since the time scale of prime mover response
sponse lsis [yprcarry
typically
measured in minutes, tha LD Program should incorporate
&fr ii""-rn-"o^o*J,iitn;;;diiSriia-.a"il"tlJr-sff
dynamic d;ffi
phenomena dhat are not indluded in the TS Pr6gram
reDresentauon ls noflnauv
lihose-re'presentation-is
wnose normally vallo
valid up
uD to nve
five seconos
seclqd-s
following a perturbation. The dynamic fhenomena
-fuel which
must be accounted for include, fossil and nuclear
reactor boiler dvnamics which affect oressure and enthalov
at the turbine tlirottle and reheat eneriv flow. oenstock ah'd
conduit dynemics with hydro unitsi-load dyhamics, and
load-frequency control for multiple islands or subsystems.
The LD Prosram should be modular and self-initialiane.
The structure-of the power system being restored should b"e
soecified bv the user and entered in the LD Proeram
iirteractivelv. e.e.. it can be soecified that a hvdro ufft of
certain tvp6'(rui-of-the river,'hieh head short'conduit, or
high hedd long conduit) is the pfime mover for particirlar
senerator soecified at a siven bus. etc. Each component of
irim" mov,3r models should be seif contained, defined by a
3et of oarameters suoolied bv the user of the LD Prosram.
and shbuld initialize ifself to'attain a meanineful initialtotai
svstem equilibrium status. The self initiaTization of LD
Proeram is an important reouirements. LD Prosram should
be ible to accepf the PF Proeram outDut in t5rms of bus
voltages and lin'e flows, deterfiine the 6perating conditions
of all the senerators. and determine the mechanical torques
from the irime movers. These torques should then be uised
to ilutialize the sovernors and turbi-hes associated with each
of the prime moivers. In the case of fossil fuel and nuclear
boilers, the initialization of the turbines should yield the
desired pressure, enthalpy, steam flow and reheat enerry
99
flow required from the boilers. With hvdro units. the eate
pressure'and flow should be provided. These values shduld
ihen be used to lnttializ^ the p-enstock/conduit conditions and
the fossil fuel and nuclear reactor boilers conditions,
producing the power system in equilibrium status ready for
LD Program.
The external controls to the LD Program such as relay
settinss- transformer tao oositions. voltaee resulator set
pointi, and governor spded changer'positio-n (LF'C), should
be able to influence the behaviorof the above modules and
the oerformance of the overall LD Proeram. The time step
inteival for inteeration of the numero-us differential equa--
tions reoresentini behavior of the above modules shoulil be
variablti. CertaTn derivatives should be evaluated more
freouentlv than others because of the wide spectrum of
svsiem dvnamics inherent in a power svstem. 'e.e.. fossil
frrel boiltir derivatives should be'evaluat6d onie otiy every
25th basic time steo interval of about oue tenth of a second
(for fixed steo int6sration). Both oredictor-corrector and
iimole Euler fnteeraiisn le6hniques sLould be used. depend-
ins'on tvoe of ofime mover. 'Some test should be run to
deTermfuid *hich irt"eration technique vields minipgal
computation time withii-an integration-err<jr tolerance limit
[1e].
Generally, the models of the fossil fuel boiler, nuclear
reactors'and steam turbines are probably the most approxi-
mate of the models. Thev should provide onlv repiesenta-
tive dvnamic resDonses dssociated'with these units. The
steam'turbine and hvdro rrnits should be more accurate than
those .represented in the TS Program for time periods
exceeding one or two seconds.
The unit models used in LD Program should be more
comorehensive than those required bv TS Proeram but
should not be as detailed or exict as th,5se that ariused for
desienins Durposes bv manufacturers. Computation time
and;tor;s6 rehuiremdnts would prohibit utilizition of these
desien m6delsi in addition. eetfins data for these models
wouTd almost 6e imoossible. The aiproach to be adopted in
'should
develooment of the'individual prim6 mover models
be to irouo Dhenomena and r6present unit dvnamics -easilv with
relativElv fe* oertinent paramdters that are under-
stood an"d not tiro difficuft to obtain for a given unit.
The LD Prosram should be made more useful bv providing
a user's mari'uA which incomorates the numeroirs required
data and validity checks for-making the LD Program self-
explanatory and self-checking [20].
Applications of LD Program
Subsystem Sustainin g Capabilitv
The abilitv of a subsvstem to withstand a sudden increase in
load (e.s.'. oickine tio a laree block of load). is a function
of its'eei6rhtion r?sdonse, Ioad droop characteristics, load
sheddiis schedules dnd protective relav logic. The underf-
reouencV ooeration of'a subsvstem' resiults in reduced
cariacitf of iuxiliaries and the diininishin, supply of energy
to'fosdil fuel boilers and to nuclear units (because of
circulation oumps). The overall prime mover dynamics
couoled wi'th e'overnor action. airxiliarv limitation and
underfreouencv-load sheddine riritt aeteniine whether the
svstem fr^eoueicv can be rest"ored to normal followine the
iiitial declihe. fn order to determine subsystem's freq-uen-
cv recovery caoabilities. in a timelv manner. the short term
dvnamics issoiiated wiih the network, generators, excitor
sistems and voltaee rezulators should-be neelected and
simulation should 5e lifrited to the prime moier models,
load droop characteristics, and load shedding schedules.
This woulil reduce the computational burden bv a factor of
five to ten. Thus all prifre movers within h subsystem
 should be grouped together. all loads and their droopins
characteri stics should 5'e I umped tosether. transmi ssion'finE
losses-should be represented- by a ionstant factor, and the
underfrequency loail sheddine Schedule should be included
in the LD Prolram for this alplication.
Response Beserve
Another application of LD Program in restoration of
i6 determination of the Sffectiveness of generation
subsyster-n
reserve in recovering from loss of the larsest fnit. The
problem is basically-a restoration of the Enerev balance
between generation-and load. Hence, the dynaffics of the
primary energy sources play a predominailt role in the
assessment of trequency restoration capability.
For subsystems with primarily fossil-fuel steam turbine
units, boiler response is the det6rminine factor in freouencv
recovery. Because of the slow dynamils of boilers, ivstefr
frequency. may. .droop even after governor actioi has
reversed the mrttal down ward trend. For subsystems of
lEl pP' the mini6^up frequeacy during boiler r&overy is
a uselul measure oI responstveness.
The frequency recovery characteristic can be affected by
changes in-the amountgeneration reserve and by distribution
ot generation reserye over prime movers. Th6 imoortance
of the amount of reserve has- been recomized. The ilistribu-
tion of reserve which is equally impofint s[ouia 6" coirsia-
qred. The reserye allocation Setrveen prime movers can be
determined by simulating the recovelt' from the loss of tni
Iargest generation. How'ever, during-restoration it is more
oesrrable to determme an overall relationshin between
and response, to be gged 4s a simple giiaeme on
Leserv.e
tle 4d-equacy of a reserye allocation. Tfis 6'verall rela-
Eonship caq be determined on the basis of a number of LD
Program simulations. For this application. LD prosram
slould-be simplified by having all ihe prime movers wjthin
the subsystem. lgmped onto a single bus and assuming
constant electrical torque demand. -
Restoration l-oad Frequencv Control
ln a- build-up strategy, the accepted industry apDroach is to
sectionalize the de-energized syslem into sev6ral 'sub-svstems
and independently build-up load and eeneiiti; ii-;A
subsystem. This parallel iestoration st-rategy is accepied
pqpally tq Bke advantage of the hot re-*s-tart but iime
cntrcat capability of re-circulating type steam generators.
The approach.calls f_or one power plant within each sub_
system to maintain frequency Uy riranualtv iOuriine-in"
governor speed changer, -i. e., fl atlfrequency'conirol. frh;
rwo sub-systems +re interconnected, ?rnd ih the absence of
1rl9q u". gpnerahon contr.ol sysJeq, a_power plant within
a deslgnated sub-system will mainlain tfe freqdencv of the
rnterconnected sub-syslems, while the othei su6_svstem
merntams tle:line tlows to within the prescribed range, i.e.,
flat tieJine control.
Typically, AGC programs are designed to suspend control
dunng. emerge,ncy operation and p-articularlv'when island
tormatlon is detected. However, the maniral control of
frequgn-cy and
modeled.
tie{ine flow by pt^oi offito., ;[;;ld b;
TRAr{SmNT YOLTAGE (IY) PROGRAM
Transient voltages or switching surges are caused by
etergtztn,E targe segments of a transmission line at one tim-e
or by switching capacitive elements. These switchins tran_
srents, w-hich a1e highly damped and of-short
"qually
ouratlon, m conJunction with susiained-ovsrveltages ma)/
result in arrester failures. The switchins surse overvoltases
have become increasingly more importait with the design"of
compact transmission lines and zubstation facilities. The
energy stored in lone hish voltaee lines is larse causins
simificant transient 5r rlsonant Svervoltases wtrich musT
caiefully be considered durine restoration. Generally, if the
steady itate voltages (power fiequencv) are less tharii.2 oer
unit of their nominal iralues, thd swiichine transients can'be
managed by typical arresters. A notible exception is
a energizing. transformer terminated lines, which ma-y result
in harmonic resonance and damaing overvolrage.
The likelihood and the effect of transient overvoltases
should be determined by the analvsis of special svsd-em
conditio-ns uslng three-pf,ase closur6 of the b'reakers Lt the
pornt when the instantaneous volt4ge of the source goes
tbrough its maximum.
T!" TV Program should relate the unknown (state) variables
of the power system under consideration with the known
parameters using current balance at each node and voltase
balance in each loop. The state variable should consist 6f
currents through eich inductor, and voltage across each
capacitor, resulting in a mix of aleebraii and ordinarv
di fferenti3l. eOuatioi.
which should be Eolved si multaneously
using variable step integration [15].
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMNT PROGRAM
(ErvITP)
Power system equipment are protected 4seinst the effect of
overvoltages redulfing from'normal oieration bv suree
arresters which provide a relatively low-impedance-path for
transient o^vervoltages. Dur1ng resloration, however, certain
lrne-transformer configuratiofis when energized geherate a
combilation of sustain6d and harmonic reso-nance 6vervolta-
ges_which may cause surge arrester failures and thus svstJm
faults, or the-subsequeni flash-over and damage to equip-
ment.
Harmonic resonance voltqges are oscillatory undamped or
only weakly-The tempo: 'ary ove
damped temoorarv overvoltages "TOV' 6f lons
durition. 'The TOVs
tOVs resu It ?rom
rdsult from severll factors that arE
characteristic of the networks during
charactenstic duri restoration. includins
switchi'lg operations and equipmenT non-linearitiei. Th;
harmonid resonance overvoltie6 should be analvzed bv usi""
EMTP. The EMTP is large, iomprehensive ahd ineffic-ien-t
yv[eg apnf ied to restoration-tfi"t4g and operation, h.;;r;;
lt ts mdlspeffiable rn restoration planningTor the analysis of:
. iqsulation coordination and switching surge,
o harmonic resonance and ferro-resonance, and
. magnetizing transformer inrush overvoltages.
To simplifr these analyses, EMTP should be used under
several balanced initial conditions on simple svstems
consisting gf lumpe{ RL and C representing 'tran.i6i..i*
llnes,. non-trnear rnductances fbr saturated transformers.
crrcult breakers, synchronous machines and inductiori
motgrs. The EMTP solves the algebraic, ordinary and
p"Ii4 diff^erential equations to deTerminj a[Jl;ir.i""t
behavlor of the power system under study [21].
The harmonic resonance overvoltages should be controlled
by:
. gonnecting sufficient underlying loads at the send-
pg ego of a trne or by conqecting dead load on the
traffttonner to be energized,
a reducing th9 high source impedance
by starting
more generators, and
r00
o reducine the reactive oower of a lishtlv loaded
system 5y minimizing t6e number of ufilodded lines
to be energized and setting the sending-end trans-
formers at-the lowest tap p'osition.
SH0RT-CTRCUTT (SC) PROGRAM
Transmission line protection svsterns are desisned with the
assumption that tlie transmisiion network is" intact, with
enough generation connected to provide a more than
adeofiate"level of fault current(s) 'to ooerate the relavs.
However, during restoration witti [imited'connected geneia-
tion. the ?ault l&el mav not be adequate to assure -correct
opeiation of transmission line relavs. In particular. manv
s,Shemes emolov "fault detectors" 'which ri'ill orevent trip--
oine if the fiult'level is below the expected loai level of the
line-under normal operating condition. Relaying system
selectivitv allows location of faults within the "zone of
orotectioi" and trios onlv those circuit breakers which are
ieouired to clear 'tne fairtt. The reduced available fault
current during restoration may reduce a relaying system's
selectivitv. Because of the likelihood of hish overvoltaees
and thus'wstem faults durine restoration. it is imperative
that the relay protection prevYent possible'gross dainage to
equlpment.
As the oower svstem restoration orosresses. another concern
is with'short-circuit current(s) eiceEiline the circuit breake-
r's intemrption ratinss. Thii'mav occuiat some substations
due to the orevailini tooolosv beins different from that of
normal oodration fo"r wtrich-[he ciriuit breaker ratine has
been selected and is adequate. The third concern is wit-h the
out-of-step separation (islanding) at locations where load-
generation mismatch is greater than the islands' sustaining
Iapability (see LD Progiam).
Transmission line relavins should be modeled because most
faults occur on lines dle-[o their vulnerability arisins from
their exposed leneths. For determinine the minimuh fault
current'conditionl sinsle-ohase-to-ero;nd faults should be
considered. ga61s1 ;rinimum ge-neration condition, the
faults should be placed at one end of line with the adiacent
breaker ooen. 'The SC Prosram reouired shoul-d use
oositive ahd zero seouence i-moedanc6s. Usuallv. the
hesative and oositive #ouence irhpedances are coniiilered
to 6e equal. t'he double iircuit tradsmission lines which are
mutual[y coupled require mutual reactance representations.
The eefreratois shodld be reoresented bv a'fixed voltaee
backbf the transient or sub-transient (onihe user's optioi)
reactance. The SC Program should be initialized by the
load balance to be provided by the PF Program.
Circuit breaker intemrption ratings are based on the sym-
metrical short-circuit currents eenerated bv three-phase
faults. The SC Program shoultr be able to"automaticallv
olace several sinele-ihase and three-phase faults on thi:
ivstem and check-the^ results. To allo'w rapid solutions of
these cases, the analysis can be simplified bv the use of
direct current (DC) SC Prosram. DC analvsis orovides
sufficient accurircv ?or checkfre the minimud fauli current
required for relay"operation antr the maximum fault current
evaluation of the breaker intemrpt ratings [22].
Applications of SC Program
The oumose of a restoration short-circuit orosram is to
ensur'e tliat: (a)-maintained,
the minimum short-circuit
foi fa[lt clearins
by relays is (b) the maximum intermptio-n
ratings ofcircuit breakers are not exceeded, and (c) the out-
of.-step relays (by blocking and transfer tripping) allows
mrnrmum of loacl-generatton mrsmatch.
The first two aoolications reouire raoid analvsis of seouence
of several fauft'conditions ahd autdmatic e'valuationbf the
101
results. As such thev should use a DC short-circuit analv-
sis^ which orovides sufficientlv accurate results. Bus impeil-
ance matriies, beine more efficient, should be used in these
analyses, and'faulti should be plaied on buses or end of
opei lines. For the three-phasd and line-to-ground faults,
tde SC Prosram should brovide: the total faulted bui
currents, coniributions in edch line connected to the faulted
bus, and zero-sequence driving point reactance for the
faulted bus.
The distance relav detects an out-of-step condition bv the
aDDarent impedan'ce "seen" bv the relav'at the termirial of
th6 tine it oiotects. The appa-rent impeilance is determined
by the ratib of the bus voltige over the line current and as
sich it requires an AC short--circuit program. The distance
relays should include:
imoedance relavs. mho relavs. reactance relavs.
and anele-impelance relavs loi ohm units) which
are usetr as blinders. and'
r oilot relavs which provide hieh-speed fault clear-
in g/recl oiin g by si multaneouily tfi pping/reclosing
cir"cuit brealieri at both ends of a line.
STAI{DING PHASE ANGLE (SPA) REDUCTION
PROGRAM
ln re-integrating a power system following a major dislur-
bance oower svstem operators often encounter an excessive
SPA &fferenc'e acros6 a breaker which connects the two
adiacent stations. These aneles mav occur across a tie line
be'tween two interconnectEd sys[ems or between two
connected subsystems within a system. Closing a power
circuit breaker bn a laree SPA difference could"shoik the
oower svstem due to larEe circulatins currents after breaker
llosins'with oossible reiultant equijment damage. and the
possibTe re-oicurrenc" of the sy'st<im collapse -due to line
tnpplng, etc..
ln order to avoid the inadvertent closing of the circuit
breakers on a large SPA, breakers are equipped with
svnchrocheck relavi which prevent their closuies' bn aneles
ireater than the pieset valu6s. Under such a conditionihe
System operator'by trial and error attempts to reduca the
Spa aiff6."nce bv'chansins the real oowe'r seneration in as
few oower olanti as o - siSle and bi as litile as possible.
This'time cbnsu-i'rg process has Shown to prolong the
restoration duration.
The ranse of SPA differences that a svstem can withstand
deoends-on the nominal voltaee level.- ooeratine condition
anb the location of circuit brealer witliinihe netiork. The
ranse can be determined usine the TS Proeram. Power
svsiem oDerators then can be idvised of sale SPA values
rinder which certain breakers can be closed or the synchroc-
heck relay can be set accordingly.
It is reasonable to assume, that an excessive SPA can be
reduced bv reschedulins real-oower outDuts of two or more
power plahts. Howevei the ielection o? the specific power
blants which reduce the SPA is limited bv both topoloeical
irna analvtical constraints of the svstem *hich are'imp-osed
bv the -structure of the transnrission network. and bv
physical limitations of the system components together with
he[work eouations (i.e.. FF Proera'm). SelSction and
reschedufinl of oowbr 6lants. i.e."imolementation of the
SPA Prosr;m reiuires intesration of AT with SCADfuE-
MS. fnE aata r6quiremenis of the SPA Program are the
same as those required for the PF Program [25].
COLD LOAD PICKTIP (CL) PR.OGRAM
Two approaches are considered in reoresentins the behavior
of the kiad during restoration, heuris'tic modeling and physi-
 cal modelins. Heuristic modeliae. characterizes the load
behavior ba5ed on experience anf,ieasoning regarding the
overall behavior of load on tvoical feedersl su-oooridt bv
measured data duri:rs svstem"disturbances: foi'examoli"
load mav double afteI 3'0 minuls5 of elaosed outaee time.
The heuiistic approach is useful for concelitual consiteration
of load behavior. but it is limited in oractical use bv a lack
of sufficient experience and measureil data and inabilitv to
be adjusted to varying load compositions an<i ambient
conditions.
Phvsicallv-based modeline develoos models for the underlv-
ind phvsi-cal phenomena. ioeether with data on the comooii-
tio-n of the lohd. Phvsicallv-trased modeline. while reouirins
significant developirent arid data collection] has the potentifi
to produce reasonably accurate models for varying Ioad
compositions and conditions.
In planning modes of operation. it is necessarv to
matlematicll models that can be used to prediit the load
that will be present at various locations on the svstem. The
variation ofihe load as a function of the lenethbf time that
it has been disconnected and other factors. sluch as weather
and voltage, should be considered
The basic load characteristics that affect cold load oickuo
response are quite well understood. A first order di'ffereri-
tial equation relating ambient air temperature and thermal
time constant can describe the load ddequatelv. The CL
Program is power system specific. It shoild 5e developed
using pa_rameters for particular feeders at particular dav of
the week, seasons, etc. Most operatiris utilities liave
extensive load data and load forecasline mEthods based on
weather, etc, which can be used in CLnrogram lZ4l.
RESTORATTON COORDTNATION (CpM) PROGRAM
A functional restoration should entail develooment of a
strategy which meets the primary goal of mirii62ipg 16"
cturatron ot atr outage and the unserved customers. Such a
strategy typically should include several distinct levels of
restoration for various system conditions. Each level in fum
should consist of a num6er of interdependent activities. The
entire strategy then should be broken down into some logical
order which would provide a disciplinewherebv there w6uld
be less risk of overlooking any e6sential operition.
For example, while sectionalization of the system into a
number oT subsystems and simultaneous r6storation of
s.ervige in each iubsysterlr could appreciably reduce the
quratlon ot an outage, the extent of sectionalization is
Iimited by availabiliry of resources, includi:re the number of
operating teams as well as commrrnis4liof,s available to
permit efficient and effective coordination of their efforts.
The coordination of these activities can be evaluated by
CPM Program [25].
Some of the questions which CPM program rury answer
are:
What is the estimate of the subsystem restoration
duration?
A.olo.og the.-activities comprising the subsystem,
which are likely to affect tlie sublystem durition?'
What should be the scheduled startine time
finishing time for each of subsystem? -
What are each subsystems maximum and minimum
duration for compl6tion?
What are the probability of successful completion
fbr each subsystem?
o What are the resource requirements in terms of
lunpower, equipment and information?
r What are the trade offs between subsvstem duration
and loss of equipment life?
o Because restoration of subsvstem never oroceeds
exactly as planned, how can the deviition be
quickly reco!'nized and corrected?
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first author acknowledses support of Baltimore Gas and
Electric Company, Potomic Ble.ifric Power Comoanv and
wishes to think'Mr. L. H. Fink of ECC, lnc'. f6r his
valuable suggestions.
have
BIOGRAPHIES
I\4. M. -Adi-bi @'lq,SM'70,LM'90) received Bscee (with
honor) in 1950 and MEE in 1960. [n the oast 15 vears. as
an industry consuhant with IRD, he has tlevelop6d resto-
ration plaris for several utilities.- He is a mem6er of the
Power System Engineering Committee, and the Chairman of
the Power System Restoration Working Group.
J. N. Borkoski (M'82,SM'91) received BSEE in 1982 (Sum
Cum I-aude) from Northem Universitu and MS in i988
from George Washington UniversiW.' Mr. Borkoski is
SupervisorfOperations-Eneineerine aid a member of Power
Sy3tem Restoration Workiig Grou!.
R.J. Kafka M'73, SM'88) received the B.S.E.P. in 1970
and MS n 1972. Mr. Kafka is Manager. Power Pooline
Fronomics, Potomac Electric Power Cdmfany, member oT
Power System Restoration Working Grouf, aird Registered
Professional Engineer in the State 6f Uaryiana.
REFERENCES:
t1l Kafka, R. J. et al, "System Restoration Plan De-
velopment for a Metiopolitan Electric System, "
IEEE Trans.v. PAS-100'n.8, 1981. pp3763-t3.'
t2l IEEE Committee Report, Special Considerations in
P_ower tystrpq Restorationi SRWG, M.M. Adibi,
shmn, T-PWRS Nov 92 1419 - 1427
t3l IEEE Committee Report,'Ni-elson,
System Operation Chal-
COPWG, E.K.
!1o8, cfrmn, Feb 87,
IEEE Trans. v.PWRS-3 a.L, 1987, pp.ll8 - 26 '
t4l IEEE Committee Report. System Restoration -
peploy_rqg_the Plan,' COPWG, W.A. Johnson,
chmn, IEEE Trans. PAS Nov 1982, 4263 - 7l
IEEE Committee Report, Power System Restora-
t5l
tion - The Second Task Force Report, SRTF,
M.M. Adibi, chmn. T-PWRS Nov 87 927-933
I6l M.M. Adibi and L.H. Fink 'Power System Resto-
ration Planling,l paper 93 WM ZO+-A-pWRS,
prese4ted 4t IEEE 1993 WPM, Columbus, OH, Jan
3l - Feb 5, 1993
and
v) IEEE Committee Report, New Approachos in
P_ower tyslqry Restordtion, SRWG, M.pt. Adibi,
chmn. T-PWRS Nov 92 1428-1434
t8l IEEE Committee Report, Power Sysiem Restora-
tion - A Task Force Report, SRTF', M.M. Adibi,
chmn, T-PWRS May 87 271 - 277
L02
tel Peach.S.. "Svsiem Restoration Svnthesis - Hvdro u7l Adibi, M.M., et al "Solution Methods for Tran-
Q,ueb;,"'IEEE 8th Biennial wo?kshop on H.eaI- sient and Dynamic Stability," Proceedings of
Time Monitoring and Control of Power Systems, IEEE, vol. 62, July 1974.
Montreal, Oct. f984.
[18] Adibi, M. M. "Power System
il
Protective Relaying
t10] Scheurer, D., "System Restoration at Philadelphia and Simulation Models, IEEE PES, Power In'dus1
Electric Comoanv.' IEEE 8th Biennial Workshop try Computer Applications, t969
on Real-Timd Monitoring and Control of Powei
Systems, Montreal, Oct. 1984. tlel Ross. H. B. et al. 'An AGC Implementatiou for
System Islanding and Restorati6n Conditions,"
[1 1] Barie. D.. " Svstem Restoration Followiner lrad oioer 93 SM 519:9 PWRS presented at IEEE 1993
and G6nerition-Reiection - Ontario Hvdro. IEEE SrM, tuly l8 - 22, vancoriver, B. c.
8th Biennial Worl6hop on Real-Timi Monitoring
and Control of Powei Systems, Montreal, Oct. [20] IEEE Committee Report,"Dynamic Models for
1984. Steam and Hvdro Turbines in Power Svstem
Studies," T-PAS 73 Nov/Dec pp 1904-1915-
u2) Kafka, R. J. et al, "Role of Interactive and Control
Computer in the Development of a System Restora- L2Ll Dommel, H. W., et al 'Transient Program lJser's
tion Plan," IEEE Trans. PAS, Vol PAS-101, Jan Manual,'i University of British Columbia Publica-
1982 pp 43-52 tion, August 1988.

u3l Wu, F. F. et al, 'Analytical Tools for Power t22l Morshed, Atef S., " Calculating Asymmetrical Fault
Svsiem Restoration - Conceptual Desim." IEEE Currents, " IEEE Trans. PAS Aug. 1981, pp. 3185-
t'rans. on Power Systems, Vol. 3, No.-l ,'pp. 10- 3790.
16, Feb. 1988.
l23l Wunderlich, S. et al, "An Approach to Standing
[14] Schlaeofer. F. M. et al. 'An Interactive I-oad Flow Ansle Reduction." Daper 93 WM 205-5 presented
Prograin,''IEEE Trani. 7th Power Industry Com- at fEEE 1993 WPM, Columbus, ohio Jan 3l - Feb
putir Apblications Conference, Boston, Massachu- 5, 1993.
ietts, May 23-26, 1971 pp I l0-117
IEEE Committee Report, Special Conside!4tions in
n
1241
tlsl IEEE Committee Report. nOvervoltage Control Power System Rest6ration'- The Second Working
Durine Restoration," SRWG, M.M. Aifibi, ch-., Group R-eport). RSWG, M.M.Adibi, shmn, paper
T-PWRS Nov 92 pp 1464-1470 % WM 2O2:2, presented at IEEE 1993 WPM,
Columbus, Ohio,-Jan 31 - Feb 5, 1993
t16l Adibi, M.M. and D.P. Milanicz, "Reactive Power
Limitation of Svnchronous Machines.n paper 93 [2s] Wiest, J. D., et al, "A Management Guide to
WM 203-O-PW?.S presented at IEEE \fPM, PERT/CPM,"' Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-
Columbus, Ohio, Jan-31 - Feb 5, 1993 Hall, 1969.

103
 E)(PER.T SYSTEIVI RE,QUIRENIEI\TS FOR
POWER SYSTEN,I RESTORATION
M. M. Adibi, LSM R. J. Kafka,SM
IRD Comoration Potomac Electric Power
Bethesdai Maryland Washington, D.C.
Abstract: This paper is one of series presented on behalf of
the System Op'erition Subcommitt# with the intent of
focusihe industrv attention on Dower svstem restoration.
-are
Expert -svstems beins considered for restorine bulk
power sipplies. In genEral, there are three restdration
feriods folfowing a major power disturbance: establishment
bf initialsources of powei. re-inteeration of a skeleton of
the butk power supply. and minirilzation of the unserved
loads. Ei,pert svsfe'nni'toeether with analvtical tools have
the ootentiil of iddressi:re" the restoration'procedures over
thesl three oeriods. This"oaoer describes t[e exoert svstem
requiremenis from the poihtbf view of the practicing fiower
eniineers with emohasis olaced on the initiil Dower sources
antl requirements.'The piper draws on the prtvious reports
by the Power System Restoration Working Group.
INTRODUCTION
Restoration orocedure followins a maior Dower svstem
disturbance s'ipans three time periSds: (i) interbonnecti6ns of
the individua-l 'irdtial source-s of power" with the "critical
requirements for power" within tf,e first 3O to 6O minutes,
(iil intesration of eeneration and transmission to achieve the
tafset sVstem witffin 3 to 4 hours. and (iii) minimization of
thJunsi:rved customer loads within 8 io i2 hours. These
rather optimistic time periods resoectivelv correspond to
sectionafization and exeiution of reitoratioi subsystims [],
establishment and achievement of the oost-restoration tarset
system. and restoration of loads. Powbr Svstem Restoration
Exoert'svstem (ES) in coniunction with the analvtical tools.
sh<juld plav a sienificant iole in the plannine. irai''i''e and
ooerati<in 6f a reltoration orocedure o'ver the#'three oe-"riods
L23,47. In this paper, th'e three pedods of restoration are
described and the roles of ES in each period are covered.
Emphasis is placed on the initial poder sources and re-
quiiements period which is most crltical. The paper draws
on previous reports by the Power System Rbstoration
Working Group.
THE FIRST RESTORATION PERIOI)
In the first restoration period the 'initial sources of Dower"
are simultaneouslv. indeoendentlv and individuallv cirnnect-
ed to the "critiiai requirementi for power," tb form a
number of restoration subsystems.
The Initial Sources of Power
The initial sources of power can be provided within 5 to 15
minutes by quick starting combustlon turbines, run-of-the
river hvdio ilnits. and l5w head pumped storase hvdros.
The pnibability of successful start dp ofcombusti6n tilrbines
(CTI based on industrv's experience is about one third to
ine half - a partial mofivatioir to have two or more CTs in
93 SM IEEE Commitee Report. Preoared bv the Power
Svstem Restoration Workine'Grouo. 3ponso"red bv the
Svstem Operation Subcomri'ittee oT' tne Power Svstem
Engineering Commillse, Presented at the IEEE/PES- 1993
Summer Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
July 18 - 22, 1993
panel presentation, presented at IEEE SPM
VancouverBC Iul 19-23, 1993
105
D. P. Milanicz, SM
Co Baltimore Gas & Electric Co
Baltimore, Maryland
one location. Their restarts, if the first or second attempt
are unsuccessful. reouire a precedins rolline period of
between I to lth.'houis. The probability of stirting hydro
units and oumoed-storaee hvdros are much hieher and their
restarts arb mirch shortEr, 6owever, there are-fewer plants
of these Wpes in the industry and their use depends on the
availabififf of water.
The initial sources of oower mav be immediatelv available
from (i) steam rrnits'equipped with full loail reiection
capabilities which stay iri op'eration and supply their own
house load. (ii) low freouencv isolation Schemes which
-"matchins"
isolate steam'rinits with'the local load by
frequency sensitive relays at low freiuencv, and (iii)
intehtionlal islands which are initialed bv distance relays,
seoaratins several eenerators with "matching" load durine
syitem disturbancel Full and partial load-reiections ar6
6ore orevalent in Eurooe. where the probabilid of success-
ful loid reiection in France is reporteid to be b,ltween 20 to
8O%, and-in Germany at about 50% [5]! I-ow frequency
isolation schemes are primarilv used in thermal power
svstems. Their orobabilitv of sriccessful ooeration d<ipends
'mismatch between generation and the local
o-n the extent of
load at the time of disturbance. It isenhanced by the partial
load reiection caoabilities of steam units and the avail'abiliw
of local non-conTormins (fixed) loads. The probabilitv oT
successfirl intentional istinain'g depends on' the disrince
relavine schemes used. and tvpe and severiw of the distur-
ban6e. - Althoush Ioad reiect'iirn capabilitv.'low freouencv
isolation, and frtentionaf istanaing are initallea in' somL
power systems, they are not viewed by the industry as the
'However, ES should
inost reliable initial sources of power.
be capable of utilizing all of tliese sources when available.
An important initial source of power which may be immedi-
atelv a^vailable is interconnecti6n assistance thrdueh a tie-line
wit6 adiacent oower svstems. The availabiliw oFthis initial
source "deoends on th6 extent of oower svstdm disturbance
and any bilateral agreement betwden the tivo interconnected
comoanies. As lons as the assistance is limited to suoplvins
the hcritical requirEments for power," there should b6 n5
technical impediment to such issistance. However, most
utilities in olinnins for restoration for one reason or another
are reluchht to rEly on tie-lines as the !4!$4.1 sources of
power.
Brieflv. the initial sources of oower in order of prioritv
include: (i) the "orimarv sourcel" consistins of combustioir
turbines-'livdro rinits. ind oumoed-storasetrvdros. (ii) the
" secondary' sources " consisiine bf steam finiti with'frill'load
reiection 6apabilities, low freq-uency isolation schemes, and
inlentional islandins- and (iii)'tieJihes with adiacent oower
systems which whii available, shall also be "consid,ired a
"brimaryn initial source of oower. ES should be able to
utitize itt the primary and'secondary "initial sources of
power" includirig the ivailable tie-linei to adjacent systems.
The Critical Requirements for Power
The critical reouirements for oower include drum-tvpe units.
pumpins pladts for pipe-type cables, industrial loads,
irans'miisi<in stations'an1d distribution substations. Th6
maximum elaosed time for the hot restart of drum-tvpe units
is between 30 to 60 minutes. beyond which the unfts need
to be rolled for a cold startui:, 2 to 3 hours later [6]. The
pumping plants maintain oif pressure in pipe-type cables.
Following an intemrption and in the absence of the source
of heat which under normal operation is provided by the
cable losses, oil in the steel pip-e containini the cable cools
down and loses oressure. t'hL oumoias o'iants need to be
re-suoolied and're-started wittin 3O -t.i +S minutes to
mainia^in the required 12 to 14 atmospheres (about 200 psi)
Dressure and to Drevent generation of vacuum and the
ielease of the disiolved e;ses which would result in very
costlv damase to the cabl6 insulation and cable pot heads if
re-edersizedbefore adeouate re-pressu'j.zlrns.. and perhaps
'electrb-
even aft'er t7l. The critidal industrial loads irich as
ivtic orociuction of aiuminum reouire re-sunolv of oower to
tLe o6t-[nes within 30 to 45 min'utes to or6ieirt frtiezine of
the'molten aluminum in the pots and the release of ttreir
carbon anodes by force. The'transmission and distribution
stations need stored enersv in the forms of batteries and
compressed air and gas TSF^); and low voltage AC for
heatine and preventini-Sp. fro"m liouefuine: cooline fans for
trans fdrmerd ; con t rol
-ind
bperatiori of "rel iy s, brea[ers, and
disconnect switches. Many stations rely on the power
system to supply and replenish the depletin-g energy stirrage.
A substation may not necessarilv be on the path befween an
"initial source oT power" and the "critical iequirement for
Dower" which it suoolies- but it mav be needed to oick un
i'eal and oarticul#fv reactive loats for stabilizins th'e
generation.' Therefore, some of the transmission" and
distribution stations which have no or depleting energy
storase and which are required in the first peiiod of restora-
tion ieed to be energized (depending on their capacity and
depletion rates) withYn 30 io 60 min[tes.
Brieflv. ES should be able to arranse for oower suoolies to
the_ "Critical Requirer,nents for Po"wer."'in the following
g.{der priority: (i) d*T-ryp"
order of plo.nty: {ruq-type units and pipe-type
pip cables
(u) transmrsslon and dlstnbutlon statlons, and iiiifiii'i.t.i"i
loads.
Initial Sources - Critical Requirements Interconnection
Durins restoration all the "critical reouirements for Dower"
which"have priorities I and 2 need 'to be suooliedl This
requirement'dictates that the primary "initidf sources of
power" should be started at a6out th"e same time and the
"critical requirements for power" be supplied simulta-
neously. [n'addition, indeptindent and parillel actions are
requir6d to immediatelv tap'the secondari "initial sources of
power" and the availa6le iie-lines.
ln selectine a critical reouirement for suoolv bv an initial
source of lower, ES will play a signifiiant'role and will
face many restoration constraints. The ES ections and the
number of constraints oosed for orovidins crankins uong. power
oou
to a drum-wpe boilerjrurbine-eeherator TgfCl)uiltbya ufiii Uv
remote blacti-stafi
remote blacli-'start CT.
CT, encompass aLtivitiesiLnd
encompa"ss most oflthe activities
constraints faced by the other-tvpes of initial source/critical
requirer,nent combinations. Th-eiefore,
requirement -comb
Th'eiefore. ES requirements in
ie&"i"tGn"i;ry;i;JaT'Brc-;ily;i"il"*irltJa"."ruea
TC subsvstem willbe described
t8l.
CT-BTG Restoration Coordination
The steps involved in a tvpical CT-BTG restoration coordi-
nation include: decomposine the CT-BTC restoration into
irdividual activities ivith -appropriate level of details,
specifying the predecessor suic'essbr relationships that exis[
amons the activities. estimatine the time that elaoses
betweln the start and irnish of eaih activitv (includine iime
for manual operations), scheduline activities'to achieVe the
CT-BTG restbration goal of 30 to 60 minutes, monitoring
progress of activities,-and adapting the CT-BTG restoratiofi
plan to a new environment when an unforeseen event
occurs.
The CT-BTG restoration activities include:
106
o Placins the CT under manual control mode of operation.
Durins n-ormal ooerations CTs are under automatic mode
and uied in oaralfel with lareer units for peakine purposes,
they cannot 6perate in the auiomatic mode'when t-hby dre the
onl'y source <if power [9].
o Deactivatins dead-bus interlocks and sealed relays (in
case of orevioirs automatic trippine) at both ends of the
path. i.el" at the CT bus and the BfG bus.
o Adiustins the tao oositions on the step-up transformer at
the Cf end"and th6 Standbv (step-downJ trdnsformer at the
BTG end. Cenerally these tianiformers are not equipped
with tap changers under load (TCUL) and should be pre set
I8t.
o Selectine the CT-BTC path. preferablv
a low voltaee sir-
gle circuit"of a double 6ircuit' line to "minimize chlrging
cuffents while improving chances of a successful operation.
ln general. very few sudh paths are available.
o Selecting loads and their related paths which are needed
for stabilization of the CT.
r Openine all the circuit breakers which are needed in the
CT-BTG ii:storation to disarm all the automatic reclosure
relays, including those breakers which corulect the path to
oth6r fart of the'network [7].
. Over-riding voltage sensitive switched capacitors on
radial feeders whieh are to be used for load pick ups.
r Deactivatiag load shedding under-frequency relays to
prevent their ui'desired and inidvertent oplration.
o Starting the CT, closing the breaker on the dead bus, and
ener gizrni the step-up tralsformer.
r lpglgizins tbe CT-BTG path one section at the time. pic-
ki"g ui loatrs to stabilize ine CT and to prevent it from
under-excrtatron.
o E-nergizl,qg the BTG standby transformer to supply power
to the auxrlrary equrpment.
. Avoiding generation of harmonic resonance by connecting
the standby transformer (also refered to as station service
transformer) after energizztion of the path [10].
r Picking up BTG auxiliary equipment in a descending
power requirement order, i.e., boiler feed pump, induceil
ilraft fan,- forced draft fan, condensate pump, circulating
water pump, and auxiliary oil pump [8,9].
o $yashrsnizine the BTG unit to the hieh voltase bus usins
the unit transfo-rmer, or if the high v-oltase 6us is sectf
ionalize{ placing thd BTG on the tread bus-section.
r Pickine up radial or small loads to reach the BTG's min-
imum se-ner'ation (about 30% of full load) capabilitv. at
which p=oint the BTG can be placed under aufomaiic coritiol,
i.e,, cbmbustion controller,' temperature controller, feedi
water controller,-etc., and releaied to the power system
operator by the plant operator.
r Coordinatins the rate of load pick up so that the time-
load traiectory is enveloped bv thd minirirum and maximum
ramp ra'tes of the BTG. tbus dvoidine flame instabiliw. low
temfierature operation and loss of va-cuum in the 8T6.
CT-BTG Rmtoration Constraints
A large number of primarv initiai sources of power includ-
ing CTs are unattended, and under normal opi:ration can be
started remotely from the Dower system control center. CT
operation duririg restoratidn requiies attendance for maaual
a4iustments of various automatic controllers. Operation of
CTs and BTGs are rasponsibilities of power plandoperators.
Power system operat6rs basicallv o6rform'three'tvoes of
actions durine a'typical CT-BTd rBstoration: ooeniris and
closing breakErs irid disconnect switches. chaniins irans-
formei tap positions. and if automated and bossible rEmotelv
adiustine'sit points'on relavs and local dontrollers in th'e
suiitchin! stations and zubstations. For the performance of
these iaiks, ES should consider the physical constraints
-
which are posed by electromagnetii. mechanical and
thermodynamic behavior of the ef-gfC components in
responsd to restoration actions. Some of these'constraints
cari be determined from the characteristics of the various
power plant and power system components and archived for
use during restoration. others are frrnctions of the orevailine
system co-nfiguration irnd have to be determined 6y the usE
o'f analyticaliools as described in t2l.
(a) Component Corxtraints
ES should be able to use the parameters/constraints of
Dower wstem components in qstaUishinp subwstems such
is the CT-BTG. Thle followins Dower svsTem cfaracteristics
should be considered bv ES in-r'estorin! a typical subsystem
(cT-BTG) [1]:
Boiler-TurbineGenerator
. BTq auxiliary reguirements in terms of voltage, frequen-
cy, actrve and reactrve poweffr,
r Boiler-turbins's minimum generation and maximum/
minimum ramping rates,
o Generator's reactive absorbing capabilities for different
hydrogen pressures,
o Hot re-start time from the start-uo to oarallellins. and
minimum and maximum time frorir paialleling ici the
minimum load.
Combustion Turbine
o- Location_withrespect to the BTQ (ocal or remote), and
if remote, the voltag-e levels at the BTG,
o The number of CTs in the plant and whether attended,
o Reactive power absorbine caoabilitv of the CT senerator
as compared to the charginfcuiients 5f path(s) to t-he BTG,
o Modes of voltage and frequency controls, aod
o Relav settines includins the minimum excitation relavs.'
cross c,5mpensition relays-for parallel operation of CTs',
reactive dioop compensitors, line drop clompensation, ett.
CT-BTG Path
. Sectionalization capability of the CT bus for isolating the
CT and the desired piath,
r The step-up transformer rating, tap ranges and reactive
power losses,
o The voltage levels and charging currents of the CT-BTG
paths,
r tbe number, size and power factor of radial loads on the
CT-BTG path, and
o Thermal limits of interconnecting lines and cables.
107
TransmissionlDistribution Stations
. TVpes of stored energv ia terms of batteries and com-
press-eil air or gas for 5fteration of breakers, disconnect
3witches and traisformers,
r Sizes of stored enetgy in terms of number of operations
and elapsed time after f6e disturbance,
r Deactivation capabilities for under-frequency relays and
switched capacitori on the radial loads, and
o Availability of shunt reactors for reactive power balance.
(b) System Constraints
ES should be able to use analytical tools to determine the
physical constraints posed in r6storing subsystems, i.e., the
initial sources of o6wer and the reiuirerients for oower
(zuch as CT-BTG)'and store these conitraints for use during
trainins and ooeration modes. ES should also be able to use
analvtiEd tools durine restoration to determine the con-
straints in case of uiforeseen events. In plannins for
restoration of a tvoical subsvstem (e.e.. CT-BTGI the
followine analyticaliools should be us'ed"t6 evaluate #rtain
constrai-nts ori6r to closins circuit breakers. chansins trans-
former tap i:ositions and fiossible adjustment of iet "points:
r Restoration power flow (RPF) program U ll
should be
used when a line section to check theline
"oelgizine
chareine current aeainit the reactive absorbine caoabilitv of
the Cf-and the su-stained overvoltages againit t6e voliage
limits.
o Restoration transient voltage (RTV) program [10] should
be used w6ea gpslgizine a line section tb check the transient
voltages caused b! swTtching surges against lighheing ar-
restor ratings and transformer insulation levels.
o Restoration cold load pick up (RLC) progrm [9] should
be used when picking up loads to check the cold load
magnitude and time variance behavior.
o Restoration dvnamic simulator (RDS) oroeram should be
used when picking up load to check thifreq[ency response
of CT and/or SfG tb the sudden increase iir toa[.
o The RPF proeram should also be used to provide checks
against therhal"limits of lines, and the r'eactive power
bilance between load and generation.
o Restoration short circuit (RSC) program should be used
to adiust orotective relavs for detection and isolation of
possi6le fiults under th5 minimum prevailing generation
irrovided by CT and/or BTG.
o Restoration transient stability (RTS) program should be
used to check that the startins frequenc\rand voltase of the
induction motor drivine the Soiler:feedlprrmp (BFF) do not
fall below the allowable limits causing lbcked iotor [8].
r The RTS orosram should be used to pre-select the CT's
steo-uo traniforiher and BTG's standtiv transformer tap
poiiti,Sns and adjust the CT's frequency prior to the BFP
Start- up [S].
o The RDS and RTS oroerams should be used to check the
steadv state and traniiefi stabiliw of the CT-BTG con-
figurition before synchronizing th6se two prime movers.
ES Role in the First Restoration Period
In the ore-plannine ohase of restoration. the plannine team
should^be ible to i'o^stulate a number of iealistic pre-Eistur-
 bance power system operations anci conditions, based on
their experienie and familiaritv with their own specific
power. sy-stem, and_validate such operating conditioni using
analytical tools [2]. The post-dlsturbad-ce power systerf,
status may not be entirely fnrelated io the pie-disturbance
condition. The planning team, using eiperience with
previous acfual major power system disturbances, should be
ible to use analytical tools and simulate a selectil number
of post-disturbance status for each pre-disturbance condition
lr,r2l.
For given pr9- qnd post-disturbance conditions, ES should
be able to pair the iiritial sources of power and the critical
requirenlents for power into many different subsystems, then
rank and store the subsystems for use in the irainins and
operation modes.. The criteria to be used by ES in railking
a subsystem should include:
o The time estimated to complete the execution of the
subsystem as a fraction of the sdecified time needed bv the
t
"critical requirement for power, the smaller the fractio'n the
higher the rank of the subsystem.
o The probability of successful execution of the subsvstem
activities such as start-ups of the CT, BTG and closing of
the many breakers.
o The availability of a restoration team consistine of control
center,. power plant and field operators to implement the
subsystem.
The industry practice is to assign a team for restoration of
each subsystem and also to lirnit the number of restoration
teams to facilitate communication befween the teams [1,6],
ln-developing the subsystems, ES should be able to use a set
o.f generic ."restoratioh actions" [13] and to consider the
charactenstlcs and constraints of the power system of
interest.
b thg training mode, the pre-disturbance condition/oost-
disturbance stahrs of the pbwer system is selected 'as a
scenario by the instructor. On somioccasions tne insiructoi
may need to assume the role of power system restoration
planns_1 by using ES and analytical tools t6 verifu scenarios
q1 rl develop new scenarios, br he may need to irse
ES and
analytical tools to develop a subsystem which has not been
developed in the planninj mode. 'However,
in eeneral both
the Lnstructor and the trainee should be able to-relv on and
use.the prg-and post-disturbance conditions plannedl ttre suU-
sys[eqs developed and archived by ES, and the iabulated
analytrcal tool results [14].
In the operatio_n mode, both the pre-disturbance condition
and post-drsturbance status are the prevailing condition and
status of-the power system. ES sho'uld be abTe to select and
present lhe subsystems which meet the current Dower svstem
status. ln the abbence of a needed sqbsystem'and prcivided
time allows, the operator can use the'einerit reitoration
actions and with the help of F,s aa6 tabul-ated analytical tool
results develop the needed subsystem.
Briefly, ES should be able to:
. acp.ept the current.power system pre- and post-disturbance
condl[tons and Drovide the operator with a set of applicable
subsystems, and
o facilitate the use of the generic
restoration actions and the
tabulated analytical tool iesults to aevetop an unfJreseen
subsystem.
108
TIM SECOND RESTORATION PBRIOI)
The second period begins when the generating rrnits, such as
drum-tvpe BTCs. within the enerlized su6svstems have
attainei'their minimum generation Ind have b'een released
by the plant operators td the restoration teams for further
loading. The second period ends with the hot restart and
synchrbnization of thelarge seneratins units such as suDer-
ciitical once-through boilEr-iurbines, "nuclear units (before
entering their cooling-down cycle), and the cold res'tart of
the drum-tvpe unit (after rollins oeriod). Deoendins on the
minimum [iine allowed for the f,6t ana 'cold dstarts 6f these
thermal units and maximum time allowed for the completion
of subsysiems, the second period may take 3 to C hours
following an outage [6,7].
The prirnary objective in the second period is the inter-
connection (synchronization) of subsystems to achieve the
post-restoration target svstem. In the process of achievins
this obiective, all lhe Jubsystems shoirld be exoanded bi
energiiing additional lines, bicking up loads, and'linkine afi
the online and the necesSary oTfline generating plints,
transmission stations and disfribution su6stationsl ht tn.i
completion of these activities. the subsvstems would be
synchronized and a skeleton of the brilk power supply
eitablishea.
The primary function of ES in the second period is to
establish paths between all the online and t6e necessarv
offline stalions. [n performins this function. ES should b"e
able to provide secuie paths bltrveen the ab6ve stations bv
energizing lines, determining switchine sequences. timin"s
each-_opeiation, checking the various-constraints, and iT
possible ranking the altefuative paths.
ES requirements in the second period are somewhat similar
to those of the first period with the following significant
differences:
. there will be many more situations for which the ore-
pared and tabulated arialytical tool results are not applicable,
e the relatively larger and loosely interconnected networks
require more analysis of voltage-and frequency transients,
and
o..the relatively llnger duration of the second period, should
allow the use of analytical tools for the onjline real-time
analysis.
ES should be able to expand the energized subsystems and
integrate the subsystemi to achieve th-e target sistem usine
both the prepared and tabulated analytical-toof results anil
the on-line real-time analysis. h addiiion ES should be able
to establish secure path-s between all the online and the
necessary offr4e . Stations, _.determining the switching
sequences, and timing the individual operltion.
ES Requirernents in the Second Period
.Er
ES ur L:otrJunctron wlln
in__conjunction with an:uyncal
analytical tools should be able to
carefully consider the probable effects of each action on the
rest of ihe
the system and on the subsequent
-TransTission subseouent restorafion
reitoratilon mea-
meg-
sures [l].
[]. Transr.nission line loadngs, rea;ii.A
reactivr 6;;.
balance, over-.
pal1gce, over-^ and under-voltage
under-voliage coiditions, generator
genbrator
loadings, transformer tap selecti6ns, shunt
shunt reactor switchingi determination of "rirr8it"i ""t
phase aneles
between load centers and generators, and adjustmenti of
relgr
relay settings
settmgs tor
reray for mini_rumlource
for- minimum'source
nurumum source operation
operatio" Jt rii U"
should a.
evaluated using the RPF, RSC and CI-p programs ""jJ[2].
The rate 3t yhigq generaiors should be loaded, the mismatch
oetween prcl(-up and generator response, the chanee in
-Ioad
sy-stem trequency and their effects bn under-freou-encv
relays, transient stability of the power sys6em, alia thi:
switg.h&g transients should all be evaluated using RTS, RDS
and RTV Programs [2].
An important ES requirement in the second period is the
simultaneous restoration of several subsvstems-. ES should
be able to allocate resources, coordidate activities, and
revise procedures to ensure an ordedy progress in the time
intervals between the release of th6 BTGs bv the olant
operators to the restoration team and the hot relstart oT the
ldrge thermal units. The simultaneous restoration of several
subsystems appreciablv reduces the duration of an outase
but it also de'mands Lfficient use of manpower-machi-fre
resources and effective communication/coordrnationbetween
the teams/subsystems. Critical path methods (CPM) have
been extensively used to addreds similar reqiirements in
other proiects havine similar obiectives. ES should be able
to use-CPM or equiialent scheduline capabilities to achieve
the tareet system within the estinfited 3 to 4 hours. bv
allocati-on o-f resources, coordination of activities, 'ant
revision ofplans, as the restoration progresses in the second
peflod.
ES kocedure in the Second Period
Many of the activities and constraints to be considered by
ES in expandine and interconnectins the subsvstems t'o
achieve th:e targe'i system are similar t"o the first iestoration
period. For example. in both periods. loads are orimarilv
iricked up to stabflize the in-sbrvice fhermal uni'ts and fo
reduce the charging curents. In the second period when all
the plants and s6tions within a
subsystim have been
irrterionnected and other subsvstems are -not readv for svn-
chronization, the slack time is used to pick-up'aaaitio'nat
loads. The three sEilf activities whicfr som6what differ
from the fust period will be briefly described ia the follow-
mg subsectlons.
Plcking up Loads
I-oads should be restored in small increments to
excessive under-frequency deviation. This can be done bv
restricting the load riick up to radial loads and oreferablv t'o
those with low laeeine power factors. Switched caoaci'tors
and under-frequei'dy ii,fays should be either deactiiated or
avoided. In a subsystem. the rate of load oick uo should be
that its load traiectory
controlled so that'its traie.r:forv doei nof ^evneerl fh.
doe-'s not'exceed
ga#mqe-ramp rEtE of the ufu(s) witlln that subsystem.
This calls for c-areful time estimatibn of breaker ooeiations
ln.engrgizing.lines and feeders.- Il the first period, load
trajectory is checked against both the maximuin and'mini-
mum generator ramp rates.
Restorationof the large low voltage AC network loads
should be avoided anfpostponed t5 the third restoration
period when laree units aie i-d ooeration and can orovide the
iequired frequeicy response. ES should be ablti to use the
analytical tool results to maintein load-generation balance
and reactive pow.el balance, avoidilg ifi!4bility, sustained
ov ervol tages,- and frequency excursio-ns I I ].
Eneryizing Transmission Lines
[n interconnecting plants, stations and substations, a very
fg* Jgy and hi{h'voltage. transmission llnes and cablJs
should be enereiZed to minimiTg the charsins currents and
to sustaii'ed ovor-volrages.
avolo sustained
ro avoid susrarno(I over-voltages. lI at all DosslDle.
over-voltases. If iosiibte. enetgtz-
enerpiz-
ation of the high voltage, exira high voltale, dou6le cirEuit
Ii4es, and u_nderground cables should be delayed until the
third period whEn laree senerators with amole reactive
absorbing capabilities riould be in operation Ub,l8l.
ES should be able to preoare a list of actions reouired to
energize a path between two stations. The list
determine the number of circuit breaker and disconnect
switch operations, transformer tap selections, possible set
point adjustments, and relay settiig changes taisumes that
the necessary type of relay is installed). The list should also
include alternalive path(s) which may'be selected in case of
unsuccessful operation of the first pirth.
ES should be able to use tabulated analvtical tool results or
on-line analysis to determine and consi'der the various con-
straints.
Synchronizing Subsystems
Subsystems should preferably be svnchronized at eeneratins
plants where synchronizing-facililies are available and thE
subsystems' frequencies and voltases can readily be resulat-
ed. This may require sectionalizaiion of the ma'in genSrator
bus and availabilitv of two connectins lines. one"for each
subsystem to be sydchronized. SvnchrSnization at switchins
stati6ns is time c6nsuming and during restoration should bE
avoided even if they aie equipped with synchro-check
relays. Prior to syncfuonizatidn,'the combined subsystems'
tranlient stability, voltage trarsient and adequacy'of re-
sponse reserve sh6uld be-checked.
In the training and actual restoration, in addition to using the
prepared anf,tabulated analvtical tool results on eouioftent
irnd power system constraints should be able to use'adalvti-
cal t6ols to determine the system constraints for the unf6re-
seen situations such as a stuck breaker, unsuccessful
energization of a path. svnchronization of unolanned
subslstems, or Ioad pict<up Iarger than planned. AIso, ES
shou'ld reviie and./or idapt'schetules dev^eloped during flan-
ning, or develop new ad hoc schedules.
TIIE THIRD RESTORATION PERIOI)
The inteeration of skeleton of the bulk power suoolv should
be completed at the end of the second p6riod. thdja6hievine
avoid the poSt-restoration target system. This should includei
synchronization of all thE sub'svstems. interconnection of all
the online and offline powei plants with the enersized
transmission stations and substations. and enereization "of all
the stations needine stored enersv.' The thiid restoration
period begins with the availability--of the large thermal units.
the
The primary functions of ES in this period are: (i) schedul-
ine the larse thermal units includinethe suoer-critical once-
thioueh bdiler-turbines. nuclear ufrts. and the cold restart
of thJdrum-type units. (ii) enereizine the hieh voltase and
extra hieh voltiee linei tb'firm rip thi transmfssion sfshm.
(iii) picking up-large low voltag'e AC network loads, anci
(iv) activating tie-lines with the adiacent power svstems.
Thb completd restoration of load iir a primarily [hermal
power system may take 8 to 12 hours.
The functional requirements of ES in the this period differ
from those of the first two periods in the folloiing areas:
o there will be no need for several restoration teams and
their simultaneous restoration activities as was the case in
paryllgl operation of several subsystems in the previous two
penods,
o there will be no prime movers with minimum critical
times, all the large thermal r rits can be scheduled for hot
restarts or cold restart any time after the elapse of their
maximum time limits,
o the load pick up traiectorv will be well within the maxi-
mum ramp iate ofthe large irnits, relaxing the requirements
for a tighi load-generatio[ coordination, "and
should
1{}9
o the lareer number and greater inertia of the prime movers
in-servici allow larger lo-ad pick up increments.
Schedulins Generatins Units
ES should be able to use the real and reactive generators'
capabili.ties _to_ schedule thgjr. .plart *ps ?nd -gperations
opiimally t6J1. -The. availability. of-real and reactiv.e
;#"#i3, i' 6,iia rvii".ii'iaii, ;;".', tu;i ilJ;a;
irodes of ooeration."iinJ
fi-rodes of operation, their ri6srdis'turbance conditioqs,
their f6st-disturbance conditions. and
tne
tJre suft-uD ltmlngs. Therei
start-upiimjngs. Inere are two or more sets oI tirlings
of umrngs
f,or norma] and ehergency operation, the latter should 5e
used for restoration pirmoies.- The characteristics of prime
movers which should be considered ia the third feriod
include [15]:
. Types; recirculating (drum-rype), super- and sub-critical
circulating (once-through), and boiling- and pressurized-
water nuclear uruts.
. Fuel; coal, gas and oil fired.
. Operations; base load, cycling, and peaking.
. Conditions; hot boiler, hot turbine; hot boiler, cold
turbine; cold boiler, cold turbine; and very cold.
o Timings; time to provide crankiag power, interval
between piritteting sucdessive units ia i p'lant, fime from
start to paralleling, time from paralleling to mini6u6 lsad,
soakine'time reqfiired. and tirire from rElease to maximum
load. -
ES should be able to use the above information to:
r schedule the start up and synchronization of the various
prime movers to maximize thd availability of the active and
ieactive (absorbing) generation,
o coordinate load and generation between svnchronization
sf rrnits and their releas5 to the power systed operator, and
. maintai-n adequate response reserve to withstand loss of
the largest in service gen'erator.
Firmine uo Transmission System
As the large thermal units are brought on line, ample
reactive abslorbins capabiliw becomes a-vailabl". ES shoirld
be able to firm uithe,transrirission svstem bv schedulins the
enersization of hieh voltaee and extfr hieh ioltase overEead
lines] closing of'the secind circuit of Jouble cTrcuit lines,
and enerqization of pipe-tvpe cables. [n performine these
functions] the follo*iirg i<instraints shoufd be coniidered
[10,16]:
o the sustained overvoltages caused by the lightly loaded
lines,
o the transient voltages caused by the switching surges,
r the harmonic resonance overvoltaees caused bv trans-
former saturation caused by low tafl position aia nign
voltage operation, and
r the excessive standing phase angle when closing a loop.
During the third period, the restored power system is more
prone to occurrences of unforeseen events. however time
iloes allow for the online analysis of the'situations. ES
should be able to use the RPF, RSC, RTV and electro-
magnetic transient (EMT) Programs to determine the needed
constrarnts.
110
Plckine uo Network Loads
I-ow voltaee AC network loads are much Iarger than radial
loads, hav5near unity power factor, are pickeA up by group
circuit breakers, and-t6erefore are more difficullto pick-up
durine the first irvo restoration periods, when few generators
with s=mall inertia are in serviCe anci the reactive absorbing
capability is low. Prior to picking up the network loads, ES
in'conjuiction with analytical todls'should be able to [17]:
o estimate the size of the network load with the RLC Pro-
gram using the elapsed time from the intermption, ambient
temperature, etc,
o evaluate the freouencv response of the generators in-
service to the sudderi i:rciease in load, and
r determine the steady state and transient stabilities of the
system.
Activatine Tie Lines
des or criteria for activating the tie-lines
There are no hard
durine restoration. The timine and the exteniof intercon-
nectidn assistance is based 5n agreements between the
comoanies. [n eeneral. the oresent practice is to activate the
extri high volEge GHV) ^intercoinections in the system
being reltored w[eni
3 unitq with large reactive power absorbi:rg capabilities are
ln servlce,
o the automatic generation control (AGC) is in operation
and is set to flat-tie control, and
o the two combined systems are stable.
The last requirement entails availability of the dynamic
equivalents <if adjacent systems.
CONCLUSION
The review of restoration activities over the three oeriods
shows that their durations become longer in going frbm the
first to the third period. It extends over 30 to 60 minutes in
the first, 3 to 4 hours i:r the second, and 8 to 12 hours in
the third period. The possibilitv of occurrence of un-
foreseen events and the rirobabilitl of unsuccessful ooera-
tions also become ereatei in soing from the first to the third
period. For these ieasons the"fun"ctional requirements of ES
have been described so as to minimi2s theheed for on-line
use of ES and analvtical tools in the first period and
progressively more online adaptation and anafysis in the
iecSnd and fhird periods.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first author acknowledses support of Baltimore Gas and
Eleetric Companv. Potomic Eleiiric Power Comoanv and
wishes to thank'Mr. L. H. Fink of ECC, Inc'. f6r his
valuable suggestions.
BIOGRAPHIES
M. M. Adibi(M'56,SM'70,LM'm) received BScEE (with
in 1950 and MEE in 1960. [n the past 15 vears. as
honor)
an industrv consultant with IRD Com.. he has di:velooed
restoration plans for several utilities. He is a member ofthe
Power System Engineering Committee, and the Chairman of
the Power System Restoration Working Group.
 R.{.-{qt, (M:73, SM'88) received rhe B.S.E.p. 'mtg7}
and MS n L972,. Mr. Kafka is Manaser. Fo*er poolins
Economics, Polomac Electric power Cimp*v, *L.tii o?
low-er System Restoratiou WG, and Reeist'erei Professional
bngineer in the State of Maryland.
D. P. Milanicz (M'72,5M'85) received the BS in Electrical
Engineering n 1972. He is Supervisor of Generation and
Associated Transmission at Baltimore Gas & Electric
pompany. M-r. Milan]cz is member of PSE Power System
Restoration Working Group.
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2t-22, 1995. "
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as
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111