FOURTH GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS

Submitted by:

SPOORTHY MANNAM

SHOBHA.S

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANEKAL, BANGALORE
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems

Abstract that take into account his personal preferences

Recent activity in 4G (fourth generation)
mobile communication systems has steeped
the race in its implementation at the earliest.
4G wireless being an upcoming standard
witnesses burgeoning interest amongst
researchers and vendor. It is being designed to
allow seamless integration and communication
between wireless devices across diverse
wireless standards as well as broadband
networks wirelessly. Access to different radio
technologies is facilitated due to IP-based-4G
mobile communication system connecting the
user. This paper attempts to make an
assessment in development, transition, and
roadmap for fourth generation mobile
communication system with a perspective of
wireless convergence domain and future
research issues.
1. Introduction
The approaching 4G mobile
communication systems are projected to solve
still-remaining problems of 3G (third
generation) systems and to provide a wide
variety of new services, from high-quality
voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate
wireless channels. The term 4G is used
broadly to include several types of broadband
wireless access communication systems, not
only cellular telephone systems. One of the
terms used to describe 4G is MAGICMobile
multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global
mobility support, integrated wireless solution,
and customized personal service [1]. As a
promise for the future, 4G systems, that is,
cellular broadband wireless access systems
have been attracting much interest in the
mobile communication arena. The 4G systems
not only will support the next generation of
mobile service, but also will support the fixed
wireless networks. This paper presents an
overall vision of the 4G features, framework,
and integration of mobile communication. The
features of 4G systems might be summarized
with one wordintegration.
2. 4G Wireless Systems
Technically, 4G stands for one integrated,
IP-based environment for all
telecommunications requirements including
voice, video, broadcasting media and Internet
that utilizes both fixed and wireless networks.
In 4G, the user is the central focus point. By
means of intelligent terminals, the user can get
simple broadband access to a range of services
and context. Even without interrupting
ongoing conversation, work or video viewing,
the user can change terminals or switch
unnoticeably between the underlying fixed and
mobile networks (UMTS, WLAN, etc.). And
by means of adhoc networking, his mobile
terminals can form networks among
themselves or with the terminals of third
parties. Throughout all this complex
procedures, the user always maintains full
control over privacy, security risks and costs.
This extraordinary vision regarding 4G
networks and services is a natural extension of
the current development of broadband Internet
and 3G mobile networks like UMTS.
2.1. The Goal of 4G
4G must be clearly more than 3G in terms of
services, applications, and technology. As a
comparison, 4G is not a combination of High
Speed Uplink/Downlink Packet Access
(HSUPA/HSDPA) or Wireless LAN (WLAN).
3G + HSDPA + HSUPA (=3.5G?) < 4G
3G + WLAN < 4G
3G + HSDPA + WLAN < 4G
3G networks are inadequate to accommodate
WLANs as access networks, which offer data
rates of 11 Mbps. The goal of 4G will be to
replace the entire core of cellular networks
with a single worldwide cellular network
completely standardized based on the IP for
video, Voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia
services. Table I compares the different
wireless communication technologies.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems
Table I: Comparison of Wireless
Communication Technologies
2.2. Desirable Characteristics of 4G
The move to 4G is complicated by attempts
to standardize on a single 3G protocol.
Without a single standard on which to build,
designers face significant additional
challenges. 4G does not have any solid
specification as of yet, so the key design
parameters rely on general proposals.
In short the desirable characteristics of 4G are:
(1) Carrier frequency: 5GHz.
(2) Channel bandwidth /operator: 50MHz
(3) Target data rate: 100 to 1000 Mbits/s.
(4) High bandwidth efficiency: 2 to 20bitsHz
(5) Channel is assumed to be extremely
frequency selective.
(6) Ubiquity: Seamless Communication,
Next-generation internet supporting IPv6,
Mobile over IP.
(7) Lower system cost: 1/10-1/100 lower than
that of 3G Infrastructure cost: 1/10 lower than
that of 3G.
(8) Multiplexing options: single-carrier (SC),
multi carrier (MC) (including orthogonal
frequency- division multiplexing (OFDM)).
(9)Multi-access options:
TDMA, CDMA.
2.3. Current Merits of 4G
4G is esteemed to possess benefits such as
high usability providing accessibility anytime
and anywhere through a range of technologies,
increased data transfer speed, improved
quality of service, and wide variety of
interactive services. Following are some
current technical merits, in brief are
(1) Presently, 4G is unregulated, it requires no
license. Hence, an ease of experimentation.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(2) 4G will be completely wireless thereby
requiring no ditch digging. It will completely
by-pass any low capacity wired connection.
(3) Accessibility of multimedia services to
users at any place, and at any time.
(4) 4G will be cheap, thereby, allowing
carriers to upgrade inexpensively.
(5) Evolution of new type input/output devices
for fast data exchange (glasses, displaying 3D
virtual world, collapsible screens, e-paper, and
voice and handwriting recognition). Hence
there will be growth in markets of PCs,
consumer electronics, microprocessors and
software.
(6) Increased competition amongst
applications and service providers for users.
(7) Quality of Internet wireless access will not
lack any in any way in comparison to wired
access.
(8) It follows that the mobile networks should
be stable and dependable, should be available
for 24 hour per day. (9) Conception of a global
telecommunication system, for example, a
telephone or data call from a isolated place
such as desert to an advanced mega-city will
be trouble free (satellite based backbone
telecommunication systems).
(10) Easy interconnection amongst different
system (e.g. GPS, Internet, other
communication networks)
2.4. Key Challenges for 4G
4G must be dynamic and adaptable with
built-in intelligence. Key challenges will be
personalization, seamless access, and quality
of service, intelligent billing. Table II
summarizes the major key challenges in
migration to 4G.
Table II: Key Challenges for 4G
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems

2.5. Dangers Associated with 4G

Following enumerates the dangers associated
with 4G.
1) Tracking: GPS devices and mobile
navigation systems determine our location
quite precisely and allow others to easily track
us down.
2) Mobile devices will be complex; new layers
of technological abstraction will be added,
lower layers may be fairly secure, and
software at higher layer may introduce
vulnerabilities or vice-versa.
3) Attacks on application level: 4G cellular
wireless devices will be known for software
applications which will provide innovative
feature to the user but will introduce new
holes, leading to more attacks at the
application level.
4) Jamming and spoofing: Jamming happens
when a transmitter sending out signals at the
same frequency displaces a GPS signal.
Spoofing refers to fake GPS signals being sent
out, in which case the GPS receiver thinks that
the signals comes from a satellite and
calculates the wrong co-ordinates. Criminals
can use such techniques to interfere with law
enforcement agency work.
5) Location Based Services (LBS): Law
Enforcement Agencies with the help GPS
receiver can quickly determined which unit is
closest to the location of a reported incident
and can get there fast. Alternatively criminals
can deceive the Law Enforcement Agencies by
using such smart methods.
6) Encryption: If a GPS receiver has to
communicate with the central transmitter then
the communication link between these two
components is not hard to break and there is a
need of using encrypted data.
7) Wi-Fi, Hotspots and WLANs: 4G
technology will lead to the development of
mobile devices with multiple applications and
the misuse will increase, particularly when
devices those communicate with
Wi-Fi, Hotspots and WLAN's. Data
transmitted over such networks can often be
intercepted quite easily, resulting in real
security risk.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems
3. Transmission
An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an
IP network, converting and encoding the data
prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast
Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM
signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to
the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit
reconstructs the data by reversing this process.
With orthogonal subcarriers, the receiver can
separate and process each subcarrier without
interference from other subcarriers. More
impervious to fading and multipath delays
than other wireless transmission techniques,
ODFM provides better link and
communication quality.
3.1Wireless Technologies Used In 4G
1. OFDM
2. UWB
3. MILLIMETER WIRELESS
4. SMART ANTENNAS
5. LONG TERM POWER PREDICTION
6. ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND
POWER CONTROL
3.1.1. Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
OFDM, a form of multicarrier modulation,
works by dividing the data stream for
transmission at a bandwidth B into N multiple
and parallel bit streams, spaced B/N apart.
Each of the parallel bit streams has a much
lower bit rate than the original bit stream, but
their summation can provide very high data
rates. N orthogonal subcarriers modulate the
parallel bit streams, which are then summed
prior to transmission.
An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP
network, converting and encoding the data
prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM
signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to
the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit
reconstructs the data by reversing this process.
With orthogonal subcarriers, the receiver can
separate and process each subcarrier without
interference from other subcarriers. More
impervious to fading and multipath delays
than other wireless transmission techniques,
ODFM provides better link and
communication quality.
3.1.2. Ultra Wide Band
A UWB transmitter spreads its signal over a
wide portion of the RF spectrum, generally 1
GHz wide or more, above 3.1GHz. The FCC
has chosen UWB frequencies to minimize
interference to other commonly used
equipment, such as televisions and radios. This
frequency range also puts UWB equipment
above the 2.4 GHz range of microwave ovens
and modern cordless phones, but below
802.11a wireless Ethernet, which operates at 5
GHz. UWB equipment transmits very narrow
RF pulseslow power and short pulse period
means the signal, although of wide bandwidth,
falls below the threshold detection of most RF
receivers. Traditional RF equipment uses an
RF carrier to transmit a modulated signal in
the frequency domain, moving the signal from
a base band to the carrier frequency the
transmitter uses. UWB is carrierfree, since
the technology works by modulating a pulse,
on the order of tens of microwatts, resulting in
a waveform occupying a very wide frequency
domain. The wide bandwidth of a UWB signal
is a twoedged sword. The signal is relatively
secure against interference and has the
potential for very highrate wireless broadband
access and speed. On the other hand, the signal
also has the potential to interfere with other
wireless transmissions. In addition, the low
power constraints placed on UWB by the
FCC, due to its potential interference with
other RF signals, significantly limits the range
of UWB equipment (but still makes it a viable
LAN technology). One distinct advantage of
UWB is its immunity to multipath distortion
and interference. Multipath propagation
occurs when a transmitted signal takes
different paths when propagating from source
to destination.
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems
3.1.3. Millimeter Wireless
Using the millimeterwave band (above 20
GHz) for wireless service is particularly
interesting, due to the availability in this
region of bandwidth resources committed by
the governments of some countries to
unlicensed cellular and other wireless
applications. If deployed in a 4G system,
millimeter wireless would constitute only one
of several frequency bands, with the 5 GHz
band most likely dominant.
3.1.4. Smart Antennas
A smart antenna system comprises multiple
antenna elements with signal processing to
automatically optimize the antennas radiation
(transmitter) and/or reception (receiver)
patterns in response to the signal environment.
One smartantenna variation in particular,
MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems,
particularly since the antenna systems at both
transmitter and receiver are usually a limiting
factor when attempting to support increased
data rates. MIMO (MultiInput MultiOutput)
is a smart antenna system where 'smartness is
considered at both transmitter and the receiver.
MIMO represents spacedivision multiplexing
(SDM)information signals are multiplexed
on spatially separated N multiple antennas and
received on M antennas. Figure shows a
general block diagram of a MIMO system.
Some systems may not employ the signal
processing block on the transmitter side.
Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and
the receiver provide essentially multiple
parallel channels that operate simultaneously
on the same frequency band and at the same
time. This results in high spectral efficiencies
in a rich scattering environment (high multi
path), since you can transmit multiple data
streams or signals over the channel
simultaneously. Field experiments by several
organizations have shown that a MIMO
system, combined with adaptive coding and
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
modulation, interference cancellation, and
beamforming technologies, can boost useful
channel capacity by at least an order of
magnitude.
3.1.5. Long Term Power Prediction
Channels to different mobile users will fade
independently. If the channel properties of all
users in a cell can be predicted a number of
milliseconds ahead, then it would be possible
to distribute the transmission load among the
users in an optimal way while fulfilling certain
specified constraints on throughput and delays.
The channel timefrequency pattern will
depend on the scattering environment and on
the velocity of the moving terminal. In order to
take the advantage the channel variability, we
use OFDM system with spacing between
subcarriers such that no inter channel interface
occurs for the worst case channel scenario
(Low coherence bandwidth).A timefrequency
grid constituting of regions of one time slot
and several subcarriers is used such that the
channel is fairly constant over each region.
These timefrequency regions are then
allocated to the different users by a scheduling
algorithm according to some criterion.
3.1.6. Adaptive modulation and power
control
In a fading environment and for a highly
loaded system there will almost exist users
with good channel conditions. Regardless of
the choice of criterion, which could be either
maximization of system throughput or
equalization to user satisfaction, the
modulation format for the scheduled user is
selected according to the predicted signal to
noise and interference ratio. Using sufficiently
small timefrequency bins the channel can be
made approximately constant within bins. We
can thus use a flat fading AWGN channel
assumption. Furthermore since we have
already determined the time slot allocation, via
the inquiry process among adjacent cells
described above we may use an aggressive
power control scheme, while keeping the
interference on an acceptable level. For every
timeslot, the timefrequency bins in the grid
represent separate channels. For such channels
the optimum rate and power allocation for
maximizing the throughput can be calculated
under a total average power constraint. The
optimum strategy is to let one user, the one
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems
with best channel, transmit in each of the
parallel channels.
4. Major aspects in migration to 4G
Table III: Major Aspects in Migration to 4G
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
5. Potential Applications of 4G
Some key potential applications of 4G are:
1) Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile
users a "virtual presence" -- for example,
always-on connections that keep people
involved in business activities regardless of
whether they are on-site or off.
2) Virtual Navigation: A remote database
contains the graphical representation of streets,
buildings, and physical characteristics of a
large metropolis. Blocks of this database are
transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle,
where a rendering program permits the
occupants to visualize the environment ahead.
3) Tele-medicine: 4G will support remote
health monitoring of patients. For e.g. the
paramedic assisting the victim of traffic
accident in a remote location must access
medical records and may need
videoconference assistance from a surgeon for
an emergency intervention. The paramedic
may need to relay back to the hospital the
victim's x-rays taken locally.
4) Tele-Geoprocessing Applications: The
combination of geographical information
systems (GIS), global positioning systems
(GPS), and high capacity wireless mobile
systems will enable a new type of application
referred to as tele-geoprocessing. Queries
dependent on location information of several
users, in addition to temporal aspects have
many applications.
5) Crisis-Management Applications: Natural
disasters can affect the entire communications
infrastructure is in disarray. Restoring
communications quickly is essential. With
wideband wireless mobile communications
Internet and video services, could be set up in
hours instead of days or even weeks required
for restoration of wire line communications.
6) Education: Educational opportunities
available on the internet, for individuals
interested in life-long education, will be
unavailable to client in remote areas because
of the economic unfeasibility of providing
wideband wire line internet access. 4G
wireless communications provides a cost-
effective alternative in these situations.
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems

6. 4G Concept

The user has freedom & flexibility to select any desired service with reasonable Qos and
affordable price, anytime, anywhere.

7. Conclusion

As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a
number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this
promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of
integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia
applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low
complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end
users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of
PCC (personal computing and communication)a vision that affordably provides high
data rates everywhere over a wireless network.

8. References

Communication Systems :- Simon Haykins

www.comsoc.org
www.crummer.rollins.edu/journal
www.techonline.com
www.ieee.org

Submitted by:
SPOORTHY MANNAM (ECE)
SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
spoorthymannam@gmail.com
9481034133

SHOBHA.S (ECE)
SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
shobhas299@gmail.com

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SHIRDI SAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE