Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
in LS-DYNA
Stefan Hartmann
DYNAmore GmbH, Stuttgart
Infotag:
Composite Berechnung mit LS-DYNA, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
1
Outline
Introduction
- failure mechanisms / modeling possibilities / layer definition / remarks
Preliminary results
- three point bending of flat specimen / three point bending of a hat profile / shear specimen /
drop tower test
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
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Introduction
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
3
Introduction
modeling possibilities
intralaminar
- element: layered (thin/thick) shells
one solid element per ply
- material: plasticity / damage models
layered thin
solid elements shell element
stacked shells
+ 3D stress state cohesive element
- one element for every single layer (no layering)
numerical expensive layered thin
shell element
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Introduction
0.2
add as many cards are necessary to define 0.4
the whole layup (define two layers per card) 0.2
IP 3 90.0
IP 2 45.0
Listing of integration
IP 1 0.0
points begins from the bottom
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Introduction
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Introduction
5 5
Ply IDs 4 4
4 3 3
3 3 2
2
2 2 1 1
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Introduction
some remarks
extra history variables
many composite material models have extra history variables that help to track
modes of failure in each integration point (see material documentation in the LS-
DYNA Keyword Users Manual for details). A list of history variables is given here:
http://www.dynasupport.com/howtos/material/history-variables
NEIPS (shells) or NEIPH (solids) in *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY should be set
to the number of extra history variables needed. For example, if you want to track
the damage parameters (6 extra history variables) in *MAT_054, set NEIPS=6.
output of stresses and strains in the local material coordinate system (IPs)
set CMPFLG=1 in *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
d3plot
binout global local *)
CMPLFG=0 Element KOS Global KOS Element KOS
CMPFLG=1 Material KOS Material KOS undefined
*) Formerly LSPP did not know about INN (information not written to d3plot), so transfromation
from Global KOS Element KOS might not be correct.
This is fixed with LS-DYNA Version R7 and later and newer LSPP versions (4.1).
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261: [1]
*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_
DAIMLER_PINHO
*MAT_262: [2]
*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_
DAIMLER_CAMANHO
[1] Pinho, S.T., Iannucci, L.; Robinson, P.: Physically-based failure models and criteria for laminated fiber-reinforced
composites with emphasis on fiber kinking: Part I Development & Part II FE implementation,
Composites: Part A 37, 2006
[2] Maim, P., Camanho, P.P., Mayugo, J.A., Dvila, D.G.: A continuum damage model for composite laminates:
Part I Constitutive model & Part II Computational implementation and validation, Mechanics of Materials 39, 2007
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
constitutive law
4 damage parameter
= (1 d ) d mat ; d mac ; d kink ; d a
4 failure criteria
da 3 d kink 3
1 1
d mat 3 d mac 3
2 2
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
physically based failure criteria
continuum damage model
3
2
1 e 2f = 11 1
XT
a) Tensile fibre mode
(maximum stress)
2 2
3 T L b + c b c
ec2 = + 1 ( n 0) n =
m
+
m
cos(2 ) + bmc sin(2 )
S
T
T n S
L
L n
2 2
1 bm c
2 2 2 T = sin(2 ) + bmc cos(2 )
2
b) Compressive fibre mode ec2 = n + L + T 1 ( n > 0) L = a mbm cos( ) + c am sin( )
YT S L ST
(3D-kinking model)
3
2 2 2
2 em2 = n + T + L 1
YT ST S L
c) Tensile matrix mode
(transf. fracture plane)
3
2 2
T L
2 ed2 = +
1
S
T
T n S
L
L n
d) Compressive matrix mode 0 : fracture plane for pure compression
(transf. fracture plane) : fracture plane under general loading
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
linear damage laws
0
= (1 d a )[11 , 22 ,12 , 23 , 31 ] 0
di = f
a , kink , b , T , L :
fracture toughness from: CT, CC, 4-point bending, mode II interlaminar fracture (T,L)
L:
internal (characteristic) length for objectivity (localization!)
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
in-plane shear behavior
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
elastic,
orthotropic
Card 1 MID RO EA EB EC PRBA PRCA PRCB
parameters Card 2 GAB GBC GCA AOPT DAF DKF DMF EFS
material Card 3 XP YP ZP A1 A2 A3
coos Card 4 V1 V2 V3 D1 D2 D3 MANGLE
Card 5 ENKINK ENA ENB ENT ENL
model
parameter
Card 6 XC XT YC YT SL
Card 7 FIO SIGY LCSS BETA PFL PUCK SOFT
DAF: flag to control failure of an IP based on ENL: Fracture toughness for intralaminar matrix
longitudinal (fiber) tensile failure longitudinal shear failure
DKF: flag to control failure of an IP based on XC: longitudinal compressive strength
longitudinal (fiber) compressive failure XT: longitudinal tensile strength
DMF: flag to control failure of an IP based on YC: transverse compressive strength
transverse (matrix) failure YT: transverse tensile strength
EFS: Max. effect. Strain for element layer failure. SL: longitudinal shear strength
A value of unity would equal 100% strain FIO: fracture angle in pure transverse compression
ENKINK: Facture toughness for longitudinal (fiber) (in degrees, default=53.0)
compressive failure mode SIGY: In-plane shear yield stress
ENA: Facture toughness for longitudinal (fiber) LCSS: Load curve ID which defines the non-linear in-plane
tensile failure mode shear-stress as a function of in-plane shear-strain
ENB: Facture toughness for intralaminar matrix BETA: hardening parameter for in-plane shear plasticity
tensile failure PFL: Percentage of layer which must fail before crashfront
ENT: Fracture toughness for intralaminar matrix is initiated.
transverse shear failure PUCK: flag to post-process Pucks inter-fiber-failure criterion
SOFT: reduction factor for strength in crashfront elements
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
1-Element-Test, Single-Layer (SHELL, ELFORM=2)
Material Parameter:
EA= 132.0 [kN/mm]
XT= 1.95 [kN/mm]
XC= 1.35 [kN/mm]
ENA=0.05 [kN/mm]
ENKINK=0.02 [kN/mm]
EFS=0.05
2.0 2 E
B XT=1.95 XT=1.95 B F
I
1.5 1 damage,
linear degradation J
Stress-AA
Stress-AA
softening
A
1.0 0 L
K independent softening
H
in compr. & tens.
0.5 -1 G
D
XC=1.35
C
A C
0.0 -2
0.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Strain-AA Strain-AA
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
1-Element-Test, Single-Layer (SHELL, ELFORM=2)
Cyclic test with a +/-45 layup (A-M)
Material Parameter:
GAB= 4.6 [kN/mm]
ENT= 0.006 [kN/mm]
ENL= 0.006 [kN/mm]
SL= 0.149 [kN/mm]
0.15
SL=0.149 E F
0.10
B G
J
0.05
Stress-AB
K
M
0..00
A 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Strain-AB
-0..05 L
I shear non-linearity with *DEFINE_CURVE
-0.10
H
D
-0.15 C
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15
Strain-AB
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_261 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO):
Extra History Variables ( set NEIPS in *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY)
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
constitutive relation = H : = H 1 :
1 21 5 damage variables
0
(1 d1 ) E1 E2 d1 ( r1 , r1+ ) ; d1+ ( r1+ ) ; d 2 ( r2 ) ; d 2+ ( r2+ ) ; d 6 ( r2+ )
1
H = 12 0
E1 (1 d 2 ) E2 11 11
d1 = d1+ + d1
1
11 11
0 0
(1 d6 ) G12 22 22
d 2 = d 2+ + d 2
22 22
4 failure criteria (LaRC03/04)
F1- 3 F1+ 3
1 1
damage activation functions
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
failure surface (assembly of 4 sub-surfaces)
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
physically based failure criteria
continuum damage model
3
11 12 22
1 1+ =
XT
a) Tensile fibre mode
(maximum strain LaRC04)
3
12m + L 22m
1 1 =
SL 22m = 11 sin 2 ( C ) + 22 cos 2 ( C ) 2 12 sin( C )cos( C )
b) Compressive fibre mode (LaRC03) 12m = ( 22 11 ) sin( C )cos( C ) + 12 ( cos 2 ( C ) sin 2 ( C ) )
(transf. fracture plane)
3 2 2
22
2+ = (1 g ) + g 22 + 12 ( 22 0)
2 YT YT S L
12 + L 22
c) Tensile matrix mode 2 + = ( 22 < 0)
(LaRc04) SL
3
2 2
2 Teff Leff
2 = +
S T SL Teff = 22 cos( 0 ) [sin( 0 ) T cos( 0 ) cos( )]
d) Compressive matrix mode (LaRC04)
(transf. fracture plane) Leff = cos( 0 ) 12 + L 22 cos( 0 ) sin( )
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
evolution of threshold (internal) variables ( r [1 ])
compression: r1n+/21 = max {1, r1n/2 ,1n+/21 }
no damage due to crack (tension);
crack closure
m( X ,G) n ( X , m)
d (r ) = 1
E E ( r )
n
m
1D elasto-plastic formulation with combined iso/kin hardening coupled to a linear damage evolution law
12
SL GSL
l
12
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
elastic,
orthotropic
Card 1 MID RO EA EB EC PRBA PRCA PRCB
parameters Card 2 GAB GBC GCA AOPT DAF DKF DMF EFS
material Card 3 XP YP ZP A1 A2 A3
coos Card 4 V1 V2 V3 D1 D2 D3 MANGLE
Card 5 GXC GXT GYC GYT GSL GXCO GXTO
model
parameter
Card 6 XC XT YC YT SL XCO XTO
Card 7 FIO SIGY ETAN BETA PFL PUCK SOFT
DAF: flag to control failure of an IP based on XC: longitudinal compressive strength
longitudinal (fiber) tensile failure XT: longitudinal tensile strength
DKF: flag to control failure of an IP based on YC: transverse compressive strength
longitudinal (fiber) compressive failure YT: transverse tensile strength
DMF: flag to control failure of an IP based on SL: shear strength ab-plane
transverse (matrix) failure XCO: long. compr. strength at inflection point
EFS: Max. effect. Strain for element layer failure. XTO: long. tens. strength at inflection point
A value of unity would equal 100% strain FIO: fracture angle in pure transverse compression
GXC: Facture toughness for longitudinal (fiber) (in degrees, default=53.0)
compressive failure mode SIGY: In-plane shear yield stress
GXT: Facture toughness for longitudinal (fiber) ETAN: tangent modulus for in-plane shear plasticity
tensile failure mode BETA: hardening parameter for in-plane shear plasticity
GYC: Fracture toughness for transv. compr. fail. PFL: Percentage of layer which must fail before crashfront
GYT: Fracture toughness for transv. tens. fail. is initiated.
GSL: Fracture toughness for in-plane shear fail. PUCK: flag to post-process Pucks inter-fiber-failure criterion
GXCO: Frac. tough. long. compr. fail. bi-lin. damage SOFT: reduction factor for strength in crashfront elements
GXTO: Frac. tough. long. tens. fail. bi-lin. damage
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
1-Element-Test, Single-Layer (SHELL, ELFORM=2)
fiber tensile load (A-D) fiber cyclic load (A-K)
Material Parameter:
EA= 132.0 [kN/mm]
XT= 1.95 [kN/mm]
XC= 1.35 [kN/mm]
GXT/GXC=0.015 [kN/mm]
GXTO/GXCO=0.01 [kN/mm]
XTO/XCO=0.4 [kN/mm]
2.0 2
B XT=1.95 XT=1.95 B
1.5 1 damage,
bi-linear degradation E
softening F H
Stress-AA
Stress-AA
J A
1.0 0 I
G
damage in compr.
leads to damage
0.5 C -1
D in tension
XC=1.35
C
A D
0.0 -2
0.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Strain-AA Strain-AA
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
1-Element-Test, Single-Layer (SHELL, ELFORM=2)
Cyclic test with a +/-45 layup (A-M)
Material Parameter:
GAB= 4.6 [kN/mm]
GSL= 0.006 [kN/mm]
SIGY= 0.115 [kN/mm]
ETAN= 0.18 [kN/mm]
SL= 0.149 [kN/mm]
0.15 F
SL=0.149 E
B SIGY=0.115
G ETAN
0.10
SIGY=0.115
J
0.05
GAB
Stress-AB
M K
0..00
A 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
L Strain-AB
-0..05
I
-0.10
D H
-0.15 C
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15
Strain-AB
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Material models for intralaminar failure
*MAT_262 (*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO):
Extra History Variables ( set NEIPS in *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY)
SHELLS / TSHELLS / SOLIDS
1 1+ damage activation function: fiber ternsile mode
2 1- damage activation function: fiber compressive mode
3 2+ damage activation function: tensile matrix mode
4 2- damage activation function: compressive matrix mode
5 d1+ damage variable: fiber tension
6 d1- damage variable: fiber compression
7 d2 damage variable: transverse direction
8 d6 damage variable: in-plane shear
9 dam damage parameter (SOFT)
10 fmt_p Pucks inter-fiber-failure criterion: tensile matrix mode
11 fmc_p Pucks inter-fiber-failure criterion: compressive matrix mode
12 theta_p Pucks inter-fiber-failure criterion: angle of fracture plane
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Material models for intralaminar failure
Material Parameter:
EA= 132.0 [kN/mm]
XT= 1.95 [kN/mm]
XC= 1.35 [kN/mm]
(model dependent)
2.0 2
*MAT_054
1.5 1
Stress-AA
Stress-AA
1.0 0
*MAT_058
*MAT_262
*MAT_022
0.5 -1
*MAT_022
0.0 -2
0.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Strain-AA Strain-AA
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Material models for intralaminar failure
0.15
SL=0.149
SIGY=0.115
0.10
0.05
Stress-AB
0.00
-0..05
-0.10
-0.15
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15
Strain-AB
Neue Materialmodelle fr Composites in LS-DYNA Infotag Composites, 17. April 2013, Stuttgart
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Material models for intralaminar failure
fiber tension
maximum stress criterion maximum strain criterion
fiber compression
complex 3D-fiber kinking model, expensive use constant fiber misalignment angle based on
search for controlling fracture plane shear and longitudinal compressive strength
damage evolution
linear damage based on fracture toughness bi-/linear damage based on fracture toughness
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Material models for intralaminar failure
summary
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Material models for intralaminar failure
Problem der Objektivitt (Pinho und Camanho gleichermassen) 1D-Beispiel
L (vereinfacht mit
ges
el
= = 0,1 Ingenieurdehnungen)
L
L = 10 mm L = 1 mm
FE-Diskretisierung
2 Elemente 10 Elemente
Elastische Verformung
L L / 2 L L / 10
ges
el
= = 0,1 ele
el
= = 0,1 ges
el
= = 0,1 ele
el
= = 0,1
L L/2 L L / 10
Lokalisierung (Verformung
in einem Element)
L L L L
ges
el
= = 0,1 ele
el
= = 0, 2 ges
el
= = 0,1 ele
el
= = 1, 0
L L/2 L L / 10
0
Spannungen aus lokaler Skalierung mit charakteristischer
FE-Elementlnge
-Beziehung G
le
0
f
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Material models for intralaminar failure
Problem der Objektivitt (Pinho und Camanho gleichermassen)
Gesamte Bruchenergie: 0
G 1 f 0 2G 2G
= f = l =
le 0 0 f G
e
le 2
le
Kriterium:
f 0
0
f
2G
lecr =
0 0
Diese ist Abhngig von den Materialparametern und liegt meist < 1mm!
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Preliminary results
three point bending of flat specimen
single shell with a thickness of 4mm / carbon fibers in epoxy resin
- [0 ]5s (fibers in longitudinal direction of the plate)
- [90 ]5s (fibers in transverse direction of the plate)
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Preliminary results
three point bending of a hat profile
single shell with a thickness of 2mm / carbon fibers in epoxy resin
- [90 /0 /45 /-45 /0 /90 /-45 /45 /0 /90 ]
Shell sublaminates
Local failure
Interfaces
Local failure matrix failure
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Preliminary results
shear specimen
single shell with a thickness of 2mm / carbon fibers in epoxy resin
- [45/-45]3S
Shear plasticity
Experiment Simulation
tensile
test
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Preliminary results
3-Punkt-Biegung
Rigid Bodies
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Preliminary results
Versuch
Simulation
t = 10 ms
t = 20 ms
t = 30 ms
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Summary
two continuum damage models implemented into LS-DYNA
- advanced, coupled failure surfaces (transformation to fracture plane)
- bi-linear/linear damage evolution laws (based on fracture toughness)
- 1D elasto-plastic formulation for in-plane shear non-linearity
preliminary results
- material models able to represent general behavior, especially non-linearity in shear
Outlook
many detailed numerical studies necessary for further improvements
- comparison and parameter studies with experiments
- different element formulations and modeling techniques (stacked shells)
Acknowledgement
Thank for technical support to:
Prof. Pedro Camanho, Dr. Pere Maim & Dr. Silvestre Pinho
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Thank you!
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