CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The trip to Ayer Hitam and Pulau Mawar, Johor is a programmer that oriented by the
academic under Engineering Geology Subject, BFC 21303. The main purpose of this site visit is
to expose the student about the real life situation at the geological site and our interest for this
site visit is to learn more about the study of rock thus the problems occur related with rock and
give the exposure to the students about the building material and raw material that oriented by
the geology material. Besides that, it is also to reveal student into types rock study before this
and the reason we choose the place because it will give exposure to the students or participants in
determine cut slope stability and recovering method.

1.1 Objective

i. To carry out an appropriately comprehensive desk study in contex of the site visit /
engineering project
ii. To recognize, identify and observed distinguishing features of rock in the field
iii. To plot poles and grest circle of the circle of the structural geology data.
iv. To identify the major and minor discontinuities set, plot the great circle of discontinuities
and analyze the failure modes
v. To identify which discontinuities are potential to fail and calculate the factor of safety
vi. To identify the rock slope stabilization technique applied in the fields.

1.2 Learning outcomes

i. Student will appreciate the need of preliminary desk study process prior to field
investigation
ii. Student will be able to identify rocks and its structure geology
iii. Student will be able to use the geological compass
iv. Student will be able to measure the dip and dip direction of any geological or other
uniform planes
v. Student will be able to plot poles and great circles of the structural geology data
vi. Student will be able to analyze the potential failure modes
vii. Student will be able to calculate the safety factor for plane failure and wedge failure
viii. Student will be able to recognize some types of rock slope stabilization

CHAPTER 2

1
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theory
Geological mapping of surface outcrops or existing cuts, in similar geological formations
ti that in which the excafation will be made, usually furnishes the fundamental information on
site condition required for slope design. While mapping is a vital part of the investigation
program it is also an inexact process because a certain amount of judgement is usually required
to extrapolate the small amount of information available from surface outcrop to the overall cut
slope. The processes involved in geological mapping are identifiying type of rock, measurement
discontinuities orientation an identify the characteristic of discontinuities.

2.2 Introduction Of Geology

Geology is the study of this planet Earth, its origin, history, composition, structure and
dynamics of how it changes. It is an interdisciplinary field, in which principals of geosciences
are used to solve engineering and environmental problems. It connects geology, civil engineering
and other field to provide a versatile set of skills applicable to a wide range of contemporary
problems.

Engineering Geology in practice are responsible in civil engineering project that involve
the earth or earth material include the identification and evaluation of the physical environmental
of the site and also the analysis of the impact of the geological processes on the proposed project.
As the result, it is important to civil engineering to understand about history, nature, and the
variety behavior of the soil and rock.

Geological engineering is the application of the earth sciences to human problem that
rlate to Earth and earth system. It is board, interdisciplinary field with many specialty areas such
as geotechnical site invstigation for a variety of project, rock and soil slope stability,
environmental site characterization and planning, hydrogeology, groundwater stidies and
engineering. Natural and man made hazard and invstigation.

2
2.3 History of Ayer Hitam, Johor.

Ayer Hitam simply means Black Water. A lively town, Ayer Hitam is always bustling with
passing vehicles and people who travels north and south. This place is well-known for its
ceramic items such as flower vases in an assortment of colours, photo frames, jars, ashtrays, and
other home decorative items. For a closer look, you can also watch the potters at work. Aside
from quality souvenirs, Ayer Hitam is also dotted with many stalls selling local tidbits. Amongst
the famous ones are prawn crackers, steamed corn, tapioca chips, and the all-time must-try
otak-otak. These food items are fresh and prepacked for you, and sold at reasonable prices.

Located in the district of Batu Pahat. Before the advent of the North-South Expressway,
Air Hitam was a major route intersection leading to Malacca and Kuala Lumpur going
northbound, Johor Bahru and Singapore going southbound, and Kluang and Mersing going
eastbound. It was a popular rest stop for many tour buses and travellers between Singapore and
Kuala Lumpur. Visitors could find souvenir shops, restaurants and locals peddling to sell their
vegetables.

The E2 Expressway between Ayer Hitam and Yong Peng flyover is reputed to be haunted.
Drivers would feel drowsiness and uneasiness as they drive through the area at night especially
when there are no other vehicles nearby and accident rates around the area are much higher than
usual, despite the road lacking any high-prone accident bends.

2.4 History of
Pulau Mawar,
Mersing, Johor

3
 Pulau Mawar is an island and is located in Johor, Malaysia. The estimate terrain elevation
above sea level is 35 meters. Pulau Mawar (Rose Island) is located about 26km from Mersing
town. It is a 20 mins walk on beach from the main land. It is a small restricted island that is only
accessible by foot during low tide. Hiking through its small jungle and mangrove areas can add
just a little bit more action onto our trip and provide educational value for the eco-lovers. Access
to certain parts of the island requires skillful manoeuvring on big rocks, therefore it may be a bit
more difficult for kids and the elderlies. However, the views are certainly worth the effort.

2.5 The Study Of Rock.

2.5.1 Sedimentary Rock

4
 Sedimentary rocks are the second major rock group. It is formed from fine constituents of
rock usually from mountainous areas which are transported to lower elevation due to certain
processes. After traveling at some distance it may get deposited over some existing rocks which
on consolidation will result in formation of what as known as sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary
rocks cover about 70% of surface of continents but less than 10% of rocks in the earth's crust and
most encountered in construction projects. It contains certain metallic and nonmetallic mineral
deposits that are important to humanity e.g. deposits of petroleum and coal.

Figure 2.5.1 Formation of Sendimentary RocK

2.5.2 Igneous Rock

Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one
of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is
formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived
from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is
caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a
change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks

5
or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular,
crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses.

2.5.2.1 Intrusive Rock

Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust
of a planet, surrounded by pre-existing rock (called country rock) the magma cools slowly and,
as a result, these rocks are coarse-grained. The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be
identified with the naked eye. Intrusive rocks can also be classified according to the shape and
size of the intrusive body and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes. Typical
intrusive formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. When the magma solidifies
within the earth's crust, it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks, such as granite, gabbro, or
diorite. The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks, usually
granite. When exposed by erosion, these cores (called batholiths) may occupy huge areas of the
Earth's surface.

2.5.2.2 Extrusive Rock

Extrusive igneous rocks, also known as volcanic rocks, are formed at the crust's surface
as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust. Extrusive igneous rocks
cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. They are formed by the cooling of molten
magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or
volcanic eruptions, solidifies at a faster rate. Hence such rocks are smooth, crystalline and fine-
grained. Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock and forms lava flows, lava sheets and lava
plateaus. Some kinds of basalt solidify to form long polygonal columns.

6
 Figure 2.5.2.2 Process of Igneous Rock

2.5.3 Pyroclastic Rocks

Pyroclastic rocks or pyroclastics (derived from the Greek: , meaning fire;

and , meaning broken) are clastic rocks composed solely or primarily
of volcanic materials. Where the volcanic material has been transported and reworked through
mechanical action, such as by wind or water, these rocks are termed volcaniclastic. Commonly
associated with unsieved volcanic activitysuch as Plinian or krakatoan eruption styles,
or phreatomagmatic eruptionspyroclastic deposits are commonly formed from
airborne ash, lapilli and bombs or blocks ejected from the volcano itself, mixed in with
shattered country rock.

Pyroclastic rocks may be a range of clast sizes, from the largest agglomerates, to very
fine ashes and tuffs. Pyroclasts of different sizes are classified as volcanic bombs, lapilli,

7
and volcanic ash. Ash is considered to be pyroclastic because it is a fine dust made up of
volcanic rock. One of the most spectacular forms of pyroclastic deposit are the ignimbrites,
deposits formed by the high-temperature gas-and-ash mix of a pyroclastic flow event.

Identify the type of discontinuity whether fault, joint,

cleavage and others

CHAPTER 3

3.0 METHODOLOGY

Start

Fall the small rock to know dip direction of the rock

Determine the dip angle using compass. The angle will

plus with 90 to get their strike

Determine the persistence where less than 1m is low and

more than 20m is high

The aperture / width identify based on their distance

8
 The next step is nature of filling. It has 8 characteristics such
as 1 for clean, 2 for surface staining and 9 for other sppecify

When we touch a surface of rock, we can identify the

surface roughness. We find that rock at Ayer Hitam are
rough than Pulau Mawar

Lastly, we classify their water flow and spacing. All data

will fill in the table of discontinuity survey data sheet

3.1 Equipment
End

Name : Geology Compass

Function : To measure dip direction and

dip angle

9
 Name : Digital Rebound Hammer

Function : To determine a rock strength

on different types of rock and
hardness value.

3.2 Procedure

1. Type.

a. See type such as joint, fault and cleavage at the point that we found to determine

2. Dip Angle

a. Take the compass and put the down-side compass level with rock slope to find the
slope amgle or dip angle

b. Make sure the value of a bearing dip angle is in the left side. Read the value that
we achieve. The bearing that we achieve is the stepness of the slope. The concept
of the dip angle is the radian or bearing from horizontal level to the gradient of the
slope rock.

3. Dip Direction

a. The dip direction is the maximum angle of inclination downward that a vein or
bed makes with a horizontal plane

b. To determine the dip direction, take all small rock or material then lay the material
to the surface or slope rock. See the direction then the material fall based on
gravity. So, the direction is the dip direction.

10
 c. Draw the dip direction that we achieve

d. With compass, level compass to the north direction and see the value of the
bearing dip direction. Every strike or dip direction, the value must be determine
from north

e. The dip direction also can determined by formula:-

Dip Direction = Strike + 90

f. That is the procedure to determined or measure the dip direction.

4. Strike.

a. Strike is he bearing of a horizontal line in the plane of a vein, bed, or fault with
respect to the cardinal points of the compass.

b. With the dip direction value, we can get the value of strike.

c. To determine strike, we can get the formula. Value of strike is 90 anticlockwise

from the value of dip direction.

d. The formula is :-

Strike = Dip Direction - 90

e. Same as dip direction can be drawing on the rock and take the compass to get the
value or bearing of srike from north direction

5. Persistence

a. Measure the length of type.

6. Width

a. Measure the width of type (joint)

7. Nature of filling

11
 a. Any kind of mineral or water that contains in the joint or fracture

8. Surface roughness

a. Determine the surface roughness if the surface rough, smooth, polished or

slickenside.

9. Water flow.

a. See the point of type that we chosen (joint or fracture) have water flow or not. Fill
if water flow (open) or water flow (filled) as description.

10. Spacing

a. The distance between joint to another joint near the point.

CHAPTER 4

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

AYER HITAM

No Type Dip Dip strike Persistence Apature Infilling Roughness Water

direction angle ( ) (m) (mm)
( ) ( )
1. Fault 73 45 336 6 Very Clean Rough Wet
narrow
2. Joint 69 61 335 5 Narrow Others Rough Dry
3. Joint 254 53 156 4 Narrow Narrow Soil Dry
4. Joint 81 54 351 6 Very Clean Rough Wet
narrow
5. Joint 78 50 335 7 Narrow Soil Smooth Wet
6. Slope 339 68 70 5 Narrow Clean Rough Dry

4.1 Type of Rock.

Based on the data and observation that we do in Ayer Hitam, the type of rock that found is
igneous rock and sedimentary rock.

4.1.1 Igneous Rock

12
4.1.1.1 Intrusive Rocks

Intrusive rocks form from molten material (magma) that flows and solidifies
underground. These rocks usually have a coarse texture (individual minerals are visible without
magnification), because the magma cools slowly underground, allowing crystal growth.
Common rock types within the intrusive category are granite and diorite.

4.1.1.2 Extrusive Rocks:

Extrusive igneous rocks solidify from molten material that flows over the earths surface (lava).
Extrusive igneous rocks typically have a fine-grained texture (individual minerals are not visible unless
magnified) because the lava cools rapidly when exposed to the atmosphere, preventing crystal growth.
Common extrusive rocks are basalt, andesite, and rhyolite.

In construction industry, igneous rock are used in stabilizing and stone pitching the area.
The crush rock aggregates of igneous rock also can be used in construction such as in highway
engineering. One of the benefits are hard and do not absorb water, thats why igneous rock are
good to be used in the lower courses of building.

4.1.2 Sendimentary Rocks

Erosion and deposition play a key part in the formation of sedimentary rocks. Wind,
water, ice, and chemicals break down existing rock into sediment that is then transported and
deposited by wind, water, and glaciers.

13
 As sediment accumulates with time (thousands of years) it becomes compacted and
cemented (lithified), eventually forming rock. Over a period spanning hundreds of millions of
years, oceans, rivers, and great deserts covered Utah and deposited the sediment that has lithified
into the sedimentary rocks we see today. Some common sedimentary rocks are shale, sandstone,
limestone, and conglomerate.

Sedimentary rock also used in construction industry. Example of using sedimentary rock
are sedimentary rock are used in building such as sandstone and limestone. This type of also used
to be a slabs because its soft enough to cut easily into slabs. Builders also used sandstone and
limestone on walls of the buildings. Limestone also are used in making steel and cement.

4.2 Weathering Process

Based on the observation of the rock and slope at Ayer Hitam, the weathering processes
are occur. Weathering occurs because most of rocks are in equilibrium with higher temperatures
and pressure deep within the Earth. If they are exposed to the much lower temperatures and
pressures at the surface to the gases in the atmosphere and the elements in water, they become
unstable and undergo varius chemical changes and mechanical stresses.

The physical weathering process that we found in this area is organic activities. The
activities of plants and animals also promote rock disintegration. Burrowing animals such as
worms, ants and rodents mechanically mix the soil and loose rock particle. Pressure from
growing roots widens cracks and contributes to the rock breakdown

14
 Example of organic
activities

The chemical weathering that have found at Ayer Hitam is oxidation process. We can see clearly
that the rock become yellowish color. Oxidation occurs when oxygen in air assisted by water
combines with minerals to form oxides. Thats mean the rock at Ayer Hitam contain high iron
content and therefore produce rusty, red, yellow and brown rocks and soils.

Oxidation process at the

rock.

4.3 Geological Structure

The geological structure that we found in Ayer Hitam have fault and joint.

15
 Figure shows the fault at Ayer Hitam. (arrow)

Figure show the joint that have at the rock at Ayer Hitam.

4.4 Schmidt's Hammer Test (Rebound Hammer L-Type)

Result:

Rebound Hammer

1. 38 2. 58 3. 59
4. 60 5. 61 6. 54
7. 44 8. 62 9. 55
Table 1

At bottom

1. 32 2. 27 3. 30
4. 28 5. 32 6. 28
7. 42 8. 33 9. 36
Table 2

16
To the wall

1. 48 2. 54 3. 56
4. 60 5. 58 6. 53
7. 44 8. 56 9. 58
Table 3

Test is simple and fast and equipments is portable. Test can be undertaken on the surface of block
or core samples and does not involve destruction of sample. Index value obtained is rebound
number (R) which is a measure of the degree of hardness of rock surface.

R 1= 38+58+59+60+61+54+44+62+55 = 54.55

R 2 = 32+27+30+28+32+28+42+33+36 = 32

R3 = 48+54+56+60+58+53+44+56+58 = 54.11

4.5 Slope Failure

Based on the great circle that we have draw, type of failure that have in Ayer Hitam is only
wedge failure.

Wedge failure: (Joint 1, Joint 2)

17
JOINT DIP DIRECTION ( ) DIP ANGLE ( )
Joint 1 73 45
Joint 2 69 61

Figure show wedge failure at Ayer

PULAU MAWAR Hitam.

No Type Dip Dip strike Persistence Apature Infilling Roughness Water

direction angle ( ) (m) (mm)
( ) ( )
1. Fault 37 313 65 10 Very Clean Rough Dry
Narrow
2. Joint 60 324 48 9 Very Others Rough Dry
Narrow

18
3. Joint 34 304 78 2 Narrow Clean Rough Dry
4. Joint 21 302 40 2.5 Moderately Clean Rough Dry
Wide
5. Joint 23 290 41 2 Moderately Clean Rough Dry
Wide
6. Slope 112 26 79 2 Narrow Clean Rough Dry

4.6 Type Of Rock

Rock or stone is a naturally occurring substance, a solid aggregate of one or more

minerals or mineraloids. For example, granite, a common rock, is a combination of the minerals
quartz, feldspar and biotite. The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock.

Rock has been used by mankind throughout history. The minerals and metals found in
rocks have been essential to human civilization. Three major groups of rocks are defined:
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The scientific study of rocks is called petrology, which
is an essential component of geology.

From the geology trip in Pulau Mawar, the type of rock there is pyroclastic rocks.
Pyroclastic rocks are volcaniclastic rocks formed by accumulation of pyroclasts (fragments)
during explosive eruption.

19
 Rock from Pulau Mawar :
Pyroclastic rocks

A pyroclastic texture shows a mixture of rock fragments, pumice, and volcanic ash. The
ash is very fine grained, so only the rock fragments and pumice are identifiable. A rock with a
pyroclastic texture is termed a tuff if the largest fragments are less than 2.5 inches long, a
volcanic breccia if the fragments are larger.

4.7 Weathering

Pulau Mawar has a rock which is different from Ayer Hitam, that is because of several
factors. Besides that, rock from Pulau Mawar also have low strength if compered rock from Ayer
Hitam.

First, it is because surrounding factors such as, the rock from Pulau Mawar having a
weathering proses. Weathering is a general term describing all changes that result from the
exposure of rock materials to the atmosphere. It is one of the most important geologic processes
that leads to the disintegration or decomposition of geologic deposits. There are two
classification of weathering processes which is physical weathering and chemical weathering.

Physical weathering is a term used in science that refers to the geological process of
rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical composition. Over time, movements of the
Earth and environment can break apart rock formations, causing physical weathering. In among

20
physical weathering that have in Pulau Mawar such as, frost action, saline crystal growth,
organic activities.

Condition of rock in Pulau

Mawar

Weathering occurs because most rocks are in equilibrium with higher temperatures and
pressure deep within the Earth. Rocks which are deeply buried lies in a different environment
physically and chemically than those exposed on the earth's surface and therefore changes will
take place to accommodate these new conditions.

If they are exposed to the much lower temperatures and pressures at the surface, to the
gases in the atmosphere, and to the elements in water, they become unstable and undergo various
chemical changes and mechanical stresses.

21
 The rock having
Frost action,
that occur
when water
freezer and
expands within
crack in rock
enlarging them.

As a result, the solid bedrock breaks down into loose, decomposed products. Rock
fragments produced by weathering are removed by erosion and the general term for both
weathering and erosion is known as denudation.

If we can see at figure 3, the picture show the rock from Pulau Mawar have a diffrerent
surface of rock if compared the rock from Ayer Hitam.

22
 Figure 3 : That is rock from Pulau Mawar

The rock from Pulau Mawar also having salt weathering. Salt weathering is a form of
mechanical or physical weathering of rock. No chemical alteration of rock constituents is
involved in salt weathering. The salt derives from an external source (capillary rising ground
water, eolian origin, sea water along rocky coasts, atmospheric pollution). Salt weathering is
favoured by dry conditions, such as are found in warm and cold (arctic) arid climates.

Salt weathering (salt damage, salt decay) also occurs on buildings and monuments in arid
climates as well as under dry microclimatic conditions in humid climates. Corrosion by sea water
(marine corrosion, aqueous corrosion) is not a mechanical but an electrochemical process. One
of the salt weathering, that we can see is honeycomb happen at rock fromPulau Mawar.

Honeycomb

23
 Combination of moisture and salts (halite,
gypsum, etc.) has been found to cause
scaling or decay of building stones.

The Stresses due to growth of salt can cause the rock to break apart physically. This
process is particularly effective in porous rocks subjected to alternate wetting and drying. Further

24
disintegration of rock may occur due to expansion of salt crystals which have grown in former
voids.

From observation at Pulau Mawar, it also has organic activities. Organic activity, with
regards to weathering and erosion, is defined as the activity of plants and animals that cause
physical weathering of disintegration. This activity includes tree roots growing into crevices,
lichens growing on rocks and animals burrowing into dirt.

Tree roots
growing into
crevices

The activities of plants and animals also promote rock disintegration and burrowing animals such
as worms, ants and rodents mechanically mix the soil and loose rock particle. Then pressure from
growing roots widens cracks and contributes to the rock breakdown.

25
 The stone form Pulau Mawar also having chemical weathering. Chemical weathering
reactions produced minerals of increased volume. The Decomposition produces a chemical
breakdown of rocks, which may destroy the original minerals and produce new ones while
expansion will result in the physical disintegration or break up of rock. Common processes of
chemical weathering reactions are, oxidation hydration, hydrolysis and dissolution.

Oxidation

From this picture, we can see oxidation happen to the rock. Oxidation occurs when
oxygen in air assisted by water combines with minerals to form oxides. The oxidation normally
occurs to rock or minerals such as olivine pyroxene and amphibole that contain high iron content
and therefore produce rusty, red, yellow and brown rocks and soils.

26
 From this picture, it also showing of chemical weathering reaction from hydration.
Hydration is the process whereby mineral combines with water to form a hydrated mineral
especially hydrated silicates and hydroxides.

The most important of aspect of hydration is that the hydrated mineral is larger in volume
than the parent mineral to exert pressure on its surrounding space and contribute to rock
disintegration.

27
 weathering of feldspar

The rock from Pulau Mawar also have weathering reaction like hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the
chemical union of water and a mineral. This is the reaction of mineral with water to produce a
new mineral or minerals.

An example is the weathering of feldspar by reacting with water to form clay. Feldspar is
an abundant mineral in a great many igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, so it is
important to understand how feldspars weather and decompose into clay minerals, which form
the most abundant sedimentary rock, shale and the rock increases in volume due to the reaction
of the Felds phatic minerals by hydrolysis process.

28
 Next, we also found there spheroidal weathering on a rock from Pulau Mawar. In this
type of weathering, a rounded shape is produced. This shape is caused by weathering that attacks
an exposed rock from all sides at once.

Rock with rounded

shape

Corner
s and
edges
Ronde
Argular of
d
boulder boulde
bould
r
er
decom
pose

Therefore, decomposition is more rapid along corners and edges of the rock. As the
decomposed material falls off, the corners become rounded and the block eventually is reduced
to an ellipsoid or a sphere. Exfoliation is a special type of spheroidal weathering, where the rocks
break apart by separation along a series of layer.

29
4.8 Geology Structures

Structural geology is the study of the processes that result in the formation of geologic
structures and how these structures affect rocks. The rocks comprising the crust respond to such
stresses by undergoing changes of shape (strain), therefore various geological structures are
developed which provide a record of type of deformation. The Compressional, tensional and
shearing forces acting on rocks may cause them to form, fold, fractures and joints.

So, from our view at Pulau Mawar has geology structures such as joint. In geology, the
term joint refers to a fracture in rock where the displacement associated with the opening of the
fracture is greater than the displacement due to lateral movement in the plane of the fracture (up,
down or sideways) of one side relative to the other. Typically, there is little to no lateral
movement across joints.

This makes joints different from a fault which is defined as a fracture in rock in which
one side slides laterally past the other with a displacement that is greater than the separation
between the blocks on either side of the fracture. Joints normally have a regular spacing related
to either the mechanical properties of the individual rock or the thickness of the layer involved.
Joints generally occur as sets, with each set consisting of joints sub-parallel to each other.

Joints form in solid, hard rock that is stretched such that its brittle strength is exceeded
(the point at which it breaks). When this happens the rock fractures in a plane parallel to the
maximum principal stress and perpendicular to the minimum principal stress (the direction in
which the rock is being stretched). This leads to the development of a single sub-parallel joint
set. Continued deformation may lead to development of one or more additional joint sets. The
presence of the first set strongly affects the stress orientation in the rock layer, often causing
subsequent sets to form at a high angle to the first set.

Joint sets are commonly observed to have relatively constant spacing, which is roughly
proportional to the thickness of the layer.

30
 The picture show wedge failure appearing in Pulau Mawar. Wedge failure of rock slope
results when rock mass slides along two intersecting discontinuities, both of which dip out of the
cut slope at an oblique angle to the cut face, thus forming a wedge-shaped block. Wedge failure
can occur in rock mass with two or more sets of discontinuities whose lines of intersection are
approximately perpendicular to the strike of the slope and dip towards the plane of the slope.
This mode of failure requires that the dip angle of at least one joint intersect is greater than the

31
friction angle of the joint surfaces and that the line of joint intersection intersects the plane of the
slope.

4.9 Result Obtained Related To Civil Engineering Or Construction

Rocks cover the earth's surface, including what is below or near human-made structures.
With rocks everywhere, breaking rocks can be hazardous and potentially disastrous to people.
Students are introduced to three types of material stress related to rocks: compressional, torsional
and shear. They learn about rock types (sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic), and about the
occurrence of stresses and weathering in nature, including physical, chemical and biological
weathering.

Geotechnical engineers study rocks in the earth's crust. They conduct tests and
simulations to predict volcanoes, earthquakes and rockslides. To avoid potential disasters that
might occur if rocks fail, engineers routinely apply their understanding of rocks and soils prior to
the construction of complex and costly structures such as airports, roads, dams, skyscrapers and
tunnels. They identify underground rock types and predict their behavior under stress, as well as
determine the best way to excavate them as part of the construction process.

So, from the task that are given, our group agreed, that important to us, to know about
geology of rock. It can help us to know type of rock, strength of rock before any construction
have built. For example, rock from Pulau Mawar not suitable to use as construction materials
because its have lowest of strength. Besides that rocks are extremely important in terms of their
properties of stability and strength as a geological material on which construction foundations
are made and historically as building material from which important and monumental buildings
are made. Rock used for wall, building, and bridge construction over history until recent times is
generally cut from natural rocks. So, important to us know type of rock and properties of rock.

Rock from Ayer Hitam have a good strength if compared with rock from Pulau Mawar.
That because several factors. Both of rock are taken from two different place. Rock from Pulau
Mawar have more expose to weathering process like, saline crystal growth, frost action and
others. Therefore, it has a lower strength, lower density, lower stability.

32
 CHAPTER 5
5.0 QUESTION
1. The Name of rock particularly at Pulau Mawar and Ayer Hitam.

a) Pulau Mawar
The rock in Pulau Mawar are categories Sedimentary rocks. It is formed from fine
constituents of rock usually from mountainous areas which are transported to lower
elavation due to certain processes.

Classification of Sedimentary Rock:

Detrital Sedimentary Rock
Classic Texture Sediment Rock Name
Name

Sand
(feldspar is
present the rock Akose
is called Sandstone
Arkose)

Medium (1/16mm to 2mm)

Mud Shale

Very fine (less than 1/256mm)

Mud Siltstone

Fine (1/16mm to 1/256mm)

33
 b) Ayer Hitam
The rock in Ayer Hitam are categories an Igeneous Rock. They are formed when
volcanoes erupt, causing the magma to rise above the earths surface. When magma
appears above the earth as lava , its cools above the ground. They are called Extrusive or
Volcanic.

Classification of Igneous Rock:

Texture Chemical Dominant Name of
Composition Minerals Rock
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Basaltic Pyroxene Calcium- Gabbro
(Mafic) rich plagioclase
feldspar

Aphanitic (finegrained) Basaltic Pyroxene Calcium- Basalt

(Mafic) rich plagioclase
feldspar.

Aphanitic (fine-grained) Andesitic Amphibole Andesite

(intermediate) Sodium and
calcium rich
plagioclase
feldspar.

34
2. Parents materials of rock at Pulau Mawar and Ayer Hitam.

Parent materials that are predominantly composed of consolidated rock are

formed residual parent material. The consolidated rocks consist of igneous,
sedimentary and methamorphic rock.

a) Pulau Mawar
Parent rock at Pulau Mawar are formed from fine constituents of rock usually
from mountanious area which are transported to lower elevation due to certain
process. After travelling at some distance it will deposition and cementation of
that material at the earths surface and within bodies of water. The formation
are known as sedimentary rocks.

35
 Weathering process from the exposure of rock material:
i. Frost Wedging

- The rock at Pulau Mawar are freezing and thawig of water in

cracks.

ii. Mechanical Exfoliation

Rock expand and cracks as overlaying rocks are removed by erosion.

36
iii. Organic activities

Powerful tree roots grow in rock fracture

iv. Abrasion

- Rock collide in a moving current

- They also grid away at exposed rock, forming patholes in bedrock

37
 b) Ayer Hitam

Parent rock at Ayer Hitam are formed from the eruption of volcanoes, fissures
or cracks in the eraths crust. Some materials will be emitted with gasses into
atmosphere, where they cool quickly and fall to the earth as volcanic ash and
dust. Volcanic action is a lava emitted from within the earth as a molten stream
over the surface until it solidifies.They also called as Extrusive Igneous rock.
Extrusive rocks are generally distinguished by their usual fine-grained texture.

3. Geological structure available at Pulau Mawar and Ayer Hitam.

a) Pulau Mawar

38
Types Fracture Fold Joints
Normal Overturned Joint in
Fault anticlined and granite.
syncline.

Lateral fault Syncline fold Joint in

folded
stratum

Normal Anticline fold Join in

Fault folded
stratum

b) Ayer Hitam

39
Types Fracture Fold Joint
Normal Fault Anticline Fold Joint in granite.

Lateral Fault Anticline Fold Parallel slope

joint.

Normal fault Anticline Fold Parallel slope

joint.

Reverse Fault Syncline Fold Joint in granite.

40
4. State the rock testing to measure joint compressive strenght of rock from surface.

i. Shear Test
The test is done on rock sample and is important in project involving
excavation of fracture and jointed rock. Shear test is normally conducted on
weakness planes in rock (joint, fault and bedding plane).

Strength parameters of discontinuity obtained from shear test include

cohesion, basic friction, peak shear strength and residual shear strength.
Surface texture and roughness vary between planes and type of rock.

Value of the parameters is the values represent the particular discontinuity

tested. The average basic friction angles for joint in rocks, under dry
condition, are between 30 (siltstone & slate) and 40 (limestone, basalt and
dolerite). When the dicontinuities are critical to a structure, in situ shear test
are necessary.

41
5. Explain types of rock slope stabilization which may be applied at Ayer Hitam and Pulau
Mawar.

Plane failure
Slope failure represent at Pulau Mawar is a plane failure. The surface
in planar failures are resulted by structural discontinuities like bedding
planes, faults or the interface between weathered rock and the
underlaying bedrock. This kind of failure leads to sliding action along
the failure surface.

Wedges Failure
This kind of failure causes a rock mass to slide along two intersecting
discontinuites. This mood of failure needs the deep angle of at least
one joint intersection to be greater than the angle of friction of the joint
surface. The lithology for he development of wedges failure includes
inclined bedding, foliation and well defined cleavage.

Stabilization of slopes is very important and justified the unstable slopes might be hazardous.
There are some methods that reduce slope failure and support system to provide stability:

i. Excavation and removal the upper slope.

The stability of slope types depends on height of slope.

ii. Installed the rock bolts across failure surfaces.

This can be used for smaller failure planes or small rock masses.

iii. Retaining walls

This are usually reinforced concrete structure constructed at the toe of
the slopes. This give a kind of passive resistance against sliding.

iv. Fences
These can be used to intercept rocks rolling down slope with an angle
less than 40 degrees.

v. Cables

42
 Installed the cables across failure surfaces to increase its strenght.
These can be used large rocks as cables have higher strenght than rock
bolts.

CHAPTER 6

6.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, rock types, geology structure and orientation are strongly controlled rock
slope stability. There are required to acquire a thorough understanding of these parameters
mentioned. The field trip really helped our group to learn some of the stuff that we studied
during this course being able to see some real examples and having them explained to us. Next,

43
this field trip also help us to determined the 3 categories of rock which is igneous rock,
sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock. Based on the data and observation that we do in Ayer
Hitam, the type of rock that found is igneous rock and sedimentary rock. Based on result also we
can see that the water condition at there is balance some part are dry and some of the joint are
wet. As an example on joint 4 dip direction that we get is 81 dip angle 54 and strike 351. The
apature is very narrow and infilling clean. It also rough and wet condition. When we are there we
need to take 5samples of rock to determine the strength. From our previous lab,we do the testing
on rock strength and we get the value for Point Load Index Strength Is(Mpa) for Ayer Hitam is
more than >5 Mpa compare to Pulau Mawar which is less than <5Mpa. Ayer Hitam is more
strength compared with rock from Pulau Mawar. It is because at Ayer Hitam doesnt have the
saline crystal growth .Next, as we know at Pulau Mawar the rock become weak because they are
exposed to the much lower temperatures and pressures at the surface, to the gases in the
atmosphere, and to the elements in water, they become unstable and undergo various chemical
changes and mechanical stresses. At Pulau Mawar, we have a sedimentary rock which is
pyroclastic. The characteristics and the types of sediment that accumulate in Pulau Mawar are
shoreline environments. Beaches are shoreline accumulation of sand.

From this field project it is very useful for us to know that the civil engineer must have a
basic knowledge/appreciation of rocks and minerals identification because they need to identify
and evaluate of the physical environment of the site and to analyze the impact of the geologic
processes on the proposed project. These knowledge appreciations are responsible in civil
engineering projects that involve the earth or earth materials.

6.1 COMMENT

Overall, this SITE VISIT FOR ENGINEERING SUBJECT is also exciting and very
beneficial to us because we can use the experience and apply what we have learned in the lecture
with the real situation. Although this site visit only consists two main destinations, though there
was so much information we get from the trip.

44
 We also having time to explore the different type of rock, either it completely weathered
or still fresh rock. Even, along the trip to each destination, we can see many types of slope and
also slope failure. Much more, we are also given the chance to use the Brunton Compass, Chisel
and hammer equipment to measure the strike, dip-direction and dip-angle.

Indeed, this geology trip should be maintained and continuously held to give student
some experience, so that they can do any intellectual observation and research, and to make sure
this subject, BFC 21303 : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY as one of interested subject in UTHM.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION

Rock Bolting

A rock bolt is a long anchor bolt, for stabilizing rock excavations, which may be tunnels or
rock cuts. It transfers load from the unstable exterior, to the confined (and much stronger)
interior of the rock mass. Rock bolts are used to tie unstable or potentially unstable rock
structures into the slope. There are static and tensioned rock bolts:

Tensioned rock bolts should be used only where a force is needed to counteract the forces
making the structure unstable.

In most cases static bolts should be used

CHAPTER 7

7.0 REFERENCES

Internet :

1. http://www.kean.edu

2. http://www.mlit.go.jp

45
 3. http://www.fi.edu

4. http://library.thinkquest.org

Book :

1. Engineering Geology Modul.

Lecturer :

1. DR. MOHD HAZREEK BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN

APPENDIX

Picture Of Group Member At Ayer Hitam Site

46
Picture of Group Members at Pulau Mawar

47
 MINIUTES MEETING

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Tazim, http://www.uthm.edu.my

First Minute of Meeting Engineering Geology

Faculty Of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Session 2016/2017

Title: First Meeting of Geology Engineering Project

Venue: Ayer Hitam and Pulau Mawar

Date : 4 November 2016

Time: 7 a.m

Members Present :

Muhammad Nazirul Binti Ali CF150069

Mohamad Ariff Binti Mat Salleh CF150045

Nurmahamira Zairani Binti Muhamad Zaini CF150161

Siti Adibah Binti Azahar CF150145

48
Siti Kholijah Binti Hasan CF150141

Members Apologies : -

49
 NO SUBJECT ACTION BY

1.0 Set up the group :

The group members choose the leader group to Chairperson Mr
conduct our project. Muhammad Nazirul Binti
Ali
2.0 Chairperson divide the information that need to
get on site to each members.
All members are doing their on task such as
take a reading for dip direction, dip angle and
strike. Two of group members are collect the
sample of rock.All of group members give full
cooperation and do all of given task

3.0 Date , time and venue for next meeting :

Due to many activities that would be held, the Secretary Miss
secretary would send out the notice for the next Nurmahamira Zairani Binti
meeting. Muhamad Zaini

4.0 Closing :
The leader thanks to all members for their Chairperson Mr
participation during the meeting and adjourned Muhammad Nazirul Binti
the meeting at 4.00 p.m. Ali

Prepared by , Approved by ,

. ......

Miss Nurmahamira Zairani Binti Muhamad Zaini Mr Muhammad Nazirul Binti Ali

(Secretary) (Chairperson)

50
 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Tazim, http://www.uthm.edu.my

Second Minute of Meeting Engineering Geology

Faculty Of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Session 2016/2017

Title: SeCond Meeting of Engineering Geology Project

Venue: Tunku Tun Aminah Library , UTHM

Date : 16 November 2016

Time: 11.30 a.m

Members Present :

Muhammad Nazirul Binti Ali CF150069

Mohamad Ariff Binti Mat Salleh CF150045

Nurmahamira Zairani Binti Muhamad Zaini CF150161

Siti Adibah Binti Azahar CF150145

Siti Kholijah Binti Hasan CF150141

Members Apologies :

51
 NO SUBJECT ACTION BY
1.0 Approval the minute of the last meeting :
Minutes of the last meeting were approved as an Chairperson Mr
accurate record. Muhammad Nazirul Binti
Ali

2.0 Project progress :

Chairperson divide the task for report to each
members.Under control. All member participate in
doing our project. All member meet at library on
11.30a.m
3.0 Date , time and venue for next meeting :
Due to many activities that would be held, the Secretary Miss
secretary would send out the notice for the next Nurmahamira Zairani
meeting. Binti Muhamad Zaini

4.0 Closing :
The leader thanks to all members for their Chairperson Mr
participation during the meeting and adjourned the Muhammad Nazirul Binti
meeting at 2 p.m. Ali

Prepared by , Approved by ,

. ........................................

Miss Nurmahamira Zairani Binti Muhamad Zaini Mr Muhammad Nazirul Binti Ali

(Secretary) (Chairperson)

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Tazim, http://www.uthm.edu.my

52
 Third Minute of Meeting Engineering Geology
Faculty Of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Session 2016/2017

Title: Third Meeting of Engineering Geology

Venue: Taman Universiti

Date : 12 December 2016

Time: 10 a.m

Members Present :

Muhammad Nazirul Binti Ali CF150069

Mohamad Ariff Binti Mat Salleh CF150045

Nurmahamira Zairani Binti Muhamad Zaini CF150161

Siti Adibah Binti Azahar CF150145

Siti Kholijah Binti Hasan CF150141

Members Apologies : -

NO SUBJECT ACTION BY
1.0 Approval the minute of the last meeting :
Minutes of the last meeting were approved as an Chairperson Mr
accurate record. Muhammad Nazirul
Binti Ali

2.0 Project progress :

Prepare for project report and compile.
All member do their job until finish

4.0 Closing : 53
The leader thanks to all members for their Chairperson Mr
participation during the meeting and adjourned the Muhammad Nazirul
meeting at 2.pm Binti Ali
Prepared by , Approved by ,

Miss Nurmahamira Zairani Binti Muhamad Zaini Mr Muhammad Nazirul Binti Ali

(Secretary) (Chairperson)

54