Experimental Study on the Two Sensitivities

of Sloshing Impact Pressures

Yangjun Ahn*, Sang-Yeob Kim, Yongwhan Kim

Seoul National University

International Research Exchange Meeting on Ship and Ocean Engineering

December 21 22, 2012

Osaka, Japan

MHL
Marine Hydrodynamics Lab.
 State of the Arts: Gas-liquid Density Ratio
Identifying dimensionless numbers
Abramson et al. (1974), Bass et al. (1980)
Viscosity and surface tension do not need to be included.
Suggestion of Froude number and its Limits
Bass et al. (1980), Faltinsen and Timokha (2009)
Ullage pressure should be Froude scaled, but Froude number cannot cover local phenomenon.
Suggestion of various scaling properties
Cavitation # : Faltinsen and Timokha (2009), Braeunig et al. (2010)
Euler # : Lugni et al. (2010),
Mach # : Bass et al. (1080), Dias et al. (2007)
Local phenomenon, compressibility, and phase changes require proper scaling method, rather
than Froude scaling.
Phase change and gas-liquid density ratio (gas / liquid )
Bass et al. (1980), Maillard and Brosset (2009), Yung (2009, 2010), Braeunig et al. (2009,
2010)
Ambient air cannot be representative to the natural gas.

Problems
Limited test conditions, and results.
Gas-liquid density ratio (gas / liquid) needs to be checked.
 Research Backgrounds
Test 1: Gas-liquid Density Ratio
Actual LNG cargo Most sloshing experiments Present study
ambient air mixed gas
gas = 1.2 kg/m3 gas = 4.0 kg/m3

water water
liquid = 1000.0 kg/m3 liquid = 1000.0 kg/m3
gas gas gas heavy
NG 0.0040 air 0.0012 0.0012 0.0040
liquid LNG liquid water liquid water

Bernoulli Equation (Yung et al., 2009)

'l u 'l2 1 'G u g2 1 1 1 1 1
2 z ' 'G 2 z ' , where G
t ' 2 Fr t ' 2 Fr We k '1 k '2 L

Test 2: Time Window

How Many oscillations for each case?
How much affect the asymmetric phenomenon?
 Test Condition
Test 1: Gas-liquid Density Ratio
Condition Test 1: Impact pressure measurement
Excitation Motion Harmonic, regular with 2D model

Filling level 95%H, 70%H, 25%H, and 15%H

Excitation frequency 0.70 - 1.40

Density ratio (gas / liquid) 0.0012 - 0.0039

Simulation time 200 periods

Test 2: Time Window

Condition Test 2 : Time window & Asymmetric motion
Excitation Motion Harmonic, regular with 2D model

Filling level 95%H, 70%H, 50%H, 25%H, and 15%H

Excitation frequency 0.70 - 1.30

Simulation time 1,000 periods

%H = % filling of the model tank height

 SNU Sloshing Experimental Facility

Pressure sensor

Motion platform High-speed camera

& controller

Monitoring system
Video recorder

Model tank
Coupler DAQ board
Pressure sensors

Storage

Data acquisition system

Motion controller Motion platform Data storage server

Coupler
 Application of Mixed Gas (1)
Components of the mixture
Products Density (kg/m3) Ratio (%)

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 6.162 56.9

Nitrogen (N2) 1.146 43.1

Mixture 3.999 100.0

Problems of Application
Density level test method for the Non-flammable gas
High green house potency
Dissolved mixed gas in water

Solutions
The inverse estimate by using oxygen level tester
Confirmation of dissolved gas density
 Application of Mixed Gas (2)
Airtight model tank
Liquid type silicon
Rubber ring
Bubble test

Mixed gas injection

Valves open
Mixed gas injection
Check the pressure

Mixture concentration check

Oxygen tester
Check the portion of gas
Injection up to the target density

Dissolution
Forced excitation motion under the violent condition
Check the portion of gas
Iteration
 Model Tank
Geometry of model tank Configuration of sensors
10
5 Unit = mm
Tank roof
10
118
5

Panel 1 946 Panel 2

118.0

Pressure sensor Both sides on the tank roof

One side on the side wall

Side wall
670
10

201.0 (h = 0.30)
KISTLER 211B5 ( = 5.54 mm) 67.0 (h = 0.10)
 Data Analysis
Peak Sampling
Sample peak pressure signals from the experimental data
Sampled peaks are used to produce statistical results

Peak Over Threshold Method

Widely-used sampling method
Threshold pressure
Sampling time window
 Test 1 Results (1) : gas / liquid
Filling : 95%H
Locations : Tank roof
Results
The average of 1/10 largest peak pressure decreases as the density ratio increases.
Decrease level depends on the excitation frequency.

Excitation amplitude = 0.042 l Excitation amplitude = 0.016 l

l = Tank length in x-direction

 Test 1 Results (2) : gas / liquid
Filling : 70%H
Locations : Tank roof
Results
The average of 1/10 largest peak pressure decreases as the density ratio increase.
Variation of the density ratio does not affect under the particular frequency.

Excitation amplitude = 0.042 l Excitation amplitude = 0.016 l

 Test 1 Results (3) : gas / liquid
Jump phenomenon
The density ratio does not critically affect magnitudes
of pressures around the particular excitation
frequencies.
Sloshing flows shows irregular movements.
B
A
C

Movies
Filling : 70%H
/0 : 1.20
A B C

gas/ liquid = 0.00199 gas/ liquid = 0.00392 gas/ liquid = 0.00396

 Test 1 Results (4) : gas / liquid
Filling : 25%H & 15%H
Locations : Side wall
Results
The average of 1/10 largest peak pressure decreases as the density ratio increases.
Decrease level depends on the excitation frequency.

Filling level = 25%H Filling level = 15%H

Excitation amplitude= 0.1l Excitation amplitude= 0.1l
 Test 2 Condition : Sensitivity of Duration
Test matrix
Filling Level Excitation Amplitude Excitation Frequency
(% of tank height) (% of tank length) (/0)

95 1.5, 4.2, 10.0 0.7 1.3

70
70 1.5,
1.5, 4.2, 10.0 0.7 1.3
50 1.5, 4.2, 10.0 0.7 1.3
25 10.0 0.7 1.3
15 10.0 0.7 1.3

Time history
1000 oscillations
1000

200 oscillations 200 oscillations 200 oscillations 200 oscillations 200 oscillations
200-1 200-2 200-3 200-4 200-5

500 oscillations 500 oscillations

500-1 500-2

0 : excitation frequency
0 : Frequency of the fundamental mode of sloshing
 Test 2 Movies : Sensitivity of Duration
70%H filling & 0.015L amplitude

/0 = 0.95 /0 = 1.00

/0 = 1.35 /0 = 1.50
 Test 2 Results (1) : Sensitivity of Duration
70%H filling & 0.015L amplitude

Average of 10 largest peaks Average of 1/10 largest peaks

No impact once or twice
every 10 times
Impact occurs once every 3 times
Impact occurs once
every 3 times
1000 oscillations ( )
500 oscillations ( )
200 oscillations ( )
 Test 2 Results (2) : Probability of Exceedance
70%H filling & 0.015L amplitude
/0 = 1.03

Weibull fitting GEVD fitting

1000 oscillations ( )
500 oscillations ( X )
200 oscillations ( )
 Test 2 Results (3) : Probability of Exceedance
70%H filling & 0.015L amplitude
/0 = 0.95

Weibull fitting GEVD fitting

1000 oscillations ( )
500 oscillations ( X )
200 oscillations ( )
 Concluding Remarks
Test 1: Gas-liquid density ratio
Sloshing pressure generally decreases as the density ratio (gas/liquid) increases, but
not always, not linearly.
The density ratio locally affects the sloshing pressure.
The resonance frequency of each condition does not change.
The jump phenomena were observed in certain rages of frequency, and the density
ratio does not affect under the jump phenomena condition.

Test 2: Time window

Duration of 200 oscillation is not enough for 2D regular sloshing experiment, and at
least duration of 500 oscillation is recommended.
The average of 1/10 largest peak pressure is rather assembled than the average of 10
largest.
It is not clear that which method of statistics of extremes is the most reliable:
Weibull, Pareto, or GEVD. The result depends on the test condition.
THANK YOU