REVIEWER in Electronic Communications System by Wayne Tomasi

This is the summary notes of the important terms and concepts of the book
"Electronic Communications System" by Wayne Tomasi. The notes are properly

synchronized and concise for better understanding of the book. Make sure to
familiarize this review notes to increase the chance of passing the ECE Board
Exam.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC
CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATIONS
Item
s Definitions Terms
Electronic
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information Communication
1 from one place to another. System
The transmission, reception, and processing of
information between two or more locations using Electronic
2 electronic circuits. Communication
3 Electronic Communications Time Line
1830: American Scientist and professor Joseph
Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal.
1837: Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the
telegraph.
1843: Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.
1861: Johann Phillip Reis completed the first
nonworking telephone.
1864: James Clerk Maxwell released his paper
Dynamic Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, which
concluded that light electricity, and magnetism were
related.
1865: Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first person to
communicate wireless through the Earths
atmosphere.
1866: First transatlantic telegraph cable was installed
1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson
Invented the telephone.
1877: Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.
1880: Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic
waves.
1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves.
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless
radio wave propagation.
1888: Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio
waves. Heinrich Hertz conclusively proved Maxwells
prediction that electricity can travel in waves through
the Earths atmosphere.
1894: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his first
radio equipment, a device that rings a bell from 30 ft.
away.
1895: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered
ground wave propagation.
1898: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established the
first radio link between England and France.
1900: American Scientist Reginald A. Fessenden the
worlds first radio broadcast using continuous waves.
1901: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmits
telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall, to
Newfoundland. Reginald A. Fessenden transmits the
Worlds first radio broadcast using continuous waves.
First successful transatlantic transmission of radio
signal.
1903: Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc transmission
that generates continuous wave transmission 100-
kHz signal that is receivable 150 miles away.
1904: First radio transmission of music at Graz,
Austria.
1905: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents the
directional radio antenna.
1906: Reginald A. Fessenden invents amplitude
modulation (AM). First radio program of voice and
music broadcasted in the United States by Reginald
Fessenden. Lee DeFrorest invents triode (three-
electrode) vacuum tube.
1907: Reginald Fessenden invents a high- frequency
Electric generator that produces radio waves with a
frequency of 100 kHz.
1908: General Electric develops a 100-kHz, 2-kW
alternator for radio communications.
1910: The Radio Act of 1910 is the first concurrence
of government regulation of radio technology and
services.
1912: The Radio Act of 1912 in the United States
brought order to the radio bands by requiring station
and operators licenses and assigning blocks of the
frequency spectrum to the existing users.
1913: The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the
heterodyne receiver are introduced.
1914: Major Edwin Armstrong develops the
superheterodyne radio receiver.
1915: Vacuum-tube radio transmitters introduced.
1919: Shortwave radio is developed.
1920: Radio Station KDKA broadcasts the first
regular licensed radio transmission out of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
1921: Radio Corporation of America (RCA) begins
operating Radio Central on Long Island. The
American Radio League establishes contact via
shortwave radio with Paul Godley in Scotland,
proving that shortwave radio can be used for long
distance communications.
1923: Vladimir Zworykin invents and demonstrates
television.
1927: A temporary five- member Federal Radio
Commission agency was created in the United
States.
1928: Radio station WRNY in New York City begins
broadcasting television shows.
1931: Major Edwin Armstrong patents wideband
frequency modulation (FM).
1934: Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
created to regulate telephone, radio, and television
broadcasting.
1935: Commercial FM radio broadcasting begins with
monophonic transmission.
1937: Alec H. Reeves invents binary coded pulse-
code modulation. (PCM)
1939: National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
demonstrates television broadcasting. First use of
two-way radio communications using walkie-talkies.
1941: Columbia University Radio Club opens the first
regularly scheduled FM radio station.
1945: Television is born. FM moved from its original
home of 42 MHz to 50 MHz to 88 MHz to 108 MHz to
make room.
1946: The American Telephone and Telegraph
Company (AT&T) inaugurated the first mobile
telephone system for the public called MTS (Mobile
Telephone System).
1948: John Von Neumann created the first store
program electronic digital computer. Bell Telephone
Laboratories unveiled the transistor, a joint venture of
scientist William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain.
1951: First transcontinental microwave system began
operation.
1952: Sony Corporation offers a miniature transistor
radio, one of the first mass produced consumer
AM/FM radios.
1953: RCA and MBC broadcast first color television
transmission.
1954: The number of radio stations in the world
exceeds the number of newspapers printed daily.
1954: Texas Instruments becomes the first company
to commercially produce silicon transistors.
1956: First transatlantic telephone cable systems
began carrying calls.
1957: Russia launches the worlds first satellite.
(Sputnik)
1958: Kilby and Noyce develop first integrated
circuits. NASA launched the United States first
satellite.
1961: FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting, which
spurs the development of FM. Citizens band (CB)
radio first used.
1962: U.S. radio stations begin broadcasting
stereophonic sound.
1963: T1 (transmission 1) digital carrier systems
introduced.
1965: First commercial communications satellite
launched.
1970: High-definition television (HDTV) introduced in
Japan.
1977: First commercial use of optical fiber cables.
1983: Cellular telephone networks introduced in the
United States.
1999: HDTV standards implemented in the United
States.
1999: Digital Television (DTV) transmission began in
the United States.
Are time-varying voltages or currents that are
continuously changing such as sine and cosine
4 waves. analog signals
5 Is sometimes referred to as a power loss. Attenuation
Is sometimes referred to as a ____________ , If Pout
= Pin, the absolute power gain is 1, and the dB power
6 gain is 0 dB. Unity Power Gain
Are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps
7 or levels. digital signals
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A.
Watson were the first to successfully transfer human
conversation over a crude metallic- wire
8 communications systems using this device. Telephone
The first commercial radio broadcasting station in
1920 that broadcasted amplitude modulated signals
9 in Pittsburgh. KDKA
Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure
10 ratio. Decibel ( dB )
Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of
a power level with respect to a fixed reference level
11 (1mW). dBm
12 One-tenth of a decibel. Bel
A collection of one or more electronic devices or
circuits that converts the original source information
to a form more suitable for transmission over a
13 particular transmission medium. Transmitter
Provides a means of transporting signals between a Transmission
14 transmitter and a receiver. Medium
A collection of electronic devices and circuits that
accepts the transmitted signals for the transmission
medium and then converts those signals back to their
15 original form. Receiver
Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with
16 the information signal. System Noise
Because it is often impractical to propagate
information signals over standard transmission
media, it is often necessary to modulate the source
information onto a higher-frequency analog signal
17 called a ______. Carrier
The process of changing one or more properties of
the analog carrier in proportion with the information
18 signal. Modulation
A system in which energy is transmitted and received Analog
in analog form (a continuously varying signals such Communication
19 as a sine wave). System
A true digital system where digital pulses (discrete
levels such as +5V and ground) are transferred
between two or more points in a communications
20 system. Digital Transmission
The transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers
between two or more points in a communications
21 system. digital radio
A modulation technique where the information signal
is analog and the amplitude (V) of the carrier is Amplitude
22 varied proportional to the information signal. Modulation ( AM )
is analog and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied Frequency
23 proportional to the information signal. Modulation ( FM )
is analog and the phase (q) of the carrier is varied
24 proportional to the information signal. Phase Modulation
is digital and that amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied Amplitude Shift
25 proportional to the information signal. Keying ( ASK )
is digital and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied Frequency Shift
26 proportional to the information signal. Keying ( FSK )
is digital and the phase (q) of the carrier is varied Phase Shift Keying
27 proportional to the information signal. ( PSK )
Quadrature
A modulation technique where both the amplitude Amplitude
and the phase of the carrier are varied proportional to Modulation
28 the information signal. ( QAM )
Modulation is performed in a transmitter by a circuit
29 called ________. Modulator
The reverse process of modulation and converts the
30 modulated carrier back to the original information. Demodulation
Demodulation is performed in a receiver by a circuit
31 called _______. Demodulator
2 Reasons why modulation is necessary in
electronic communications :
1. It is extremely difficult to radiate low-frequency
signals from an antenna in the form of
electromagnetic energy.
2. Information signals often occupy the same
frequency band and, if signals from two or more
sources are transmitted at the same time, they would
32 interfere with each other.
A specific band of frequencies allocated a particular
33 service. Channel
Process of converting a frequency or band of
frequencies to another location in the total frequency Frequency
34 spectrum. Translation
The purpose of an electronic communications system
is to communicate information between two or more
35 locations commonly called _____________ . Stations
The number of times a periodic motion, such as a
sine wave of voltage or current, occurs in a given
36 period of time. Frequency
37 Each complete alternation of the waveform. Cycle
Is an international agency in control of allocating International
frequencies and services within the overall frequency Telecommunications
38 spectrum. Union ( ITU)
In the United States, assigns frequencies and Federal
communications services for free-space radio Communications
39 propagation. Commission ( FCC )
40
Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and include
ac power distribution signals (60Hz) and low Extremely Low
41 frequency telemetry signals. Frequencies ( ELF )
Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and
include frequencies generally associated with human Voice Frequencies
42 speech. ( VF )
Very Low
Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range which include Frequencies
43 the upper end of the human hearing range. ( VLF )
Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and are
used primarily for marine and aeronautical Low Frequencies
44 navigation. ( LF )
Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range and are
used primarily for commercial AM radio broadcasting Medium Frequencies
45 (535kHz-1605kHz). ( MF )
Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range and are
often referred to as short waves. Used for most two- High Frequencies
46 way radio communications. ( HF )
Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range and are
used for mobile radio, marine and aeronautical
communications, commercial FM broadcasting (88 to Very High
108 MHz) and commercial TV broadcasting of Ch 2 Frequencies
47 to 13 (54MHz to 216MHz). ( VHF )
Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range and are
used by commercial television broadcasting of
channels 14 to 83, land mobile communications
services, cellular telephones, certain radar and Ultrahigh
navigation systems, and microwave and satellite Frequencies
48 radio systems. ( UHF )
Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and include Super High
the majority of the frequencies used for microwave Frequencies
49 and satellite radio communications systems. ( SHF )
Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range and are
seldom used for radio communications except in very Extremely High
sophisticated, expensive, and specialized Frequencies
50 applications. ( EHF )
Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz range and are
not generally referred to as radio waves. Used in
heat seeking guidance systems, electronic
51 photography, and astronomy. Infrared
Includes electromagnetic frequencies that fall within
52 the visible range of humans (0.3PHz to 3PHz). Visible Light
Light-wave
53 Used for optical fiber systems. Communications
The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave
occupies in space (i.e., the distance between similar
54 points in a repetitive wave). Wavelength
55
Radio transmitter classifications according to
bandwidth, modulation scheme, and type of Emission
56 information. Classifications
The first symbol is a letter that designates the type

of modulation of the main carrier.
The second symbol is a number that identifies the
type of emission.
The third symbol is another letter that describes
57 the type of information being transmitted.
58 The two most significant limitations on the Noise and
performance of a communications system are
________and ________. Bandwidth
The difference between the highest and lowest
59 frequencies contained in the information. Bandwidth
The bandwidth of a communications channel is the
difference between the highest and lowest
frequencies that the channel will allow to pass
60 through it. Passband
A highly theoretical study of the efficient use of
bandwidth to propagate information through
61 electronic communications systems. Information Theory
The measure of how much information can be
propagated through a communications system and is
62 a function of bandwidth and transmission time. Information Capacity
The most basic digital symbol used to represent
63 information. Binary Digit / Bit
The number of bits transmitted during one second
64 and is expressed in bits per second (bps). Bit Rate
In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Laboratories
developed a useful relationship among bandwidth, Hartleys Law
65 transmission time, and information capacity. IBxt
In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon
published a paper in the Bell System Technical Shannon limit for
Journal relating the information capacity of a information capacity
communications channel to bandwidth and signal-to-
66 noise ratio.
Any undesirable electrical energy that falls within the
67 passband of the signal. Electrical Noise
Noise present regardless of whether there is a signal
68 present or not. Uncorrelated Noise
69 Noise that is generated outside the device or circuit. External Noise
Noise that is naturally occurring electrical
disturbances that originate within Earths
70 atmosphere. Atmospheric Noise
Atmospheric noise is commonly called
71 ____________. Static Electricity
Noise consists of electrical signals that originate from
outside Earths atmosphere and is sometimes called Extraterrestrial
72 deep-space noise. Noise
Extraterrestrial noise is sometimes called
73 ____________. Deep-Space Noise
74 Noise generated directly from the suns heat. Solar Noise
Noise sources that are continuously distributed
75 throughout the galaxies. Cosmic Noise
76 Noise that is produced by mankind. Man-made Noise
Electrical interference generated within a device or
77 circuit. Internal Noise
Noise caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes
and electrons) at the output element of an electronic
78 device. Shot Noise
Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass
from the input to the output of a device produces an
79 irregular, random variations. Transit-time Noise
Associated with the rapid and random movement of
80 electrons within a conductor due to thermal agitation. Thermal Noise
THERMAL AGITATION HAS SEVERAL NAMES,
INCLUDING :
Thermal Noise, because it is temperature
dependent;
Brownian Noise, after its discoverer;
Johnson Noise, after the man who related
Brownian particle movement of electron movement;
White Noise, because the random movement is at
81 all frequencies;
Johnson proved that thermal noise power is
proportional to the product of bandwidth and Noise Power
82 temperature. N = KTB
A form of internal noise that is correlated (mutually
related) to the signal and cannot be present in a
circuit unless there is a signal. no signal, no
83 noise! Correlated Noise
Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are
produced through nonlinear amplification (nonlinear
84 mixing). Harmonic Distortion
The generation of unwanted sum and difference
frequencies produced when two or more signals mix Inter-modulation
85 in a nonlinear device. Distortion
The original signal and also called the fundamental
86 frequency. First Harmonic
87 A frequency two times the original signal frequency. Second Harmonic
88 A frequency three times the original signal frequency. Third Harmonic
89 Another name for harmonic distortion. Amplitude Distortion
Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short
90 duration in the total noise spectrum. Impulse Noise
91
A form of external noise and as the name implies it
92 means to disturb or detract form. Interference
93 Noise produced when information signals from one Electrical
source produce frequencies that fall outside their interference
allocated bandwidth and interfere with information
signals from another source.
Signal-to-Noise
Power Ratio ( S/N )
The ratio of the signal power level to the noise power
94 level.
Figures of merit used to indicate how much the signal Noise Factor ( F )
- to-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes and
95 through a circuit or series of circuits Noise Figure ( NF )
96
FORMULA FOR NOISE FIGURE
97 NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
A convenient parameter often used rather than noise
figure in low noise, sophisticated VHF, UHF, Equivalent Noise
microwave, and satellite radio receivers. It indicates Temperature
the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio a signal ( Te )
98 undergoes as it propagates through a receiver. Te = T ( F 1 )
CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND MIXING
Item
s Definitions Terms
Electrical signals of which amplitude changes continuously
1 with respect to time with no breaks or discontinuities. Analog Signals
Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their
amplitude maintains constant level for a prescribed period
of time and then it changes to another level with respect to
2 time with no breaks or discontinuities. Digital Signals
3 Digital signal with only two levels possible. Binary Signal
Quaternary
4 Digital signal with four levels possible. Signal
Is the mathematical analysis of the frequency, bandwidth,
5 and voltage level of a signal? Signal Analysis
6 A signal that repeats at a uniform rate. Periodic Wave
Time-domain
7 A description of signal with respect to time. Representation
8 A time-domain instrument that shows signal waveforms. Oscilloscope
The display on the cathode ray tube (CRT) that shows the
shape and instantaneous magnitude of the signal with Signal
9 respect to time. Waveform
Frequency
Domain
10 A description of signal with respect to its frequency. Representation
A frequency-domain instrument that shows amplitude- Spectrum
11 versus-frequency plot. Analyzer
Nonsinusoidal
Any repetitive wave that is comprised of more than one /
12 harmonically related sine or cosine wave. Complex Wave
A mathematical series developed in 1826 by French
physicist and mathematician Baron Jean Fourier used to
13 analyze complex periodic wave. Fourier Series
A mathematical tool that allows us to move back and forth
between the time and frequency domains. It is used in
signal analysis to represent the sinusoidal components of
14 nonsinusoidal periodic waveforms. Fourier Series
Waveform comprised of an average dc component and a Periodic
15 series of harmonically related sine or cosine wave. Waveform
16 Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency? Harmonic
Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency Fundamental
17 (repetition rate) of the waveform. Frequency
If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about the
vertical axis, it is said to have axes, or mirror, symmetry
18 and is called an ________. even function
If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about a line
midway between the vertical axis and the negative
horizontal axis and passing through the coordinate origin, it
is said to have point, or skew, symmetry is called an
19 ______. odd function
If a periodic voltage waveform is such that the waveform for
the first half cycle repeats itself except with the opposite half-wave
20 sign for the second half cycle, it is said to have ________. symmetry
The ________ of a waveform consists of all the
frequencies contained in the waveform and their respective frequency
21 amplitudes plotted in the frequency domain. spectrum
The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies Bandwidth of
contained in the information. It is also the difference an
between the highest and lowest frequencies that the information
22 channel will allow to pass through it. signal
The ratio of the active time of the pulse to the period of the
23 waveform. Duty Cycle
The rate at which energy is dissipated, delivered, or used, Electrical
24 and is a function of the square of the voltage or current Power
Discrete
A fourier transform where a time-domain signal is sampled Fourier
25 at discrete times. Transform
A new algorithm of fourier transform developed by Cooley
and Tukey in 1965 where the computing time is Fast Fourier
26 proportional to n log 2n rather than n2. Transform
27 The process of combining two or more signals Mixing
Occurs when two or more signals combine in a linear
device, such as a passive network or a small-signal Linear
28 amplifier. Also called linear mixing. Summing
An amplifier where the output is simply the original input Linear
29 signal amplified by its gain. Amplifier
Occurs when two or more signals are combined in a Nonlinear
30 nonlinear device such as a diode or large-signal amplifier. Mixing
Undesired generation of multiples or harmonics of that Harmonic
31 frequency. Distortion
Desired generation of multiples or harmonics of that Frequency
32 frequency. Multiplication
Cross
33 The sum and difference of the two original frequencies. Products
The generation of any unwanted cross-product frequency
when two or more frequencies are mixed in a nonlinear Intermodulatio
34 device. n Distortion
Desired cross products produced by mixing in a nonlinear
35 device. Modulation
OSCILLATORS, PHASE-LOCKED
LOOPS, ANDFREQUENCY
CHAPTER 3 SYNTHESIZERS
Item
s Definitions Terms
This word means to fluctuate between two states or
1 conditions. Oscillate
A device that produces oscillations or generates repetitive
waveform. Converts a dc input voltage to an ac output
2 voltage. Oscillator
A self-sustaining oscillator where the changes in the
waveform are continuous and repetitive; they occur at a Free-running
3 periodic rate. Oscillator
Are oscillators that are not self-sustaining requiring an Triggered or
external input signal or trigger to produce a change in the One-shot
4 output waveform? Oscillators
An amplifier with a feedback loop or path for energy to
5 propagate from the output back to the input. Feedback
6 According to this criterion, for a feedback circuit to sustain Barkhausen
oscillations, the net voltage gain around the feedback loop Criterion
must be unity or greater, and the net phase shift around the
loop must be a positive integer multiple of 360.
Is a positive feedback where the positive means that its
phase aids the oscillation process and does not necessarily Regenerative
7 indicate a positive or negative polarity? Feedback
Is a negative feedback and supplies a feedback signal that Degenerative
8 inhibits oscillations from occurring. Feedback
Is an untuned RC phase shift oscillator that uses both
positive and negative feedback? The oscillator that Hewlett Wien-bridge
9 and Packard used in their original signal generator design. Oscillator
Automatic Gain
Added to the circuit to compensate for imbalances in the Control
10 bridge and variations in component values due to heat. ( AGC )
Are oscillator circuits that utilize LC tank circuits for the
11 frequency determining components? LC Oscillators
Hartley
12 An LC oscillator that uses a tapped coil. Oscillator
The operation of this oscillator is very similar to that of
Hartley except that a capacitive divider is used instead of a Colpitts
13 tapped coil. Oscillator
An oscillator circuit identical to the Colpitts except with the Clapp
14 addition of a small capacitor Cs placed in series with L1. Oscillator
Frequency
15 The ability of an oscillator to remain at a fixed frequency. Stability
Frequency stability affected predominantly by fluctuations Short-term
16 in dc operating voltages. Stability
Frequency stability which is a function of component aging Long-term
17 and changes in the ambient temperature and humidity. Stability
Feedback oscillator circuits where a crystal is used for the Crystal
18 frequency determining component. Oscillator
The study of the form, structure, properties, and
classifications of crystals. It deals with lattices, bonding,
and behavior of slices of crystal material that have been cut Crystallograph
19 at various angles with respect to the crystals axes. y
The _______ occurs when oscillating mechanical stresses
applied across a crystal lattice structure generate electrical Piezoelectric
20 oscillations and vice versa. Effect
In this mode the oscillator is tuned at the third, fifth,
seventh, or even the ninth harmonic of the crystals
21 fundamental frequency. Overtone
Positive
The direction of frequency change is the same as the Temperature
22 temperature change. Coefficient
Negative
The change in frequency is in the direction opposite to the Temperature
23 temperature change. Coefficient
Is almost a perfect zero-coefficient crystal from freezing to
boiling but is useful only at frequencies below a few
24 hundred kilohertz. GT-cut Crystal
A crystal oscillator circuit that has very good frequency Discrete Pierce
25 stability and reasonably simple circuitry. Oscillator
IC-based
A crystal oscillator circuit that has low cost and simple Pierce
26 digital interfacing capabilities. Oscillator
RLC Half-
27 A crystal oscillator circuit that has best frequency stability. bridge
Crystal
Consists of a crystal-controlled oscillator and a voltage- Oscillator
28 variable component such as a varactor diode. Module
A specially constructed diode whose internal capacitance is
enhanced when reversed biased, and by varying the
reverse-bias voltage, the capacitance of the diode can be Varactor Diode
29 adjusted. or Varicap
An oscillator circuit that generates well-defined, stable
waveforms that can be externally modulated or swept over Waveform
30 a given frequency range. Generator
A monolithic function generator integrated circuit
manufactured by EXAR Corporation capable of producing
high quality sine, square, triangle, rap, and pulse
waveforms with both a high degree of stability and
31 accuracy. XR-2206
A free-running oscillator with a stable frequency of Voltage
oscillation that depends on an external timing capacitance, Controlled
32 timing resistance, and control voltage. Oscillator
A monolithic voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) integrated
circuit featuring excellent frequency stability and a wide
tuning range. The circuit provides simultaneous triangle-
and square wave outputs over a frequency range of from
33 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz. XR-2207
A monolithic variable-frequency oscillator circuit featuring
excellent temperature stability and a wide linear sweep
34 range. XR-2209
A closed-loop feedback control system in which either the
frequency or the phase of the feedback signal is the Phase Locked
parameter of interest rather than the magnitude of the Loop
35 signals voltage or current. ( PLL )
Preset/Natural
Free Running
36 The VCOs output frequency when the PLL is not locked. Frequency
37 The voltage produced by the phase comparator that is Error Voltage
proportional to the difference in frequency between the two
signals.
The PLL state when there is no external input frequency or Free-Running
38 the feedback loop is open. State
The state when the PLL is in the process of acquiring
39 frequency lock. Capture State
The state when the VCO output frequency is locked onto
40 (equal to) the frequency of the external input signal. Lock State
Acquisition
41 The time required to achieve lock. Time
The band of frequencies centered around the VCO natural
frequency where the PLL can initially establish or acquire
frequency lock with an external input signal from an
42 unlocked condition. Also known as acquisition range. Capture Range
43 The capture range expressed as a peak value. Pull-in Range
The band of frequencies centered around the VCO natural
frequency over which a PLL can maintain frequency lock
44 with an external input signal. Also known as tracking range. Lock Range
45 The lock range expressed as a peak value. Hold-in Range
Voltage-
An oscillator with a stable frequency of oscillation that Controlled
46 depends on an external bias voltage. Oscillator
Sometimes called a phase detector which is a nonlinear
device with two input signals: an external input frequency Phase
47 and the VCO output signal. Comparator
The difference in phase between an external input
48 frequency and the VCO output signal. Phase Error
The product of the individual gains or transfer functions
49 around the loop for the PLL. Loop Gain
An ultra stable monolithic phase-locked-loop system
designed by EXAR Corporation for a wide variety of
applications in both analog and digital communications
systems. Can operate over a relatively wide frequency
50 range from 0.5 Hz to 35 MHz. XR-215
PLL that are used to track digital pulses rather than analog
51 signals, such as in clock recovery circuits. Digital PLL
This word means to form an entity by combining parts or
52 elements. Synthesize
Are used to generate many output frequencies through the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, of a Frequency
53 smaller number of fixed frequency sources. Synthesizer
A method of frequency synthesis where multiple output
frequencies are generated by mixing the outputs from two
or more crystal-controlled frequency sources or by dividing Direct
or multiplying the output frequency from a single-crystal Frequency
54 oscillator. Synthesis
A method of frequency synthesis where a feedback- Indirect
controlled divider/multiplier such as PLL is used to Frequency
55 generate multiple output frequencies. Synthesis
The minimum frequency separation between output
56 frequencies for a synthesizer. Resolution
An advanced dual-modulus low-power, ECL prescaler
manufactured by Signetics Company. The maximum input
signal frequency is 1.2 GHz for cellular and other land
57 mobile applications. NE/SA701
A bipolar, single-chip frequency synthesizer manufactured
in SUBILO-N technology (components laterally separated
by oxide). It performs all the tuning functions of a PLL
58 radio-tuning system. Also manufactured by Signetics. TSA6057/T
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
CHAPTER 4 TRANSMISSION
Item
s Definitions Terms
The process of impressing low-frequency information signals
1 onto a high-frequency carrier signal. Modulation
The reverse process of modulation where the received
2 signals are transformed back to their original form. Demodulation
The process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high
frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous Amplitude
3 value of the modulating signal. Modulation
Frequencies that are high enough to be efficiently radiated Radio
4 by the antenna and propagated through free space. Frequencies
5 The modulated output waveform from an AM modulator is? AM Envelope
6 Sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM. AM DSBFC
Lower
7 The band of frequencies between fc fm (max) and fc. Sideband
Lower Side
8 Any frequency within the lower sideband is called. Frequency
Upper
9 The band of frequencies between fc and fc + fm(max) Sideband
Upper Side
10 Any frequency within the upper sideband is called? Frequency
The term used to describe the amount of amplitude change Coefficient of
11 (modulation) present in an AM waveform signal. Modulation
Percent
12 The coefficient of modulation stated as a percentage. Modulation
The maximum percent modulation that can be imposed
13 without causing excessive distortion. 100%
14 The _______ in a transmitter where modulation occurs Location
determines whether the circuit is a low or a high-level
transmitter.
The modulation takes place prior to the output element of the Low-Level
15 final stage of the transmitter. Modulation
The modulation takes place in the final element of the final High-Level
16 stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude. Modulation
The amplitude of the output signal depends on the amplitude Emitter
17 of the input carrier and the voltage gain of the amplifier. Modulation
A class C modulator capable of nonlinear mixing and the Collector
18 modulating signal is applied directly to the collector. Modulator
Used to translate the low-frequency intelligence signals to
radio-frequency signals that can be efficiently radiated from
19 an antenna and propagated through free space. Up-converter
Are used for observing the modulation characteristics of AM Trapezoidal
20 transmitters. Pattern
A form of amplitude distortion introduced when the positive
and negative alternations in the AM modulated signal are not
21 equal (nonsymmetrical modulation). Carrier Shift
Nonsinusoida
22 Complex waveforms comprised of two or more frequencies. l Signals
Are complex waves made up of two or more harmonically Complex
related sine waves and include square, rectangular, and Repetitive
23 triangular waves. Waveforms
A form of AM where signals from two separate information
sources modulate the same carrier frequency at the same
time without interfering with each other. The information Quadrature
sources modulate the same carrier after it has been Amplitude
separated into two carrier signals that are 90 out of phase Modulation
24 with each other. ( QAM )
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
CHAPTER 5 RECEPTION
Item
s Definitions Terms
AM
1 The reverse process of AM modulation. Demodulation
The first stage of the receiver of which primary functions are
2 detecting, band limiting, and amplifying the received. RF Section
This section down-converts the received RF frequencies to Mixer /
3 intermediate frequencies (IFs). Converter
This section primary functions are amplification and
4 selectivity. IF Section
This section demodulates the AM wave and converts it to
5 the original information signal. AM Detector
This section amplifies the recovered information. Comprises
several cascaded audio amplifiers and one or more
6 speakers. Audio Section
A receiver parameter that is used to measure the ability of
the receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and
7 reject all others. Selectivity
The ratio of the bandwidth 60dB below maximum signal
8 level and bandwidth 3dB below maximum signal level. Shape Factor
The most prevalent form of noise and is directly proportional
9 to bandwidth. Thermal Noise
Bandwidth
10 Noise reduction ratio achieved by reducing the Bandwidth. Improvement
The corresponding reduction in the noise figure due to the Noise Figure
11 reduction in bandwidth expressed mathematically in dB. Improvement
The ________ of a receiver is the minimum RF signal level
that can be detected at the input to the receiver and still
produce a usable demodulated information signal. Also
12 known as receiver threshold. Sensitivity
Defined as the difference in decibels between the minimum
input level necessary to discern a signal and the input level Dynamic
13 that will overdrive the receiver and produce distortion. Range
1-dB
Defined as the output power when the RF amplifier Compression
14 response is 1 dB less than the ideal linear-gain response. Point
A measure of the ability of a communication system to
produce, at the output of the receiver, an exact replica of the
15 original source information. Fidelity
Any frequency, phase, or amplitude variations that are
present in the demodulated waveform that were not in the
16 original information signal. Distortion
The total phase shift encountered by a signal and can
generally be tolerated as long as all frequencies undergo Absolute
17 the same amount of phase delay. Phase Shift
Occurs when different frequencies undergo different phase
shifts and ay have a detrimental effect on a complex Differential
18 waveform. Phase Shift
Defined as the ratio of the power transferred to a load with a
filter in the circuit to the power transferred to a load without Insertion Loss
19 the filter. ( IL )
A hypothetical value that cannot be directly measured. A Equivalent
parameter that is used in low-noise, sophisticated radio Noise
20 receivers rather than noise figure. Temperature
The frequencies generated in the receiver and used for Coherent /
demodulation are synchronized to oscillator frequencies Synchronous
21 generated in the transmitter. Receiver
Either no frequencies are generated in the receiver or the Noncoherent /
frequencies used for demodulation are completely Asynchronous
22 independent from the transmitters carrier frequency. Receiver
One of the earliest types of AM receivers and are probably Tuned Radio
23 the simplest designed radio receivers available today. Frequency
A phenomenon at radio frequencies where current flow is
24 limited to the outermost area of a conductor. Skin Effect
A technique where TRF receivers instability can be reduced
somewhat by tuning each amplifier to a slightly different
frequency, slightly above or below the desired center Stagger
25 frequency. Tuning
Means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device
or to translate one frequency to another using nonlinear
26 mixing. Heterodyne
A broad tuned bandpass filter with an adjustable center
27 frequency that is tuned to desired carrier frequency. Preselector
The most common intermediate frequency used in AM
28 broadcast-band receivers is ________. 455 kHz
Consists of a series of IF amplifiers and bandpass filters
29 and is often called IF strip. IF Section
Refer to frequencies that are used within a transmitter or
receiver that fall somewhere between the radio frequencies Intermediate
30 and the original source information frequencies. Frequency
Means that the two adjustments are mechanically tied
together so that a single adjustment will change the center
frequency of the preselector and, at the same time, change
31 the local oscillator frequency. Gang Tuning
High-side
Injection /
High-beat
32 When the local oscillator is tuned above the RF it is? Injection
Low-side
Injection /
Low-beat
33 When the local oscillator is tuned below the RF it is? Injection
The side frequencies undergo a sideband reversal during Sideband
34 the heterodyning process called? Inversion
The ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to oscillate
above or below the selected radio frequency carrier by an
amount equal to the intermediate frequency throughout the
35 entire radio frequency band. Tracking
The difference between the actual oscillator frequency and
36 the desired frequency. Tracking Error
37 Any frequency other than the selected radio frequency Image
carrier that, if allowed to enter a receiver and mix with the Frequency
local oscillator, will produce a cross-product frequency that
is equal to the intermediate frequency.
Image-
frequency
A numerical measure of the ability of a preselector to reject Rejection
38 the image frequency. Ratio
Occurs when a receiver picks up the same station at two Double
39 nearby points on the receiver tuning dial. Spotting
A high-gain, low-noise, tuned amplifier that, when used, is
40 the first active stage encountered by the received signal. RF Amplifier
High-performance microwave receivers require a ________ Low-noise
as the input stage of the RF section to optimize their noise Amplifier
41 figure. ( LNA )
MEsa
Semiconducto
r FET
Semiconducto
A FET with a metal-semiconductor junction at the gate of r FET
42 the device, called a Schottky barrier. ( MESFET )
A wideband, unconditionally stable, low-power, dual-gain
linear integrated-circuit RF amplifier manufactured by
43 Signetics Corporation. NE / SA5200
This section purpose is to down-convert the incoming radio Mixer /
frequencies to intermediate frequencies proportional to Converter
44 bandwidth. Stage
The difference between the level of the IF output with an RF
input signal to the level of the IF output with an IF input Conversion
45 signal. Gain
A configuration where the mixer excites itself by feeding
energy back to the local oscillator tank circuit to sustain Self-excited
46 oscillations noise figure. Mixer
A low-power VHF monolithic double-balanced mixer with
47 input amplifier, on-board oscillator, and voltage regulator. NE / SA602A
Are relatively high-gain amplifiers that are very similar to RF Intermediate
amplifiers, except that IF amplifiers operate over a relatively Frequency
48 narrow, fixed frequency band. ( IF ) Amplifier
The most common technique used for coupling where the Inductive or
voltage that is applied to the primary windings of a Transformer
49 transformer is transferred to the secondary windings. Coupling
50 Ability of a coil to induce a voltage within its windings. Inductance
Mutual
51 Ability of one coil to induce a voltage in another coil. Inductance
Coefficient of
52 The ratio of the secondary flux to the primary flux. Coupling
53 The transfer of flux from the primary to the secondary Flux Linkage
windings and is directly proportional to the coefficient of
coupling.
The point where the reflected resistance is equal to the
primary resistance an d the Q of the primary tank circuit is Critical
54 halved and the bandwidth doubled. Coupling
Is caused by the reactive element of the reflected
impedance being significant enough to change the resonant Double
55 frequency of the primary tuned circuit. Peaking
The coefficient of coupling approximately 50% greater than
the critical value yields a good compromise between flat Optimum
56 response and steep skirts. Coupling
IF transformers come as specially designed tuned circuits in
57 groundable metal packages called _______. IF Cans
A differential cascoded amplifier designed for use in
communications and industrial equipment as an IF or RF
58 amplifier at frequencies from dc to 120 MHz. CA3028A
The function of this circuit is to demodulate the AM signal
59 and recover or reproduce the original source information. AM Detector
A simple noncoherent AM demodulator using a diode. Also
60 called as diode, shape, or envelope detector. Peak Detector
A distortion in the detection process where the RC time
constant is too short, the output waveform resembles a half- Rectifier
61 wave rectified signal. Distortion
A distortion in the detection process where the RC time
constant is too long, the slope of the output waveform Diagonal
62 cannot follow the trailing slope of the envelope. Clipping
Automatic
A circuit that compensates for minor variations in the Gain Control
63 received RF signal. ( AGC )
It prevents the AGC feedback voltage from reaching the RF
or IF amplifiers until the RF level exceeds a predetermined
64 magnitude. Delayed AGC
Is similar to conventional AGC except that the receive signal
is monitored closer to the front end of the receiver and the
65 correction voltage is fed forward to the IF amplifiers. Forward AGC
Its purpose is to quiet a receiver in the absence of a Squelch
66 received signal. Circuit
Are used to remove sporadic, high-amplitude noise
transients of short duration, such as impulse noise in the Limiters /
67 audio section of a receiver. Clippers
A method of measuring signal strength relative to noise Signal-to-
strength where an RF carrier modulated 30% by a 1-kHz Notched Noise
68 tone is applied to the input of the receiver. Ratio
69 A National Semiconductor Corporation linear integrated LM1820
circuit AM radio chip that has an onboard RF amplifier,
mixer, local oscillator, and IF amplifier stages. An LIC audio
amplifier, such as the LM386, and a speaker are necessary
to complete a functional receiver.
This receivers would need only two external components: a
70 volume control and a station tuning control. PLL Receivers
The ratio of the demodulated signal level at the output of the
receiver (audio) to the RF signal level at the input to the
receiver, or the difference between the audio signal level in Net Receiver
71 dBm and the RF signal level in dBm. Gain
Includes all the gains and losses incurred by a signal as it
propagates from the transmitter output stage to the output
of the detector in the receiver and includes antenna gain
72 and transmission line and propagation losses. System Gain
SINGLE SIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 6 SYSTEMS
Item
s Definitions Terms
AM Single-
sideband Full
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is transmitted at full Carrier
1 power but only one of the sidebands is transmitted. ( SSBFC )
AM Single-
sideband
Suppressed
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is totally suppressed and Carrier
2 one of the sidebands removed. ( SSBSC )
AM Single-
sideband
A form of amplitude modulation in which one sideband is totally removed and Reduced
the carrier voltage is reduced to approximately 10% of its unmodulated Carrier
3 amplitude. Sometimes called single-sideband reinserted carrier. ( SSBRC )
4 It is the reinserted carrier in SSBRC for demodulation purposes. Pilot Carrier
AM
Independent
A form of amplitude modulation in which a single carrier frequency is Sideband
5 independently modulated by two different modulating signals. ( ISB )
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and one complete AM Vestigial
sideband are transmitted, but only part of the second sideband is Sideband
6 transmitted. ( VSB )
________ is the picture portion of a commercial television broadcasting
7 signal. VSB System
Bandwidth
Are obvious advantages of single-sideband suppressed- and reduced- Conservation
carrier transmission over conventional double- sideband full-carrier and Power
8 transmission? Efficiency
Signal-to-
9 This ratio determines the degree of intelligibility of a received signal. Noise Ratio
10 With double-sideband transmission, the two sidebands and carrier may Selective
propagate through the transmission media by different paths and therefore, Fading
experience different transmission impairments. This condition is called
________.
A condition in double-sideband transmission where one sideband is Sideband
11 significantly attenuated. Fading
A form of selective fading where there is a reduction of the carrier level of a Carrier-
100%-modulated wave that will make the carrier voltage less than the vector Amplitude
12 sum of the two sidebands. Fading
A condition where the relative positions of the carrier and sideband vectors Carrier or
of the received signal change, causing a decided change in the shape of the Sideband
13 envelope, causing a severely distorted demodulated signal. Phase Shift
A product modulator where the output signal is the product of the modulating
14 signal and the carrier. AM Modulator
Modulator circuits that inherently remove the carrier during the modulation DSBSC
15 process. Modulators
Balanced
16 A circuit that produces a double-sideband suppressed-carrier signal. Modulator
A balanced modulator that is constructed with diodes and transformers. Balanced Ring
17 Sometimes called balanced lattice modulator. Modulator
The small carrier component that is always present in the output signal of a
18 balanced modulator. Carrier Leak
The operation of this balanced modulator as the balanced ring modulator is Balanced
completely dependent on the switching action of diodes D1 through D4 Bridge
19 under the influence of the carrier and modulating signal voltages. Modulator
LM1497 / 1596
A double-balanced modulator/demodulator that produces an output signal Balanced
20 that is proportional to the product of its input signals. Modulator IC
Linear
21 The circuit where the carrier is reinserted. Summer
Filter, Phase-
Shift, and
22 Three methods for single-sideband generation. Third Method
Crystal
Lattice,
Ceramic,
Mechanical,
23 Types of single-sideband filters. Saw Filters
A mechanically resonant transducer that receives electrical energy, converts
it to mechanical vibrations, and then converts the vibrations back to electrical Mechanical
24 energy at its output. Filter
Surface
Filters that use acoustic energy rather than electro-mechanical energy to Acoustic
25 provide excellent performance for precise bandpass filtering. Wave Filters
26 Reflected energy that cancels and attenuates the incident wave energy. Heterodyne
Constructive
27 Reflected energy that aids the incident wave energy. Interference
Unidirectional
28 A transducer which launches the acoustic wave in only one direction. Transducer
Any difference between the transmit and receive local oscillator frequencies frequency
29 produces a _______ in the demodulated information signal. offset error
Fifty hertz or more offset is distinguishable by a normal listener as a
30 _______. tonal variation
A narrowband PLL that tracks the pilot carrier in the composite SSBRC Carrier
receiver signal and uses the recovered carrier to generate coherent local Recovery
31 oscillator frequencies in the synthesizer. Circuit
An SSB receiver that uses a PLL carrier recovery circuit and a frequency
synthesizer to produce coherent local and beat frequency oscillator Multichannel
32 frequencies. Pilto Carrier
Amplitude-
Compandorin
Systems that provide narrowband voice communications for land-mobile g Single-
services with nearly the quality achieved with FM systems and do it using Sideband
33 less than one-third the bandwidth. ( ACSSB )
The process of combining transmissions from more than one source and
transmitting them over a common facility, such as metallic or optical fiber
34 cable or a radio-frequency channel. Multiplexing
Single-
Sideband
A transmission that can be used to combine hundreds or even thousands of Suppressed-
narrowband channels into single, composite wideband channel without the Carrier
35 channels interfering with each other. Transmission
Peak
Envelope
Power ( PEP )
& Peak
Envelope
36 Single-sideband transmitters are rated in ________ and ________. Voltage ( PEV )
CHAPTER 7 ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION
Items Definitions Terms

1 Two forms of angle modulation. FM and PM
2 Angle modulation was first introduced in the year 1931
________ as an alternative to amplitude modulation.
He developed the first successful FM radio system in
1936, and in July 1939, the first regularly scheduled
broad-casting of FM signals began in Alphine, New Major E. H.
3 Jersey. Also developed the superheterodyne receiver. Armstrong
4 A modulation that results whenever the phase angle () Angle
of a sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time. Modulation
Varying the frequency of a constant-amplitude carrier
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating Direct Frequency
5 signal. Modulation ( FM )
Varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating Direct Phase
6 signal. Modulation ( PM )
7 The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier Phase Deviation
phase in radians in respect to the reference phase. ( )
8 The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in Frequency
hertz in respect to its unmodulated value. Deviation (F )
9 The original unmodulated carrier frequency in the Carrier Rests
resultant angle-modulated waveform. Frequency
The instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier at
a given instant of time and indicates how much the
phase of the carrier is changing with respect to its Instantaneous
10 reference phase. Phase Deviation
11 The precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of Instantaneous
time. Phase
The instantaneous change in frequency of the carrier Instantaneous
and is defined as the first time derivative of the Frequency
12 instantaneous phase deviation. Deviation
The precise frequency of the carrier at a given instant of Instantaneous
time and is defined as the first time derivative of the Frequency
13 instantaneous phase.
Are the outputversus-input transfer functions for the
modulators, which give the relationship between what
output parameter changes in respect to specified Deviation
14 changes in the input signal. Sensitivities
15 Is called the modulation index or sometimes index of Peak Phase
modulation. Modulation
16 The change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when Frequency
it is acted on by a modulating-signal frequency. Deviation
17 The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2f). Carrier Swing
The ratio of the frequency deviation actually produced Percent
to the maximum frequency deviation allowed by law Modulation
18 stated in percent form.
A circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way that
its instantaneous phase is proportional to the
19 modulating signal. Phase Modulator
A circuit which the carrier is varied in such a way that its Frequency
instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral of Modulator
20 the modulating signal.
________ of the first kind for several values of
modulation index provides the number of side
21 frequency pairs and their corresponding magnitude. Bessel Function
A side frequency is not considered significant unless it
has amplitude equal to or greater than ____ of the
22 unmodulated carrier amplitude. 1%
23 The modulation index is less than 1. Low-index Case
24 The modulation index is greater than 10. High-index Case
25 Modulation indices greater than 1 and less than 10. Medium Index
26 Low-index FM systems are sometimes called? Narrowband FM
A rule which is an approximation and gives
transmission bandwidths that are slightly narrower than
the bandwidths. It defines a bandwidth that includes
approximately 98% of the total power in the modulated
27 wave. Carsons Rule
The worst-case modulation index and is equal to the
maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the Deviation Ratio
28 maximum modulating-signal frequency. ( DR )
The FCC has assigned the commercial FM broadcast
service a _______ band of frequencies that extends
29 from 88 MHz to 108 MHZ. 20 MHz
30 The 20MHz band is divided into 100, ________ wide 200 kHz
channels beginning at 88.1 MHz.
To provide high-quality, reliable music, the maximum
frequency deviation allowed is _______ with a
31 maximum modulating-signal frequency of _______. 75 kHz ; 15 kHz
The highest side frequencies from one channel are Adjacent
allowed to spill over into adjacent channels, producing Channel
32 an interference known as _______. Interference
33 A _______ wide guard band is usually on either side of 200 kHz
each assigned channel.
34 The noise voltage at the output of an FM demodulator FM Noise
increases linearly with frequency. This is called ______. Triangle
The high-frequency modulating signals are emphasized
or boosted in amplitude in the transmitter prior to
35 performing modulation. Pre-emphasis
The reciprocal of pre-emphasis that restores the
original amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics to
36 the information signals. De-emphasis
A circuit that provides a constant increase in the Pre-emphasis
amplitude of the modulating signal with an increase in Network
37 frequency.
38 When the frequency of the carrier is modulated by the Direct FM
information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect PM )
39 When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the Direct PM
information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM )
40 Angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier Direct FM
is varied directly by the modulating signal.
Varactor Diode,
FM Reactance,
Three common methods for producing direct frequency Linear IC
41 modulation. Modulations
Direct frequency modulator used for low-index Varactor Diode
Applications, such as two-way mobile radio. Direct FM
42 Modulator
43 A direct FM modulator using a JFET as the active FM Reactance
device. Modulator
44 A complete FM modulator on a single 8-pin DIP MC1376
integrated circuit chip.
45 Can generate a direct FM output waveform that is Linear IC VCO
relatively stable, accurate, and directly proportional to and Function
the input modulating signal. Generators
Angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier
46 is deviated indirectly by the modulating signal. Direct PM
Varactor Diode
and Transistor
Two common methods for producing direct phase Direct PM
47 modulation. Modulator
The process of up-converting the frequency of the Frequency Up-
48 modulated carrier after modulation has been performed. Conversion
Heterodyning
Two basic methods of performing frequency up- and Frequency
49 conversion. Multiplication
An up-conversion method where a low-frequency
modulated carrier can either be up- or down-converted
to a different location in the frequency spectrum without Heterodyne
50 changing its modulation properties. Method
An up-conversion method where the modulation
properties of a carrier can be increased at the same Multiplication
51 time that the carrier frequency is up-converted. Method
Transmitters that produce an output waveform in which
the frequency deviation is directly proportional to the Direct FM
52 modulating signal. Transmitters
A circuit that compares the frequency of the non-crystal Automatic
carrier oscillator to a crystal reference oscillator and Frequency
then produces a correction voltage proportional to the Control
53 difference between the frequencies. ( AFC )
A frequency-selective device whose output voltage is
proportional to the difference between the input Frequency
54 frequency and its resonant frequency. Discriminator
A voltage added to the modulating signal to
automatically adjust the master oscillators center dc Correction
55 frequency to compensate for the low-frequency drift. Voltage
A ________ preceded by a differentiator generates a
56 PM waveform. FM Modulator
Transmitters that produce an output waveform in which
phase deviation is directly proportional to the Indirect FM
57 modulating signal. Transmitters
Probably the most significant advantage of angle
modulation transmission over amplitude modulation
58 transmission. Noise Immunity
Allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals
59 received with the same frequency. Capture Effect
CHAPTER 8 ANGLE MODULATION RECEPTION

AND FM STEREO
Item
s Definitions Terms
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the
audio detector is directly proportional to the
1 frequency deviation at its input. FM Receivers
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the
audio detector is directly proportional to the phase
2 deviation at its input. PM Receivers
The circuits used to demodulate FM and PM signals
3 are both described under the heading ________. FM Receivers
A modulation where the information is impressed
onto the carrier in the form of frequency or phase
4 variations. Angle Modulation
A method used to remove amplitude variations
caused by noise from the composite waveform
simply by clipping the peaks of the envelop prior to
5 detection. Limiting
The section that rejects the image frequency in FM
6 receivers. Pre-selector
The section that establishes the signal-to-noise ratio
7 and noise figure in FM receivers. RF Amplifier
8 The section that down-converts RF to IF. Mixer / Converter
The section that provide most of the gain and
9 selectivity. IF Amplifiers
The section that removes the information from the
10 modulated wave. Detector
Limiter, Frequency
The envelope (peak) detector common to AM Discriminator and
receivers is replaced in FM receivers by a ________, De-emphasis
11 ________, and ________. Network
The circuit that extracts the information from the Frequency
12 modulated wave. Discriminator
Are frequency-dependent circuits designed to
produce an output voltage that is proportional to the
13 instantaneous frequency at its input. FM Demodulators
Slope Detector,
Foster-Seely
Discriminator, Ratio
Detector, PLL
Demodulator, and
14 Circuits used for demodulating FM signals. Quadrature Detector
15 Circuits that convert FM to AM and then demodulate Tuned-Circuit
Frequency
the AM envelope with conventional peak detectors. Discriminators
A tuned-circuit frequency discriminator that has the
most nonlinear voltage-versus-frequency
16 characteristics and, therefore, is seldom used. Slope Detector
Is simply two single-ended slope detectors Balanced Slope
17 connected in parallel and fed 180 out of phase. Detector
Sometimes called a phase shift discriminator that is a
tuned-circuit frequency discriminator whose
operation is very similar to that of a balanced slope Foster-Seeley
18 detector. Discriminator
The typical voltage-versus-frequency response curve
19 for a Foster-Seeley discriminator. S-curve
An FM demodulator that is relatively immune to
20 amplitude variations in its input signal. Ratio Detector
This FM demodulator requires no tuned circuits and
automatically compensates for changes in the carrier
21 frequency due to instability in the transmit oscillator. PLL FM Demodulator
Sometimes called a coincidence detector that
extracts the original information signal from the
composite IF waveform by multiplying two Quadrature FM
22 quadrature (90 out of phase) signals. Demodulator
Special circuits that removes the unwanted
amplitude variations since with FM, the information is
23 contained in frequency variations. Limiters
The limiter circuit produces a constant-amplitude
output for all input signals above a prescribed
minimum input level, which is often called the Threshold, Quieting,
24 ________. or Capture Level
The improvement in the S/N ratio when the peaks of FM Thresholding, FM
the signal have the limiter so far into saturation that Quieting, or FM
25 the weaker noise is totally eliminated. Capture Effect
The inherent ability of FM to diminish the effects of
interfering signals. Also, the ability to differentiate
26 between two signals received at the same frequency. Capture Effect
Is the minimum dB difference in signal strength
between two received signals necessary for the Capture Ratio of an
27 capture effect to suppress the weaker signal. FM Receiver
An improved monolithic low-power FM IF system
manufactured by Signetics Corporation. It is a high
gain, high frequency device that offers low-power
consumption and excellent input sensitivity at 455
28 kHz. NE/SA614A
29 A multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage, but instead Quadrature Detector
of mixing two different frequencies, it mixes two
signals with the same frequencies but with different
phases.
A low-voltage, high-performance monolithic FM IF
system similar to the NE/SA614A except with the
30 addition of a mixer/oscillator circuit. NE/SA616
A monolithic integrated-circuit FM radio system
manufactured by Signetics Corporation for monolithic
FM portable radios. A complete FM radio receiver on
31 a single integrated-circuit chip. TDA7000
A circuit that is used to reduce the total harmonic
distortion (THD) by compressing the IF frequency Frequency-Locked-
32 swing (deviation). Loop
With this transmission, the information signal is
spatially divided into two 50-Hz to 15-kHz audio Stereophonic
33 channels (a left and a right). Transmission
Used to broadcast uninterrupted music to private
subscribers, such as department stores, restaurants,
and medical offices equipped with special receivers; Subsidiary
Sometimes cordially refer to as Communications
34 elevator music Authorization ( SCA )
The process of placing two or more independent
channels next to each other in the frequency domain
(stacking the channels), and then modulating a
single high-frequency carrier with the combined Frequency Division
35 signal. Multiplexing ( FDM )
The primary audio channel remained at 50 Hz to 15
kHz, while an additional SCA channel is frequency
36 translated to the _______ passband. 60 kHz To 74 kHz
The SCA subcarrier may be AM single- or double-
sideband transmission or FM with a maximum
37 modulating-signal frequency of _______. 7 kHz
The frequency of the pilot carrier of FM stereo
38 transmission. 19 kHz
When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the Direct PM
39 information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM )
A monolithic FM stereo demodulator that uses PLL
techniques to derive the right and left audio channels
40 from the composite stereo signal. XR-1310
Half-duplex, one-to-many radio communications with Two-Way Mobile
41 no dial tone. Radio
Provides 26.96 to 27.41 MHz public, non-commercial
radio service for either personal or business use Class D Citizens
42 utilizing push-to-talk AM DSBFC and AM SSBFC. Band ( CB ) Radio
43 Cover a broad-frequency band from 1.8 MHz to Amateur ( HAM )
above 300 MHz. Designed for personal use without Radio
pecuniary interest.
Provides 2.8 MHz to 457 MHz. ABS disseminates
information for the purposes of air navigation and air-
to-ground communications utilizing conventional AM Aeronautical
and various forms of AM SSB in the HF, MF, and Broadcasting
44 VHF frequency bands. Service ( ABS )
Full-duplex, on-to-one radio telephone Mobile Telephone
45 communications. Service
Provides worldwide telecommunication service using
handheld telephones that communicate with each Personal
other through low earth-orbit satellite repeaters Communications
incorporating QPSK modulation and both FDMA and Satellite Service
46 TDMA. ( PCSS )
Is used extensively for public safety mobile
communications, such as police and fire Two-Way FM Radio
47 departments and emergency medical services. Communications
The maximum frequency deviation for two-way FM
transmitters is typically ________, and the maximum
48 modulating-signal frequency is ________. 5 kHz ; 3 kHz
Transmissions are initiated by closing a ________
switch, which turns on the transmitter and shuts off
49 the receiver. Push-To-Talk ( PTT )
It was used as early as 1921 when the Detroit Police
Department used a mobile radio system that
50 operated at a frequency close to 2 MHz. Mobile Radio
It was used rather than a simple mechanical switch
to reduce the static noise associated with contact Electronic
51 bounce in mechanical switches. Push-To-Talk
Transmitters equipped with ________ are
automatically keyed each time the operator speaks
into the microphone, regardless of whether the PTT Voice-Operated
52 button is depressed. Transmitter ( VOX )
CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL MODULATION

Is the transmission, reception, and processing of Electronic
1 information with the use of electronic circuits. Communication
Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is
2 communicated between two or more points. Information
Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals
(carriers) between two or more points in a
3 communication system. Digital Modulation
Digital
4 System involving the transmission of digital pulses. Transmission
The information signal is digital and the amplitude (V)
of the carrier is varied proportional to the information Amplitude Shift
5 signal. Keying ( ASK )
The information signal is digital and the frequency (f)
of the carrier is varied proportional to the information Frequency Shift
6 signal. Keying ( FSK )
The information signal is digital and the phase () of
the carrier is varied proportional to the information Phase Shift
7 signal. Keying ( PSK )
Quadrature
Amplitude
A modulation where both the amplitude and the phase Modulation
8 are varied proportional to the information signal. ( QAM )
Performs level conversion and then codes the
incoming data into groups of bits that modulate an
9 analog carrier. Pre-coder
Is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of
bandwidth to propagate information through electronic Information
10 communications systems. Theory
Is a measure of how much information can be
propagated through a communications system and is Information
11 a function of bandwidth and transmission time. Capacity
The most basic digital symbol used to represent
12 information. Binary Digit / Bit
In 1928, _________ of Bell Telephone Laboratories
developed a useful relationship among bandwidth,
13 transmission time, and information capacity. R. Hartley
In 1948, mathematician _________ (also of Bell
Telephone Laboratories) published a paper in the Bell
System Technical Journal relating the information
capacity of a communications channel to bandwidth Claude E.
14 and signal-to-noise ratio. Shannon
Simply represents a digit that corresponds to the
number of conditions, levels, or combinations possible
15 for a given number of binary variables. M
Refers to the rate of change of a digital information
16 signal, which is usually binary. Bit Rate
Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a
transmission medium after encoding and modulation
17 have occurred. Baud
Sometimes called a symbol and could be encoded as
18 a change in the amplitude, frequency, or phase. Signaling Element
The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to Nyquist
19 propagate a signal. Bandwidth
20 According to ________, binary digital signals can be H. Nyquist
propagated through an ideal noiseless transmission
medium at a rate equal to two time the bandwidth of
the medium.
The carrier is either on or off which is why
amplitude- shift keying is sometimes referred to as
21 ________. On-Off Keying
22 A logic 1 frequency (fm) for FSK. Mark
23 A logic 0 frequency (fs) for FSK. Space
The mark and space frequencies are separated from
the mark and space frequencies are separated from
the carrier frequency by the _________ and from each Peak Frequency
24 of by 2 f. Deviation (f)
_______ is the peak frequency deviation of the carrier
and is equal to the difference between the carrier rest
25 frequency and either the mark or space frequency. f
A type of FSK detection wherein there is no frequency
involved in the demodulation process that is
synchronized either in phase, frequency, or both with Noncoherent
26 the incoming FSK signal. Detection
A type of FSK detection wherein the incoming FSK
signal is multiplied by a recovered carrier signal that
has exact same frequency and phase as the Coherent
27 transmitter reference. Detection
Is binary FSK except the mark and space frequencies Continuous-Phase
28 are synchronized with the input binary bit rate. FSK ( CP-FSK )
A signal state-space diagram, is similar to a phasor
diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
Only the relative positions of the peaks of the phasors Constellation
29 are shown. Diagram
Is a product modulator; the output signal is the product Balanced
30 of the two input signals. Modulator
Detect and regenerates a carrier signal that is both
frequency and phase coherent with the original Coherent Carrier
31 transmit carrier. Recovery Circuit
Also known as quadrature PSK that is another form of
angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital Quaternary PSK
32 modulation. ( QPSK )
33 A group of two bits. Dibit
It modulates the carrier that is in phase with the
34 reference oscillator. I Bit
It modulates the carrier that is 90 out of phase or in
35 quadrature with reference carrier. Q Bit
36 Is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel. QPSK Modulator
37 The highest fundamental frequency present at the 1/4
data input to the I or the Q balanced modulator is
equal to _______ of the input data rate.
The fastest output rate of change (baud) is also equal
38 to ________ of the input bit rate. 1/2
The outputs of the product detectors are fed to the
________, here they are converted from parallel I and Bit Combining
39 Q data channels to a single binary output data stream. Circuit
Is a modified for of QPSK where the bit waveforms on
the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase Offset QPSK
40 from each other by one-half of a bit time. ( OQPSK )
The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ that must Limited Phase
41 be imparted during modulation. Shift
With ________, three bits are encoded, forming tribits
42 and producing eight different output phases. 8 PSK
43 Group of 3 bits. Tribit
Also known as maximum distance code used to
44 reduce the number of transmission errors. Gray Code
Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Q, and C Parallel-to-Serial
45 output data streams. Logic Circuit
46 Group of 4 bits. Quadbits
16-PSK can undergo only a _______ phase shift
47 during transmission and still retain its integrity. 11.25
Is an M-ary encoding technique where M = 8. The
output signal from this modulator is not a constant-
48 amplitude signal. 8 QAM
The process of introducing transitions (pulses) into the
49 binary signal using a prescribed algorithm. Scrambling
It uses the same algorithm for scrambling to remove
50 the transitions. Descrambler
Is an alternative form of digital modulation where the
binary input is contained in the difference between two Differential Phase-
successive signalling elements rather than the Shift Keying
51 absolute phase. ( DPSK )
Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps can be Trellis Code
achieved, over standard telephone circuits using an Modulation
52 encoding technique called ________. ( TCM )
__________ at IBM Zuerich Research Laboratory
developed TCM, which involves using convolutional
(tree codes, which combines encoding and modulation
to reduce the probability of error, thus improving the bit
53 error performance. Dr. Ungerboeck
Defines the manner in which signal-state transitions
are allowed to occur, and transitions that do not follow
this pattern are interpreted in the receiver as
54 transmission errors. Trellis Coding
55 The distance between symbols on the constellation of Euclidean
the TCM coding scheme on standard QAM. Distance
Is the ratio of the average carrier power (the combined
power of the carrier and its associated sidebands) to Carrier-To-Noise
56 the thermal noise power. Power Ratio
57 Is simply the energy of a single bit of information. Energy Per Bit
The phase relationship between signalling elements
for BPSK (i.e., 180 out of phase) is the optimum Antipodal
58 signalling format, referred to as ________. Signaling
Noncoherent
( Asynchronous )
And Coherant
59 Two types of FSK systems. ( Synchonous )
The transmitter and receiver are not frequency or
60 phase synchronized. Noncoherent FSK
Local receiver reference signals are in frequency and
61 phase lock with the transmitted signals. Coherent FSK
CHAPTER 10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

Is the transmittal of digital signals between two or more Digital
1 points in a communications system. Transmission
_________ developed the first digital transmission
system for the purpose of carrying digitally encoded
analog signals, such as human voice, over metallic wire
2 cables between telephone offices. AT&T
The primary advantage of digital transmission over
3 analog transmission. Noise Immunity
Digital signals are also better suited than analog signals
for processing and combining using a technique called
4 _____. Multiplexing
Is the processing of analog signals using digital methods Digital Signal
and includes bandlimiting the signal with filters, Processing
5 amplitude equalization, and phase shifting. ( DSP )
Digital transmission systems are more resistant to
analog systems to additive noise because they use Signal
6 ________ rather than signal amplification. Regeneration
Consist essentially of sampling analog information
signals and then converting those samples into discrete
pulses and transporting the pulses from a source to a Pulse
7 destination over a physical transmission medium. Modulation
PWM, PPM, PAM
8 The four predominant methods of pulse modulation. and PCM
9 Sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or Pulse Width
pulse length modulation (PLM), as the width (active Modulation
portion of the duty cycle) of a constant amplitude pulse is
varied proportional to the amplitude of the analog signal
at the time the signal is sampled. ( PWM )
The position of a constant-width pulse within a Pulse Position
prescribed time slot is varied according to the amplitude Modulation
10 of the sample of the analog signal. ( PPM )
The amplitude of a constant-width, constant-position
pulse is varied according to the amplitude of the sample Pulse Amplitude
11 of the analog signal. Modulation
Pulse Code
The analog signal is sampled and then converted to a Modulation
12 serial n-bit binary code for transmission. ( PCM )
__________ is credited with inventing PCM in 1937
13 while working for AT&T at its Paris laboratories. Alex H. Reeves
A circuit that periodically samples the analog input signal Sample-and-
14 and converts those samples to a multilevel PAM signal. Hold Circuit
The transmission line ________ are placed at prescribed
15 distances to regenerate the digital pulses. Repeaters
An integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding Codec ( Coder /
16 and decoding functions. Decoder )
The function of a _________ in a PCM transmitter is to
periodically sample the continually changing analog input
voltage and convert those samples to a series of
constant-amplitude pulses that can more easily be Sampling
17 converted to binary PCM code. Circuit
The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum and
18 introduces an error called _________. Aperture Error
The ________ of the capacitor is called the A/D
conversion time because it is during this time that the
19 ADC converts the sample voltage to a PCM code. Storage Time
If the input to the ADC is changing while it is performing Aperture
20 the conversion, _______ results. Distortion
_________ theorem establishes the minimum sampling Nyquist
21 rate (fs) that can be used for a given PCM system. Sampling
The binary codes used for PCM are _________, where n
22 may be any positive integer greater than 1. N-Bit Codes
Most Significant
23 The sign bit in a sign-magnitude code. Bit ( MSB )
Is the process of converting an infinite number of
possibilities to a finite number of conditions. Is the
process of rounding off the amplitudes of flat-top
24 samples to a manageable number of levels. Quantization
A type of code where the codes on the bottom half of the
table are a mirror image of the codes on the top half, Folded Binary
25 except for the sign bit. Code
Quantization
Interval or
26 The magnitude difference between adjacent steps. Quantum
If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the highest
quantization interval, ________ (also called peak Overload
27 limiting) occurs. Distortion
Quantization
Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are Error (Qe )
reproduced when the code is converted back to analog Quantization
28 in the receiver. Noise (Qn)
Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the
smallest possible magnitude (other than 0V) that can be
decoded by the digital-to-analog converter in the
29 receiver. Dynamic Ratio
During times when there is no analog input signal, the
only input to the PAM sampler is random, thermal noise
also called as __________, that is converted to a PAM Idle Channel
30 sample just as if it were a signal. Noise
A way to reduce idle channel noise wherein the first
quantization interval is made larger in amplitude than the Midtread
31 rest of the steps. Quantization
32 Is the process of compressing and then expanding. Companding
-Law and A-law
33 Two methods of companding: Companding
Involves compression in the transmitter after the input
sample has been converted to a linear PCM code and Digital
34 then expansion in the receiver prior to PCM decoding. Companding
When digitizing speech signals only, special voice
35 encoders/decoders called _______ are often used Vacoders
A _________ coder extracts the most significant portions
of speech information directly from the time waveform
rather than from the frequency spectrum as with the Linear
36 channel and formant vocoders. Predictive
_________ modulation uses a single-bit PCM code to
37 achieve digital transmission of analog signals. Delta
Slope Overload
Two problems associated with delta modulation that do and Granular
38 not occur with conventional PCM. Subdivision
With ________, the difference in the amplitude of two
successive samples is transmitted rather than the actual Differential PCM
39 sample. ( DPCM )
40 The secondary lobes are called __________. Ringing test
_________ causes crosstalk between channels that Inter symbol
occupy adjacent time slots in a time-division-multiplexed interference ( ISI
41 carrier system. )
Special filters called _________ are inserted in the
transmission path to equalize the distortion for all
frequencies, creating uniform transmission medium
42 reducing transmission impairments. Equalizers
A ________ is simply the superposition of a series of
harmonically related sine waves with specific amplitude Pulse
43 and phase relationships. Modulation
The decision levels for the regenerator are represented
44 by Crosshairs
The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing (clock)
recovery circuit and, if excessive, may significantly
degrade the performance of cascaded regenerative
45 sections. Jitter
DIGITAL T-CARRIERS AND

CHAPTER 11 MULTIPLEXING
Item
s Definitions Terms
1 Transmission of information from one or more source To one Multiplexing
or more destination over the same transmission medium
(facility).
2 Unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply constitutes Space-
propagating signals from different sources of different cables Division
that are contained within the same trench. Multiplexing
3 Considered as transmission medium. Trench
4 Form of phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to date QPSK
channels (the I and Q) modulate the same carrier frequency
that has been shifted 90 in phase.
I Channel
5 Modulates a sine wave carrier. Bits
Q Channel
6 Modulates a cosine wave carrier. Bits
Time-Division
Multiplexing;
Frequency-
Division
Multiplexing;
Wavelength-
Division
7 Three most predominant methods of multiplexing signals. Multiplexing
Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same but Time-Division
8 not on the same time. Multiplexing
Most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM digital
9 signals. PCM
Use an 8-kHz sample rate and an eight-bit PCM code,
10 which produces a 64 kbps PCM line speed. DS-O Channel
Simply an electronically controlled digital switch with two
11 inputs and one outputs. Multiplexer
12 One eight-bit PCM code from each channel (16 total bits). TDM Frame
13 Time it takes to transmit one TDM frame. Frame Time
A communications system that uses digital pulses rather Digital Carrier
14 than analog signals to encode information. System
TI or
Specifies a digital carrier system using PCM encoded Transmission
15 analog signals. One
300 Hz to 3000
16 Voice band channel bandwidth. Hz
17 Special conditioned cables. TI Lines
Used to maintain frame and sample synchronization
18 between TDM transmitter & receiver. Framing Bit
Digital
Channel
19 PCM encoders & decoders with a seven-bit magnitude. Banks
Supervision between telephone offices, such as on hook, off
20 hook, dial pulsing, and so forth. Signaling
Signaling
21 Only seven-bit resolution. Frame
Extended
Consist of 24 193 bit frames, totaling 4632 bits, of which 24 Super Frame
22 are framing bits. Format
CRC-6 ( Cyclic
Redundancy
23 Used for an error detection code. Checking )
24 Signaling bit in frame 6. A Bit
25 Signaling bit in frame 12. B Bit
26 Signaling bit in frame 18. C Bit
27 Signaling bit in frame 24. D Bit
Data Service
Digital interface that provides the physical connection to a Unit / Channel
28 digital carrier network. Service Unit
Multiplexers /
Upgrade from one level in the hierarchy to the next higher Demultiplexer
29 level. s
Provides a convenient place to make patchable inter
connects and perform routine maintenance & trouble Digital Cross
30 shooting. Connect
Signal
31 Provides frequency shifting for the master group signals. Processor
32 Low quality video transmission for use between non- Picturephone
dedicated subscribers.
Identify when transitions occur in the data and whether that Three-Bit
33 transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa. Code
34 First bit of the code. Address Bit
Digital Line
35 Converting standard logic levels. Encoding
Involves the transmission of only a single nonzero voltage
36 level. Unipolar
Two nonzero voltages are involved ( a positive voltage for a
logic 1 and an equal-magnitude negative voltage for a logic
37 0 or vice versa). Bipolar
38 Categorize the type of transmission. Duty Cycle
Non-return to
39 Maintained the entire bit time. Zero
40 Less than 100% of the bit time. Return to Zero
Produces a condition in which a receive may lose its
amplitude reference for optimum discrimination between
41 received 1s & 0s. DC Wandering
Popular type of line encoding that produces a strong timing
component for clock recovery and does not cause dc Digital
42 wandering. Biphase
Uses one cycle of a square wave at 0 phase to represent a
logic 1 and one cycle of a square wave at 180 phase to
43 represent a logic 0. Biphase
Used for encoding SMPTE(Society of Motion Picture and
Tele vision Engineers) time-code data for recording on
44 videotapes. Biphase M
Commonly called the Manchester Code and specified in
45 IEEE standard 802.3 for Ethernet local area networks. Biphase L
Forms of delay-modulated codes where a logic 1 condition
produces a transition in the middle of the clock pulse, and a
logic 0 produces no transition at the end of the clock
46 intervals unless followed by another logic 0. Miller Codes
Used for the transmission of PCM-encoded time-division
47 multiplexed digital signals. T Carriers
Filters and shapes the incoming digital signal and raise its
power level so that the regenerator circuit can make a Amplifier /
48 pulse-no pulse decision. Equalizer
Recovery circuit reproduces the cocking information from
the received data and provides the proper timing information
to the regenerator so that samples can be made at the
49 optimum time, minimizing the chance of an error occurring. Timing Clock
A threshold detector that compares the sampled voltage
received to a reference level and determines whether the bit Regenerative
50 is a logic 1 or a logic 0. Repeater
51 Different version of T carriers used in Europe. E-Lines
52 Used for frame alignment pattern and for an alarm channel. Time Slot 0
Added-Digit
Framing
Robbed-digit
framing
Added-
channel
framing
Statistical
framing
Unique-line
53 Digital carrier frame synchronization. code framing
Bit
Interleaving
Word
54 Methods of Interleaving PCM transmissions: Interleaving
Used more often for the transmission of data when they are Statistical
called asynchronous TDM, intelligent TDM, or simply stat Time-Division
55 muxs. Multiplexing
Large-scale integration (LSI) chip designed for use in the
56 telecommunications industry for private branch exchanges. CODEC
Analog
Sampling;
Encoding /
Decoding;
Digital
57 Three functions of codec. Companding
Used to gate the PCM word onto the PCM highway when an Time Slot
58 external buffer is used to drive the line. Strobe Buffer
Data are input and output for a single channel in a short
59 burst. Burst Mode
Variable-Data-
Rate
60 Allows for a flexible data input and output clock frequency. Mode
Data from the PCM highway are clock into the codec on the Shift Register
61 next eight consecutive negative transitions of DCLKR. Mode
Frequency
Multiple sources that originally occupied the same frequency Division
62 spectrum are each converted to a different frequency. Multiplexing
Process is accomplished without synchronization between
63 stations. Stacking
Short Haul;
64 AT&Ts communications network is subdivided into 2: Long Haul
65 Basic building block of the FDM Hierarchy. Message
Channel
Separate signals with different wavelengths in a manner Demultiplexer
similar to the way filters separate electrical signals of s/
66 different frequencies. Splitters
Add / Drop
Multiplexers /
Similar to regular multiplexers and demultiplexers except Demultiplexer
67 they are located at intermediate points in the system. s
Direct signals of a particular wavelength to a specific
destination while not separating all the wavelengths present
68 on the cable. WDM Routers
Enable more efficient utilization of the transmission
capabilities of optical fibers by permitting different WDM
69 wavelengths to be combined and separated. Couplers
Diffraction
Grating ;
Prism ;
70 Three basic types of WDM couplers: Dichroic Filter
Synchronous
Multiplexing system similar to conventional time division Optical
71 multiplexing. Network
72 Has a 51.84-Mbps synchronous frame structure. STS-1
73 Second level of SONET multiplexing. OC-48
METALLIC CABLE TRANSMISSION

CHAPTER 12 MEDIA

Guided
Provides a conduit in which electromagnetic signals are Transmission
1 contained. Media
Unguided
Transmission
2 Emitted then radiated through air or a vacuum. Media
Cable
Used to propagate electromagnetic signals between two Transmission
3 locations in a communications system. Medium
Cable
Most common means of interconnecting devices in local Transmission
4 area networks. Systems
Metallic conductor system used to transfer electrical
energy from one point to another using electrical current Transmission
5 flow. line
longitudinal and
6 Two basic kinds of waves. transverse
7 The rate at which the periodic wave repeats. Frequency
Currents that flow in opposite directions in a balanced Metallic circuit
8 wire pair. currents
Longitudinal
9 Currents that flow in the same direction. currents
Common mode
10 Cancellation of common mode signals. rejection
One wire is at the ground potential, whereas the other is Single-ended or
11 at signal potential. unbalanced
A circuit device used to connect a balanced
12 transmission line to an unbalanced load. balun
Parallel-
conductor
transmission
lines and coaxial
Most common metallic cables used to interconnect data transmission
13 communications systems and computer networks. lines.
Formed by twisting two insulated conductors around
14 each other. Twisted-pair
Unshielded
twisted pair and
Shielded twisted
15 Types of twisted pair. pair
Coupling that takes place when a transmitted signal is
coupled into the received signal at the same end of the Near-end
16 cable. crosstalk
Pair 1:
blue/white stripe
and blue
Pair 2:
orange/white
stripe and
orange
Pair 3:
green/white
stripe
and green
Pair 4:
brown/white
Standard color code specified by the EIA for CAT-5 stripe
17 cable. and brown
18 Woven into a mesh. Braid
Name given to the area between the ceiling and the root
in a single-story building or between the ceiling and the
19 floor of the next higher level in a multi-story building. Plenum
Used for high data transmission rates to reduce losses
20 and isolate transmission path. Coaxial
Refers to the woven stranded mesh that surrounds
21 some types of coaxial cables. Shielding
One layer of foil insulation and one layer of braided
22 shielding. Dual shielded
Rigid air-filled;
23 Types of coaxial cables. solid flexible
Distributed
24 Uniformly distributed throughout the length of the line. parameters
Secondary
25 Transmission characteristics of a transmission line. constants
Surge
26 Impedance seen looking into an infinitely long line. impedance
Expressed the attenuation and the phase shift per unit Propagation
27 length of a transmission line. constants
Ratio of the actual velocity of propagation of an
electromagnetic wave through a given medium to the
28 velocity of propagation through a vacuum. Velocity factor.
Dielectric
29 Relative permittivity of a material. constant
Conductor loss,
radiation loss,
dielectric
heating loss,
coupling loss
30 Several ways in which signal power is lost. and corona
Voltage that propagates from the source toward the
31 load. Incident voltage
Voltage that propagates that propagates from the load Reflected
32 toward the source. voltage
33 Transmission line with no reflected power. Matched line
Unmatched or
34 Incident power returned (reflected) to the source. mismatched line
35 Two travelling waves set up an interference pattern. Standing wave
Ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage or
the maximum current to the minimum current of a Standing-wave
36 standing wave on a transmission line. ratio
Used to match transmission lines to purely resistive Quarter-
loads whose resistance is not equal to the characteristic wavelength
37 impedance of the line. transformers
Time domain
A technique that can be used to locate an impairment in reflectometry
38 a metallic cable (TDR)
39 Return signal. Echo
Simply a flat conductor separated from a ground plane
40 by an insulating di-electric material. Microstrip
Simply a flat conductor sandwiched between two ground
41 planes. Stripline
OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION

CHAPTER 13 MEDIA
Item
s Definitions Terms
Optical
communication
s
1 Uses light as a carrier of information. System
Information-
Electronic communications system is directly proportional carrying
2 to bandwidth. capacity
Bandwidth of an analog communications system as a bandwidth
3 percentage of its carrier frequency. utilization ratio
Device constructed from mirrors and selenium detectors
4 that transmitted sound waves over a beam of light. Photophone
Alexander
5 Experimented with an apparatus called photophone. Graham Bell
Flexible
6 Used extensively in medical field. fiberscope
Laser (light
amplification by
stimulated
emission of
7 Invented in 1960. radiation)
8 Advantages of Optical Fiber cables. 1. wider
bandwidth and
greater
information
Capacity
2.immunity to
crosstalk
3. immunity to
statistic
Interference
4.
environmental
Immunity
5. safety and
convenience
6. lower
transmission
loss
7. security
8. durability and
reliability
9. economics
1. interfacing
cost
2. strength
3. remote
electrical Power
4. optical fiber
cables are more
susceptible to
losses
introduced by
bending the
cable
5. specialized
tools,
equipment, and
9 Disadvantages of Optical Fiber cables. training
Reduces the possibility of the occurrence of a detrimental Stress
10 phenomenon. corrosion
One wire is at the ground potential, whereas the other is at Single-ended or
11 signal potential. unbalanced
12 Protective coating. Buffer jacket
Increases the tensile strength of the overall cable Strength
13 assembly. member
Spontaneous
decay or
Process of decaying from one energy level to another spontaneous
14 energy level. emission
Science of measuring only light waves that are visible to
15 human eye. Photometry
Measures the rate at which electromagnetic waves
16 transfer light energy. Optical power
Prismatic
17 Spectral separation of white light. refraction
Simply the ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in
free space to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a
18 given material. Refractive index
Angle at which the propagating ray strikes the interface Angle of
19 with respect to the normal. incidence
20 Angle formed between the propagating ray and the normal Angle of
after the ray has entered the second medium. refraction
Closely related to acceptance angle and is the figure of
merit commonly used to measure the magnitude of the Numerical
21 acceptance angle. aperture
22 Simply means path. Mode
23 More than one path. Multimode
24 Probably the most important characteristic of the cable. Power loss
1. ultra violet
absorption
2. infrared
absorption
3. ion
Three factors that contribute to the absorption losses in resonance
25 optical fibers: absorption
Radiation
26 Caused mainly by small bends and kinks in the fiber. losses
Caused by excessive pressure and tension and generally Contants-radius
27 occur when fibers are bent during handling or installation. bends
Caused by the difference in the propagation times of light Modal
28 rays that take different path down a fiber. dispersion
A p-n junction made from two different mixtures of the Mojunction
29 same types of atom. structure
Epitaxially
30 Generally constructed of silicon-doped gallium-arsenide. grown
Homojunction LEDs output approximately 500 at a
31 wavelength of 900 nm. Planar diffused
32 Advantages of heterojunction devices over homojunction 1. increase in
devices; current density
generates a
more brilliant
light spot.
2. smaller
emitting area
makes it easier
to couple its
emitted light
into a fiber.
3. small
effective area
has a smaller
capacitance,
which allows
the planar
heterojunction
LED to be used
at a higher
speed.
Depletion-layer photo diode and is probably the most
common device used as a light detector in fiber optic
33 communications system. PIN diode
1. responsivity
2. dark currents
3. transit time
spectral
response
5. light
34 Characteristic of a light detector. sensitivity
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
CHAPTER 14 PROPAGATION
Item
s Definitions Terms
Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called
radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio
1 propagation. Free-space
Electromagnetic
2 Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. wave
The orientation of the electric field vector in respect to
3 the surface of the Earth. Polarization
4 Polarization remains constant Linear Polarization
Horizontal
Polarization and
Vertical
5 Forms of Linear polarization Polarization
Polarization vector rotates 360 as the wave moves one
wave-length through the space and the field strength is Circular
6 equal at all angles of polarization. Polarization
Elliptical
7 Field strength varies with changes in polarization. Polarization
Used to show the relative direction of electromagnetic
8 wave propagation. Rays
Formed when two points of equal phase on rays
9 propagated from the same source are joined together. Wavefront
A single location from which rays propagate equally in
10 all directions. Point source
Invisible force field produced by a magnet, such as a
11 conductor when current is flowing through. Magnetic Field
Strength of a magnetic field (H) produced around a
12 conductor is expressed mathematically as: H = 1/2d
Invisible force fields produced by a difference in voltage
13 potential between two conductors. Electric fields
Electric filed strength (E) is expressed mathematically
14 as: E = q/4d2
Dielectric constant of the material separating the two
15 conductors. Permittivity
16 The permittivity of air or free space is approximately. 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
The rate at which energy passes through a given
17 surface area in free space. Power density
Intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an
18 electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. Field intensity
19 Mathematically power density is expressed as: P = H W/m2
The characteristic impedance of a lossless
transmission medium is equal to the square root of the
ratio of its magnetic permeability to its electric
20 permittivity. Zs = (o/o)1/2
Point source that radiates power at a constant rate
21 uniformly in all directions. Isotropic radiator
Power density is inversely proportional to the square of Inverse Square
22 the distance from the source. Law
23 Propagation medium. Isotropic medium
Waves propagate through free space; they spread out,
24 resulting in a reduction in power density. Attenuation
25 Reduction of Power. Absorption Loss
Reduction in power density with distance is equivalent
26 to a power loss. Wave attenuation
27 Spherical spreading of the wave. Space attenuation
Homogeneous
28 One with uniform properties throughout. medium
Absorption coefficient varies considerably with location,
thus creating a difficult problem for radio systems Inhomogeneous
29 engineers. medium
Refraction,
Reflection,
Diffraction and
30 Optical properties of Radio Waves. Interference
31 Bending of the radio wave path. Refraction
Square root of the dielectric constant and is expressed Refractive index;
32 in: n = (k)
(k) Equivalent dielectric constant relative to free space
33 (vacuum). K = (1- 81N/f2)1/2
34 Boundary between two media with different densities. Plane
Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface at
35 the point of incidence. Normal
36 Angle formed between the incident wave and the Angle of Incidence
normal.
Angle formed between the refracted wave and the Angle of
37 normal. Refraction
Ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in free
space to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a
38 given material. Refractive Index
Perpendicular to the direction of propagation (parallel to
39 the waveform) Density gradient
40 To cast or turn back. Reflect
Reflection
41 Ratio of the reflected to the incident voltage intensities. Coefficient
Power
transmission
42 Portion of the total incident power that is not reflected. Coefficient
Absorption
43 Fraction of power that penetrates medium 2. coefficient
Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is
44 randomly scattered in many directions. Diffuse reflection
Specular (mirror
45 Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface. like) Reflection
Semirough
46 Surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular. surfaces
Semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth
surface whenever the cosine of the angle of incidence
is greater than /8d, where d is the depth of the surface
irregularity and is the wavelength of the incident Rayleigh criterion
47 wave. Cos i > /8d
Modulation or redistribution of energy within a
wavefront when it passes near the edge of an opaque
48 object. Diffraction
Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle,
which allows secondary waves to sneak around the
49 corner of the obstacle. Shadow zone
States that the total voltage intensity at a given point in Linear
50 space is the sum of the individual wave vectors. Superposition
Electromagnetic waves travelling within Earths
51 atmosphere. Terrestrial waves
Terrestrial radio
52 Communications between two or more points on Earth. Communications
53 Used for high-frequency applications. Sky waves
Earth guided electromagnetic wave that travels over
54 the surface of earth. Surface wave
55 Relative Conductivity of Earth Surfaces:
1. Ground waves
require a relatively
transmission
power.
2. Ground waves
are limited to very
low, low and
medium
frequencies.
3. Requiring large
antennas.
4. Ground losses
vary considerably
with surface
material and
56 Disadvantages of surface waves. composition.
1. Given enough
transmit power,
round waves can
be used to
communicate
between any two
locations in the
world.
2. Ground waves
are relatively
unaffected by
changing
atmospheric
57 Advantages of ground wave propagation. conditions.
Travel essentially in a straight line between transmit
58 and receive antennas. Direct waves
Line-of-Sight
(LOS)
59 Space wave propagation with direct waves. Transmission
60 The curvature of Earth presents a horizon to space Radio Horizon
wave propagation.
Occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is
such that electromagnetic waves are trapped between
61 it and Earths surface. Duct propagation
Lowest layer of the ionosphere and is located
approximately between 30 miles and 60 miles (50 km to
62 100 km) above Earths surface. D Layer
Located approximately between 60 miles and 85 miles
63 (100 km to 140 km) above Earths surface. E Layer
64 The upper portion of the E layer. Sporadic E layer
65 Made up of two layers, F 1 and F 2 layers. F Layer
Highest frequency that can be propagated directly
66 upward and still be returned to Earth by the ionosphere. Critical frequency
Maximum vertical angle at which it can be propagated
67 and still be refracted back by the ionosphere. Critical Angle
A measurement technique used to determine the critical Ionospheric
68 frequency. Sounding
Height above the Earths surface from which a refracted
69 wave appears to have been reflected. Virtual Height
Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave
propagation between two specific points on Earths Maximum Usable
70 surface. Frequency (MUF)
MUF = critical
71 Secant law. frequency/cosi
Operating at a frequency of 85% of the MUF provides Optimum Working
72 more reliable communications. Frequency (OWF)
Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky
73 wave at a given frequency will be returned to Earth. Skip distance
The area between where the surface waves are
completely dissipated and the point where the first sky Quiet, or skip,
74 wave returns to Earth. zone
Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky
75 waves to travel higher before being returned to Earth. Ceiling
Define as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic
waves as it propagates in a straight line through a
vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from Free-space path
76 nearby objects. loss
77 Occurs simply because of the inverse square law. Spreading loss
78 Variation in signal loss. Fading
Fade margin
Fm = 30 logD +
To accommodate temporary fading, an additional loss is 10log (6ABf)
79 added to the normal path loss 10log (1-R) 70
CHAPTER 15 ANTENNAS AND WAVEGUIDES

A metallic conductor system capable of radiating and
1 capturing electromagnetic energy Antenna
Couples energy from a transmitter to an antenna or from Transmission
2 antenna to a receiver Lines
A special type of transmission line that consists of a
conducting metallic tube through which high-frequency
3 electromagnetic energy is propagated. Waveguide
Electrical energy that has escaped into free space in the
4 form of transverse electromagnetic waves Radio Waves
The plane parallel to the mutually perpendicular lines of
5 the electric and magnetic fields. Wavefront
Radiation
6 The ratio of radiated to reflected energy. Efficiency
Antenna wherein two conductors are spread out in a Quarter Wave
7 straight line to a total length of one quarter wavelength. Antenna
Vertical
Monopole or
8 Another name for quarter wave antenna. Marconi
9 A half-wave dipole. Hertz Antenna
A special coupling device that can be used to direct the
transmit and receive signals and provide the necessary
10 isolation. Diplexer
A polar diagram or graph representing field strengths or
power densities at various angular positions relative to Radiation
11 an antenna. Pattern
Absolute
Radiation pattern plotted in terms of electric field Radiation
12 strength or power density. Pattern
Radiation pattern plots field strength or power density Relative
13 with respect to the value at a reference Radiation
14 The primary beam of an antenna. Major Lobes
The major lobes that propagates and receive the most
15 energy. Front Lobe
16 Lobes adjacent to the front lobe. Side lobes
17 The secondary beam of an antenna. Minor Lobes
18 Lobes in a direction exactly opposite the front lobe Back Lobe
Front to Back
19 The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe power. Ratio
Front to Side
20 The ratio of the front lobe to a side lobe. Ratio
The line bisecting the major lobe, or pointing from the
center of the antenna in the direction of maximum Line of Shoot or
21 radiation. Point of Shoot
Omni-directional
22 Antenna that radiates energy equally in all directions. Antenna
23 Radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all Isotropic
directions. Radiator
24 The direction in which an antenna is always pointing. Maximum
Radiation
25 It is defined as an equivalent transmits power. It stands EIRP
for Effective Isotropic Radiated Power.
The equivalent power that an isotropic antenna would Effective
have to radiate to achieve the same power density in the Radiated Power
26 chosen direction at a given point as another antenna. (ERP) or (EIRP)
27 The power density in space and the actual power that a Captured Power
receive antenna produces at its output terminals. Density
28 It describe the reception properties of an antenna Capture Area
29 Another name for capture area. Effective Area
The relationship of captured power to the received Directly
power density and the effective capture area of the Proportional
30 received antenna.
31 It refers to the orientation of the electric field radiated Polarization
from the antenna.
The angular separation between the two half-power (- Antenna
3dB) points on the major lobe of an antenna's plane Beamwidth
32 radiation pattern.
33 The frequency range over which antenna operation is Antenna
satisfactory. Bandwidth
34 Another name for antenna input terminal Feedpoint
35 The feedpoint presents an ac load to the transmission Antenna Input
line. Impedance
The simplest type of antenna.
Another names for elementary doublet
Short Dipole,
Elementary Dipole Elementary
36 Hertzian Dipole Doublet
37 Any dipole that is less than one-tenth wavelength Electrically
Short
38 Hertz antenna is name after him and he was the first to Heinrich Hertz
demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic waves.
A single pole antenna one quarter wavelength long,
mounted vertically with the lower end either connected
directly to ground or grounded through the antenna
39 coupling network. Marconi Antenna
40 Main disadvantage of Marconi Antenna. Must be close to
the Ground
41 A technique use to increase the electrical length of an Loading
antenna
A coil added in series with a dipole antenna which
42 effectively increases antenna's electrical length. Loading Coil
43 A loading coil approximately increases the radiation 5 Ohms
resistance of the antenna.
An individual radiator, such as a half or quarter wave
dipole.
Two types of antenna elements
Driven
Parasitic
Two Elements of a single antenna
Two Wire Antenna
44 Folded Dipole Element
45 Its purpose is to increase the directivity and concentrate Array
the radiated power within a smaller geographic area.
46 Elements that are directly connected to the transmission Driven
line and receive power from the source.
Elements are not connected to the transmission line;
they receive energy only through mutual induction with a
47 driven element. Parasitic
48 A parasitic element that is shorter that its associated Director
driven element.
49 Radiation pattern depends on the relative phase of Driven
feeds.
50 The simplest type of antenna arrays. Broadside
Arrays
A widely used antenna commonly uses a folded dipole
as the driven element and named after two Japanese
51 scientists. Yagi Uda
52 Typical directivity of a yagi-uda antenna. 7 dB and 9 dB
53 Formed by placing two dipoles at right angles to each Turnstile
other. Antenna
54 A class of frequency-independent antennas. Log Periodic
A broadband VHF or UHF antenna that is ideally suited
for applications for which radiating circular rather than
horizontal or vertical polarized electromagnetic waves
are required.
Modes of propagation:
Normal
55 Axial Helical Antenna
Antennas having half power beamwidths on the order of
1 or less.
Three important characteristics:
Front-to Back Ratio,
Side-to-Side Coupling Microwave
56 Back-to-Back Coupling Antenna
Antenna that provides extremely high gain and
directivity and are very popular for microwave and
satellite communications link.
Two main part Parabolic
Parabolic Reflector Reflector
57 Feed Mechanism Antenna
58 The effective area in a receiving parabolic antenna and Capture Area
is always less than the actual mouth area.
TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS AND

CHAPTER 16 SIGNALS
Item
s Definitions Terms
Process of conveying information from one place to
1 another. Communications
2 Is a long-distance communications Telecommunications
3 One of the most remarkable devices ever invented. Telephone
Anyone who uses a telephone or a data modem on
a telephone circuit is part of a global Public Telephone
4 communications network. Network
The PTN is comprised of several very large
corporations and hundreds of smaller independent
5 companies jointly. Telco
The telephone system as we know it today began Alexander Graham
as an unlikely collaboration of two men with widely Bell and Thomas A.
6 disparate personalities: Watson
The simplest and most straightforward form of Plain Old Telephone
7 telephone service. Service
Most fundamental component of a telephone Subscriber Loop or
8 circuit. Local Loop
An unshielded twisted-pair transmission line
consisting of two insulated conductors twisted
9 together Local Loop
Comes from the Greek word "tele" meaning from
afar and phone, meaning sound, voice, or voiced
10 sound. Telephone
The first telephone set that combined a transmitter
and receiver into a single handheld unit was Butterstamp
11 introduced in 1878 Telephone
12 Helps prevent the speaker from talking too loudly Sidetone or Talkback
13 The pair of wores connecting. Local Loop
A series of telephone connection interfaces that are
registered with the U.S. Federal Communications RJ or Registered
14 Commission. Jacks
The most common telephone jack in use today and
15 can have up to six conductors. RJ-11
An apparatus that creates an exact likeness of
16 sound waves with an electric current. Telephone Set
Is originally an electromagnetic bell, placed directly
17 across the tip of the ring of the local loop. Ringer Circuit
Alert the destination
18 Purpose of a Ringer. party of incoming calls
19 Sometimes called a Switch Hook. On/Off Hook Circuit
Helps solve an important transmission problem in
20 telephone set design. Equalizers
21 It is the transmitter of the telephone. Microphone
Converts acoustical signals in the form of sound
pressure waves from the caller to electrical signals
22 that are transmitted into the telephone network. Microphone
Enables the subscriber to output signals
23 representing digits. Dialing Circuit
Alerting, Supervising,
Signaling messages can be subdivided further into Controlling, and
24 one or four categories: Addressing
25 Indicate a request for service. Alerting Signals
26 Provide call status information. Supervising Signals
27 Provide information in the form of announcements. Controlling Signals
28 Provide the routing information. Addressing Signals
Is strictly for signaling between a subscriber's
location and the nearest telephone office or
29 message switching center. DTMF
Are used to transfer digits and control signals
30 between switching machines. Multifrequency Tones
Are combinations of two frequencies that fall within
the normal speech bandwidth so they can be
31 propagated over the same circuits as voice. MF Tones
Congestion Tone or
32 Equipment Busy Signal is sometimes. No-Circuit-Available
Occurs whenever the system is overloaded and
more calls are being placed than can be
33 completed. Blocking
Is sent from a central office to a subscriber
34 whenever there is an incoming call. Ringing signal
Telephones that operate without the cords attached
35 to the handset. Cordless Telephones
Relay radio signals and messages from wire line
and cellular telephones to subscribers carrying
36 portable receivers. Paging Transmitters
CHAPTER 17 THE TELEPHONE CIRCUIT
Item
s Definitions Terms
It comprised of two or more facilities, interconnected in
tandem, to provide a transmission path between a
1 source and a destination. Telephone Circuit
2 The information transferred in a telephone circuit Message
The circuit used in transferring information in a
3 telephone circuit. Message Circuit
The network bandwidth for a standard voice-band
4 message channel. 4 kHz
Unused frequency bands located between information
5 signals. Guard Bands
Effective channel bandwidth for a voice-band message
6 signal. 300 Hz to 3000 Hz
The only facility required by all voice-band circuits, as it
is the means by which subscriber locations are Local Subscriber
7 connected to the local telephone company Loop
Two components
found on local
loops:
The primary cause of attenuation and phase distortion Loading Coils
8 on a telephone circuit. Bridge Taps
The largest cable used in a local loop, usually 3600 pair
9 of copper wire placed underground or in conduit. Feeder Cable (F1)
A cross-connect point used to distribute the larger feeder Serving Area
10 cable into smaller distribution cables. Interface
A smaller version of a feeder cable containing less wire Distribution
11 pairs. Cable
Subscriber or
A device that serves as the demarcation point between Standard
local telephone company responsibility and subscriber Network Interface
12 responsibility for telephone service. (SNI)
13 The final length of cable pair that terminates at the SNI. Drop Wire
That portion of the local loop that is strung between
14 poles. Aerial
Distribution
The location where individual cable pairs within a Cable and Drop
distribution cable are separated and extended to the Wire Cross
15 subscriber's location on a drop wire. Connect Point
16 Adding inductors periodically in series with the wire. Loading
17 The inductor in loading technique. Loading Coil
An irregularity frequently found in cables serving
18 subscriber location. Bridge Tap
A loss that allows signals to split and propagation down
19 more than one wire introduced by bridge taps. Bridging Loss
Weighting network introduced by AT & T to accomplish C-Message
20 equal magnitude of noise signals. Weighting
The most annoying frequency to human (i.e. the best
21 frequency response). 1000 Hz
The basic yardstick used for making power
22 measurements in communications. Decibel (dB)
The optimum level of a test tone on a channel at some Transmission
point in a communications system. It is used for voice Level Point
23 circuits. (TLP)
The ratio in dB of the power of a signal at that point to Transmission
the power the same signal would be at 0 dBm Level
24 transmission level point. (TL)
25 The reference for TLP. 0 dBm
A parameter equivalent to TLP except it is used as a Data Level Pint
26 reference for data transmission. (DLP)
27 dBm reference to a zero transmission level point. dBmO
reference noise
28 dB reference value for noise reading. (rn)
dB level of noise with respect to reference noise (- 90
29 dBm). dBrn
Similar to dBrn except it is the dB value of noise with
30 respect to reference noise using C-message weighting dBrnc
Noise readings taken with a filter that has a flat
31 frequency response from 30 Hz to 3 kHz dBrn 3 kHz Flat
32 The amount of noise in dBrnc corrected to a 0 TLP dBrncO
Identify when transitions occur in the data and whether
33 that transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa. Three-Bit Code
Transmission parameters which include terminal
impedance, in band and out of band signal power, test Interface
34 signal power and ground isolation. Parameters
Transmission parameters which includes noise
measurements, frequency distortion, phase distortion, Facility
35 amplitude distortion and non linear distortion. Parameters
The difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular
frequency with respect to the circuit gain of a reference
frequency.
Another names attenuation distortion:
Frequency Response,
Differential Gain Attenuation
36 1004-Hz Deviation Distortion
An indirect method of evaluating the phase delay Envelope Delay
37 characteristics of a circuit. Distortion
38 It satisfies the minimum line conditioning requirements Basic Voice-Band
Channel
Basic 3002
39 Another name for basic voice-band. Channel
Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion
and envelope delay distortion.
Classifications of C-type:
C1
C2
C3
C4 C-type
40 C5 Conditioning
Classification of C-type conditioning pertains to two point
41 and multi point circuits. C1 and C2
C-type conditioning used for access lines and trunk
42 circuits associated with private switched networks. C3
C-type conditioning pertains to two point and multi point
43 circuits with a maximum of four stations C4
44 C-type conditioning pertains to two point circuits only C5
A relatively low-capacity switching machine where the Private Branch
subscribers are generally limited to stations within the Exchange
45 same building or building complex. (PBX)
The frequency response of a transmission medium Attenuation
46 referenced to 1004 Hz test tone. Distortion
Linear Phase vs.
47 A requirement for error free data transmission. Frequency
The difference in phase shifts with respect to frequency
that signals experience as they propagate through a
48 transmission medium. Delay Distortion
The time delay encountered by a signal as it propagates
49 from source to a destination. Propagation Time
50 The delay measured in angular units. Phase Delay
The actual time required for a particular frequency to
propagate from a source to a destination through a Absolute Phase
51 communications channel. Delay
The time required to propagate a change in an AM
52 envelope through a transmission medium. Envelope Delay
Envelope Delay
53 The phase difference at the different carrier frequencies. Distortion
It sets the minimum requirements for signal to noise ratio D-Type Line
54 and nonlinear distortion. Conditioning
The data transmission rate when D type conditioning is
55 mandatory. 9600 bps
56 Telephone industry standard test tone frequency 1004 Hz
Measurement that determine the average weighted rms C-message Noise
57 noise power. Measurement
A communications term that indicates the presence of a
signal power comparable to the power of an actual
58 message transmission. Loaded
Characterized by high amplitude peaks of short duration
59 having an approximate flat frequency spectrum Impulse Noise
A sudden, random change in the gain of a circuit
60 resulting in a temporary change in the signal level. Gain Hit
A decrease in circuit gain of more than 12 dB lasting
61 longer than 4 ms. Dropout
62 A sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal. Phase Hits (Slips)
A form of incidental phase modulation a continuous,
63 uncontrolled variation in the zero crossings of a signal. Phase Jitter
The presence of one or more continuous, unwanted Single Frequency
64 tones within a message channel. Interference
65 Unwanted tones within a message channel. Spurious Tones
The frequency of the signal changes during
66 transmission. Frequency Shift
It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received
carrier is not reinserted with the exact phase relationship Phase Intercept
67 to the received signal as the transmit carrier possessed. Distortion
It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received
carrier is not reinserted with the exact phase relationship Phase Intercept
68 to the received signal as the transmit carrier possessed. Distortion
69 A four wire circuit an interface. Hybrid Set
70 Another name for hybrid set. Terminating Set
Any disturbance created in a communications channel
71 by signals in other communications channels. Crosstalk
Annoying and objectionable because the listener senses Intelligible
72 a real or fancied loss of privacy crosstalk
It does not violate privacy, although it can still be Unintelligible
73 annoying. crosstalk
A direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog Nonlinear
74 communications system. Crosstalk
Electromagnetic coupling between two or more Coupling
75 physically isolated transmission media. Crosstalk
Interference caused by inadequate control of the transfer Transmittance
76 characteristics or transmittance of networks. Crosstalk
CHAPTER 18 THE PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK
Item
s Definitions Terms
It uses the largest computer network in the world to
interconnect millions of subscribers in such a way that Public Telephone
1 the myriad of companies function as a single entity. Network (PTN)
Identifies and connects the subscribers to a suitable
2 transmission path. Switching
Supply and interpret control and supervisory signals
3 needed to perform the operation. Signaling
Service
4 The public telephone companies. Providers
Equipment and facilities that are available to all public Common Usage
5 subscribers to the network. Equipment
Another name for Public Switched Telephone Network
6 (PSTN). Dial-Up Network
The transmittal of digital information between two pieces Data
7 of digital equipment. Transmission
Any device used to originate and terminate calls and to
transmit and receive signals into and out of the telephone
8 network. Instrument
Station
9 The instrument is often referred. Equipment
10 The location of the equipment. Station
11 The operator or user of the instrument. Subscriber
The dedicated cable facility used to connect an
instrument at a subscriber's station to the closest
12 telephone office. Local Loop
Similar to local loop except trunk circuits are used to
13 interconnect two telephone offices. Trunk Circuits
The dedicated cable facility used to connect an
instrument at a subscriber's station to the closest
14 telephone office. Local Loop
Similar to local loop except trunk circuits are used to
15 interconnect two telephone offices. Trunk Circuits
A central location where subscribers are interconnected,
16 either temporarily or on permanent basis. Exchange
Programmable matrices that provide temporary signal Switching
17 paths between two subscribers. Machines
18 Exchanges connected directly to local loops. Local Exchanges
The first commercial telephone switchboard began
19 operation New Haven, Connecticut. January 28, 1878
20 The first local telephone exchanges. Switchboards
A system of sensors, switches, and other electrical and
electronic devices that allows subscribers to give Automated
instructions directly to the switch without having to go Switching
21 through an operator. System
Allowed subscribers to manually dial the telephone Mechanical
22 number of the party they wished to call. Dialer
23 Commonly called for stepper or step-by-step (SXS). Strowger Switch
24 Simply the path over which voice, data, or video signals Circuit
propagate.
A programmable matrix that allows circuits to be
25 connected tom one another. Circuit Switch
26 Telephone call completed within a single local exchange. Intraoffice Call
Telephone calls placed between two stations that are
27 connected to different local exchanges. Interoffice calls
28 Another name for interoffice calls. Interswitch Calls
Telephone switching machines in local exchanges are Trunks or
29 connected to other local exchange office. Interoffice Trunk
It is used to interconnect local offices that do not have
interoffice trunks directly between them. An exchange
30 without any local loops connected to it. Tandem Office
31 Switches that interconnect local offices only. Tandem
Tandem Trunk or
Intermediate
32 Trunk circuits that terminates in tandem switches. Trunk
Interstate long distance telephone calls require a special
33 telephone office. Toll Office
North American
Telephone
Provides telephone numbering system for the United Numbering Plan
34 States, Mexico and Canada. (NANP)
It allows many subscriber to share a limited number of
35 lines to a central office switch. Concentrator
A path between two subscribers and is comprised of one
or more switches, two local loops; and possibly one or
36 more trunk circuits. Route
A call that call cannot be completed because the
necessary trunk circuits or switching paths are not
available, the calling party receives an equipment busy
37 signal. Blocking
A local exchange where subscriber loops terminated and Class 5 End
38 received dial tone. Switching Office
Class 4 office having only outward and inward calling Class 4P
39 service. Switching Office
Class 4 office provided human operators for both outward
40 and inward calling service. Class 4C
Switching office that provide service to small groups of Class 3 Primary
41 class 4 offices within a small area of a state. Center
Sectional centers that could provide service to
geographical regions varying in size from part of a state
42 to all of several states. Class 2 Sectional
Regional centers were the highest ranking office in the
DDD network in terms of the size of the geographical are Class 1 Regional
43 served and the trunking options available. Center
Toll trunks in tandem, excluding the two terminating links Intermediate
44 at the ends of the connection. Links
Common
Channel
Signaling
A global standard for telecommunications defined by the System No. 7
45 ITU. (SS7 or C7)
Refers to the exchange of information between call
46 components required to provide and maintain service. Signaling
An architecture for performing out of band signaling in
47 support of common telephone system functions. SS7
Point of
Long distance access is now accomplished through an Presence
48 access point. (POP)
A telecommunications term that describes the legal
boundaries for the responsibility of maintaining
49 equipment and transmission lines. POP
Provide access to the SS7 network, access to databases
50 used by switches inside and outside the network. Signaling Points
Codes that are carried in signaling messages exchanged
between signaling points to identify the source and
51 destination of each messages. Point Codes
Local telephone switches equipped with SS7 compatible Service
52 software and terminating signal links Switching Points
Signal Transfer
53 The packet switches of the SS7 network. Points
It serves as an interface to telephone company Service Control
54 databases. Points
Signal Control
55 Another name for service control points. Points
56 Provides access from one level of the protocol to another. Primitive
CHAPTER 19 CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS
Item Definitions Terms

s
The term for mobile telephone services which began in Mobile Telephone
1940s and are sometimes called Manual telephone Manual System
1 systems. (MTSs)
2 The frequency used by MTSs. 35 MHz-45MHz
3 Switch that was used by MTS to activate the Push-to-Talk
transceiver. (PTT)
It was introduced in 1964 which used several carrier Improved Mobile
frequencies and could, therefore, handle several Telephone System
4 simultaneous mobile conversations at the same time. (IMTS)
The term suggested any radio transmitter, receiver, or
5 transceiver that could be moved while operation. Mobile
The term that described a relatively small radio unit that
was handled, battery powered, and easily carried by a
6 person moving at walking speed. Portable
It is similar to two-way mobile radio in that most
communications occurs between base stations and
7 mobile units. Cellular Telephone
It operates on half duplex and use PTT transceivers.
Examples of two-way radio:
Citizens Band (CB)
8 Public land mobile radio Two-Way Radio
A one to one system that permits two-way simultaneous
transmissions and operates the same way as the
9 standard wire line telephone service. Mobile Telephone
Hinted of a cellular telephone scheme that he referred
to as simply a small-zone radio telephone system in the
10 July 28, 1945. E.K. Jett
On June 17, 1946, they introduced the first American AT&T and
commercial mobile radio-telephone service to private Southwestern Bell
11 customers.
12 A radio telephone service introduced by AT&T in 1947. Highway Service.
Unveiled the most famous mobile telephone to date: the
fully mobile shoe phone in 1966 in a television show
13 called Get Smart. Don Adams
The year when FCC granted AT&T the first license to
operate a developmental cellular telephone service in
14 Chicago. 1975
15 A satellite-based wireless personal communications Iridium
satellite (PCSS)
16 Another term for cellular telephone. Cellular Radio
17 A large geographic market area. Coverage zone
18 It is employed to increase the capacity of a mobile Frequency Reuse
telephone channel.
The shape that was used because it provides the most
effective transmission by approximating a circular
pattern while eliminating the gaps present between
19 adjacent circles. Honeycomb
20 Large cells that typically has 1 mile and 15 miles radius Macrocells
with base station transmit power 1W and 6 W.
The smallest cells that typically has radius of 1500 feet
or less with base station transmit powers between 0.1
21 W and 1 W. Microcells
22 The process in which the same set of frequencies can Frequency Reuse
be allocated to more than one cell, provided the cells
are separated by sufficient distance.
A geographic cellular radio coverage area containing
23 three groups of cells. cluster
24 Typically equal to 3,7, or 12. Cluster size
The process of finding the tier with the nearest co-
25 channel cells. First Tier
26 Two cells using the same set of frequencies. Co-channel cells
The interference between the co-channels cells.
Adding radio channels to a system:
Decreasing the transmit power per cell
making cells smaller Co-channel
27 filling vacated coverage areas with new cells Interference
The ratio of the
cell radius and
distance from the
The ratio of the cell radius and distance from the nearest co-
28 nearest co-channel cell channel cell
29 Channel next to one another in the frequency domain. Adjacent Channel
It results from imperfect filters in receivers that allow Adjacent-Channel
30 nearby frequencies to enter the receiver. Interference
Most prevalent when a mobile unit is receiving a weak
31 signal from the base station. Near-Far Effect
The area of a cell, or independent component coverage
areas of cellular system is further subdivided thus
32 creating more areas. Cell Spliting
Occurs when number of the number of subscriber
wishing to place a call at any given time equals the Maximum Traffic
33 number of channels in the cell. Load
A condition occurs when a new call is initiated in an
34 area where all the channels are in use. Blocking
Smaller areas when a single omnidirectional antenna is
replaced by several directional antennas, each radiating
35 within smaller area. Sectors
36 Using directional antennas. Sectoring
37 Placing two receive antennas one above the other. Space Diversity
A means of avoiding full-cell splitting where the entire
area would otherwise need to be segmented into
38 smaller cells. Dualization
A means of avoiding co-channel interference, although
it lowers the capacity of a cell by enabling reuse inside
39 the reuse distance which is normally prohibited. Segmentation
The locations of radio-frequency transceivers. It serves
40 are central control for all users within that cell. Base Stations
Cell-Site
41 It handles all cell-site control and switching functions. Controller
Occurs when a mobile unit moves from one cell to
42 another companys service. Roaming
It controls channel assignment, call processing, call
setup and call termination.
Different Names:
Electric Mobile Exchange (EMX)- Bell Lab.
AEX- Ericcson
NEAX-NEC
Switching Mobile Center (SMC) Mobile Telephone
Master Mobile Center (MMC)-Novatel Switching Office
43 Mobile Switching Center- PCS networks (MTSO)
The transfer of a mobile unit from one base stations
control to another base stations control.
Four stages:
Initiation
Resource reservation
execution Handoff
44 completion (Handover)
45 A connection that is momentarily broken during the cell- Hard Handoff
to-cell transfer. It is a break before-make process.
46 A flawless hand off with no perceivable interruption of Soft Handoff
service.
47 It is used by computers that is based on variations in Handoff Decision
signal strength and signal quality.
Either the mobile unit or the network determines the
need for a handoff and initiates the necessary network
48 procedures. Initiation
49 Appropriate network procedures reserve the resources Resources
needed to support the handoff. Reservation
50 The actual transfer of control from one base station to Execution
another base station takes place.
51 Execution Unnecessary network resources are Completion
relinquish and made available to other mobile units.
52 Roaming from one companys calling area into another Interoperator
companys calling area. Roaming
Stands for Electronics Industries
Association/Telecommunications Industry Association,
53 developed the IS-41 Protocol. EIA/TIA
It aligns with a subprotocol of the SS7 protocol stack
that facilitates communications among database other
54 network entities. IS-41
55 Stands for Cellular Telecommunication Industry CITA
Association.
56 The process where a mobile unit notifies a serving Autonomous
MTSO of its presence and location through a base Registration
station controller.
Components of Cellular Telephone System:
Electronic switching center
a Cell-site controller
radio transceiver
system interconnections
mobile telephone units
common communications protocol
A digital telephone exchange located in the MTSO that Electronic
57 is the heart of a cellular telephone system. Switching Center
58 A datalink protocol at a transmission rate of 9.6 kbps. X.25
Base Station
59 Another name for cell-site controller. Controller
It manages each of the radio channels at each site
supervises calls, turns the radio transmitter and receiver
on and off, injects data onto the control and voice
channels, and performs diagnostic tests in the cell-site Cell-site
60 equipment. Controller
61 Stands for Base transceiver station. BTS
A part of base station subsystem that can be either
narrowband FM analog system or either PSK or QAM
62 for digital systems with effective audio frequency. Radio Transceiver
63 The radio receiver that detects the strongest signal. Receiver Diversity
It governs the way telephone calls are established and
disconnected.
Examples of Protocol:
IS-54
IS-136.2 Communications
64 IS-95 Protocol
The actual voice channel where mobile users
communicate directly with either mobile or wireline
65 subscribers through a base station. User Channel
It is used for transferring control and diagnostic
information between mobile users and a central cellular
telephone switch through a base station.
Transmit on base station:
forward control channel
forward voice channel
Receive on base stations:
reverse control channel
reverse voice channel
Types of calls:
Mobile to wireline
mobile to mobile
66 wireline to mobile
CHAPTER 20 CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Item
s Definitions Terms
1 Stands for Standard Cellular Telephone Service CTS
2 An acronym for Personal Communications System. PCS
3 Stands for Personal Communications Satellite System. PCSS
4 An acronym for Advanced Mobile Telephone System. AMPS
Bell Telephone
5 Proposed the cellular telephone concept in 1971. Laboratories
A standard cellular telephone service (CTS) initially
6 placed into operation on Oct. 13, 1983. AMPS
It was used by AMPS cellular telephones with a usable Narrowband
audio-frequency band from 300 Hz to 3 KHz and a Frequency
maximum frequency deviation of + 12 KHz for 100% Modulation
7 modulation. (NBFM)
8 Correspond to an approximate bandwidth of 30 KHz. Carsons Rule
A transmission with simultaneous transmission in both Full Duplex (FDX)
9 directions. or Duplexing
Frequency-
It is used in AMPS and occurs when two distinct division
10 frequency bands are provided to each user. Duplexing
A special device used in each mobile unit to allow
simultaneous transmission and reception on duplex
11 channels. Duplexer
12 Transmissions from base station to mobile units. Forward Links
13 Transmissions from mobile units to base stations. Reverse Links
14 Another name for forward links. Down Links
15 Another term for reverse link. Uplink
Additional frequencies of 10 MHz to the original40 MHz
band which increased the number of simplex channels Expanded
16 by 166 for a total of 832 (416 Full duplex). Spectrum
Cellular
Geographic
Serving Areas
17 Specified frequencies in a small geographic area. (CGSA)
Standard
Metropolitan
18 Defines geographic areas used by marketing agencies. Statistical Area
Frequency
A technique used by standard telephone subscriber to Division
19 access the AMPS system. Multiple Access
20 A 34 bit binary code which in the U.S. represents the Mobile
standard 10-digit telephone number. Identification
Number (MIN)
Electronic Serial
A 34 bit binary code permanently assigned to each Number
21 mobile unit. (ESN)
22 Stands for Vehicle Identification Number. VIN
23 An acronym for Network Interface Card. NIC
A four bit code which indicates whether the terminal Station Class Mark
24 has access to all 832 AMPS channel or only 666. (SCM)
A 15 bit binary code used by FCC to an operating System Identifier
25 company when it issues it a license To provide AMPS (SID)
It is one of the three analog frequencies (5970 Hz,
6000 Hz, or 6030 Hz) that helps mobile system Supervisory Audio
distinguish one base station from a neighboring base Tone
26 station. (SAT)
One of four binary codes, also helps mobile system
distinguish one base station from a neighboring base Digital Color Code
27 station. (DCC)
One set of channels dedicated for exchanging control
28 information between mobile units and base stations. Control Channels
Also termed as Voice channel, used for propagating
29 actual voice conversations or subscriber data. User Channel
Setup or Paging
30 Another name of control channels. Channel
31 Sometimes called as Camped. Locked
32 A sequence of alternating 1s and 0s. Dotting Scheme
A unique sequence of 1s and 0s that enables the Synchronization
33 receiver to instantly acquire synchronization. Word
It controls or command mobile units to do a particular
task when the mobile unit has not been assigned a Mobile Station
34 voice channel. Control Messages
It is used to indicate the current status of the reverse
35 control channel. Busy-idle Bits
It contains the following:
System parameter overhead messages
global action overhead messages
control filter messages
Typical mobile-unit control messages:
Initial voice channel designation messages
directed retry messages
alert messages
36 change power messages Overhead Message
37 Transmitted at a 10-kbps rate. Control Data
Control data includes:
page responses
access request
registration requests
38 Transmission of voice. Blank
39 Data transmission. Burst
The entity of SS7 interoffice protocol that distinguishes
the physical components of the switching network.
Switching Network:
Signal Service Point
Signal Control Point
40 Signal Transfer Point Intelligent Network
A family of mobile or portable radio communications
services which provides services to the individuals and
business and is integrated with a variety of competing
networks.
Differences in PCS and cellular telephone system: Personal
Smaller Size Communications
all digital System
41 additional features (PCS)
42 Acronym for Personal Communications Network. PCN
It is assigned to everyone which is stored the on the Personal
43 SS7 network. Telephone Number
Artificial
Intelligence
It determines where and how the call should be Network
44 directed. (AIN)
A database that stores information about the user, Home Location
including home subscription information and what Register
45 supplementary services the user is subscribed to. (HLR)
Equipment
A database that stores information pertaining to the Identification
identification and type of equipment that exists in the Registry
46 mobile unit. (EIR)
It allows all calls to pass through the network to the
subscriber except for a minimal number of telephone
47 numbers that can be blocked. Available Mode
48 The PCS equivalent of caller ID. Screen Mode
All calls except those specified by the subscriber are
automatically forwarded to a forwarding destination
49 without ringing the subscribers handset. Private Mode
50 No calls are allowed to pass through to the subscriber. Unavailable Mode
51 PCS operating in the 1900 MHz range. PCS 1900
Interference avoidance scheme which uses voice
companding to provide synthetic voice channel
52 quieting. Interference (MRI)
A narrowband AMPS system that increased the
53 capacity of the AMPS system in large cellular market. N-AMPS
It is developed with the intent of supporting a higher
user density within a fixed bandwidth frequency United States
54 spectrum. Digital Cellular
55 Cellular telephone systems that use digital modulation. Digital cellular
Allows one mobile unit to use a channel at the same Time-division
time by further dividing transmissions within each Multiple Accessing
56 cellular channel. (TDMA)
A database that stores information about subscriber in Visitor Location
a particular MTSO serving area, such as whether the Register
57 unit is on or off (VLR)
Technique used that allows more mobile-unit
subscribers to use a system at virtually the same time Time-Sharing
58 within a given geographical area. Channels
It stands for Electronics Industries Association and
59 Telecommunications Industry Association. EIA/TIA
It specifies that a mobile station complying with the IS-
54 standard must be capable of operating in either the
analog AMPS or the digital (USDC) mode for voice
60 transmissions. Dual Mode
It is often called North American Time Division Multiple
61 Accessing. IS-136.2
It was introduced to provide PSK rather than FSK on
dedicated USDC control channels to increase the
control data rates and provide additional specialized
services such as paging and short messaging between
62 private mobile user groups. IS-54 Rev.C
Allows for brief paging-type messages and Short e-mail
messages that can be read on the mobile phones Short Message
63 display and entered using the keypad. Service
It was developed to provide a host of new features and
services, positioning itself in a competitive within the
64 newer PCS systems. IS-136
It is used by mobile units to request access to the Random Access
cellular telephone system. It is a unidirectional channel Channel
65 specified for transmissions from mobile-base units only. (RACH)
SMS point-to-point
Paging and access
It is used to transmit information from base stations to response Channel
66 specific mobile stations. (SPACH)
67 It is dedicated to delivering pages and orders. Paging Channel
It transmit : (PCH)
paging messages
message-waiting messages
user alerting messages
call history count updates
shared secret data updates
A logical subchannel of SPACH used to carry Access Response
assignments to another resource or other responses to Channel
68 the mobile stations access attempt. (ARCH)
It is used to deliver short point-to-point messages to a SMS Channel
69 specific mobile station. (SMSCH)
It refers to : F-BCCH, E-BCCH and S-BCCH logical sub Channel
70 channels. (BCCH)
Fast Broadcasts
Broadcasts digital control channel structure Control channel
71 parameters. (F-BBCH)
Extended
Broadcasts
Carries less critical broadcast information than FBCCH Control Channel
72 intended for mobile units. (E-BBCH)
SMS Broadcasts
Individual mobile units. A logical channels used for Control Channel
73 sending short messages. (F-BBCH)
74 Stands for Digital speech interpolation. DSI
Digital Traffic
Carries digital voice information and consists of RDTC Channel
75 and FDTC. (DTC)
Coded Digital
It consists of an eight bit digital voice color code Verification
76 number between 1 and 255 appended with four Color Code
77 Mobile-assisted handoff. MAHO
A blank-and burst type of transmission that replaces Fast Associated
digitized speech information with control and Control Channel
78 supervision messages with in a subscribers time slot. (FACCH)
Vector sum exciter
linear predictive
79 A special speech coder. (VSLP)
Digital Signal
A special microprocessor that is implemented on the Processor
80 telephone handset. (DSP)
They are transmitted when a mobile unit begins
81 operating in a larger diameter cell. Shortened Burst
An access method used with standard analog AMPS
which use frequency channelization approach to
82 frequency spectrum management. FDMA
It allows users to differentiate from one another by a Code Division
unique code rather than a frequency or time Multiple Accessing
83 assignment. (CDMA)
Stands for Qualcom 9600bps Code-Excited Linear
84 Predictive coder. QCELP
The concept is to break the message into fixed sized
blocks of data with each block transmitted in sequence Frequency
85 except on a different carrier. Hopping
high bit pseudorandom code is added to a low-bit rate
information signal to generate a high bit rate
pseudorandom signal closely resembling noise that
contains both the original data signal and the pseudo
86 random code must be known. Direct-Sequence
It is a study group which is sometimes referred to as
Pan-European cellular system. This is now known as
the Global System for Mobile Communications.
Classification of GSM telephone services:
Bearer Services
teleservices
supplementary services
Three primary subsystem of GSM:
Base Station Subsystem Groupe Special
Network Switching Subsystem Mobile
87 Operational Support Subsystem (GSM)
Integrated
Services Digital
Network
88 All-digital data Network. (ISDN)
Sometimes known as radio subsystem, provides and Base Station
manages radio frequency transmission paths between Subsystem
89 mobile units and the mobile switching center (MSC) (BSS)
It manages switching functions for the system and Network Switching
allows MSCs to communicate with other telephone Subsystem
90 networks. (NSS)
Absolute Radio-
Frequency
The available forward and reverse frequency bands are Channel Numbers
91 subdivided into 200 KHz wide voice channels. (ARFCN)
It provides the vehicle for a new generation of wireless Mobile Satellite
telephone services called Personal Communications Systems
92 Satellite System (PCSS). (MSS)
93 It uses low earth-orbit (LEO) and medium earth orbit Personal
and MEO thar communicates directly with small, low- Communications
powered mobile telephone units. Satellite System
key providers in PCSS market: PCSS)
American Mobile Satellite Communications (AMSC)
Celsat
Comsat
Constellation Communications (ARIES)
Ellipsat (Ellipso)
INMARSAT
LEOSAT
Loral/qualcomm (global star)
TMI communications
TWR (Odysse)
Iridium LLC
An international consortium owned by a host of
94 prominent companies, agencies and governments. Iridium LC
The largest commercial venture undertaken in the
95 history of the world. Iridium Project
A satellite based wireless personal communications
network designed to permit a wide range of mobile
telephone services, including voice, data, networking,
96 facsimile and paging. Iridium
FCC issued a report and order Dockett # 92-166
defining L band frequency sharing for subscriber units
97 in the 1616 MHZ to 1626.5 MHz band. October 14, 1994
1.616 GHz to
98 L-band subscriber-to-satellite voice links. 1.6265 GHz
19.4 GHz to 19.6
99 Ka-band gateway downlinks. GHz
29.1 GHz to 29.3
100 Ka-band gateway uplinks GHz
23.18 GHz to 23.38
101 Ka-intersatellite cross-links GHz
INTRODUCTION TO DATA
CHAPTER 21 COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING
Item
s Definitions Terms
1 Information that is stored in digital form. Data
Information that has been processed
organized and stored.
2 Knowledge or intelligence. Information
The transmission, reception, and processing
3 of digital information. Data Communications
It is to transfer digital information from one Data Communications
4 place to another. Circuit
A set of devices interconnected by media
5 links. Network
Systems of interrelated computers and Data Communications
computer equipment and can be as simple Networks
as a personal computer connected together
6 through the PTN.
7 Automatic teller machine ATM
When was one of the earliest means of
communicating electrically coded information
8 occurred? 1753
In 1833, he developed an unusual system
based on a five-by-five matrix representing
25 letters. The idea was to send message
9 over a single wire. Carl Friedrich Gauss
The first successful data communications
10 that was invented in 1832. Dots and Dashes. Telegraph
He invented the first practical data
communications code which is called Morse
11 Code. Samuel F.B. Morse
Allegedly invented the first telegraph in 1. Sir Charles Wheatstone
12 England. 2. Sir William Cooke
In 1874, he invented the telegraph
multiplexer which Emile allowed up to six
different telegraph machines to be
transmitted simultaneously over a single
13 wire. Emile Baudot
It was invented in 1875 by Alexander
14 Graham Bell. Telephone
He succeeded in sending radio telegraph
15 messages. Guglielmo Marconi
The only means of sending information
16 across large spans of water until 1920. Telegraph
A German engineer, demonstrated a
computing machine sometime in the late
17 1930s. Konrad Zuis
Developed the ENIAC computer on Feb. 14, J. Presper Eckert
18 1946 John Mauchley
19 A technique that process one job at a time. Batch Processing
Built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corp., was
20 the First mass-produced electronic computer. UNIVAC Computer
A public data communications network used
by millions of people all over the world to
21 exchange business and personal information. Internet
Private data communications networks used
by many companies to exchange information
22 among employees and resources. Intranet
Any system of computers, computer
terminals or computer peripheral equipment
used to transmit and receive information Data Communications
23 between two or more locations. Network
24 A set of equipment, transmission media and Network Architecture
procedures that ensures that a specific
sequence of events occurs in a network in
the proper order to produce the intended
results.
Messages are intended for all subscribers on
25 the network. Broadcasting
Messages are intended for a specific group
26 of subscribers. Multicasting
Defines the procedures that the systems
involved in the communications process will
27 use. Protocols
Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange
of data within the network or a portion of the Data Communications
28 network. Protocols
29 The list of the protocols used by a system. Protocol Stack
Layered Network
30 It consists of two or more independent levels. Architecture
A logical connection is established between
the endpoints prior to the transmission of Connection Oriented or
31 data. Connectionless
They are designed to provide a high degree
of reliability for data moving through the Connection-Oriented
32 network. Protocol
A connection process that occurs between
two stations before any data are actually
transmitted.
Another terms:
Sessions
Virtual circuits
33 logical connections Handshake
It refers to the structure or format of the data
within the message, which includes the
34 sequence in which the data are sent. Syntax
Guidelines that have been generally
accepted by the data communications
industry.
Types of standards:
Proprietary system -open Data Communications
35 open system Standards
Generally controlled and manufactured by
36 one company. Proprietary Standard
The international organization for International Standards
37 standardization on a wide range of subjects. Organization (ISO)
38 The member of ISO from the United States. American National Standard
Institute
(ANSI)
It is formerly CCITT, one of four permanent International
39 parts is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Telecommunications Union
Modem interfaces and data transmission
40 over the telephone lines. V series
Data transmission over public digital
41 Network, e-mail and directory services. X series
An international professional organization
founded in the United States and is Institute of Electrical &
comprised of electronics, computer and IEEE)and Electronics
42 communications engineers. Engineers
A non-profit U.S. trade association that Electronics Industry
establishes and recommends industrial Association
43 standards. (EIA)
The leading trade association in the
communications and information technology Telecommunications
44 industry. Industry Association
Advanced Research
The research arm of the Department of Projects Agency
45 Defense in 1957. (ARPA)
A large international community of network
designers, operators, vendors and
researches concerned with the evolution of Internet Engineering Task
the internet architecture and the smooth Force
46 operation of the internet. (IETF)
It promotes research of importance to the
evolution of the future Internet by creating
focused, long term and small research Internet Research Task
groups working on topics related to internet Force
47 protocols. (IRTF)
Protocol data Unit
48 A unit of data. (PDU)
The process of adding and removing the Encapsulation/Decapsulatio
49 PDU information. n
It means to place in a capsule or other
50 protected environment. Encapsulate
It means to remove from a capsule or other
51 protected environment. Decapsulate
Service Access Point
52 Defines which entity the service is intended. (SAP)
53 The name for the set of standards for Open Systems
communicating among computers Interconnection
Seven OSI layers: (OSI)
application
presentation
session
transport
network
data link
physical
Responsible for the actual propagation of
unstructured data bits through a transmission
54 medium. Physical Layer
Responsible for providing error-free
communications across the physical link
connecting primary and secondary stations
55 within a network. Data Link Layer
Provides details that enable data to be routed
between devices in an environment using
56 multiple networks, subnetwork, or both. Network Layer
Controls and ensures the end-to-end integrity
of the data message propagated through the
network between two devices, which
provides reliable, transparent transfer of data
57 between two endpoints. Transport Layer
58 Responsible for network availability. Session Layer
Provides independence to the application
processes by addressing any code or syntax
conversion necessary to present the data to
the network in a common communications
59 format. Presentation Layer
It provides distributed information services
and controls the sequence of activities within
60 an application. Application Layer
An endpoint where subscribers gain access
61 to the circuit. Station
Another term of station which is the location
of computers, computer terminals,
workstations and other digital computing
62 equipment. Node
63 Interconnects digital computer equipment. Facilities
64 Provides means to enter data from humans. Source
Encodes a wireless radio system without
65 being converted to analog first. Transmitter
Carries the encoded signals from the
66 transmitter to the receiver. Transmission Medium
Converts the encoded signals received from
the transmission medium back to their
67 original form. Receiver
68 It could be a mainframe computer, personal Destination
computer workstation or virtually any piece of
digital equipment.
A type of transmission where all four bits can
be transmitted simultaneously during the time Parallel by Bit or Serial by
69 of a single clock pulse. Character
Transmission where four clock pulses are
70 required to transmit the entire four-bit code. Serial by Bit
71 It involves only two locations or stations Two-Point Configuration
72 It involves three or more stations. Multi-point Configuration
Data transmission is unidirectional where
73 information can be sent in only one direction. Simplex
Also called Receive-Only, Transmit Only or
74 One-way-only Lines Simplex Lines
Data transmission is possible in both
directions but not at the same time.
Another term:
two way alternate lines
75 either way lines Half Duplex
Transmissions are possible in both directions
between two stations simultaneously, but
they must be between same time.
Another terms;
Two-way simultaneous
duplex
76 both-way lines Full Duplex
Transmission is possible in both directions at
the same time but not between the same two
stations. It is possible only on multipoint
77 circuits. Full/Full Duplex
The process of sharing resources between
computers over a data communications
78 network. Networking
The manual technique of moving data on
79 disks. Sneaker Net
Computers that hold shared files, programs
80 and the network operating system. Servers
Computers that access and use the network
81 and shared network resources. Client
The facilities used to interconnect computers
82 in a network. Transmission Media
83 Data that file servers provide to clients. Shared Data
Shared Printers and
Hardware resources provided to the users of other
84 the network by servers. peripherals
85 An expansion card and prepares and sends Network Interface Card
data, receives data and controls data flow
between the computer and the network. (NIC)
Allows personal computers to access files,
print to a local printer and have and use one
or more disk and CD drives that are located Local Operating System
86 on the computer. (LOS)
A program that runs on computers and
servers that allows the computers to Network Operating
87 communicate over a network. System (NOS)
One in which all computers share their Peer - to - Peer Client/
88 resources. Server Network
One computer is designated the server and Dedicated Client/Server
89 the rest of the computers are clients. Network
Describes the layout or appearance of a
90 network. Network Topology
Describes how the network is actually laid
91 out. Physical Topology
Describes how data actually flow through the
92 network. Logical Topology
A multipoint data communications network
where remote stations are connected by
cable segments directly to a central located
93 computer. Star Topology
A multipoint data communications circuit that
makes it relatively simple to control data flow
94 between and among the computers. Bus Topology
A multipoint data communications network
where all stations are interconnected in
95 tandem to form a closed loop or circle. Ring Topology
Every station has a direct two-point
communications link to every other station on
96 the circuit. Mesh Topology
Combining two or more of the traditional
topologies to form a larger, more complex
97 topology. Hybrid Topology
Privately own networks in which 10 to 40
compute share data resources with one or Local Area Networks
98 more file server. (LANs)
A high-speed network similar to a LAN
except the are designed to encompass larger Metropolitan Area Networks
99 areas, usually that of an entire city. (MANs)
100 Provides low-speed, long distance Wide Area Network
transmission of data voice, and video (WAN)
information over large and widely dispersed
geographical areas such as country or an
entire continent. It interconnects cities or
states.
101 Bit rate of WANs. 1.5 Mbps-2.4 Gbps
Provides connects between countries around Global Area Network
102 the entire globe. (GANs)
A network connection that normally carries
traffic between departmental LANs within a
103 single company. Building Backbone
A network connection used to carry traffic to
and from LANs located in various buildings
104 on campus. Campus Backbone
Developed by Department of Defense,
comprise of several interactive modules that
105 provide specific functionality. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Internet layer/
106 The network layer of TCP/IP. Internet work Layer
Transmission Control
Protocol
(TCP)
User datagram Protocol
107 Transport layer of TCP/IP. (UDP)
Provides a means of physically delivering
108 data packets using frames or cells. Network Access Layer
Contains information that pertains to how
109 data can be routed through the network. Internet Layer
Services the process and internet layers to
handle the reliability and session aspects of
110 data transmission. Host-to-Host Layer
111 Provides applications support. Process Layer
Defines a three layer logical hierarchy that
specifies where things belong, how they fit
together and what functions go where.
Three layers:
Core layer
Distribution layer
112 access layer Cisco Three-Layer Model
The core of the network as it resides at the
top of the hierarchy and is responsible for
transporting large amounts of data traffic
113 reliably and quickly. Core Layer
The communications point between the
access and the core layer that provides
routing, filtering, WAN access and how data
114 packets are allowed to access the core layer. Distribution Layer
115 Another term for Distribution layer. Workgroup Layer
Controls workgroup and individual user
116 access to internetworking resources. Access Layer
117 Another term for Access layer. Desktop Layer
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF DATA

CHAPTER 22 COMMUNICATIONS
Item
s Definitions Terms
Often used to represent characters and symbols such
as letters, digits and punctuation marks.
Another terms:
character codes
character sets Data
symbol codes Communications
1 character languages Codes
Sometimes called the Telex Code, was the first fixed
length character developed for machines rather than
2 for people. Baudot Code
A French postal engineer who developed the baudot
code in 1875 and named after Emile Baudot, an early
3 pioneer in telegraph printing. Thomas Murray
Fixed Length Block
4 Fixed-length source code. Code
Stands for United States of America Standard Code
5 for Information Exchange, better known as ASCII-63. USASCII
The standard character set for source coding the
alphanumeric character set that humans understand
but computers do not (computers only understand 1s
and 0s).
6 It is a seven bit fixed-length character set. ASCII
Fixed Length Block
7 Fixed-length source code. Code
Extended binary coded decimal interchange-code, an
eight bit fixed length character developed in 1962 by
8 International Business Machines Corporation. EBCDIC
Omnipresent block and white striped stickers that
seem to appear or virtually every consumer item in
9 the US and most of the rest of the world. Bar Codes
It has spaces or gaps between characters. Each
10 character is independent of every other character. Discrete Code
It does not include spaces between characters. An
11 example is Universal Product Code. Continuous Code
12 It stores data in two dimensions in contrasts with 2D code
conventional linear bar codes which stores data
along only one axis.
It uses an alphanumeric code similar to ASCII code. It
contains 9 vertical elements (5 bars & 4 spaces). It
consists of 36 unique codes representing the 10
digits and 26 uppercase letters.
Other Names:
Code 3 of 9
13 3 of 9 code Code-39
A continuous code since there are no
interchangeable spaces. Each UPC label contains a Universal Product
14 12-digit number. Code
It consists of a 101 (bar-soace-bar) sequence, which Start & Stop Guard
15 is used to frame the 12 digit UPC number. Pattern
It separates the left and right halves of the label and
16 consists of two long bars in the center of the label. Center Guard Frame
Caused by electrical interference from natural
sources
Classification of Data Com Errors:
single bit
multiple bit
burst
Categories of Error Control :
Error Detection
17 Error Correction Transmission Errors
Errors with only one bit within a given a given string is
18 in error. Single Bit Errors
Errors with two or more non-consecutive bits within a
19 message. Multiple-bit error
Errors when to or more consecutive bits within a
given data string are in error. It can affect one or
20 more characters within a message. Burst Error
The theoretical (Mathematical) expectation of the rate
21 at which errors will occur. Probability of Error
The actual historical record of a systems error
22 performance. Bit-Error Rate
The process of monitoring data transmission and
deter mining when errors have occurred. It neither
correct errors nor identify which bits are in error-they
23 only indicate when an error has occurred. Error Detection
24 Adding of bits for the sole purpose of detecting Redundancy
errors. Checking
Types of redundancy checks:
vertical redundancy checking,
checksum,
longitudinal redundancy checking
cyclic redundancy checking
A form of error detection by duplicating each data unit
25 for the purpose of detecting errors. Redundancy
26 An error detection bit. Parity
Vertical Redundancy
The simplest error-detection scheme and is generally Checking
27 referred to as character parity. (VRC)
28 An error detection bit in each character. Parity Bit
29 The parity bit which is always a 1. Marking Parity
30 The parity bit which is not sent or checked. Ignored Parity
Form of redundancy error checking where each
31 character has a numerical value assigned to it. Checksum
Longitudinal
A redundancy error detection scheme that uses parity Redundancy
to determine if a transmission error has occurred with Checking
32 n a message. (LRC)
33 An error occurred within a message. Message Parity
Block or Frame of
34 The group pf characters that comprise a message. Data
Block Check
Sequence
(BCS)
or Frame Check
Sequence
35 The bit sequence for the LRC. (FCS)
A convolution coding scheme that is most reliable
redundancy checking technique for error detection.
Almost 99.999% of all transmission errors are Cyclic Redundancy
36 detected Checking
Lost Message
37 Types of Error Messages. Damaged Message
One that never arrives at the destination or one that
38 is damaged to the extent that it is unrecognizable. Lost message
One that is recognized at the destination but contains
39 one or more transmission errors. Damaged Message
It includes enough redundant information with each
transmitted message to enable the receiver to
determine when an error has occurred.
Examples:
Parity bits
block and frame check characters Error-Detecting
40 cyclic redundancy characters Codes
41 It includes sufficient extraneous information along Error-correcting
with each message to enable the receiver to Codes
determine hen an error has occurred and which bits
is in error.
Two primary methods for error correction:
Retransmission
Forward Error Correction
When a receive station requests the transmit station
to resend a message when the message is received
42 in error. Retransmission
A two-way radio term which automatically a Automatic Repeat
retransmission f the entire message. Request (ARQ) or
Types of ARQ: Automatic
Discrete Retransmission
43 Continuous Request
The recipient of data sends a short message back to
the sender acknowledging receipt of the last
transmission.
Types of acknowledgements:
Positive
44 Negative Acknowledgement
A receive station becomes the transmit station such
as when acknowledgments are sent or when
retransmission are sent in response to a negative
45 acknowledgment. Line Turnarounds
It uses acknowledgments to indicate the successful
46 or unsuccessful reception of data. Discrete ARQ
It can be used when messages are divided into
smaller lock or frames that are sequentially
numbered and transmitted in succession, without
47 waiting for acknowledgments between blocks. Continuous ARQ
The sending station does not receive an
acknowledgment after a predetermined length of Retransmission
48 time. Time-Out
The destination station asynchronously requests the
retransmission of specific frame of data and still be
able to reconstruct the entire message once all
frames have been successfully transported through
49 the system. Selective Repeat
The error-correction scheme that detects and Forward Error
corrects transmission errors when they are received Correction
50 without requiring a retransmission. (FEC)
A mathematician, who was an early pioneer in the
development of error-detection and correction
procedures, developed the Hamming Code while Richard W.
51 working at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Hamming
52 An error-correcting code used for correcting Hamming Code
transmission errors in synchronous data streams. It
requires the addition of overhead to the message,
consequently increasing the length of a transmission.
53 Inserted into a character at random locations. Hamming Bits
The combination of the data bits and the hamming
54 bits. Hamming Code
55 It means to harmonize, coincide, or agree in time. Synchronize
Involves identifying the beginning and end of a Character
56 character with in a message. Synchronization
Its literal meaning is without synchronism. In Data
57 Com, it means without a specific time reference Asynchronous
Asynchronous communications is called as such
because each data character is framed between start Start-stop
58 and stop bits. Transmission
A condition when the transmit and receive clocks are
59 substantially different. Clock Slippage
It occurs when the transmit clock is substantially
60 lower than the receive clock. Under slipping
Occurs when the transmit clock is substantially higher
61 than the receiver clock. Overslipping
It involves transporting serial data at relatively high
62 speeds in groups pf characters. Node
63 Interconnects digital computer equipment. Synchronous Data
64 Plain old Telephone system POTS
It is comprised of three basic elements:
transmitter (source)
transmission path (data channel)
receiver (destination)
3 fundamental components of endpoints:
data terminal equipment Data
data communications equipment Communications
65 serial interface System
It can be virtually any binary digital device that
generates transmits, receives, or interprets data
messages. It is where information originates or Data Terminal
66 terminates. Equipment (DTE)
Devices used to input, output and display information
67 such as keyboards, printers and monitors Terminal
Basically a modern-day terminal with enhance
68 computing capabilities Client
High-powered, high capacity mainframe computers
69 that support terminals. Hosts
70 It functions as modern-day host. Servers
71 A general term use to describe equipment that Data
interfaces data terminal equipment to a transmission Communications
channel, such as a digital T1 carrier or an analog Equipment
telephone circuit. It is a signal conversion device, as
it converts signals from a DTE to a form more
suitable to be transported over transmission channel.
Types of DCE:
channel service units (CSUs)
Digital service units (DSUs)
data modems (DCE)
Data Circuit-
terminating
Equipment
72 Another term for DCE. (DCTE)
A DCE used to interface a DTE to an analog
73 telephone circuit commonly called POTS. Data Modem
It controls data flow between several terminal devices
74 and the data communications channel. Cluster Controller
Station Controllers
75 Line control units at secondary stations. (STACOs)
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/transmitter it is
76 designed for asynchronous data transmission. UART
Asynchronous
Communications
A special purpose UART chip manufactured by Interface Adapter
77 Motorola. (ACIA)
It means that an asynchronous data format is used
and no clocking information transferred between the Asynchronous Data
78 DTE and the DCE. Transmission
An n-bit data register that keeps track of the status of
79 the UARTs transmits and receive buffer registers. Status Word
Transmit Buffer
Transmit shift register has completed transmission of Empty
80 data character. (TBMT)
Receive Parity Error
81 Set when a received character has a parity error in it. (RPE)
Receive Framing
Set when a character is received without any or with Error
82 improper number of stop bits. (RFE)
Set when a character in the receive buffer register is Receiver Overrun
83 written over by another receive character. (ROR)
Receive Data
A data character has been received and loaded Available
84 into the receive data register. (RDA)
The difference in time between the beginning of a
85 start bit and when it is detected. Detection Error
86 It is used for synchronous transmission of data Universal
between a DTE and a DCE. Synchronous
Functions of USRT:
Serial to parallel and parallel to serial data
conversions
Error detection by inserting parity bits in the
transmitter and checking parity bits in the receiver.
Insert and detect unique data synchronization
(SYN) characters
Formatting data in the transmitter and receiver.
Provide transmit and receive status information to
the CPU.
Voltage-level conversion between the DTE and
the serial interface and vice versa.
Provide a means of achieving bit and character Receiver/transmitter
synchronization. (USRT)
It should provide the ff:
A specific range of voltages for transmit and
receive signal levels
Limitations for the electrical parameters of the
transmission line.
Standard cable and cable connectors
Functional description of each signal on the
87 interface. Serial Interface
Electronics
In 1962, standardized the interface equipment Industries
between data terminal equipment and data Association
88 communications equipment. (EIA)
89 It means Recommended Standards RS
Interface Between
Data
Terminal Equipment
and
Data
Communications
Equipment
Employing
Data
Communications
Equipment
Employing
Serial Binary
90 The official name of the RS-232 interface. Interchange
In, 1969, the third revision which was published and
91 remained the industrial standard until 1987. RS-232C
Sometimes referred to as the EIZ-232 standard
Versions D and E of the RS-232 standard changed
92 some of the pin designations. RS-232D
It is a sheath containing 25 wires with a DB25P-
compatible male connector (plug) on one end and a
DB25S-compatible female connector (receptacle) on
the other end.
Two full-duplex channels:
Primary data-actual information
secondary data-diagnostic information and
93 handshaking signals Star Topology
It is designed for transporting asynchronous data 9-pin Version of RS-
94 between a DTE and a DCE or between DTEs. 232
It is designed for transporting either synchronous or
95 asynchronous data between a DTE and a DCE. 25 pin Version
It is designed exclusively for dial-up telephone. It is
used for transporting asynchronous data between a
DTE and a DCE when the DCE is connected directly
to a standard two-wire telephone line attached to the
96 public switched telephone network. EIA-561
It converts the internal voltage levels from the DTE Voltage-Leveling
97 and DCE to RS-232 values. Circuits
A voltage leveler wherein its output signals onto the
98 cable. Driver
99 It accepts signals from the cable. Terminator
FUNCTIONS OF RS-
232 PINS
100 Protective ground, frame ground, or chassis ground. Pin 1
101 Transmit data or send data. Pin 2
102 Receive data (RD or RxD). Pin 3
103 Request to send (RS or RTS) Pin 4
104 Clear to send.(CS or CTS) Pin 5
105 Data set ready or modem ready.(DSR or MR) Pin 6
106 Signal ground or reference ground. Pin 7
107 Unassigned and non-EIA specified often held at +12V Pin 8
Receive line signal detect, carrier detect or data
108 carrier detect (RLSD, CD or DCD) Pin 9
Unassigned and often held at -12 Vdc for test
109 purposes Pin 10
Secondary receive line signal detect, secondary
carrier detect or secondary data carrier detect
110 (SRLSD, SCD, or SDCD) Pin 12
111 Secondary clear to send. Pin 13
112 Secondary transmit data or secondary send data Pin 14
Transmission signal element timing or serial Clock
113 transmit. Pin 15
114 Secondary received data Pin 16
115 Receiver signal element timing or serial clock receive Pin 17
116 Unassigned is used for local loopback signal Pin 18
117 Secondary request to send Pin 19
118 Data terminal ready. Pin 20
119 Signal quality detector. Pin 21
120 Ring indicator (RI) Pin 22
121 Data signal rate selector (DSRS) Pin 23
Transmit signal element timing or serial clock
122 transmit-DTE Pin 24
Unassigned. It is sometimes used as a control signal
from the DCE to the DTE to indicate that the DCE is
123 in either the remote or local loop back mode. Pin 25
It specifies a 37-pin primary connector DB37 and a 9
pin secondary connector DB9 for a total of 46 pins
which provides more functions, faster data
transmission rates and spans greater distances than
the RS-232.
Primary goals of RS-449:
Compatibility with the RS-232 interface standard
Replace the set of circuit names and mnemonics
Provide separate cables and connectors
Reduce crosstalk
offer higher data transmission
longer distances over twisted pair cables
loopback capable
improve performance and reliability specify a
standard connector
Two categories:
Category I RS-449 Serial
124 Category II Interface
10 CIRCUITS IN RS-
Used by the DTE to request a local loopback from the 449
125 DCE. 1.Local Loopback
Used by the DTE to request a remote loopback from
126 the distant DCE. 2.Remote Loopback
Allows the DTE to select the DCEs transmit and
127 receive frequencies. 3. Select frequency
Used by DTE to signal the DCE that a test is in
128 progress. 4.Test Mode
Common return wire for unbalanced signals
129 propagating from the DCE to the DTE 5. Receive Common
Used by the DTE to signal the DCE whether it is 6. Terminal in
130 operational Service
Used by the DTE to request that the DCE switched to
131 standby equipment. 7. Select Standby
132 Used with a modem at the primary location of a 8. New Signal
multipoint data circuit.
It was intended to operate at data rates between 20 RS-530 Serial
133 kbps and 2 Mbps using the same DB25 connector Interface
It is used to interface computers, computer networks
to analog transmission media
Alternate names:
datasets Data
dataphones Communications
134 modems Modem
A contraction derived from the words Modulator and
Demodulator.
Primary Block of a Modem:
Serial interface Circuit
Modulator Circuit
Bandpass filter and equalizer circuit
telco interface circuit
demodulator circuit
135 carrier and clock generation circuit Modem
Data communications modems designed to operate
136 over the limited bandwidth of the PSTN. Voice-band Modem
137 It is able of transporting higher bit rates. Broadband Modem
138 Digital to analog converter. DAC
139 Analog to digital converter. ADC
It is a rate of change of signals on the transmission
medium after encoding and modulation have
140 occurred Baud
Refers to the rate of change of a digital information
141 signal. Bit Rate
Asynchronous
142 It is classified as low-speed voice-band modems. Modems
Synchronous data transported by asynchronous Isochronous
143 modems. Transmission
It uses PSK or quadrature amplitude modulation to Synchronous
144 transport data. Modems
A special, internally generated bit pattern in transmit
145 modem. Training Sequence
Located in the transmit section of a modem and Compromise
146 provide pre-equalization Equalizers
Located in the receiver section of a modem where
147 they provide post-equalization to the received signals Adaptive Equalizer
The first internationally accepted standard for
148 9600bps data transmission rate. ITU-T V.29
It is intended to provide synchronous data
149 transmission over four-wire leased lines. V.29 Standard
150 Five bits. Quin bits
A technique for full-duplex operation over two wire
151 switched telephone lines. Echo Cancellation
It address asynchronous-to synchronous
transmission conversions and error control that
includes both detection and correction. It specifies a
new protocol called Link Access Procedures for
152 Modems. V.32 Specification
It is the next generation data transmission with data
rates of 28.8 Kbps without compression possible
using V.34.
V.34 Innovations:
Nonlinear coding
multidimensional coding and constellation shaping
Reduced complexity
precoding of data
153 line probing V.fast
An enhanced standard adopted by ITU in 1996. It
adds 31.2 kbps and 33.6 kbps to the V.34
154 specification. V.34+
Developed by ITU-T in February 1998 during a
meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. It defines an
asymmetrical data transmission technology where V.90
155 the upstream 33.6kbps and downstream of 56kbps. Recommendation
A new modem standard in 2000 which offers 3
improvements over V.90 that can be achieved only if
both the transmit and receive modems and the
internet Service Provider (ISP) are compliant.
It offers:
upstream transmission rate of 48 kbps
faster call setup capabilities V.92
156 incorporation of a hold option Recommendation
DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS AND DATA

CHAPTER 23 COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
Item
s Definitions Terms
The primary goal of __________ is to give users of a
network the tools necessary for setting up the network Network
1 and performing data flow control. Architecture
A set of rules implementing and governing an orderly
2 exchange of data between two layer devices. Data-Link Protocol
3 The transmitting station in a data link protocol. Master Station
4 The receiving station in a data link protocol. Slave Station
Data link network wherein all stations have equal Peer-to Peer
5 access to the network. Network
Functions of Data-
6 Discipline, Flow Control and Error Control. link Protocol
Coordinates hop-to-hop data delivery where a hop
may be a computer, a network controller, or some type
7 of network-connecting device. Line Discipline
Determines which device is transmitting and which is
8 receiving at any point in time. Line Discipline
Coordinates the rate which data are transported over
a link and generally provides an acknowledgement
9 mechanism. Flow Control
Specifies means of detecting and correcting
10 transmission errors. Error Control
Enquiry/
Acknowledgement
Two fundamental ways that line discipline is (ENQ/ACK) and
11 accomplished in a data communications network. Poll/Select
It determines which device on the network can initiate
a transmission and whether the intended receiver is
12 available and ready to receive a message. ENQ/ACK
The initiating station begins a session by transmitting
a frame, block, or packet of data called _________, Enquiry
13 which identifies the receiving station. (ENQ)
Positive
The response of the destination station when it is Acknowledgement
14 ready to receive. (ACK)
Negative
The response of the destination station when it is not Acknowledgement
15 ready to receive. (NAK)
Centrally Controlled
16 The best application of the poll/select line discipline. Data Network
A solicitation sent from the primary to a secondary to
17 determine if the secondary has data to transmit. Poll
A set of procedures that tells the transmitting station
how much data it can send before it must stop
transmitting and wait for an acknowledgment from the
18 destination station. Flow Control
The transmitting station sends one message frame
and then waits for an acknowledgement before Stop-and Wait Flow
19 sending the next message frame. Control
A source station can transmit several frames in Sliding Window
20 succession before receiving an acknowledgement. Flow Control
21 It refers to imaginary receptacles at the source and Sliding Window
destination stations with the capacity of holding
several frames of data.
22 Primary advantage of sliding window control. Network Utilization
Complexity and
23 Primary disadvantages of sliding window flow control. Hardware Capacity
Interpret a frame of data as a group of successive bits
combined into predefined patterns of fixed length, Character Oriented
24 usually eight bits each. Protocols
Byte-oriented
25 Another name for character oriented protocols. Protocols
A discipline for serial by bit information transfer over a Bit Oriented
26 data communications channel. Protocol
A character-oriented protocols generally used on two
point networks using asynchronous data and Asynchronous Data
27 asynchronous modems. link Protocols
Developed the first file transfer protocol designed to
facilitate transferring data between two personal
28 computers in 1979. Ward Christiansen
Cristiansen's protocol which is relatively simple data
29 link protocol intended for lows-peed applications. XMODEM
Remote stations can have more than one PC or Synchronous Data-
30 printer. Link Protocols
A group of computers, printers, and other digital
31 devices. Cluster
Binary
Synchronous
A synchronous character-oriented data link protocol Communications
32 developed by IBM. (BSC)
33 Another name for BSC. Bisync
Format or line turn
34 Another name for enquiry (ENQ) character. around
The __________ uses longitudinal redundancy
checking (LRC) with ASCII coded messages and Block Check
35 cyclic redundancy checking. Character (BCC)
A synchronous bit oriented protocol developed in the Synchronous Data-
1970's by IBM for use in system network architecture Link Control
36 environment. (SDLC)
Transient, Idle and
37 Three transmission states. Active
Flag Fields, Address Field, Control Field, Information
38 and Frame Check Sequence Field are __________. SDLC Frame Fields
It is used for the delimiting sequence for the frame
39 and to achieve frame and character synchronization. Flags
It is used for polling, confirming previously received
frames, and several other data link management
40 functions. Control Field
Information,
Supervisory and
41 Three frame formats with SDLC. Unnumbered
Unnumbered
A command or a response that is used to send Information
42 unnumbered information. (UI)
A command that places a secondary station into the Set Initialization
43 initialization mode. Mode
Request
A response sent by a secondary station to request the Initialization Mode
44 primary to send a SIM command. (RIM)
Set Normal
A command that places a secondary into the normal Response Mode
45 response mode. (SNRM)
A response transmitted from a secondary station if the
primary attempts to send numbered information
frames to it when the secondary is in the normal Disconnect Mode
46 disconnect mode. (DM)
A response sent by a secondary when it wants the Request Disconnect
47 primary to place it in the disconnect mode. (RD)
An affirmative response that indicates compliance to Unnumbered
48 SIM, SNRM or DISC commands. Acknowledgement
An exchange of frames between the primary station
49 and a secondary station. TEST
Turnaround
50 A flag followed by eight consecutive logic 0's. Sequence
A SDLC subcommand causes all previously set
51 functions to be cleared by the secondary. Clear
A SLDC subcommand causes the secondary
52 receiving it to turn on or turn off its carrier. Beacon Test
A SDLC command causes the addressed secondary
53 station to pace itself into the monitor mode. Monitor Mode
A SDLC command causes a secondary station to loop
54 its transmission directly to its receiver input. Wrap
A SDLC command causes the addressed secondary
55 to initiate a series of internal diagnostic tests. Self-Test
Zero Bit Insertion or
56 The transparency mechanism used with SDLC. Zero Stuffing
57 It is used prematurely terminate an SDLC frame. Message Abort
Invert-On-Zero
58 The encoding scheme used in SDLC. Coding
Standard that defines the frame structure, delimiting
sequence, transparency mechanism and error
59 detection method used with HDLC. ISO 3309
60 Operational Mode of SDLC. Normal Response
Mode
(NRM)
A mode of operation logically equivalent to a two point
private line circuit where each station has equal data Asynchronous
61 link responsibilities. Balanced Mode
A switched data communications network similar to Public Switched
the public telephone network except a PDN is Data Network
62 designed for transferring data only. (PDN)
It is used when making a standard telephone call on
63 the public telephone network. Circuit Switching
64 Is a form of store and forward network? Message Switching
Hold and Forward
65 Another name for packet switching. Network
A user interface as the international standard for
66 packet network access. X.25
Permanent Virtual
SA logically equivalent to a two point dedicated private Circuit
67 line circuit except slower. (PVC)
A logically equivalent to making a telephone call
through the DDD network except no direct end to end
68 connection is made. Virtual Call
Identifies whether the packet is a new call request or a
69 previously established call. Format Identifier
A 12 bit binary number that identifies the source and Logical Channel
70 destination users for a given virtual call. Identifier
This four bit gives
the number of digits
that appear in the
This four bit gives the number of digits that appear in calling address
71 the calling address filed. filed.
This field is the same as the calling address field
except that it identifies the number of digits that Called Address
72 appear in the called address field Length
73 This field contains the destination address. Called Address
This field is the same as the called address field
74 except that it contains up to 15 BCD. Calling Address
This field identifies the number of eight bit octets Facilities Length
75 present in the facilities field. Field
This 32 bit field is reserved for the subscriber to insert
76 user level protocol. Protocol Identifier
Integrated Services
A proposed network designed by the major telephone Digital Network
77 companies in conjunction with the ITU-T. (ISDN)
78 Customers gain access to the ISDN system through a Digital Pipe
local interface connected to a digital transmission
medium.
ISDN objectives that ensure universal access to the System
79 network. Standardization
Said objectives that allow customers to use a variety Achieving
80 of protocols and applications Transparency
ISDN should not provide services that preclude Separating
81 competitiveness Functions
Provide private-line and switched services refer what Variety of
82 objectives of ISDN. Configurations
ISDN services should not be directly related to cost Addressing Cost-
83 and independent of the nature of the data. Related Tariffs
84 Provide a smooth transition while evolving. Migration
Provide service to low capacity personal subscribers
85 as well as to large companies. Multiplexed Support
Translation between non-ISDN data protocol and
86 ISDN is performed in this device. Terminal Adapter
A boundary to the network and may be controlled by Network
87 the ISDN provider. Termination 1
Refers to interfaces between the common carrier
88 subscriber loop and the central office switch. U-Reference Point
The media interface point between an NT1 and the
89 central office. U Loop
It is defined by ITU-T as a service that provides
transmission channels capable of supporting
90 transmission rates greater than the primary data rate. Broadband ISDN
Information transfer is primarily from service provider Distribution
91 to subscriber Services
Codes the data information into smaller packets used
92 by the BISDN network Broadband Node
A connection between a source and a destination,
93 which may entail several ATM links. Virtual Channel
Once data have entered the ATM network, they
94 transferred into fixed time slots called ________. Cells
Generic Flow
Controls the flow of traffic across the user network Control Field
95 interface (UNI) and into the network. (GFC)
The first three bits of the second half of byte 4 specify Payload Type
96 the type of message in cell. Identifier
Information fields that are designed to accommodate
PCM-TDM traffic, which allows the ATM network to
97 emulate voice or DSN services. Constant Bit Rate
A portion of a public service provider's switching
system where the service provider could be a local Public ATM
98 telephone company or a long-distance carrier. Switches
99 Provides the most effective and economical means of Local Area
Networks
handling local data communications field. (LAN)
A communications system that allows users to send
100 messages to each other through their computers. E-Mails
Star, Bus and Ring
101 LAN Topologies. Topology
It describes how users access the communications Network Access
102 channel in a LAN. Methodologies
103 Access method used primarily in bus topology. CDMA/CD
It two stations transmit at the same time, ________
104 occurs. Collision
The time it takes a signal to travel from a source to a
105 destination. Propagation Delay
A base band transmission system designed in 1972
106 by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs. Ethernet
107 Its purpose is to establish clock synchronization. Preamble
It is simply a series of two logic 1's appended to the Start Frame
108 end of the preamble. Delimiter
Consists of six bytes that corresponds to the address
109 of the station sending the frame. Source Address
MICROWAVE RADIO
CHAPTER 24 COMMUNICATIONS AND SYSTEM GAIN
Item
s Definitions Terms
Electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from
1 approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more. Microwaves
1 cm and 60
The wavelengths for microwave frequencies, which is than cm slightly
2 infrared energy. longer
The name given to microwave signals, because of their Microwave
3 inherently high frequencies, have short wavelengths. waves
Each frequency is divided in half with the lower half
identified as the low band and the upper half as narrow Full-Duplex
4 band. (Two-way)
Communications system used to carry information for
relatively short distances such as between cities with the
5 same state. Short Haul
Microwave systems that are used to carry information for
relatively long distances, such as interstate and backbone
6 route applications. Long Haul
7 It propagate signals through Earths atmosphere between Microwave
transmitters and receivers often located on top of tower Radios
spaced about 15 miles to 30 miles apart.
Advantages of Microwave Radio:
Radio systems do not require a right-of way
acquisition between stations.
Each station requires the purchase or lease of only a
small area of land.
Because of their high operating frequencies,
microwave radio systems can carry large quantities
of information.
High frequencies mean short wavelengths, which
require relatively small antennas.
Radio signals are more easily propagated around
physical obstacles such as water and high mountains
Fewer repeaters are necessary for amplification.
Distances between switching centers are less.
Underground facilities are minimized.
Minimum delays are introduced.
Minimal crosstalk exists between voice channels.
Increased reliability and less maintenance are
important factors.
Disadvantages of Microwave Radio:
It is more difficult to analyze and design circuits at
microwave frequencies.
Measuring techniques are more difficult to perfect
and implement at microwave frequencies.
It is difficult to implement conventional circuit
components at microwave frequencies.
Transient time is more critical at microwave
frequencies.
It is often necessary to use specialized components
for microwave frequencies.
Microwave frequencies propagate in a straight line,
which limits their use to line-of-sight applications.
Propagates signals outside the Earths atmosphere and are
capable of carrying signals much farther while utilizing Satellite
8 fewer transmitters and receivers. Systems
It is used in microwave radio systems rather than amplitude
modulation because AM signals are more sensitive to
amplitude nonlinearities inherent in wideband microwave Frequency
9 amplifiers. Modulation
Major factor when designing FM Radio systems. It is
caused by repeater amplitude nonlinearity in AM, while in Intermodulatio
10 FM, it is caused by transmission gain and delay distortion. n Noise
11 The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier and Baseband
may comprise one or more of the following:
Frequency-division multiplexed voice band channels
Time-division-multiplexed voice-band channels
Broadcast-quality composite video or picture phone
Wideband data
It provides an artificial boost in amplitude to the higher Preemphasis
12 baseband frequencies. Network
Frequency modulation index used in the FM deviator.
13 Typically, modulation indices are kept between 0.5 and 1. Low-Index
FM signal that is produces at the output of the deviator with Narrowband
14 a low-index frequency modulation. FM
A receiver and a transmitter placed back to back or in Microwave
15 tandem with the system. Repeaters
It receives a signal, amplifies and reshapes it, and then
retransmits the signal to the next repeater or terminal
station down line from it.
Types of Microwave repeaters:
IF
Baseband Repeater
16 RF Station
The received RF carrier is down-converted to an IF
frequency, amplified, reshaped, up-converted to an RF
17 frequency, and then retransmitted. IF Repeater
Baseband
18 Generally less than 9 MHz. Frequencies
19 The range id 60 MHz to 80MHz. IF frequencies
Another name for a Local oscillator, is considerably lower in
frequency than either the received or the transmitted radio
20 frequencies. Shift Oscillator
Transmission used by microwave systems wherein a direct
signal path must exist between the transmit and receive Line-of Site
21 antennas. Transmission
A temporary reduction in signal strength which last in
22 milliseconds for several hours or even days. Radio Fade
It suggests that there is more than one transmission path or
method of transmission available a transmitter and a
23 receiver. Diversity
It is simply modulating two different RF carrier frequencies
with the same IF intelligence, then transmitting both RF Frequency
24 signals to a given destination. Diversity
The output of a transmitter is fed to two or more antennas
that are physically separated by an appreciable number of Space
25 wavelengths. Diversity
A single RF carrier is propagated with two different
electromagnetic polarizations. It is generally used in Polarization
26 conjunction with space diversity. Diversity
27 It is more than one receiver for a single radio-frequency Receiver
channel. With frequency diversity, it is necessary to also
use receiver diversity because each transmitted frequency
requires its own receiver Diversity
Another form of Hybrid diversity and undoubtly provides the
most reliable transmission but most expensive. It combines
frequency, space polarization and receiver diversity into
28 one system. Quad Diversity
A specialized form of diversity that consist of a standard
frequency diversity path where the two transmitter/ receiver
pairs at one end of the path are separated from each other
and connected to different antennas that are vertically Hybrid
29 separated as in space diversity. Diversity
Alternate facilities temporarily made to avoid a service
interruption during periods of deep fades or equipment
failures.
Types of protection switching arrangements: Protection
hot standby Switching
30 diversity Arrangement
Each working radio channel has a dedicated backup or Hot Standby
31 spare channel. Protection
A single backup channel is made available to as many as Diversity
32 11 working channels. Protection
In hot standby protection, it splits the signal power and
directs it to the working and the spare (standby) microwave Head-End
33 channels simultaneously. Bridge
It has two working channels, one spare channel, and an Diversity
34 auxiliary channel. Protection
A low-capacity low-power microwave radio that is designed Auxilliary
35 to be used for a maintenance channel only. Channel
Reliability
It is where the number of repeater stations between Objectives of
36 protection switches depends. the Systems
Points in the system where baseband signals either
originate or terminate.
Four major sections:
baseband
wireline entrance link (WLEL)
FM-IF Terminal
37 RF sections Stations
Points in a system where baseband signals may be
reconfigured or where RF carriers are simply repeated or Repeater
38 amplified. Stations
Stands for WireLine Entrance Link, it serves as the
interface between the multiplex terminal equipment and the
39 FM_IF equipment. WLEL
A balanced modulator that, when used in conjunction with a
microwave generator, power amplifier, and band-pass filter,
up-converts the IF carrier to an RF carrier and amplifies the
40 RF to the desired output power. Transmod
t must be capable of amplifying very high frequencies and
passing very wide bandwidth signals for microwave radios.
devices used in microwave amplifiers:
Klystron Tubes
Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) Power
41 IMPATT (Impact avalanche and transit time) Amplifiers
It provides the RF carrier input to the up-converter. It is
called as microwave generator rather than an oscillator
because it is difficult to construct a stable circuit that will Microwave
42 oscillate in the gigahertz range. Generator
It operates in the range 5 MHz to 25 MHz, used to provide Crystal-
a base frequency that is multiplied up to the desired RF controlled
43 carrier frequency. Oscillator
A unidirectional device often made from ferrite material. It
used in conjunction with a channel-combining network to
prevent the output of one transmitter from interfering with
44 the output of another transmitter. Isolator
Stands for Automatic Gain Control, is a circuit in an IF
45 amplifier. AGC
It occurs only when three stations are placed in a Multi-hop
46 geographical straight line in the system. Interference
It prevents the power that leaks out the back and sides of High/Low-
a transmit antenna from interfering with the signal entering Frequency
47 the input of a nearby receive antenna. Scheme
48 The signal entering the input of a nearby receive antenna. Ring around
It means that these channels are propagated with vertical
49 polarization. V Channels
The line-of-sight directly between the transmit and receive Free-Space
50 antenna. Also called as the Direct Wave. Path
It consists of the electric and magnetic fields associated
51 with the currents induced in earths surface. Surface Wave
The portion of the transmit signal that is reflected off Earths Ground-
52 surface and captured by the receive antenna. Reflected Wave
The portion of the transmit signal that is returned back to
53 Earths surface by the ionized layers of earths atmosphere. Sky Wave
The loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it
propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no Free-Space
54 absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects. Path Loss
A phenomenon wherein electromagnetic energy is spread
out as it propagates away from the source resulting in Spreading
55 lower relative power densities. Loss
56 The reduction in signal strength at the input to a receiver. Fading
The difference between the nominal output power of a
transmitter and the minimum input power to a receiver
57 necessary to achieve satisfactory performance. System Gain
Sometimes called as Link Margin, is essentially a fudge
Factor included in system gain equations that considers
the non ideal and less predictable characteristics of radio
58 wave propagation and terrain sensitivity. Fade Margin
He described ways of calculating outage time due to fading
on a non diversity path as a function of terrain, climate,
59 path length, and fade margin, in April 1969. W.T. Barnett
From Bell Laboratories, he derived formulas for calculating
the effective improvement achievable by vertical space
diversity as a function of the spacing distance, path length,
60 and frequency in June 1970. Arvids Vignant
Carrier-to-
The ratio of the wideband carrier to the wideband noise Noise Ratio
61 power. (C/N)
Also called Receiver Sensitivity, is the minimum wide band
carrier power at the input to a receiver that will provide a Receiver
62 usable baseband output. Threshold
Pre-detection
Signal-to-Noise
63 The carrier-to-noise ratio before the FM demodulator. Ratio
Post detection
Signal-to-Noise
64 The carrier-to-noise ratio after the FM demodulator. Ratio
A ratio of input signal-to-noise ratio to output signal to noise Noise Factor
65 ratio. (F)
The noise factor stated in dB and is a parameter commonly
66 used to indicate the quality of a receiver. Noise Figure
CHAPTER 25 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
Item
s Definitions Terms
1 A celestial body that orbits around a planet. Satellite
Man-made satellites that orbit earth, providing a
multitude of communication functions to a wide variety
of consumers, including military, governmental, private Communications
2 and commercial subscriber.' Satellites
3 A satellite radio repeater which Transponder
Consists of :
input Bandlimiting device (BPF)
input low-noise amplifier (LNA)
frequency translator
low level amplifier
output bandpass filter
It consists of one or more satellite space vehicles, a
ground-based station to control the operation of the
system, and a user network of earth stations that
provides the interface facilities for the transmission and
reception of terrestrial communications traffic through
4 the satellite system. Satellite System
It includes control mechanism that supports the
5 payload operation. Bus
The actual user information conveyed through the
6 system. Payload
A type of satellite wherein it simply bounces signals
7 from one place to another. Passive Reflector
A natural satellite of Earth, visible by reflection of
8 sunlight having a slightly elliptical orbit. Moon
Used by passive satellites for tracking and ranging Radio Beacon
9 purposes. Transmitters
Launched by Russia, the first active earth satellite in
10 1957. It transmitted telemetry for 21 days. Sputnik I
A type of satellite capable of receiving, amplifying,
11 reshaping, regenerating and retransmitting information. Active Satellite
Satellite launched by U.S., it transmitted telemetry
12 information for nearly five months. Explorer I
Satellite launched by NASA in 1958, a 150-pound
conical-shaped satellite. It was the first artificial satellite
13 used for relaying terrestrial communications. Score
The first active satellite to simultaneously receive and
14 transmit radio signals. Telstar I
Launched in 1963, and was used for telephone
television, facsimile and data transmission and
accomplished the first successful transatlantic video
15 transmission. Telstar II
Launched in February 1963, was the first attempt to
16 place a geosynchronous satellite into orbit. Syncom I
It was the first commercial telecommunications
satellite. It launched from Cape Kennedy in 1965 and
used two transponders. Also called as Early Birds. It
17 stands for International Telecommunications Satellite. Intelsat I
Domestic satellite launched by former Soviet Union in
18 1966. It means lighting. Molya
A German astronomer who discovered the laws that
19 governs satellite motion. Johannes Kepler
20 It may be simply stated as: Keplers Law
The planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus
The line joining the sun and the planet sweeps out
equal intervals of time.
The square of the time of revolution of a planet divided
by the cube of its mean distance from the sun gives a
number that is the same for all planets.
21 The point in an orbit closest to earth. Perigee
22 The point in an orbit farthest from the earth. Apogee
It states that the square of the periodic time of orbit is
proportional to the cube of the mean distance between
23 the primary and the satellite. Harmonic Law
High-altitude earth-orbit satellites operating primarily in
the 2-GHz to 18 GHz frequency spectrum with orbits
Satellite 22,300 miles above earths surface.
Advantages of Geosynchronous Satellite:
It remain almost stationary in respect to a given
earth station.
Available to earth within their shadows 100% of the
time.
No need to switch from one geosynchronous
satellite to another as they orbit overhead
The effects of Doppler shift are negligible
Disadvantages of geosynchronous Satellite:
It requires sophisticated and heavy propulsion
device onboard to keep them in a fixed orbit
Much longer propagation delays
Requires higher transmit power and more sensitive
receivers because of the longer distances and
greater path loss. Geosynchronous
24 High precision spacemanship is required. Satellite
The angle between the earths equatorial plane and the
orbital plane of a satellite measured counter clockwise
at the point in the orbit where it crosses the equatorial
plane traveling from south to north called the
25 ascending node. Angle of Inclination
The point where the polar or inclines orbit crosses the
26 equatorial plane travelling from north to south. Descending Node
27 The line joining the ascending and descending node. Line of Nodes
It is when the satellite rotates in an orbit directly above
28 the equator, usually in a circular path. Equatorial Orbit
It is when the satellite rotates in path that takes over
the North and the South poles in an orbit that is close
to earth and passes over and very close to both the
29 North and South Poles. Polar Orbit
30 The noise power normalized to a 1 Hz bandwidth, or Noise Density
the noise power present in a 1Hz bandwidth.
It identifies the system parameters and is used to
determine the projected carrier-to-noise ratio and
energy Bit-to-noise density ratio at both the satellite
and earth station receivers for a given modulation
31 scheme. Link Budget
SATELLITE MULTIPLE ACCESSING

CHAPTER 26 ARRANGEMENTS
Item
s Definitions Terms
Also called as Multiple Destination, It implies that more
than one user has access to one or more radio
channels within a satellite communications channel.
Multiple Accessing Arrangement:
Frequency-division multiple accessing (FDMA)
Time-division multiple accessing (TDMA) Multiple
1 Code-division multiple accessing (CDMA) Accessing
A given number of the available voice-band channels
from each earth station are assigned a dedicated Pre-assignment
2 destination. (dedicated)
Demand
3 Voice channels are assigned on an as-needed basis. Assignment
The method of assigning adjacent channels different
electromagnetic polarizations and is possible by using
orthogonal polarization and spacing adjacent channels
4 20 MHz apart. Frequency Reuse
5 Eskimo word meaning little brother. Anik
Anik-E
communications
6 Domestic Satellites operated by Telsat Canada. Satellite
A method of multiple accessing where a given RF
7 bandwidth is divided into smaller frequency bands. FDMA
Fixed-Assignment,
Multiple channels per carrier formats assigned and Multiple
8 remain fixed for a long Period of time. Access (FAMA)
Demand-
Assigning carrier frequency on temporary basis using a Assignment
9 statistical assignment process. Multiple Access
An acronym for Single-channel-per-carrier PCM
10 multiple Access Demand-assignment Equipment. SPADE
11 Stands for Single-Carrier-Per-Channel. SCPC
12 A time division-multiplexed transmission that is Common
frequency division multiplexed. Signaling Channel
(CSC)
The predominant Multiple-access method of time
division multiplexing digitally modulated carriers
between participating earth stations within a satellite
13 network through a common satellite transponder. TDMA
An RF-to-RF repeater that simply receives the earth
station transmissions, amplifies them, and then
retransmits them in a downlink beam that is received by
14 all other participating station. Transponder
It is where transmissions from all earth stations are
15 synchronized. Reference Burst
Carrier Recovery
It is where all receiving stations recover a frequency Sequence
16 and phase coherent carrier for PSK demodulation. (CRS)
An acronym for, Conference of European Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations, is commonly used
17 TDMA frame format for digital satellite system. CEPT
Sometimes referred to as Spread-Spectrum Multiple Code-Division
entire allocated bandwidth Access, the transmissions Multiple Access
18 can spread throughout. CDMA)
A unique binary word that each earth stations
19 transmissions are encoded. Chip Code
20 It compares two signals and recover the original data. Correlator
It assigns an individual terrestrial channel (TC) to a Digital non
particular satellite channel (SC) for the duration of the interpolated
21 call. Interface
Digital Speech
It assigns a terrestrial channel to a satellite channel only Interpolated
22 when speech energy is present on the TC. Interface
Time-Assignment
Speech
A form of analog channel compression that has been Interpolation
23 used for sub oceanic cables for many years. (TASI)
The art or science of plotting, ascertaining or directing
the course of movements, in other words, knowing
24 where you are and being able to find your way around. Navigation
It is the most ancient and rudimentary method of
navigation and simply continuing to travel about until
you reach your destination, assuming of course that you
25 have one. Wandering
Earliest effective means of navigation wherein direction
and distance are determined from precisely timed
sightings of celestial bodies, including the stars and Celestial
26 moon. Navigation
27 Method of navigation by means of fixing a position and Piloting
direction with respect to familiar, significant landmarks
such as railroad tracks, water towers, barns, mountains
and bodies of water.
A navigation technique that determines position by
28 extrapolating a series of measured velocity increments. Dead Reckoning
The term derived from the word deduced and not
necessarily from the fate of the people who used the
29 technique. Dead
He used dead reckoning successfully in 1927 during his
30 historic 33-hour transatlantic journey. Charles Lindbergh
She attempted to make the first around-the-world in
31 1937 using the dead reckoning technique. Amelia Earhart
Navigation technique wherein the position is determined
by measuring the travel time of an electromagnetic
32 wave as it moves from a transmitter to a receiver. Radio Navigation
A radio Navigation system for terrestrial surface
33 broadcast. Decca
Radio Navigation system that provides global coverage
34 and terrestrial surface broadcast. Omega
35 Also a terrestrial surface broadcast. LORAN
Low-orbit satellite broadcast that provides global
36 coverage. Navy Transit GPS
Medium-orbit satellite broadcast also provides global
37 coverage. Navstar GPS
Means of radio navigation in which receivers acquire
Coded signals from two pairs of high-powered, land
based transmitters whose locations are precisely
38 known. LORAN
An acronym for Navigation System with Time and
39 Ranging. Navstar
An abbreviation for Global Positioning System.
Two levels of service or accuracy:
Standard Positioning Service
40 Precise Positioning Service GPS
A satellite-based open navigation system which simply
means that it is available to anyone equipped with a
GPS receiver.
Consists of three segments:
a space segment
a ground control segment
41 user segment Navstar GPS
It was when the Navstar declared as fully operational by
42 the U.S. Air Force Space Command. April 27, 1995
It was completed in 1994 and is maintained by the Navstar Satellite
43 United States Air Force. System
A positioning and timing service that is available to all Standard
GPS users on a continuous, worldwide basis with no Positioning
44 direct change. Service
Sometimes called Space Segment, consists of
24operational satellites revolving around Earth in six
orbital planes approximately 60 apart with four
45 satellites in each plane. Satellite Segment
Cesium Atomic
46 It produces highly accurate timing signals for satellites. Clock
Pseudorandom
Noise
A unique integer number that is used to encrypt the (PRN)
47 signal from that satellite. Code Number
A term associated with a table showing the position of a
heavenly body on a number dates in a regular
48 sequence, in essence, an astronomical almanac. Ephemeris
Error in the receivers clock which affects the accuracy
49 of the time-difference measurement. Clock Bias Error
The Navstar control segment.
It consists of :
Fixed-location ground based monitor stations Operational
Master Control Station Control
50 uplink transmitter System
It makes standard GPS more accurate. It works by
cancelling out most of the natural and man-made errors
51 that creep into normal GPS measurements. Differential GPS
:

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This is the summary notes of the important terms and concepts of the book

"Electronic Communications System" by Wayne Tomasi. The notes are properly

The first symbol is a letter that designates the type

CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND MIXING

SINGLE SIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 7 ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms

CHAPTER 8 ANGLE MODULATION RECEPTION

CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL MODULATION

Items Definitions Terms

CHAPTER 10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms

DIGITAL T-CARRIERS AND

METALLIC CABLE TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms

OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION

CHAPTER 15 ANTENNAS AND WAVEGUIDES

TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS AND

CHAPTER 18 THE PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK

CHAPTER 19 CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS

Item Definitions Terms

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF DATA

DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS AND DATA

CHAPTER 25 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

SATELLITE MULTIPLE ACCESSING

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