CHEM16LABMIDTERMS

LABTECHNIQUES
PersonnelProtectiveEquipment(PPE)
Labgown&labgoggles
Closedshoes,shirt,pants,nocontactlenses
Facemaskwhenneeded(likewhenhandlingzincdust)
WasteBins
Basewaste
Acidwaste
Heavymetal
Inorganicwaste
Brokenglassware>whereibelongbcimbroken(same.j)jrinaqpanobayanbroken
...
Contaminatedsolid
Noncontaminatedsolid
Halogenatedorganicwaste
Nonhalogenatedorganicwaste
Filtration
Foldfilterpaperinhalfthenfoldinquarters,cutparacircle
Flutedor3:1,cutsmallportionfromlatterpartoffoldforflowofairandfiltrate
Fitfilterpaperintofunnelandmoistensidewithwaterusingglassrod
Edgemustbeatleastcmlowerthanfunnellip
Guideliquidwithglassrod,letliquidflowbythickersideoffilterpaper
Tipofstemmusttouchsidesofreceivingvessel
Testforacidity/basicity
Litmuspaper(redifacidic,blueifbasic)/pHpaper
Liquidindicators
Measurementofliquidandsolidsamples
ImL=20drops
Fewdrops=12drops
Severaldrops=36drops
Usewatchglasstoweighsolids
Additionofreagents
Dontlettopofdroppercomeincontactwithanythingoutsideofreagentbottle
Iftheresnodropperwiththereagentbottle,poursomeamountfirstinaseparate
beaker/containerthenuseowndropper
Forsolids,transferoutsolidfromreagentbottletowatchglass,usespatula
Mixing
Iflessthanhalfoftesttube,holdtesttubeuprightbetweenpalmsofyourhandsand
roll
Iftesttubeismorethanhalffull,pourcontentstosmallbeakerandstirwithglassrod
(takecarenottotouchthesidesofthebeaker)
Smellingvapors
 Containerwithsubstanceawayfromface,waft/fanfumes
Donotinhaledirectlywagbo2
COMMONCATIONSANDANIONS

CHEMICALNOMENCLATURE
Cationswithoneoxidationstatenameofelement+ionjuliovillenassupot
 Cationswithtwoormoreoxidationstates
Loweroxidationstateous
Higheroxidationstateic
Or(II)or(III)orya
Anionswithoutoxygenide
Oxoanions(withoxygenduhhhh)
Elementthatformsonlyoneoxoanionate
Elementthatformstwooxoanionsiteandate
Elementthatformsmorethantwooxoanions
Hypoite
ite
ate
Perate
Hydrogencontainingoxoanionshydrogen+oxoanionname
Ioniccompoundscationname+anionname
Molecularcompoundsfirstelement+prefix(dependingonnumberofatoms:mono,di,tri,
tetra,etc)forsecondelement
Acids
Binary:hydroic
Oxyacids:element+suffix(dependsonoxoanion)+acid

SIGNIFICANTFIGURES
Addition/Subtractionleastnumberofdecimals
Multiplication/Divisionleastnumberofsigfigs
Multipleoperationsnumberofsigfigsperoperation(butdontcut/roundoffagad)
Maartekasipag5
Ifdigittotherightoflastreporteddigitislessthan5,leaveLRDasisandcut
Ifdigittotherightoflastreporteddigitisgreaterthan5,LRD+1andcut
Ifdigittotherightoflastreporteddigitisexactly5,LRD+1pagodd,asispageven

REACTIONSINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONS
Combination
Element+elementcompound
Nonmetal+nonmetalcovalentbinarycompound
Compound+elementcompound
Compound+compoundcompound
Decomposition
Compoundelement+element
Compoundoneelement+compound(s)
Compoundcompound+compound
SingleDisplacement
Moreactivemetal+lessactivemetalsaltlessactivemetal+moreactivemetalsalt
Activemetal+nonoxidizingacidhydrogen+saltofacid
 Activenonmetal+lessactivenonmetalsaltlessactivenonmetal+moreactive
nonmetalsalt
Notetheactivityseries
Li,K,Ba,Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Mn,Zn,Cr,Fe,Cd,Co,Ni,Sn,Pb,H2
,Cu,Hg,Ag,Pt,Au

DoubleDisplacement(Metathesis)
Ionsswitchpartners
Usesolubilityrulestopredictprecipitate

BALANCINGCHEMICALEQUATIONS
Idkpracticenalang

WRITINGNETIONICEQUATIONS
Retainsolid,liquid,gas,andnonelectrolytes
Strongelectrolytesdissociatecompletely
Mostsalts
Strongacids:HNO3 ,H2
SO4
(1stionization),HI,HBr,HCl,HClO3
,HClO4

Strongbases:hydroxidesofalkalimetals(IA)andheavieralkaliearthmetals(IIA)
Weakelectrolytesdonotdissociatecompletely
Somesalts:HgCl 2,CdI

2,CdCl

2,Hg(CN)

2,Pb(C

2H
3O
2) 2
Mostacids
Mostbases
Omitspectatorionsforthenetionicequation
Takenoteofsolubilityrules

SolubleCompounds ImportantExceptions

NO
3 None

CH
3COO


None
2+
Cl CompoundsofAg+
,Hg
2,Pb
2+

2+
Br CompoundsofAg+
,Hg
2,Pb
2+

2+
I CompoundsofAg+
,Hg
2,Pb
2+

SO2
4
CompoundsofSr2+
,Ba2+ ,Hg2+
2,Pb
2+

InsolubleCompounds ImportantExceptions
+

S2 CompoundsofNH4andalkalimetalcations

(GroupIA),andCa2+
,Sr2+
,Ba2+
+
CO2
3 CompoundsofNH4andalkalimetalcations
(GroupIA)
 +
PO3
4 CompoundsofNH4andalkalimetalcations
(GroupIA)

OH Compoundsalkalimetalcations(GroupIA),
andCa2+
,Sr2+
,Ba2+

DRAWINGLEWISSTRUCTURES
CAmostelectronegative
Formalcharge=#ofvalenceelectrons#ofelectronspresent
Nopositiveformalchargeincentralatom
Idealiszeroformalchargeincentralatom

STOICHIOMETRY(MOLES/LIMITINGANDEXCESSREACTANTS)
Bastapagubosnalimitingreactanttaposnareaction
Stoichshitnothingmuchtorememberbastausedimensionalanalysisandcanceloutstuffok
nice
Andmakesuresameyungnacacancelnaunit(mmolmol,mLL,mgg)

EXPT:ELECTROLYTESANDNONELECTROLYTES
BACKGROUND
Solutionsthatareelectricalconductorscontainions
Cations(+)towardsnegativeelectrode
Anions()towardspositiveelectrode
Solutionsconductelectricitybecauseof
Dissolutionofionicsolutesinpolarsolvents:

A+
X +solventA+ (solvated)+X (solvated)
Formationofionsbyactionofsolventonnonionicsubstance:

HX+solventH+ (solvated)+X (solvated)
+
B:+H BH
2O (solvated)+OH (solvated)
Conductanceofsolutionsdependsonnumberandkindofionsbetweenelectrodes
numberofions,conductance

Bestconductingcation:H+ (aq)

Bestconductinganion:OH (aq)
Electrolytes:formaqueoussolutionsthatconductelectricity
Strongelectrolytescompletelyionizedstrongconductor
Weakelectrolytesincompletelyionizedweakconductor
Nonelectrolytes:formaqueoussolutionsthatdonotconductelectricity

PROCEDURE
Solutioninbeaker
Testforconductance
Immerseelectrodes
Noteintensityofglowoflightbulb
 GlacialCH
3COOH:dilute4times,testeachtime

POSTLAB
1. Classifythesolutionsasstrong,weakornonelectrolyte.

SOLUTION CLASSIFICATION

Distilledwater Nonelectrolyte

1.00MHCl Strong

1.00MCH
3COOH
Weak

1.00MNaOH Strong

1.00MNH
3 Weak

1.00MNaCl Strong

1.00MCHCOONa
3 Strong

Sucrose Nonelectrolyte

2.00MNH+2.00MHCl
3 Strong

2.00MNH
3+2.00MCH

3COOH
Strong

GlacialCH
3COOH
Nonelectrolyte

GlacialCH
3COOH1stdilution
Weak

GlacialCH
3COOH2nddilution
Weak

GlacialCH
3COOH3rddilution
Strong

GlacialCH
3COOH4thdilution
Strong

2. ComparethedegreeofionizationandtheacidstrengthofHClandCH
3COOH.Likewisecompare

thedegreeofionizationandthebasicstrengthofNaOHandNH .
3

HCl is a stronger acid than CH

3COOH,
which makes it have a higher degreeof ionization. This
means that HCl ionizes completely.In thesame way,NaOH is a stronger base thanNH 3,
thusit
hasahigherdegreeofionization,anditsionsaremorelikelytodissociatecompletely.

3. Explain clearly with the aid of equations why a solution formed by mixing aqueous NH
3 and
CH
3COOHisastrongelectrolyte.


An electrolyte is a substance that conducts a current when dissolved in water. Current flows
whenchargedparticlesmovetowardtheelectrode ofoppositecharge.So,asolutionbecomesa
strong electrolytewhen the solubleioniccompoundsdissociatecompletelyandconductalarge
current. Though NH a weak base, and CH
3, 3COOH,
a weak acid, both ionize weakly, when
combinedthey formastrongelectrolyte.ThishappensbecausetheH+ fromCH 3COOH
(solvated
+ +
H ion)formsacovalentbondwithNH 3tomakeNH

4,asshowninthisequation:

+
NH 3(aq)+CH

3COOH
NH
(aq) 4(aq)+CH

3COO
(aq)

The ions then are completely dissociated, conducting a large current, and thus becoming a
strongelectrolyte.

4. AccountforthechangesintheconductanceofglacialCH 3COOHupondilution.


Glacialaceticacidisaweakacidandthusweaklyionizes.However,addingwaterallowsitto
ionize(dissociateintoions)andconductcurrent.Thisphenomenonisshownintheequation:

+
CH3COOH

(aq)+H

2O H
(l)
3O (aq)+CH

3COO
(aq)

EXPT:FLAMETEST
BACKGROUND
Electronscanbeexcitedtohigherenergylevels(likewithtreatmentinflame)
Electronsgetexcitedthenreturntotheirgroundstateandemitaphotonoflight

Excitedspecieshasashortlifetime(106 to109s)
Relaxationtolowerenergyleveltakesplacewiththereleaseofenergywithfrequencies
correspondingtowavelengthsinthevisiblespectrum

Wavelength,,(1x109
m) Color

400435 Violet

435480 Blue

480490 GreenBlue

490500 BlueGreen

500560 Green

560580 YellowGreen

580595 Yellow

595610 Orange
 610750 Red

Energyisinverselyproportionaltothewavelength
E=hv
E=hc/
h=6.626x1034 Js
8
c=3x10 m/s
Red:longestwavelength,lowestenergy
Violet:shortestwavelength,highestenergy
Perception:youseereflectedlight(complementarycolortothecolorabsorbed)

PROCEDURE
SolidinevaporatingdishthenflameLOL
Observecolors

POSTLAB

Cu2+ green
2+
Cared

Na+ yellow
2+
Bayellowgreen

K+ lilac

1. Givethehalfreactionsforthereductionofthemetalcations.

Cu2++2e
Cu
2+
Ca+2e Ca

Na+ +eNa
2+
Ba+2e Ba
+
K +eK

2. WritetheelectronicconfigurationofCu2+
,Ca2+
,Na+
,Ba2+
,andK+
.

Cu2+ 2 6 2 6 2 7
:1s2
2s 2p3s 3p 4s 3d
2+ 2 2 6 2 6
Ca:1s 2s 2p3s 3p
2 2 6
Na+ :1s 2s 2p
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6
Ba:1s 2s 2p3s 3p 4s 3d4p
5s
4d5p
+ 2 2 6 2 6
K :1s 2s 2p3s3p

EXPT:PURIFICATIONOFCRUDEBENZOICACIDBYRECRYSTALLIZATIONANDSUBLIMATION
BACKGROUND
Recrystallizationreliesondifferentsolubilitiesofsolutesinasolvent
 Lesssolublewillcrystallizefirst
Solventwoulddissolvecompoundtobepurifiedathightempthenwillbecompletely
insolubleinthesamesolventatroomtemp(filteredoffathightemp)
Orviceversa(letimpuritystayinsolutionuponcooling)
Sublimationphasechangefromsolidtogas
Solidisheatedinreducedpressure
Solidvolatilizesandcondensesasapurifiedcompoundonacooledsurface
Nonvolatileresidueleftbehind
Meltingpointdeterminationtocheckforpurityofpurifiedsubstance(mustbethesameor
closetoactualmeltingpoint)

PROCEDURE
Recrystallization
Boilcrudebenzoicacid+distilledwaterwhilestirring
Addpinchofcharcoalthenstir
Filterhotsolutionthroughflutedfilterpaper
Receivingflaskmustcontainhotwater
Allowhotfiltratetocoolslowly(maybeputinicebath)
Collectrecrystallizedbenzoicacidbyfiltration
Sublimation
Subjectbeakercoveredwithfilterpaperwithcrudebenzoicacidinsidetowaterbath
Heatwaterbathtoboil(100degreescelsius)
Continueuntilneedlelikecrystalsdepositonfilterpaper
Scrapesublimate
Meltingpointdetermination
Pulverizesampleandplaceincapillarytube(24mmheight)
Usebeakerwithoil,hotplate,thermometerandcork
Heatandobservethethermometer
Recordassoonasadropletofliquidformsinthetubeandassoonasthelasttraceof
solidhasliquefied(startandendofmelting)
Actualmeltingpointmustbeinthisrange

POSTLAB
Recrystallization
Solutesubstancebeingdispersed
Solventdispersingmedium
Dinagdidissolveinroomtempsodapatiheat
Saturatedpunonangsolute,ifmagaddwalanangmadidissolve,saturationptreached
Unsaturateddipapunongsolute,ifmagaddmadidissolvepa,saturationptnot
reached
Supersaturatedpunonangsolute,dinadapatmagdidissolveperopinipilitparin
magdissolvebyraisingtemp(so temp,solubility)
Disturbenvironmenttostartrecrystallization(scratching/seeding)
 Inessence
Dissolveimpuresampleinappropriatehotsolvent
Filterwhilehot
Useflutedcoswereafterthefiltrate
surfacearea,masmabilismagfilter,whichisdesiredparahindi
magrecrystallizesafilterpaperwhilefiltration
Hotfiltrationtoremoveinsolublecomponents
Coolfiltrateslowly(togetlargecrystalskasismallpagrapidcooling)
Filtermixturetoisolatecrystals(use3:1coswereafterthesolids)
Crystalsareneedlelike
recovery
Sublimation
Solidgaswithoutmelting
Increasepressurelangtoachievethis
purity
Seephasediagram

Checkforpurity(quantitative):Percentrecovery=(gpurebenzoicacid/gcrudebenzoicacid)x
100
Checkforpurity(qualitative):meltingpointdetermination(mustbe~122degreesCelsius)

EXPT:MOLECULARMODELS
BACKGROUND+POSTLAB
Chemicalbonds:ionic,covalent,andmetallic
PredictpropertiesusingtheLewis,VSEPRandVBTofchemicalbonding
Numberofvalenceelectronsofthewholecompoundorion
 Lewisstructure
Formalchargeofeachatomandnetcharge
Resonancestructure(ifapplicable)
Electrongroupgeometry(basedlangsanumberofelectronclouds/groups)
Moleculargroupgeometry(itoyungmayshapechuchu)
Numberofsigmabonds(1/persinglebond,1/doublebond)
Numberofpibonds(1/doublebond)
Bondangles(dependssaMGG)
Bondlength
Bondpolarity(dependssaelectronegativity)
Hybridizationofcentralatom(dependssaEGG)
Polarityofmolecule(netdipolemoment)
Valenceorbitalsthatoverlappedtoformchemicalbonds

EXPT1:CHEMICALCHANGES
BACKGROUND
Chemicalchanges:changesinchemicalcompositionofasampleofmatter
Physicalevidenceindicatingchemicalreaction
Formationofprecipitate
 Changeincolorofthesolutionorprecipitate
Evolutionofagas
Absorptionorevolutionofheat
Chemicalchangesrepresentedusingbalancedchemicalequations
Decomposition(ABA+B)
Synthesisorcombination(A+BAB)
Singledisplacementorreplacement(AB+CCB+AorAC+B)
Doubledisplacement(AB+CDAD+CB)
Experimentinvolvesseriesofreactionsofcopper
Prove/disproveLawofConservationofMass

PROCEDURE(+OBSERVATIONS)
Precipitationofcopper(II)hydroxide
Cu(NO
3) 2+NaOHwithconstantstirringuntilbasic(litmuspaperisblue)

Recordchangeincoloranddescribeprecipitate
Formationofcopper(II)oxide
Boilcontentsfromstep1withconstantstirringtopreventbumping
Takenoteofthechangeincoloroftheppt
Conversionofcopper(II)oxidetocopper(II)sulfate
Letpptinstep2settletomakesupernateclear
Decantsupernatethroughfilterpaper
Washpptwithdistilledwater
WashfilterpaperwithH
2SO 4(receivingflaskisbeakerfromstep2)

Dissolvesolidandwashfilterpaperwithdistilledwater
ReductionofCu(II)ionstometalliccopper
AddZndustgraduallywithconstantstirringtothesolutionfromstep3untilcolorless
Stiruntilnofurtherreaction(untilnotcloudyanymore)thenaddmoreZn
TestforcompletenessofreactionbyaddingsolutionintoatesttubewithNH3 if

colored,addmorezinc;repeatuntilcolorless
Controlsolutionforcomparison
Cu(NO
3) 2+NH

3+distilledwater(indicatespresenceofCu(II)ions,blue)

Zn(NO3 )2
+NH3
+distilledwater(indicatedpresenceofZn(II)ions,colorless)

Decantanddiscardsupernate
Washpptwithdistilledwater
Adddistilledwatertotheppt,thenHClandstiruntilnochangeisobserved
Washpptwithdistilledwater,discardwashwater,transferppttofilterpaper
Foldfilterpaperandpressbetweendryfilterpapertoremovewater,airdry,weigh
Oxidationofcopper(didnotexecute)
PinchofsolidinevaporatingdishthenheatoverBunsenflame
Observeandrecordresults

POSTLAB
 1. What type of process and/or chemical change is observed in (1) precipitation of copper (II)
hydroxide, (2) formation of copper (II) oxide, (3) conversion of copper (II)oxidetocopper (II)
sulfate, (4.1) gradual additionof zinc,(4.2), testfor completeness ofreaction,(4.3) additionof
HCl,and(5)oxidationofcopper?

(1)Cu(NO 3)
2(aq)+2NaOH

(aq) Cu(OH) 2(s)+2NaNO

3(aq) doubledisplacement
2+
Cu(aq)+2OH
(aq) Cu(OH) 2(s) combination
(2)Cu(OH)2(s) CuO(s)
+H2 O(l)
decomposition
(3)CuO +H
(s) SO
2 4(aq) CuSO
4(aq)+H O
2 (l) double
displacement
+
CuO (s)+2H
(aq)Cu2+ (aq)+H

2O (l) singledisplacement
(4.1)CuSO4(aq) +Zn(s) ZnSO4(aq) +Cu(s) singledisplacement
Cu2+ +Zn
(aq)
(s) Zn 2+
(aq)+Cu
(s) singledisplacement
2+ 2+
(4.2)Cu(aq)+4NH [Cu(NH
3(aq) 3)
4] (aq) combination
2+ 2+
Zn(aq)+4NH
[Zn(NH
3(aq) 3)
4] (aq) combination
2+
Zn(aq) +2OH Zn(OH)2
(aq)
(s)
combination
(4.3)Zn +HCl
(s) +2HCl
(aq)
(aq) ZnCl
2(aq)+H
2(g) singledisplacement
(5)2Cu (s)+O
2CuO
2(g) (s) combination

2. Whymustzincbeaddedgraduallytothesolutionin4.1?

To increase surface areaof zincparticles(which displaces copperand make it precipitatewith

the copper (II)sulfate solution). Also, so that weare sure thatthereactionproceeded(weonly
stoppedwhentherewasnomorechangeuponaddingzinc).

3. Whatisthepurposeofthetestusingammoniasolution?

Copper solid will notreact with ammonia, but copper ions will,toform acomplex. Thus,ifthe
solution turns blue,it means thatthereare copper ions present, which will affect therecovery
ofcopper.

4. WhymustHClbeaddedtothesolidafterthereactionwithzincdustiscompleted?

HCl will get rid of the excess zinc, because the zinc sulfate will react with the acid to form
sulfuricacidandzincchloridewhichisasolublesalt.So,theonlysolidleftwillbecopper.

5. WhyisitnotadvisabletodrythecopperdirectlyovertheBunsenflame?

Therewillbeimpuritiesasthecopperwillformoxidesasitisheated.

6. Calculate the percent recovery in the experiment. Does your result refute the Law of
ConservationofMatter?Explain.

 %recovery/yield=(actualyield/theoreticalyield)x100

EXPT2:LAWOFDEFINITECOMPOSITION
BACKGROUND
LawofDefiniteComposition
Acompoundwouldcontainelementsinthesamemassratioregardlessofitssource
Massratiosratiosmaybeconvertedtomoleratios
Empiricalformula:simplestformulaofacompound
Limiting reagents and reaction stoichiometry are used to deduce the empirical formula of a
sparinglysolubleioniccompound
Numberofmolesofonesolution(AX+ )isvaried
Y
Numberofmolesoftheother(B )iskeptconstant
Stoichiometricpoint
Point where no more products are being formed in the plot of the height of
precipitate(A
YBX)versusmillimolesofA

X+

Both solutions repact completely and the mole ratio represents the empirical
formulaoftheprecipitate
Addition of additional AX+ will not yield any more precipitate since after this
Y
point,B becomesthelimitingreagent

PROCEDURE
PutfixedamountofsolutionBintofivemicrotesttubes
AddsolutionAintoeachtesttubeinincreasingvolumes
Mixsolutionwellandwashdownanypptwithminimumamtofdistilledwater
Coverwithaluminumfoilandsetaside

POSTLAB
1. Fromtheresults,wouldyouconsiderthelawofdefinitecompositiontobevalid?Explainbriefly.

Yes, because thegroupsin the class obtainedthesamestoichiometricpoint;theprecipitatewe

formedwillalwayshavetheformulaAB 2.

2. Write the chemical equations involved, showing the correct mole relationship between the
reactants.

A+
+2B
AB2 (fromresults:forevery0.3mmolA,0.6mmolB3:61:2AB2
)

3. If solutionA used was 0.50 Minstead of 1.00 M, and the solutionB,1.00 M,in what testtube
wouldbethestoichiometricendpointbeexpected?

Testtube3still,becauseofLODC.

 4. A compound of the element A and oxygen has a mole rationof A:O = 2:3. If8.0grams of the
oxidecontains2.4gramsoftheoxygen,
a. WhatistheatomicweightofA?

(3x16)+2A=160
48+2A=160
A=56g/molA

b. Whatistheweightofonemoleoftheoxide?

2.4gO 1molO 1molA2O3 8.0gA2O3
16gO 3molO 1molA2O3 = 160g/molA2O3

c. What theoretical weight of the oxide is formed when 28 grams is heated in excess
oxygen?Whatisthe%yield,if38gramsoftheoxideisproduced?

Reactionwillproceedas:4A+3O2 2A2
O3


28gA 1molA 2molA2O3 160gA2O3
56gA 4molA 1molA2O3 = 40gA2O3

38gA2O3
%yield = 40gA2O3 100% = 95%

EXPT3:TITRIMETRICANALYSIS
BACKGROUND
Solutionofknownconc(standard)ismadetoreactwithasubstancebeinganalyzed(analyte)
Standard/titrant is added in small increments to the analyte solution using a burette untilan
indicatorinthesolutiongivesasharpcolorchangesignalingtheendpoint
Endpoint coincides or nearly coincides with the equivalence point (point when an equivalent
amountoftitranthasalreadybeenaddedtoreactcompletelywiththeanalyte)
Indicator substance which changes in color depending on whether the solution is acidic or
basic (e.g. phenolphthalein changes color from colorless (in acidic solution) to pink (in basic
solution)
Feasibletitrationrequiresthefollowing:
Reactionbetweenthestandardandanalytehastobeknown
Reactionbetweenthereactantsisreasonablyfast
Reactionproceedsquantitativelytocompletion
Theremustbesomemethodorsubstanceavailabletodetecttheendpoint
Standardizationtodetermineexactconcentrationofasolution
Primarystandardisweighedwithhighaccuracyisdissolvedandtitrated
Primarystandard stable solidof high purityandhighmolecularweightwith aknown
chemicalreaction(e.g.potassiumhydrogenphthalateorKHP)
Titrationinvolvesacidbaseneutralization

PROCEDURE
Preparationofburette
Rinsepreviouslycleanedburettewithtitrantsolution
Fillburettewithtitrantsolution,removeairbubble
Recordinitialvolume
StandardizationofNaOH
Noteweightand%purityofKHP
KHP+distilledwater+phenolphthalein
TitratewithNaOHsolutionofunknownconcentration
SolveforaveragemolarityofNaOHsolution
AnalysisofCH 3COOH(aceticacid)inavinegarsample

Pipettevinegaranddilutewithdistilledwater
Addphenolphthaleinindicatorandtitrate
Solveforaveragemolarityofaceticacid(usemolarityofNaOH)
AnalysisofH
2CO 3(carbonicacid)inasoftdrinksample

Pipettesoftdrinkanddilutewithdistilledwater
Addphenolphthaleinindicatorandtitrate
Solveforaveragemolarityofsoftdrink(usemolarityofNaOH)
NOTES
Alwaysstandardizetitrant
Bewareofairbubbles
StandardisKHP(acid)
TitrantisNaOH(base)
Takeintoconsiderationthe%purityofstandard
POSTLAB
1. Writethechemicalequationsrepresentingthechemicalreactionsinvolvedinthisexperiment.

NaOH(aq) +KHP(s) NaKP(aq) +H2

O(l)

CH COOH
3 +NaOH
(aq)
(aq) NaCH
3COO
(aq)+H

2O (l)
H
2CO 3(aq)+2NaOH

(aq)Na
2CO 3(aq)+2H

2O(l)

2. Calculate the theoreticalnumber of molesofHClequivalentto1moleof(a)NaHCO3 ;(b)CaCO3

;

and(c)Al O
2 3.

(a)HCl (aq)+NaHCO
H
3(aq)
2CO 3(aq)+NaCl

(s) 1moleHCl
(b)2HCl(aq) +CaCO3(s) H2
CO3(aq)

+CaCl2(s) 2molesHCl
(c)6HCl +Al
(aq) O
2 3(aq) 2AlCl
3 +3H
(s) O
2 (l) 6molensHCl

3. How manymilligramsofNaHCO 3areina500mgtabletif40.00mLof0.120MHClisrequired to

neutralizethesample?

mgNaHCO3
40.00mLHCl 0.120mmolHCl 1mLHCl 1mmolNaHCO3
1mmolHCl 1mmolNaHCO3 = mgNaHCO3

4. A 15.00 mL sample of NaOHwas titratedtoastoichiometric point with 17.40 mLof 0.2340 M
HCl.

NaOH+HClNaCl+H2O


a. WhatistheofNaOHinthesolution.

15.00mLNaOH 0.27144mmolNaOH
1mLNaOH 0.040mgNaOH 1gNaOH
1mmolNaOH 1000mgNaOH = 0.162864gNaOH

b. Howmanymillilitersof0.250MKOHwillreactwith15.0mLof0.350MH
2SO4?

2KOH+H
2SO K
4
2SO4+2H

2O

15.0mLH2SO4 0.350mmolH2SO4
1mLH2SO4
2mmolKOH
1mmolH2SO4 1mLKOH
0.250mmolKOH = 42mLKOH

c. CalculatethemolarityofNaOHif:

2NaOH+H
2SO Na
4
2SO 4+2H

2O

d. 25.0mLofa0.250MsolumolarconcentrationoftheNaOHsolution?

17.40mLHCl 0.2340mmolHCl
1mLHCl 1mmolNaOH 1
1mmolHCl 15.00mLNaOH = 0.27144MNaOH

e. CalculatethegramstionofNaOHisdilutedto100.0mL.

25.0mLNaOH 0.250mmolNaOH
1mLNaOH
1
100.0mLNaOH = 0.0625MNaOH

f. 25.0gramsofNaOHisdissolvedin0.750Lofsolution.

25.0gNaOH 1molNaOH 1
40gNaOH 0.750LNaOH = 0.833MNaOH

g. 28.2mLof0.150MH
2SO 4isrequiredtoneutralize35.0mLofNaOH.

28.2mLH2SO4 0.150mmolH2SO4
1mLH2SO4
2mmolNaOH
1mmolH2SO4 1
35.0mLNaOH = 0.242MNaOH

5. An antacid preparation of Na
2CO 3 claims that a 3.00 gram tablet contains enough antacid to
neutralize full stomach acid (0.100 MHCl).Assumingthattheaverage stomachcontains0.750L
ofacid,calculatethemolesofNa2 CO3
intheantacid.Refuteordefendtheclaim.

Na
2CO3+2HCl
2NaCl+H
2CO 3

molNa2CO3 = 3.00gNa2CO3 1molNa2CO3
106gNa2CO3 = 0.02830188679molNa2CO3(antacidclaim)

molNa2CO3 = 0.750LHCl 0.100molHCl 1molNa2CO3

1LHCl 2molHCl = 0.0375molNa2CO3(needed)

Therefore,refuteclaim

6. Predict the effect ofeachofthefollowingconditionsinthecalculatedmolarityof NaOH.Explain

youranswer.
a. TheburettetobeusedwasnotrinsedwiththeNaOHsolution.
molaritybecausemadidilutewithwater
b. Theairspaceattheburettetipwasnotremovedbeforetitration.
molaritybecauseV(kahitbubblelangnaman)
c. TheflaskusedtoweighKHPcontainedtracesofNaOH.
molarity because contaminated analyte with NaOH tho dapat nasa burette
lang
d. TheburettereadingforNaOHwastakenafterrapiddeliveryofthetitrant.
molaritybecauseminsan dapatmagsettlemunayungdropsfromtheside,so
if you read rapidly may chance na lower than actual level yung makukuha (so
moreVkahithindidapat)