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STABILIZATION FINS 1
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Abstract3
Gyroscopic Stabilization..4
Abstract
Fins have been used for stabilization in every aircraft invented. The passing of the space
age introduced a new form of stabilization. Gyroscopes, like fins, stabilize aircraft. However,
each type of stabilization works via different mechanisms and grant different advantages. Fins
use the air current around quickly moving objects to stabilize aircraft into a stable direction,
based on the direction of thrust. Gyroscopes, on the other hand, use rotational inertia to guide the
rocket into the position at which it started. While both forms of stabilization are practical in
commercial and professional aircraft, the field of model rocketry is different. In model rocketry,
the generally low altitudes combined with low speeds introduces a problem. Despite the low
speeds, fins are still superior when stabilizing model rockets. Fins do not require added weight in
order to be effective, unlike gyroscopes, and thus are much more practical in model rockets. The
small motors of model rockets cannot support added loads, such as gyroscopes.
Gyroscopic Stabilization
Mz = 0
Gyroscopes are often large and heavy. Gravity is a
Figure 1. Demonstrates the forces at work and their location,
as well as the calculations used to determine force. (Beal,
natural need of the gyroscope in order to produce 2003).
The use of gyroscopic stabilization in rocketry exhibits numerous effects on the rocket
that are not intended. The added weight can decrease overall flight height and time. It has a
considerably high energy expenditure as well, due to the speed the gyroscope must rotate. As a
result of this, safety hazards are also increased. Malfunctions, as in other types of stabilization,
Despite the various drawbacks of gyroscopic stabilization, benefits also exist. Gyroscopes
do not need air current to function, so they can be stowed within the vessel rather than on the
outside of it. This causes a significant reduction in drag. Another benefit to the internal system is
that it cannot be damaged by debris. Even more so, maintenance can be performed on the
GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION VS. STABILIZATION FINS 5
stabilizer without leaving the vessel. In the case of model rocketry, retrieval can be significantly
less costly as the gyroscope is protected within the rocket itself. (Rogers, 2017)
Stabilization gyroscopes are often designed for great force within a small area. The
gyroscope contains a heavy metal disk, attached to a machine-driven axis. The gyroscopes
translational axis are restrained, but the rotational axis are allowed to move. The movement of
the rotation axis directly effects the rockets orientation, causing it to remain upright
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008). The ability of the gyroscope to stabilize rockets
comes from the natural consequences of rotational inertia. As the disk spins, forces are generated
perpendicular to the axis of rotation and the acceleration of gravity. As a result, the gyroscope
terrains. One example are yachts. The ships are now equipped with stabilization gyroscopes to
keep it level in stormy and rough waters. Gyroscopes are also utilized in aircraft, primarily for
guidance. Helicopters utilize gyroscopes in order to stabilize the rotational axis of the craft,
preventing them from flipping over during flight. All orbital spacecraft use gyroscopes to
position themselves within space, where other forms of positioning devices would not work.
Fin Stabilization
Fin stabilization is the more traditional route to take when designing a rocket. The fins do
several things to keep the rocket steady. The fins of a rocket rely entirely on aerodynamic drag in
order to effect the rocket. When the rocket is in motion the rocket is greatly affected by the air
around it and stability fins take advantage of this. Control fins are very similar but can adjust
GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION VS. STABILIZATION FINS 6
their orientation in order to charge the direction of the rocket instead of maintaining it like in a
stability rocket (Nakka, 2001). The nature of fins in rocketry means that certain characteristics of
the rocket will increase. Drag, as the primary driving force behind the stabilization, will increase.
The drag produced by fins naturally slows the rocket down, by reducing the forward
thrust of the rocket. Another flaw within finned rocketry is the need for speed. At speeds
approaching zero, the rocket loses all stabilization. This is due to the lack of air current to
produce drag. If a fin becomes damaged during flight, the drag the rocket produces can be
powered correction. Due to fins being flat, their volumes are minimal, yet their surface area
remains high. Fins do not need to be powered in order to stabilize a rocket, other than by the
movement of the rocket itself. Another advantage to finned rocketry is their weight. Typically,
systems on rockets are incredibly heavy, and greatly limit the distance a rocket can go. Fins are
lightweight, due to their relatively low volume, and thus can be added in large amounts, or added
A fins primary purpose is to remain unhindered by air currents in the upwards direction,
while using the drag of the air directly to the sides of the fin to hold the rocket in place
(Bensen, 2015). In order to accomplish this, fins are generally thin, with large surface areas on
each side. The effects produced by fins create similar forces to twisting a knife in a block of
cheese. Similarly, increasing the length of the fins increases the force the rocket can utilize to
prevent destabilization.
Fin Stabilization in Practice. Fins are used in all aircraft today, including in helicopters
and in spacecraft. For a demonstration think of sticking your hand out of the window of a
moving automobile. When your hand is up, perpendicular to the ground, the air pushes back. If
your hand is parallel to the ground the air rushes by much easier and you hand feels very little
effect. Now the most important part. If you have you hand held at an angle the moving air would
push your hand in the direction of your fingertips. The commonplace forces behind fin
stabilization have allowed for physicists to study and explain such forces. This resulted in fin
development to be much more advanced and efficient than other forms of stabilization.
Fins and gyroscopes are the primary methods of stabilization in aircraft. Fins are
lightweight and provide a non-expensive form of stabilization as well as free up interior space.
On the other hand, gyroscopes work at any speed or altitude, and allow for internal maintenance
to be done in flight. Stabilization fins are much more common place among personal aircraft and
commercial airplanes, while gyroscopes are abundant in expensive craft such as helicopters and
spacecraft. Each method of stabilization works, however their effects on the rocket differ greatly.
Fin stabilizations domination of current stabilization systems is not without reason. Fins
are relatively lightweight and are incredibly efficient due to their use of the natural effects of air
travel. Fins also are simple, with stabilization fins not having any moving parts and little to no
electricity requirements. Their designs can be changed to produce different effects, such as
Gyroscopes represent the new era of stabilization technology. Their stabilizing forces are
independent of speed and location, allowing gyroscopes to work in a wide array of environments.
The ability for gyroscopes to be located nearly anywhere on a vessel allows it to be placed
internally, allowing it to be worked on from inside the vessel. The amount of stabilizing force the
gyroscope exhorts on the rocket can be changed simply by exchanging the weighted disc for a
heavier or lighter one, and increasing or decreasing the rate at which the disc spins.
Fins and gyroscopes both serve as viable forms of stabilization in large craft, from drones
to space shuttles, but fins are superior in terms of model rocketry. In real rocketry, the lack of
atmosphere at high altitudes justifies the use of gyroscopes, allowing the craft to stabilize in an
environment where fins would not allow. In contrast, model rocketry never experiences an air
free environment. Fins are lighter weight, allowing more of the rockets limited thrust to be put
towards altitude than carrying a large load. As a result, fins are the superior form of stabilization
References
Beal, R. (2003, May). Derivation Of The Equations Of Gyroscopic Motion. Retrieved from
Gryoscopes.org: http://www.gyroscopes.org/math2.asp
GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION VS. STABILIZATION FINS 9
https://spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktstab.html
Benson, T. (2014, June 12). Size effects on drag. Retrieved from NASA:
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/sized.html
Lewin, W. (1999). Lecture 24: Rolling Motion, Gyroscopes. Boston, Massachusetts, United
States of America.
/www/materials/modules/guide16.pdf
Nakka, R. (2001, August 6). Richard Nakkas Experimental Rocketry Web Site. Retrieved from
http://www.nakka-rocketry.net/fins.html
Rogers, J. (2017, January 1). Gyro Stabilizers and Fin Stabilizers, What you Need to Know.
gyro-stabilizers-and-fin-stabilizers-what-you-need-to-know/