Generally we assume 1 to 5 percentage steel in columns of

concrete.1 to 2 percent in beams,0.7 to 1% in slabs and .5

to .8% in footings.
if concrete is 100 cum.
than in column if we take 1.5% steel it will be 1.5 cum steel.
1.5x7850kg/cm3(density of steel.)
quantity of steel determined.

If the detailed drawing is not available the steel reinforccement may be calculated approximately
on the % basis of concrete:

lintels, slabs etc :- 0.7% to 1%

Slabs:- 0.7 to 1.0%

Columns:- 1.0 to 5.0%
Raft, Footing, Columns: - 0.5 to .8%

Clear cover to main reinforcement in

Footings : 50 mm
Raft foundation Top : 50 mm
Raft foundation Bottom/ sides : 75 mm
Strap Beam : 50 mm
Grade Slab : 20 mm
Column : 40 mm (d>12mm) 25 mm (d= 12mm)
Shear Wall : 25 mm
Beams : 25 mm
Slabs : 15 mm or not less than diameter of the bar.
Flat Slab : 20 mm
Staircase : 15 mm
Retaining Wall on Earth : 20/ 25 mm
Water retaining structures : 20 / 30 mm
Sunshade (Chajja) : 25 mm

Hook for stirrups is 9D for one side

No. of stirrups = (clear span/Spanning) + 1

For Cantilever anchorage length for main steel is 69D

L for column main rod in footing is minimum of 300mm

Chairs of minimum 12 mm diameter bars should be used.

Minimum diameter of dowel bars should be 12 mm

Lap slices should not be used for bar larger than 36 mm.

In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.

Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.

Minimum number of bars for a square column are 4 and for circular column are 6.

Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.

Weight of rod per meter length = d2/162 where d is the diameter in mm

All reinforcement shall be free from mill scales, loose rust & coats of paints, oil or any other
substances.
Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the
distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.

In case of spacing of bars

Provide the diameter of the bar, if the diameter of the bar are equal.
Provide the diameter of the larger bar, if the diameter are unequal.
5mm more than the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate.