2017-3-22

Quantum tuesday
Zaragosa

Distribution of eigenstates and

response of systems under time-
dependent external field
Seiji Miyashita, Takashi Mori, Tatsuhiko Shirai, Takuya Hatomura
(Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo)
&
Bernard Barbara (CNRS Grenoble),
Hans De Raedt (Groningen Univ.),
Irinel Chiorescu (Florida State Univ., National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory),
S. Bertaina(4Aix-Marseille Uni., CNRS, Marseille)
 Quantum dynamics
under time dependent procedures
t

' Te 0
N
i H ( s ) ds
, H (t ) H0 H (t ) Siz
i 1

Sweeping field H t H 0 ct
Landau-Zener (LZ) process
Quantum Stoner-Wohlfarth model
T. Hatomura, B. Barbara and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 037203 (2016), and in preparation.
Collapse of metastability from a view point of successive LZ processes
Distribution of population dynamics
Non-trivial beating
Periodic driving H t H 0 cost
Properties of systems in a cavity
Two types of resonances (quantum and classical transition)
S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I.Chiorescu, J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
T Shirai, T Mori and S Miyashita: J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47, 025501 (2014).
Thermalization: Floquet-Gibbs distribution
Floquet engineering with thermal bath.
T. Shirai, T. Mori and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. E 91 130101(R) (2015),
T. Shirai, et al., New J. Phys. 18 (2016) 053008.
Motion of the magnetization [H0 , S ] 0, x, y, z
Quantum (Heisenberg equation of magnetization)
S x [S x , H ] H ySz H zS y
d
i S y [ S y , H ] i H z S x H x S z Larmor precession
dt
H H S H S
z z
S [ S , ] z y y x Hz
Sx H y Sz H z S y
d
S y H z Sx H x Sz
dt

S z H x S y H y S x

Independent of S
M
Classical torque equation
M x H yM z HzM y
d
M y H zM x H xM z
dt
M z H xM y H yM x

Precession, Landau-Zener process, and Rabi-oscillation under AC field

does not depend on the total spin S.
 Magnetization dynamics under sweeping filed
Landau-Zener fromula
E S x H t S z

p 1 exp
E 2

C. Zener, Proc. R. Soc. (London)
2 M in M out v Ser. A137 (1932) 696.
SM, JPSJ 64(1995) 3207, 65(1996) 2734.
H. De Raedt et al, PRB56 (1997) 2734
Independence of S, S=1/2 and 2
 Spin dynamics with anisotropy
Stoner-Wohlfarth process
Quantum
H0 DS z2 H x S x [H0 , S ] 0, x, y, z

S x [S x , H ] D[ S x , S z2 ] D( S y S z S z S y )
d
i S y [ S y , H ] D[ S y , S z ] H x [ S y , S x ] D ( S x S z S x S z ) H x S z
2

dt
H H xSy
z z
S [ S , ] H x [ S z , S x ]

Classical Mx 2 DM y M z

dM E d
M y M z H x 2 DM x M z
M
dt M dt
Mz M y H x
Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG) equation
dM dM
M H eff M M H M (M H eff )
1 (1 ) M S
2 eff 2
dt MS dt
J. L. Garcia-Palacios and Francisco J. Lazaro: Phys. Rev. B58 (1998) 14937.
M. Nishino and S. Miyashita, Phys. Rev. B 91, 134411(1-13) (2015).
Motion of magnetization in a magnetic field
H DS z2 H z S z H x S x
Trajectory : Constant energy

D 0 simple precession

D 0 Stoner-Wohlfarth phenomenon (adiabatic limit c=0)

2D
H ,
(sin cos )
2/3 2/3 3/ 2

i.e., (2 D) 2 / 3 ( H x ) 2 / 3 ( H z ) 2 / 3
Stoner-Wohlfarth transition
E DSz2 S x H t Sz
Classical spin ( S x , S y .S z ) ( 1 m ,0, m)
2

E Dm 2 1 m 2 H t m

Ground state D=2 Hx=2,

Hz=2.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0, -0.8, -1.6, -2.4
Change of the trajectory with Hz D=1,Hx=1
Change of the trajectory with Hz D=1,Hx=1
Change of the trajectory with Hz D=1,Hx=1

No adiabatic pass
Change of the trajectory with Hz D=1,Hx=1

No adiabatic pass
Magnetization trajectory under a sweeping field

Sz

Sz

t
Sy
Sx

H z (t )

D 2, H x 2, H 0 4, c 0.1
E DS H z S z H x S x
2
z
H z (t ) H 0 ct
 Quantum aspect of relaxation of the
metastable magnetization
H DS z2 / S 2 S x / S H t S z / S
Resonant tunneling

L. Thomas, et al. Nature 383 (1996) 167.

H S , M i DM 2 hM S , M i

C. Zener, Proc. R. Soc. (London)

Ser. A137 (1932) 696.
SM, JPSJ 64(1995) 3207, 65(1996) 2734.
E 2

p 1 exp
H. De Raedt et al, PRB56 (1997) 2734 2 M in M out v
 Quantum tunneling
Macroscopic quantum tunneling and quantumclassical phase
transitions of the escape rate in large spin systems.
Quantum tunneling
WentzelKramersBrillouin (WKB) method (Landau and Lifshitz, 1977)
instanton method (Coleman, 1977, 1985)

Large magnetic spin systems

Only for Single crossing

S. A. Owerre and M. B. Paranjape: Phys. Rep. 546, 1 (2015).

Gap control using hidden symmetries

H DS z2 E ( S x2 S y2 ) C S S hx S x
4 4

W. Wernsdorfer & R. Sessoli: Science 284 (1999) 133.

Keigo Hijii and Seiji Miyashita, Phys. Rev. B 78, 214434 (1-8)(2008).
 Collapse of metastable state
Metastabilty
M
The end of the
metastability is the
H spinodal point, and it
gives the coercive field of
magnet.

Decay of metastable state (spinodal point)

 Collapse of metastable state
Metastabilty
M
The end of the
metastability is the
H spinodal point, and it
gives the coercive field of
magnet.

Decay of metastable state (spinodal point)

 Quantum SW model
H Ds z2 H x s x H z s z H z H z( 0 ) ct
S i
s , ( x, y , z ) [ s , s ] s
S S
D ( s y sz sz s y ) H z s y ,
ds x 1
dt S
ds y 1
D ( sz s x s x sz ) H z s x H x sz ,
dt S
ds y 1
H xsy
dt S

Corresponding classical toque equation

2 Ds y s z H z s y ,
ds x t
Scaled time ,
d S
ds y
2 Ds z s x H z s x H x s z , ct v v cS ,
d
ds y
H x sy
d
T. Hatomura, B. Barbara and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 037203 (2016).
How to characterize metastability in quantum case:
S dependence of Energy structure

H DS z2 / S 2 S x / S H z t S z / S
SW

Metastable branch Successive LZ transitions

Field dependence of the energy levels

Metastable branch

S=20,D=1,Hx=1,c=0.004
 S-dependence of the energy-level structure
SW
SW

S=5 S=10

SW SW

S=20 S=40
 S-dependence of the scaled gap
Escaled SEk( S )

S=20,40,80,160,320

T. Hatomura, B. Barbara and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 037203 (2016).
 Scaling plot of the energy gap:
scaling of the relaxation time at the spinodal point

S. Miyashita, P. A. Rikvold , T. Mori, Y. Konishi, M. Nishino and H. Tokoro: PRB 80, 064414 1-6 (2009).
T. Mori, S. Miyashita and P. A. Rikvold: Phys. Rev. E 81, 011135 (1-10) (2010).

Scaling plot of the energy gap ( Ek( S ) ) 2

p(S )
exp (S)


k
2 c mk
( SE )2 S 1 / 3 g ( H H SW ) S 2 / 3

T. Hatomura, B. Barbara and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 037203 (2016).
Distribution of eigenstate populations
Population scattering and non-trivial beating

SW

2
s f (t ) s x (t ) s y (t ) sz (t )
2 2 2
Spin fidelity:

cf.
t S x2 S y2 Sz2 t S ( S 1)
 Trajectory in quantum system
In order to compare with the classical trajectory, I obtained the trajectory of
(<Sx>,<Sy>,<Sz>) in quantum system
H DS z2 / S 2 S x / S H t S z / S i t H t
d
dt
with a large S (e.g. S=20).
We solve the Schrodinger equation and obtain as

t S x t mx (t )
cf.
t S y t m y (t ) t S x2 S y2 Sz2 t S ( S 1)
t S z t mz (t )

If D=0, the equation of motion is the same as the Euler (Torque) equation,
In which the length of the magnetization mx (t ) m y (t ) mz (t ) M
2 2 2 2

is conserved.

If D is not zero, mx2 (t ) m y2 (t ) mz2 (t ) M 2 is not conserved.

(cf. The total spin is always conserved to be S(S+1).)
 Origin of oscillation
H Ds z2 H x s x H t s z , H (t ) ct

i

t

Ds z2 H x s x H t s z
1
U, U exp i Ds z2t ct 2 s z
2

i H xU s xU
t
H ' H xU s xU H x s x cos ( ) s y cos ( )e iD / S
1 2
( ) v Ds z
2
Classical limit cos ( )

H ' s H rot e iD / S , H rot sin ( )

0
Quantum period 2S
T
D
D. A. Garanin and R. Schilling: Phys. Rev. B 69 104412 (2004).
 2S
Dependence on parameters T
D
Robust with field outside of metastability
In the metastable region
 Dissipation effect on the beating
Contact with thermal bath

Quantum Master equation (Redfield type)

H. P. Breuer and F. Petruccione, The Theory of Open Quantum Systems

(Oxford University Press, 2002).
U. Weiss, Quantum Dissipative Systems, 4th ed. (WorldScientic, 2012).
K. Saito, S. Miyashita and H. De Raedt, Phys. Rev. B 60, 14553-14556 (1999).
Dissipation effect on the beating
 Quantum dynamics
under time dependent procedure
t

' Te 0
N
i H ( s ) ds
, H (t ) H0 (t ) H (t ) Siz
i 1

Sweeping field H t H 0 ct
Landau-Zener (LZ) process
Quantum Stoner-Wohlfarth model
T. Hatomura, B. Barbara and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 037203 (2016), and in preparation.
Collapse of metastability from a view point of successive LZ processes
Distribution of population dynamics
Non-trivial beating
Periodic driving H t H 0 cost
Properties of systems in a cavity
Two types of resonances (quantum and classical transition)
S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I.Chiorescu, J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
T Shirai, T Mori and S Miyashita: J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47, 025501 (2014).
Thermalization: Floquet-Gibbs distribution
Floquet engineering with thermal bath.
T. Shirai, T. Mori and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. E 91 130101(R) (2015),
T. Shirai, et al., New J. Phys. 18 (2016) 053008.).
 Dynamics under time dependent fields
under Periodic driving
Periodic driving
H H0 Hext t , Hext t T Hext t
Rosen-Zener process N. Rosen and C. Zener, Phys Rev. 40 (1932) 502.
Hext hsin t S x cos t S z , t vt
Cavity system
H S S z C a a (a e it ae it ) g ( S a S a )
Floquet state Evolution for a period
t0 T
H d
1
t0
1
nT
U t0 , t0 T Te i
, U t0 , t0 T n t0 e i
n t0 ,

Eigenstate of U
Quati-eiegenstate
n Effective energy levels of the driven system (?)

Floquet engineering
Y. Tokura. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 75 011001 (2006).
T. Oka and H. Aoki, Phys. Rev. B79, 081406 (2009), tec.
 Cavity effects on the transmission
--- photon or electromagnetic field ---

material H ( S i )
input output
b ,b
z N z N

cavity mode H C C a a S Si , S Si

i 1 i 1
H S S z C a a (a e it ae it ) g ( S a S a )
Effect of the coupling g , and driving force

ESR-like resonance
vs.
strong coupling
(hybridization)
DPPH(S=1/2)

I. Chiorescu, N. Groll, S. Bertaina, T. Mori and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. B 82, 024413 (1-7)(2010).
S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I.Chiorescu, J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
 Quantum and Classical Rabi-oscillations

material H ( S i )
input output
b ,b
cavity mode H C C a a

H S S z C a a (a e it ae it )
g (S a S a )

Single (small number of photons)

Vacuum-field Rabi-splitting

Strong EM field EPR)

a
a eit , a a e it
H S S z h( S e it S eit )
 Quantum and Classical Rabi-oscillations

material H ( S i )
input output
b ,b
cavity mode H C C a a

H S S z C a a (a eit ae it )
g (S a S a )

Single (small number of photons)

Vacuum-field Rabi-splitting

Strong EM field EPR)

a
a eit , a a e it
H S S z h(S e it S eit )
 Intrinsic dependence of Rabi oscillation
on the strength as of the driving force(photon density)

S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I. Chiorescu,

J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
Strong photon file (classical EM field) case EPR) a
a eit , a a e it
H S S z h(S e it S eit ) hg a

S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I. Chiorescu,

J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
Decoherent-like behavior (pure-quantum mechanical)

S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I. Chiorescu,

J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
 Quantum and Classical Rabi-oscillations

material H ( S i )
input output
b ,b
cavity mode H C C a a

H S S z C a a (a eit ae it )
g (S a S a )

Single (small number of photons)

Vacuum-field Rabi-splitting

Strong EM field EPR)

a
a eit , a a e it
H S S z h(S e it S eit )
 Cavity effects on the transmission
--- photon or electromagnetic field ---

material H ( S i )
input output
b ,b
z N z N

cavity mode H C C a a S Si , S Si

i 1 i 1
H S S z C a a (a e it ae it ) g ( S a S a )
Effect of the coupling g , and driving force

ESR-like resonance
vs.
strong coupling
(hybridization)
DPPH(S=1/2)

I. Chiorescu, N. Groll, S. Bertaina, T. Mori and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. B 82, 024413 (1-7)(2010).
S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I.Chiorescu, J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
 16

Phase diagram of strongly driven Dicke model

H S S z C a a g ( S S )(a a ) (a e it ae it )

(Interaction)

blank Regular oscillation

Discontinuous Change

Photon amplitude

Irregular oscillation

(Intensity)

T Shirai, T Mori and S Miyashita: J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47, 025501 (2014).
 Dynamics under time dependent fields
under Periodic driving
Periodic driving
H H0 Hext t , Hext t T Hext t
Rosen-Zener process N. Rosen and C. Zener, Phys Rev. 40 (1932) 502.
Hext hsin t S x cos t S z , t vt
Cavity system
H S S z C a a (a e it ae it ) g ( S a S a )
Floquet state Evolution for a period
t0 T
H d
1
t0
1
nT
U t0 , t0 T Te i
, U t0 , t0 T n t0 e i
n t0 ,

Eigenstate of U
Quati-eiegenstate
n Effective energy levels of the driven system (?)

Floquet engineering
Y. Tokura. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 75 011001 (2006).
T. Oka and H. Aoki, Phys. Rev. B79, 081406 (2009), tec.
 Response of driven state to external field
Rabi oscillation
H HS z S x cos t

i ( HS z S x cos t ) , eiS z t Rotation frame
t
1 S e 2i S e 2i 1
i ( H ) S z S x ( H ) S z S x
t 2 2 2
2
H i S x , t eiS xt / 2 0 , axis x, T
1
t 2 /4

S. Bertanna, et al., Nature 453 (2008) 203.

 Can we observe the Floquet eigen-states?
H H0 Ax S x cos t S x cos t
H0 HS z

t A
i ( HS z S x cos t AS x cos t ) , e 0
i AS x cos t / i sin( t ) S x
e
t

A A
i sin( t ) S x i sin( t ) S x
i ( He S z e S x cos t )
t
H cos2 S z sin 2 S y S x cos t HR (t )
T T T
HS z cos2 dt
1 1
H FM1R (t ) HR (t ) HR (t )dt S x cos (t s )ds
0
2 0
2 0

A
HS z J 0 S x cos t

Resonance: OK
Rabi oscillation of Sz in the rotation frame with a renormalized frequency
 Can the thermal distribution for the Floquet
eigen-states (Floquet-Gibbs distribution) is
realized?
Contact with the thermal bath => Relaxation to the equilibrium state
Canonical distribution e H H
eq , Z Tre
Z
H S t H S t T
t
t0 LS d
1
Periodic system t Te i
t
Redfield equation Lindblad equation
d t 2

dt

2 e
a ,b ,c , d n n '
i ( abn cdn ' )( t t 0 )

0

G (cdn ' )[ abn

(t0 ), cdn

' (t 0 )] t G ( cdn ' )[ abn (t 0 ), t cdn ' (t 0 )]


n G ( jin ) X jin* X jin n G (ijn ) X ijn* X ijn e
ijn
Ti j

n G (ijn ) X ijn X ijn G (
* *
T j i ) X ijn X ijn
n ijn

State reaches a certain stationary state, but it is not necessarily the Gibbs state
Thermal distribution: conditions
 Condition of Floquet-Gibbs distribution
(i ) H 0
(ii ) H ex t1 , H ex t 2 0
(iii ) H ex t1 , H I 0
1, g 0.2, h 0.01

5 4
H 0 S hS g S Si
z
i
x
i
x x
i 1 S S i
x x
i 1 10
i 1 i 1
C2
J 2 C 5000
C2
X 1 k x , y , z k S1k X 5 k x , y , z S
k k
5

Prob Pp e
p
/Z H (1)
ex A Six cos(2t / T ), A 4 / T
i 1
p
4
H (2)
ex A Six cos(2t / T ), A 4 / T
i 2

Condition (ii) is satisfied

If ay=az=0, the condition (iii)
is satisfied.

y / x 0(), 0.01, 0.1, 1, () x

, y , z 0.1,0.1,1, 0.1,1,0.1, 1,0.1,0.1
z 0
T. Shirai, T. Mori and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. E 91 130101(R) (2015)
 Floquet-Gibbs state in the Redfield treatment
H S t H 0 H ex t
N N 1 N
H 0 hz S g S S
i
z
i
x x
i 1 hx S ix
i 1 N i 1 i 1
H ex t cos t S ix
i 1
g 0.75hz , hx 0.7 hz , 2 / 3
0 7.6hz
/ hz 4.2, 4.6, and 5.0
N
H I t c xi a x S ix a z S iz a z S iz
i 1
1
N
H I t c xi S ix
i 1

eff 0.946

2 10 2 ,10 6

C 100hz
Tatsuhiko Shirai, Juzar Thingna, Takashi Mori, Sergey Denisov, Peter Hnggi and Seiji Miyashita,
New J. Phys. 18 (2016) 053008.
 Quantum dynamics
under time dependent procedure
t

' Te 0
N
i H ( s ) ds
, H (t ) H0 (t ) H (t ) Siz
i 1

Sweeping field H t H 0 ct
Landau-Zener (LZ) process
Quantum Stoner-Wohlfarth model
T. Hatomura, B. Barbara and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 037203 (2016), and in preparation.
Collapse of metastability from a view point of successive LZ processes
Distribution of population dynamics
Non-trivial beating
Periodic driving H t H 0 cost
Properties of systems in a cavity
Two types of resonances (quantum and classical transition)
S. Miyashita, T. Shirai, T. Mori, H. De Raedt, S. Bertaina, I.Chiorescu, J. Phys. B 45, 124010 (2012).
T Shirai, T Mori and S Miyashita: J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47, 025501 (2014).
Thermalization: Floquet-Gibbs distribution
Floquet engineering with thermal bath.
T. Shirai, T. Mori and S. Miyashita: Phys. Rev. E 91 130101(R) (2015),
T. Shirai, et al., New J. Phys. 18 (2016) 053008.).
Thank you very much