Production of a Low Frequency Gravitational

Wave (LFGW) via Heterodyned High

Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGWs)

April 2017
Gary Stephenson
Seculine Consulting

This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 Presentation Outline

HFGW Generation using a Tokamak

Estimate of Generated HFGW Signal Strength

Co-alignment and Synchronization of HFGW Generator Pairs

Heterodyned Sum and Difference Signals

Using a BFO with a PLL for GW Envelope Control

LIGO Detection of a Remote Heterodyned LFGW

Conclusions and Future Work

 HFGW Generation using a Tokamak:
Quadrupole change in plasma acceleration
Tokamak Generator using Resonating Plasma to Create Quadrupole Mass Motion

z
x

Figure 1a, Generating a Phase A Gravitational Wave

z
x

Figure 1b, Generating a Phase B Gravitational Wave

This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 HFGW Generation using a Tokamak: Lower
Hybrid (LH) Quadrupole Plasma Resonance
Plasma in the tokamak satisfies the plasma force balance equation:

This expression has a series of standard solutions, including the Lower Hybrid
(LH) resonance, a combination ion and electron cyclotron frequency
resonances with wave frequencies given by:

If the fundamental plasma frequency is much greater than the electron

cyclotron frequency then LH resonance is:

LH resonance is the most efficient method for driving plasma current, and it is the
quadrupole moment of plasma current that is necessary for generating HFGW
This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 Estimate of Generated HFGW
Signal Strength

The amplitude of the HFGW is expressed in strain h (delta m / m) and can be

expressed as a function of contained quadrupole energy E [5] as shown in:

G 2 2
A(amplitude GW) = h ~ 4 E GW
c
This can be rewritten for in terms of energy density for a toroid and by using
Ohms Law E = J/ to substitute plasma current J for Energy E gives:

For a plasma current of 125kA [3] and a modulation ratio of 30% [4] the amplitude
of a 3 GHz gravitational wave would be h = 1.15 (10)-39 m/m.
This is below the detectability range for known HFGW detectors
This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 Co-alignment and Synchronization of
HFGW Generator Pairs
Co-aligned Pair of HFGW Generators
X-axis envelope of strain variation

z
x

Figure 2a: X-axis cut of GW strain variation

z
x

Figure 2b: Y-axis cut of GW strain variation

Y-axis envelope of strain variation
This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
Heterodyned Sum and Difference Signals

Heterodyned GW Signal with Summed Frequency Signal and Difference Signal

y-axis envelope of strain

variation for HFGW1

y-axis envelope of strain

variation for HFGW2

Heterodyned HFGW
Strain Variation
Frequency is
HFGW1 + HFGW2
& Envelope Frequency is
HFGW1 HFGW2

y-axis envelope of
Heterodyned strain
represents an LFGW
At the difference frequency
This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 Using a BFO with a PLL for GW
Envelope Control
Using a Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO) with Phase Lock Loop Control (PLL) for
GW Envelope Shaping

HFGW1 HFGW2 Heterodyned GW with

generator generator LFGW envelope

z
x

delT delay

LFGW Beat
Frequency
Phase Oscillator
Locked Loop (BFO) + delT
(PLL) delay
HFGW
Reference
Signal
This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 LIGO Detection of a Remote
Heterodyned LFGW
Concept for pointing Heterodyned LFGW to either LIGO detector

Richland WA
LIGO Detector1
Chengdu Livingston LA
GW Generator LIGO Detector2

This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 Conclusions and Future Work

Conclusions
o pair of tokamaks with a plasma currents of 125kA and a modulation
ratios of 30% the amplitude of a 3 GHz of h = 2.3 (10)-39 m/m is
predicted for the LFGW component.
o This is well below the current LIGO detection limit of h = 1.0 (10)-25
m/m between 10Hz and 1000Hz [8]
o Larger plasma currents or some means of concentrating the
resultant HFGW signals will be required to generate larger LFGW
of measurable strength
Future Work
o Look at designing new plasma rings specifically tailored for HFGW
signals rather than trying to reuse tokamaks designed for fusion
o Investigate methods of concentrating HFGW signals via lensing

This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 Nomenclature

This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 Acknowledgments

This paper was invited by Prof. L. F. Wei of the Quantum

Optoelectronics Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University,
Chengdu, China, and by Prof. F. Y. Li, of the Department of
Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, on the
occasion of the Third International HFGW Workshop. Their
sponsorship is gratefully acknowledged.
The author also gratefully acknowledges the helpful review of
Dr. Robert ML Baker, and Dr. Andrew Beckwith,
The author also gratefully acknowledges the support of Nancy
Gossett on behalf of Seculine Consulting.

This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087
 References

[1] URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodyne, accessed on 2/13/2017.

[2] Seltzman, Andrew, and Floyd II, John-Patrick, Plasma Waves, Heating and Current Drive, NRE4903 Fall Special
Problem, (2006), Advisor: Stacey, W. M., December 2006 supplement to Stacey, W. M., Fusion Plasma Physics, 2nd
Edition, ISBN: 978-3-527-41134-4.

[3] Jiangang Li t al., Quasi-steady-state ac plasma current operation in HT-7 tokamak, Nucl. Fusion (2007) 47 p. 1071.

[4] Mao Jian-shan, P. Phillip, et al., The Experiment of Modulated Toroidal Current in the HT-7 and HT-6M Tokamak,
Plasma Sci Technol., (2003), 5 p. 1641.

[5] Beckwith, A.W. Part 2: Review of Tokamak Physics as a Way to Construct a Device Optimal for Graviton Detection and
Generation within a Confined Small Spatial Volume, as Opposed to Dysons Infinite Astrophysical Volume Calculations.
Journal of High Energy Physics , Gravitation and Cosmology, (2017), 3, pp. 138-155.

[6] Baker, R. M L, Jr., G. V. Stephenson and F. Li, Proposed Ultra-High Sensitivity HFGW Detector, in the proceedings of
Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2008) edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics
Conference Proceedings 969, (2008), pp. 1045-1054.

[7] Stephenson, G.V., Analysis of the Demonstration of the Gertsenshtein Effect, in the proceedings of Space Technology
and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2005) edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference
Proceedings 746, (2005), pp. 1264-1270.

[8] Getchell, Adam, What can LIGO detect?, URL http://insecure.ucdavid.edu/members/adam, accessed 2/28/2017.
This document does not contain export controlled technical data. xClass identifier 7734087