Practical Protection Engineering Basics

Practical Case: (Differential Protection-Transformer)

We have mention below data of one scheme

1st we need to select CTs for protection scheme,

For all this we need to use some formulae to find

= =
%
1000
= =
1.732
1000
= =
1.732

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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

1000
= =
1.732
1000
= =
1.732

MVA %Z HV LV
20 12.50 173.01 33 11.5 350 1004 2099.356 8033

Our Choice of CTs is

CT Side Ratio Class
HT 400/1 X
LT 1200/1 X

Our System with CTs is now look like below mention

figure

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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

Differential setting must account magnetization current

and tap changing effect (Voltage regulation effect) of
transformer
Two tap positions are there
For HT, +10% tap, Voltage( ) 34.65KV
For LT, -10% tap, Voltage( ) 28.05KV
Now we need to find Average Voltage,
2
=
1 1
( )+( )
max min
2
=
1 1
( )+( )
34.65 28.05
= 31.006 31
Tap Changing Error:
We have three voltages for this system
= 31
= 34.65
= 28.05

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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

At = 31, Full load current will be,

1000
=
1.732
1000
= 20
1.732 31
= 372.4524
At ,
1000
=
1.732
1000
= 20
1.732 34.65
= 333.257
372.454 333.257
=
372.454
= 10.52398%
At ,
1000
=
1.732 min
1000
= 20
1.732 28.05
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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

= 411.6579

Secondary Currents:

At = 31;
= 372.4524
CT Ratio at primary is 400/1,

=

372.4524
=
400
1
= 0.931131
At = 34.65
333.257
=
400
1
= 0.8331425

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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

At = 28.05
411.658
=
400
1
= 1.029175
At 11KV side, CT ratio is 1200/1, so
1004.09
11 =
1200
1
11 = 0.836741667

Now we need to calculate >:

Our reference current is = 0.93113
0.8331425
= = 0.894765
0.93113
`
= 0.894765
1.029175
= = 1.105297
0.93113
`
= 1.105297

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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

AT = 34.65
`
= ( )
= (0.894737 )
= 0.105
= 0.09786

`
= modulus of (Imaxsec + )
= (0.8947371 + )
= 1.8947371
= 1.764

At = 28.05
`
= ( )
= (1.1052971 )
= 0.105263 = 0.1052631 0.93113
= 0.098
= (1.1052971 + )
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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

= 2.1052971 = 2.1052971 0.93113

= 1.96

Considering errors, we select

Our 0.098, which means our

setting will not be less then 0.098A, after considering
multiple errors and margins we selected nearest 0.2A as
our > setting.
Calculation of :
We have 33/11KV Transformer of 20MVA rating with %Z
of 12.50

=
%
20
= 100
12.50
= 160
, = 2799.356
= 8033

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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

Normally High set or will be 1.3 times of HT fault

current
= 1.3 = 1.3 2799.356
= 3639.163
This current on associated 400/1 CT Secondary is 9.09A
Transformer Inrush current will be 8 to 12% of full load
current
= 12
= 12 349.91 = 4199
This current on associated 400/1 CT Secondary is
10.4973A ,we will select high set value of differential
current greater than 1.3 times of fault current (we can
take fault current value of HT or LT side) and 8-12 times
of Full load current at HT or LT side.
We can set our =

Slopes of Differential Relay:

A slope of differential relay is the ratio of differential
current and restraint current.
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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

=

0.2
= = 0.1
2
We select m=25%, then

=


25% =
2
0.25 2 =
= 0.5
2 = 50%,

2 =


50% =
5
= 2.5

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 Practical Protection Engineering Basics

3.5

2.5

2
I Diff

I_diff
1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 I Restraint
3 4 5 6 7

Engr. Qazi Arsalan hamid Page 11