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FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS

C1 Differential Calculus :

dy
C1A Mathematical definition of : Let y be a function of x. If for a small change x of x there is a
dx
y dy
corresponding small change y of y. Then Lt is called the derivative of y with respect to x. Wee
x 0 x dx
dy
can also say that is the rate of change of y with respect to x.
dx
C1B Rules of differentiation :
The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiating the function. Remember the
following rules for finding the derivative of function :

d dy d du dv
(a) (cy ) c (c is a constant) (b) (u v )
dx dx dx dx dx

du dv
d dv du v u
d u dx dx
(c) (uv ) u v (d)
dx dx dx dx v v2

dy dy du dc
(e) . (f) 0 (c is a constant)
dx du dx dx
dy
C1C for some common functions :
dx

dy dy
y y
dx dx
xn nxn 1 sin x cos x

1 1
cos x sin x
x x2

1 n
tan x sec2 x
xn x n 1

x 1/2 x cot x cosec2 x

ex ex sin x cos x

1
ex ex sin1 x
1 x2

1
ax ax ln a cos1 x
1 x2

1 1
ln x tan1 x
x 1 x2
Here ln means natural log where the base is e.

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Practice Problems :

dy
1. Find for the following functions :
dx

(i) (ax + b)5(ii) x (iii) sin x + cos x2 (iv) ex tan x

(v) x = a cos , y = b sin

4 3
2. The volume of a sphere is given by v r where r is the radius of the sphere. Find the change in
3
volume of the sphere as the radius is increased from 20.0 cm to 20.1 cm ?

RT R
3. The velocity of sound in gas depends on temperature (T) as v where is a constant
M M
quantity. If the temperature of gas is increased from 300 K to 301 K then find the fractional change in
velocity of sound ?

dy
4. Find for the following functions :
dx

lnx
(i) y = x2 sin x (ii) y
x
(iii) y = sin x2 (iv) y = sin x + ex cos x

l
5. The time period of simple pendulum is = 2 where l is the length of pendulum and g is a constant.
g
If the length of pendulum is changed by 1% then find the percentage charge in time period of
pendulum ?
6. The force is defined as rate of change in linear momentum. The momentum p of a particle changes
with time t according to the relation p = (10t + t2) kg m/s. Find the force acting on the particle at
t = 0 and t = 10 s ?

b
[Answers : (1) (i) 5a(ax + b)4 (ii) (iii) cos x 2x sinx2 (iv) extanx + exsec2x (v) cot
2 x a

1 lnx
(2) 160 cm3 (3) 1/600 (4) (i) 2x sin x + x2 cos x (ii) (iii) 2x cos x2 (iv) cos x(1 + ex) ex sin x
x2
(5) 0.5 % (6) 10 N, 30 N ]

dy dy
C1D Physical Meaning of : Physical meaning of is that slope of tangent drawn to the curve at a
dx dx
particular point. Consider the graph of y = f(x) as shown in figure.

dy
At point P1 of the curve a tangent is drawn. If we calculate the value of at P1 which equals to tan i.e.,
dx
dy
tan .
dx

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dy
At point P1 : is positive i.e. slope of tangent is positive.
dx

dy
At point P2 : is zero i.e, slope of tangent is zero
dx

dy
At point P3 : is negative i.e. slope of tangent is negative
dx
C1E Maxima and Minima :
Consider the graph of function y = f(x) as shown in figure.

From the figure it is clear that at the point of maximum (at P) and at the point of minimum (at Q) the value
dy
of =0
dx
(i) f(x) is maximum at a point x = a, if

dy d2y
(a) 0 and (b) 0
dx 2
dx x a xa
(ii) f(x) is minimum at a point x = a, if

dy d2y
(a) 0 and (b) 0
dx x a dx 2
xa
Practice Problems :

1
1. Find the maximum and minimum value of the function y x for x > 0.
x

1 2
2. The height reached in time t by a particle thrown upward with a speed u is given by h ut gt
2
where g = 9.8 m/s2 is a constant. Find the time taken in reaching the maximum height ?
3. Find the maximum value of the function y = ax bx2, where a and b are constants ?
4. Find the maximum attainable temperature of ideal gas in the following process :
T = P0V V3, where P0 and are positive constant and V is the volume of gas.

a2 4P03
[Answers : (1) y = 2 (2) u/g (3) (4) ]
4b 27

C2 Integral Calculus :
C2A Definition :
Integration is an inverse process of differentiation. Let f(x) be the derivative of F(x) i.e.,
d
f ( x)
dx
F( x) f ( x )dx F( x) . Here F(x) is called an integral of f(x). The symbol is the integral

sign and the expression f (x)dx is to be read as the integral, with respect to x, of f(x).

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C2B Physical meaning of integration :
Integration is related to find the area under a curve. Consider the graph of function y = f(x), shown in figure

Then A f ( x )dx Area bounded by the curve of f(x), then x-axis and two lines x = a and x = b. In the
a

above figure area (A) is shown by shaded portion. The total area between definite limits of x is called the
definite integral.
d
If the function is x ( y ) then A (y )dy is represented as shown in figure
c

C2C Rules of integration :

(a) cf (x)dx c f (x)dx, c is a constant.

(b) [f (x) g(x)]dx f (x) g(x)dx .
b a
(c)
f (x)dx f (x)dx .
a b

C2D Integral Formulae :

f(x) f (x)dx f(x) f (x)dx

sin x cos x + c xn(n 1) xn + 1/n + 1 + c
cos x sin x + c 1/x ln x + c

1 1 x
sec2x tan x + c 2 2
tan 1 + c
x a a a

1 x
cosec2x cot x + c sin 1 +c
a x2 2 a

1
sec x tan x sec x + c l n( x x 2 1 ) + c
2
x 1

1 x
ex ex + c ex e + c

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Practice Problems :
1. Evaluate the following integral :

1 / 2 1
dx
(a) x dx
7
(b)
0
sin tdt (c) x
0
0

(d) ( 2x 2 3x 5)dx (e) cos 2d

0 0

/2
2
(f) sin
0
d

2. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x2 between x = 0 and x = 2.

3. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 5 m under the influence of a force given by
F = 7 2x + 3x2. Find the work done in this process ?
4. Evaluate the following integral :
1 t
5 1 3x
(a) (3x) dx
0
(b) x2
dx (c) A sin tdt
0

dv
5. The velocity v and displacement x of a particle are related as v x . Here is a constant.
dx
At x = 0, v = v0. Find the velocity v when the displacement becomes x.
6. Find the area bounded under the curve y = sin x and the x-axis between x = 0 and x = .
7. Find the area bounded by the curve y = ex, the x-axis and the y-axis.

1
[Answers : (1) (a) 1/8 (b) 1/ (c) ln (d) 228 (e) 0 (f) /4 (2) 8/3 (3) 135 J (4) (a) 40.5

1 A
(b) + 3 ln x + constant (c) (1 cos t) (5) v 02 x 2 (6) 2 (7) 1]
x

C3 Functions and Graphs :

Function gives the idea of dependence of one quantity on another. For example, volume of sphere (V) is
4 3
r where r is the radius of sphere.Heve V depends on r and hence V is a function of r. In physics we will
3
use different type of functions and its graphs. Try to memorize the following functions and their graphs.
1. Straight Line

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2. Parabola
Here a is a constant

3. Circle

4. Ellipse

x2 y2
1
a2 b2

5. Rectangular hyperbola

6. Exponential Decay
y = aex

7. Exponential Rise
y = a(1 ex)

Practice Problems :
1. A tube of length L is filled with an ideal gas. Temperature of the gas is increasing linearly along the
length of the tube. The temperature of gas at one end is T1 while at the other end is T2 and T2 is greater
than T1. How do you interpret this physical result in a mathematically way ?
2. The gas equation for an ideal gas (of one mole) having pressure P, volume V and temperature T is
given by PV = RT. Here R is known as gas constant.
(a) If pressure (P) is constant then draw the graph between volume (V) and temperature (T)

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(b) If temperature (T) is constant then draw the graph between pressure (P) and volume (V)
3. The velocity (v) of a particle depends on time (t) as v = At. Here A is constant. Find the nature of
curve on (a) velocity (v) and time (t) graph. (b) v t graph.
4. The mass per unit length of a rope (of length L) is increasing linearly along the length. One end of the
rope has mass per unit length 1 and other end has 2. How mass per unit length of the rope depends
on the length of rope ?

2 1
[Answers : (4) x 1 ]
L

C4A Vectors and Scalars :

Certain physical quantities that can be completely described in terms of their magnitudes only are called
scalars. Scalar quantities are added, subtracted, multiplied and divided like numbers.
Examples of scalar quantities are mass, distance, speed, time, current, etc.
However certain physical quantities require both magnitude and direction for their complete description.
These are known as vector quantities. Examples of vector quantities are displacement, velocity,
acceleration and force. A line with an arrowhead represents a vector. The length of the line represents its
magnitude, and arrowhead represents its direction. Vectors have different rules for their addition and
multiplication.
Definitions
1. Parallel vectors : Vectors pointing in the same direction are called parallel vectors.
2. Negative of a vector : We define the negative of a vector as a vector having the same magnitude as the
original vector with the opposite direction.
3. Equal vectors : Two vectors are equal if their magnitudes and directions are same. Thus a parallel
translation of a vector does not bring any change in it.
4. Resultant vector : The resultant of a number of vectors is a single vector, which should have the same effect
as all the original vectors taken together.
C4B Vector Addition :
Method I : Graphical Method :
According to this method to find the resultant of several vectors consists in beginning at any convenient
point and drawing each vector arrow in turn. They may be taken in any order of succession. The tail end of
each arrow is attahced to the tip end of the preceding one. An arrow represents the resultant with its tail ends
at the starting point and its tip ends at the tip of the last vector added.
Method II : Triangle Rule :

According to this method if two vectors a and b are to be added, a diagram is drawn in which the tail of b

coincides with the head of a . The vector, c a b , is the vector addition of a and b . Vector c is shown

by line connecting the tail of a to the head of b .

Method III : Parallelogram Method :

The resultant of two vectors a and b acting at a point at an angle may be represented by the diagonal ( R )
of a parallelogram as shown in figure.

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The two vectors are drawn as the sides of the parallelogram and the resultant of its diagonal as shown in the
figure. The direction of the resultant is away from the origin of the two vectors. Magnitude of resultant

vector R is given by | R | a 2 b 2 2ab cos and its angle with the vector a is given by

b sin .
tan
a b cos
C4C Components of a vector : The component of a vector are its perpendicular drops on the given axes. For
example a force F is acting on a block placed on a smooth table, as shown in the figure, the components of
F are found by dropping perpendicular lines from the tip of F on to OP and OQ.

The components are given by :

Component of F along OP = F cos
Component of F along OQ = F sin
It is useful to resolve vectors into components along mutually perpendicular directions (rectangular compo-
nents).
Method of components to find the resultant vector :
Each vector is resolved into its x, y and z components (in a rectangular coordinate system) with positively
direction components taken as positive and negatively directed components taken as negative.
The x component of the resultant Rx is the algebraic sum of all the x components. The y and z components
of the resultant are found in a similar way.
C4D Unit vectors and rectangular coordinate system :

Any non zero vector A may be written as A Ae where A is the magnitude of A and e is the unit vector

(a vector whose magnitude is unity) in the direction of A . Its purpose is to describe a direction of a vector
in space.
Rectangular coordinate system consists of three perpendiculars axes, i.e., x, y and z axes as shown in figure.

We can define three units vectors i , j and k that are oriented in the directions of the positive x axis,
positive y-axis and positive z-axis respectively. Thus a vector having magnitude (or component) Ax along

x-axis is written as A x i . In the same way, a vector A having components Ax, Ay and Az along positive

x-axis, positive y-axis and positive z-axis respectively may be written as A x i A y j A z k . The magnitude

of A is given by A 2x A 2y A 2z .

Practice Problems :
1. Using triangle rule of vectors additions, find the resultant of the following two displacements : 3 m
towards east and 4 m towards north.
2. A particle moves 1.00 km north and then 2.00 km east on a horizontal snowfield.
(a) How far and in what direction is it from the starting point ?
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of resultant displacement ?

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3. A person is surverying a cave. He follows a passage that goes 210 m straight west, then, 180 m in a
direction 450 east of north, then 110 m at 600 east of south. After a fourth unmeasured displacement,
he finds himself back where he started. Determine the fourth displacement (magnitude and
direction).
4. Two forces, 80 N and 100 N acting at an angle of 600 with each other, act on an object. What single
force would replace the two forces ?
5. A particle travels 10.4 km west, 8.7 km north, and 2.1 km vertically upwards. How far is it from the
starting point ?
6. Using component method add the following two coplanar forces in x-y coordinate system : 30 N at 370
with positive x-axis and 50 N at 1800 with positive x-axis acting on a particle.

[Answers : (2) 2.24 km, 63.40 east of north (3) 73 m, 9.90 west of south (4) 156 N (5) 13.7 (6) [ 26i 18j ]

C4E Multiplication of vectors :

(a) Multiplication of a vector by a scalar or number :
When a vector is multiplied by a scalar or numbers, then the resultant is also a vector. For example, velocity

( v ) a vector quantity, when multiplied by mass (m), a scalar quantity, gives a new physical quantity known

as linear momentum (p) , which is a vector quantity..
(b) Scalar Product or Dot Product :

If two vectors quantities A and B give a scalar quantity C after multiplication, then this type of product is

known as scalar product of vectors A and B , and written as C A . B .We read A . B as A Dot Product

B . It is also known as Dot Product. For example, Dot Product of two vectors physical quantities Force F

and displacement s will give another physical quantity work (W) i.e W F .s .Hence W is a scalar
quantity.

Mathematically, C A .B AB cos where is the angle between vectors A and B , as shown in figure.

Properties of Dot Product

(a) It is commutative i.e., a.b b.a
(b) C = AB if =0
=0 if = /2
= AB if =
(c) Vector Product or Cross Product :

If two vector quantity A and B will give a vector quantity C after the product of A and B then this type

of product is known as vector product and written as C A B and read as A Cross Product B . Hence

vector product is also known as Cross Product. For example, Cross Product of two vectors, force F and

position vector r will give another vector known as moment of force of torque , i.e., r F . Hence
is a vector quantity.

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Mathematically, C A B AB sin n , where is the angle between A and B as shown in figure. Here

n is the unit vector which gives the direction of C and the vector C is directed perpendicular to the plane

containing vector A and B .

How to Determine the Direction of C ?

The direction of vector C will be the direction of advance of a right hand screw when turned from A to B

through angle , it is assumed that the axis of the screw is normal to the plane containing vector A and B .
Properties of Cross Product :

1. It is not commutative i.e., a b b a . In fact a b b a .

2. If(a) a || b i.e., = 0, then a b 0

(b) a b i.e. then a b = abn
2

i j k

3. If a a x i a y j a z k and b b x i b y j b z k then a b a x ay az
bx by bz

a b i (a y b z a z b y ) j(a z b x a x b z ) k (a x b y a y b x ) .
Practice Problems :
1. A physical quantity called impulse is defined as the multiplication of force and time. Is impulse a
vector or scalar ?
2. Prove that i .i j.j k .k 1, i .j j.i k .i i .k j.k 0 .

3. Find the Dot Product of two vectors A 5i 3j 7k and B 8i 9j k .

4. The force acting on a particle is given by F (5i 4j) N and its displacement ( s ) is 5 m along posi-

tive X-axis. Find the work done by this force. Note that W F .s .
5. A physical quantity called power is defined as the Dot Product of force and velocity. Is power a scalar
or vector ?

6. If A 5i 7j and B 6k , find the following values

(a) A. B (b) ( A B).B (c) ( A B).( A B)

7. Prove that i i j j k k 0
i j k ; j k i ; k i j

8. Consider the vectors F (4i 10j) N and r ( 5i 3j) m . Find r F .
9. Find a vector of length 5 m which is perpendicular to both vectors :

A ( 3i 2j)m and B (4i 3j)m .

10. An electron moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B experienced a force F given by

F e( v B) . Considering v 2.5 10 6 i m / s, B (10i 6k ) 10 2 Wb / m 2 and e = 1.6 1019C. Find

the value of F ?
[Answers : (1) vector (6) (a) zero (b) 36 (c) 38 (8) 62k N m (9) 5k ]

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APPENDIX

Differential elements of geometrical configuration :

A rod can be considered to be made of several small elements of rectangular or square shapes. This type of element is known
as differential element of the given configuration. As the mass of the rod is distributed over its length, therefore we can talk
about its mass per unit length which may be uniform or non uniform. For a uniform rod of mass M and length L the mass per
M
unit length or linear mass density of the rod is given by . Hence the mass of the differential element has length dx is
L
dx. Remember the following table :
Disc of mass M and radius R
Surface Area = R2

M
Mass per unit area, Mass of the element = (2xdx)
R 2

Hollow sphere of mass M and

radius R
Mass per unit area

M
(2R sin ) Rd
4R 2

Solid sphere of mass M and

radius R
Mass per unit volume

M

4 Mass of the element = (R2 x2)dx
R 3
3

Important points related to Geometry, Trigonometry, Approximations, Numerical Constants and Units and
Dimensions.
(A) Plane Geometry :
1. When two intersecting lines are, respectively, perpendicular to two other lines, the angles formed by each pair are equal.

x hy
2. SimilarTriangles
b h

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1
3. Area of any triangles = bh
2

4. Properties of circle :

1 2
Circumference = 2r, Area = r2, Arc length s = r, Sector area = r
2

5. Every triangle inscribed within a semicircle is a right triangle.

6. Angles of Triangle 1 + 2 + 3 = 1800, 4 = 1 + 2

(B) Solid Geometry

4 3
1. Sphere : Volume = r , Surface Area = 4r2
3

1 2
2. Right Circular Cone : Volume = r h , Lateral Area = rL, L r 2 h 2
3

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(C) Trigonometry :
1. Signs in the four Quadrants :

I II III IV
sin + +
cos + +
tan + +
cosec + +
sec + +
cot + +
2. Miscellaneous Relations :
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
1 + cot2 = cosec2

1
sin (1 cos )
2 2

1
cos (1 cos )
2 2
sin 2 = 2sin cos
cos 2 = cos2 sin2 = 2cos2 1 = 1 2sin2
sin (a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
cos (a b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
3. Numerical Value :

2 3
0
6 4 3 2 3 4

1 1 3 3 1
sin 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1
cos 1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 3 1 0
3

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(D) Numerical constants and approximations
Numerical Constants Approximate Formulas
(for )

= 3.1416 (1 ) n 1 n

2 = 9.8696 e 1
= 1.7725 ln(1 )
e = 2.7183 sin
log e = 0.4343 cos 1 2 / 2
ln 10 = 2.3026 tan
(E) Units and dimensions of important physical quantities :
Physical Quantity SI Unit Symbol Equivalent Dimensions
Unit
Area square meter m2 M0L2T0
Volume cubic meter m3 M0L3T0
Frequency hertz Hz s1 M0L0T1
Density kilogram per kg/m3 ML3T0
cubic meter
Speed, velocity meter per m/s M0LT1
second
Angular velocity radian per rad/s M0L0T1
second
Acceleration meter per m/s2 M0LT2
second square
Angular Acceleration radian per rad/s2 M0L0T2
second square
Force newton N kg m/s2 MLT2
Pressure (mechanical strees) pascal Pa N/m2 ML1T2
Work, energy, quantity of heat joule J Nm ML2T2
Power watt W J/s ML2T3
Quantity of electricity coulomb C As AT
Potential difference, volt V J/C, W/A ML2T3A1
electromotive, force
Electric field strength volt per meter V/m N/C MLT3A1
Electric resistance ohm W V/A ML2T3A2
Capacitance farad F A s/V M1L2T4A2
Magnetic flux weber Wb V.s ML2T2A1
Inductance henry H V.s/A ML2T2A2
Magnetic field density tesla T Wb/m2 ML0T2A1
Magnetic field strength ampere per A/m AL1
meter
Wave number 1 per meter m1 L1
Specific heat capacity joule per J/kg/K M0L2T2K1
kilogram-kelvin
Thermal conductivity watt per meter W/m K MLT3K1
kelvin
Activity (of a radioactive source) becquerel Bq s1 T1
Radiation dose gray Gy J/kg M0L2T2
Radiation dose equivalent sievert Sv J/kg M0L2T2
Radiant intensity wat per W/sr ML2T2
steradian

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SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE

1. The dimensional formula for the modulus of 11. Consider a new system of units in which c (speed of
rigidity is light in vacuum), h (Plancks constant) and
G (gravitational constant) are taken as
(a) [ML2T2] (b) [ML1T3]
fundamental units. Which of the following would
(c) [ML2T2] (d) [ML1T2] correctly represent mass in this new system ?
2. The radio-active decay constant has the same
dimensional formula as hC GC
(a) (b)
(a) mole (b) frequency G h
(c) time (d) mass
hG
3. The dimensions of permittivity (0) of vacuum are (c) (d) hGC
c
1 3 4 2 3 2 2
(a) M L TI (b) ML T I
1 3 4 2
12. If time T, acceleration A and force F are regarded
(c) M LTI (d) ML3T2I2 as base units, then the dimensional formula of work
4. Energy per unit volume represents is
(a) Pressure (b) Force (a) [FA] (b) [FAT]
(c) Thrust (d) Work (c) [FAT2] (d) [FA2T]
5. Which of the following pairs has the same 13. Let Q denote the charge on the plates of a
dimensions ? capacitor of capacitance C. The dimensional
(a) Impulse and Momentum formula for Q2/C is
(b) Specific heat and Latent heat (a) [M2L2T2] (b) [ML2T2]
(c) Moment of inertia and Moment of (c) [MLT0] (d) [M2L2T]
momentum 14. A highly rigid cubical block A of small mass M and
(d) Surface tension and tension (force) side L is fixed rigidly on to another cubical block of
same dimensions and of low modulus of rigidity
6. What is the SI unit of Stefan-Boltzmanns constant such that the lower face of A completely covers the
? upper face of B. The lower face of B is rigidly held
(a) W m2 K4 (b) W m2 K4 on a horizontal surface. A small force F is applied
(c) W K4 (d) erg s2 K4 perpendicular to one of the side faces of A. After the
forces is withdrawn, block A executes small oscilla-
7. The velocity of a body is given by the equation :
tions, the time period of which is given by
b
v ct 2 dt 3 M
t (a) 2 M L (b) 2
L
The dimensional formula of b is
(a) [M0LT0] (b) [ML0T0] ML M
0 0
(c) 2 (d) 2
(c) [M L T] (d) [MLT1] L
8. The dimensional formula of latent heat is
15. The time depends of physical quantity P is given by
(a) [M0L2T2] (b) [MLT2] 2
P P0 e t . The constant will
(c) [ML2T2] (d) [MLT1]
9. The dimensional formula for Rydberg constant is (a) be dimensionless
(a) [M0LT1] (b) [M0L1T0] (b) have dimensions T2
(c) [M0L0T0] (d) [MLT] (c) have dimensions same as that of P
10. In the equation X = 3YZ2, X ans Z have dimensions (d) have dimensions equal to the dimensions
of capacitance and magnetic induction respectively. of P multiplied by T2.
In MKSQ system, the dimensional formula of Y is 16. 0 and 0 denote the permeability and permittivity
(a) [M3L2T2Q4 ] (b) [ML2] respectively of free space. The dimensional formula
of 00 is
(c) [M3L2Q4T8] (d) [M3L2Q4T4]
(a) [L2T2] (b) [L1T]
(c) [LT1] (d) [L2T2]

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 PFP 16
17. The number of particles given by 25. The error in the measurement of the radius of a
sphere is 1%. The error in the measurement of the
n 2 n1 volume is
n D
x 2 x1 (a) 1% (b) 3%
are crossing a unit area perpendicular to x-axis in (c) 5% (d) 8%
unit time, where n 1 and n 2 are the number of 26. The percentage errors in the measurements of the
particles per unit volume for the values x1 and x2 of length of a simple pendulum and its time period are
x respectively. Then the dimensional formula of 2% and 3% respectively. The maximum error in the
diffusion constant D is value of the acceleration due to gravity obtained
(a) [M0LT2] (b) [M0L2T1] from these measurements is
(c) [M0LT3] (d) [M0LT1] (a) 5% (b) 1%
(c) 8% (d) 10%
1 e2
18. The dimensional formula of is
0 hc 1
27. The dimensions of 0 E 2 (0 = permitivity of free
2
(a) [M0L0T0A0] (b) [M1L3T2A]
space and E = electric field) are
(c) [ML3T4A2] (d) [M1L3T4]
(a) MLT1 (b) ML2T2
19. The frequency of vibration f of a mass m suspended
(c) ML1T2 (d) ML2T1
from a spring of spring constant k is given by
relation of the type f = cm xk y , where c is a V
dimensionless constant. The values of x and y are 28. A quantity X is given by 0 L where 0 is the
t
(a) 1/2, 1/2 (b) 1/2, 1/2 permitivity of free space, L is a length, V is a
(c) 1/2, 1/2 (d) 1/2, 1/2 potential difference and t is a time interval. The
dimensional formula for X is the same as that of
20. If E, m, J and G represent energy, mass, angular
momentum and gravitational constant respectively, (a) resistance (b) charge
then the dimensional formula of EJ2/m5G2 is (c) voltage (d) current
(a) angle (b) length 29. The dimensional equation for magnetic flux is
(c) mass (d) time (a) ML2T2I1 (b) ML2T2I2
21. If gravitational constant G, velocity of light c and (c) ML2T2I1 (d) ML2T2I2
Plancks constant h are taken as the fundamental
30. In the measurement of a physical quantity
quantities, then the dimensional formula for length
is A 2B
X . The percentage errors introduced in
(a) [G1/2c3/2h1/2] (b) [G1/2c3/2h1/2] C1 / 3 D 3
(c) [G1/2c3/2h1/2] (d) [G1/2c3/2h1/2] the measurements of the quantities A, B, C and D
are 2%, 2%, 4% and 5% respectively. Then the
22. What are the dimensions of permeability (0) of
minimum amount of percentage of error in the mea-
vacuum ?
surement of X is contributed by
(a) MLT2I2 (b) MLT2I2
(a) A (b) B
(c) ML1T2I2 (d) ML1T2I2
(c) C (d) D
23. If E and B respectively represents electric field and
31. If the value of resistance is 10.845 ohm and the value
E of current is 3.23 ampere, the potential is 35.02935
magnetic induction field, then the ratio has the
B volt. Its value in significant number would be
dimensions of (a) 3.55 volt (b) 35.0 volt
(a) displacement (b) velocity (c) 35.029 volt (d) 35.030 volt
(c) acceleration (d) angle 32. The volume of a sphere is 1.76 m3. The volume of 25
24. If h and e respectively represents Plancks constant such spheres taking into account the significant fig-
ures is
h
and electronic charge, then the dimensions of (a) 0.44 102 m2 (b) 44.0 m3
e
(c) 44 m3 (d) 44.00 m3
are the same as those of
(a) magnetic field (b) electric field
(c) magnetic flux (d) electric flux

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 PFP 17

a a t2 ANSWERS
33. The dimensions of in the equation P
b bx
where P is pressure, x is distance and t is time are
(a) M2LT3 (b) MT2 1. d 21. b
(c) ML3T1 (d) LT3 2. b 22. b
34. The dimensions of coefficient of viscosity are 3. a 23. b
(a) ML1T1 (b) MT1 4. a 24. c
(c) MLT2 (d) ML3
5. a 25. b
35. In C.G.S. system the magnitude of the force is 100
dynes. In another system where the fundamental 6. a 26. c
physical quantities are kilogram, meter and minute, 7. a 27. c
the magnitude of the force is
8. a 28. d
(a) 0.036 (b) 0.36
(c) 3.6 (d) 36
9. b 29. a
10. d 30. c
dt t
36. a x sin 1 1 . The value of x is 11. a 31. b
2at t 2 a
12. c 32. b
(a) 1 (b) 1
13. b 33. b
(c) 0 (d) 2
37. The sum of magnitude of two forces acting at a point
14. d 34. a
is 16 N. If their resultant is normal to the smaller 15. b 35. c
force and has a magnitude of 8 N. Then the forces
are
16. a 36. c
(a) 6N, 10N (b) 8N, 8N 17. b 37. a
(c) 4N, 12N (d) 2N, 14N 18. a 38. b
19. d 39. a
38. If | a b || a b | the angle between vectors
20. a 40. b
a and b is
(a) 00 (b) 900
(c) 1800 (d) 450
39. The length and breadth of a metal sheet are
3.124 m and 3.002 m respectively the area of this
sheet upto correct significant figure is
(a) 9.378 m2 (b) 9.37 m2
2
(c) 9.378248 m (d) 9.3782 m2
40. The significant figures of the number 6.0023 is
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 4 (d) 1

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 PFP 18

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1. If the position of a particle at time t is given by

x = a sin t and y = a cos 2t. Find out the
trajectory.
2. A particle moves in the x y plane under the action

of a force F such that the value of its linear

momentum P at any time t is Px = 2 cost and

Py = 2 sint. What is the angle between F and P at
a given time t ?
3. The sum of the magnitude of two forces acting at a
point is 18 and the magnitude of their resultant is
12. If the resultant is at 900 with the force of smaller
magnitude, what are the magnitudes of forces ?
4. The momentum p of a particle changes with time t
dp
according to the relation, (10 N ) + (2 N/s)t. If
dt
the momentum is zero at t = 0 what will be the
momentum at t = 10 s ?
5. The change in a function y and the independent
dy
variable x are related as x 2 . Find y as a
dx
function of x.

6. A certain vector is given by 3i 4j 7k . Find the

angle it makes with the z-axis.
7. Find the projection of

A 10i 8j 6k along r 5i 6j 9k .
ANSWERS

8. Two vectors a xi j k and b 2i 3j 4k aree
perpendicular to each other. Find the value of x ? 1. 2x2 + ay = a2

9. Vector A has magnitude 6 units and in the 2. /2
3. 5, 13
direction of the position x-axis. Vector B has
magnitude 4 units and lies in the xy plane, making 4. 200 kg m/s
x3
an angle of with the positive x axis. Find the 5. y +c
6 3

vector product A B ?
7
10. The average of a quantity (x) is determined over 6. cos 1
74
y
56
xdy 7.
another quantity (y) is defined as x 0
. The 10 2
y

dy
0 8.
1
2
current in a circuit is given by I = I0 sin t where I0
and are constants. Find the average current be- 9. [12 k ]

2 10. zero
tween t = 0 to t = T ? Here .
T
Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111