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can also act as a guide for development policy for the researchers started to collect data on both opportunity
policy makers. So the equation comes out to be of entrepreneurshipstarting a business to exploit a
positive relationship between the opportunity ratio and perceived business opportunityand necessity
GDP per capita. The suggestion could be given to less entrepreneurshipstarting a business because you are not
developed countries that they should focus on left with any other option. Both of these measures show
strengthening General National Framework Conditions, higher levels in developing countries than in developed
and developed economies policy should focus on countries. The relationship between necessity
strengthening the entrepreneurial framework conditions. entrepreneurship and economic development is most likely
negative in low-income countries, while the relationship
THE GEM PROGRAM between entrepreneurship and economic development in
high-income countries is mostly likely positive. This must
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research be further balanced by the fact that some low-income
program is an annual assessment of the national level of countries like India and China have high levels of
entrepreneurial activity. Initiated in 1999 with 10 opportunity entrepreneurship, at least in certain parts of
countries, expanded to 21 in the year 2000 and 39 the country, and countries like Japan have very low levels
countries in 2005, the program covers both developed and of opportunity entrepreneurship and low growth. In 2004
developing countries. The research program, based on a Global Entrepreneurship Report started to pursue the idea
harmonized assessment of the level of national of using the opportunity-necessity ratio as a composite
entrepreneurial activity for all participating countries, indicator of entrepreneurial activity and economic
involves exploration of the role of entrepreneurship in development.
national economic growth. Representative samples of
randomly selected adults, ranging in size from 1,000 to Z.J. Acs, P. Arenius, M. Hay and M. Minniti, 2004 Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor. (London Business School
almost 27,000 individuals, are surveyed each year in each and Babson College. London U.K. And Babson Park, MA, 2005).
country in order to provide harmonized measures of the
prevalence of entrepreneurial activity. There is a wealth of Relationship between Economic Development and
national features and characteristics associated with Globalization
entrepreneurial activity.
Three stages of development are defined by Development
Source:www.gemcomnsortium.org Economists:
first state is , the economy specializes in the
The GEM project provides data across countries. While all production of agricultural products and small-scale
countries collect official data on self-employment, the size manufacturing.
distribution of firms, census data on all or most plants and second stage, the economy shifts from small-scale
firms, and firm and plant entry, almost none of these production toward manufacturing.
registry sources are comparable across countries, even in third stage, with increasing wealth the economy
developed countries. Official data sources differ in the shifts away from manufacturing toward services.
way they define when an establishment enters a file, when
it leaves, and how they handle self employment, making M. Syrquin, Patterns of Structural Change. In Handbook of
cross-national comparisons almost impossible. Development Economics, edited by H. Chenery and T.N.
Srinivasan, 203-273. (Amsterdam / New York: North-Holland.,
P.D. Reynolds, N. S. Bosma, E. and Autio, Global 1988)
Entrepreneurship
Monitor: Data Collection Design and Implementation 1998- The first stage is about high rates of non-agricultural self-
2003. Small Business Economics, 2005
employment, sole proprietorships or the self-employed
The strengths of the project is its application of uniform which means small manufacturing firms and service firms.
definitions and data collection across countries for The second stage talks about when rates of self-
international comparisons. A major shortcoming of the employment are decreased. Entrepreneurial activity
GEM project has been its inability to effectively deal with decreases as economies become more developed. As the
the issue of how to compare entrepreneurial activity in economy becomes more developed fewer people pursue
developed and developing countries. For example, low- entrepreneurial activities. Now coming to the third stage,
income countries like Uganda, Peru and Ecuador have which simply sees increase in entrepreneurial activity,
very high levels of self-employment and therefore have which is moving from small firms towards larger
high levels of entrepreneurial activity as measured by the organizations. This came to in seen between 1970 s and
GEM program. High-income countries like Japan, Sweden 80s.The studies I have read indicates that firm size
and Germany have much lower levels of entrepreneurial distribution in more developed countries has moved
activity as measured by the GEM program. In order to towards entrepreneurial activity.
address this issue, when India entered the program, GEM
Mainly I came across three reasons why entrepreneurial levels of entrepreneurial activity. High-income countries,
activity rises in the final stage of economic activity. All of such as Germany, France, Belgium, Italy and Finland,
the industrialized market economies experienced a decline have relatively low levels of entrepreneurial activity. Two
in the share of manufacturing in their economies in the last outliers are Japan, with one of the lowest levels of
thirty years. The business service sector expended to entrepreneurial activity, and the U.S., with one of the
manufacturing. Service firms are smaller on average than highest levels of entrepreneurial activity.
manufacturing firms, therefore, economy-wide average
firm size may decline. Moreover, service firms provide Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Do
more opportunities for entrepreneurship. This is clearly the they have positive relation?
case in the U.S., as well as in several EU countries,
including Germany and Sweden. To find out this we need to find type of entrepreneurial
activity countries are engaged in. Global Entrepreneurship
Second, during the post-war period technological change Monitor (GEM) data is used to identify the type of activity
has been biased toward industries in which entrepreneurial in countries at different levels of development. The intent
activity is important. Improvements in information of GEM is to systematically assess two things:
technologies such as telecommunications may increase the the level of start-up activity and the prevalence of
returns to entrepreneurship. Express-mail services, new or young firms that have survived the start-up phase.
photocopying services, personal computers, the internet, First, start-up activity is measured by the proportion of the
web services and mobile phone services make it less adult population (18-64 years of age) in each country that
expensive and less time consuming for geographically is currently engaged in the process of creating a nascent
separate individuals to exchange information. business.
Second, the proportion of adults in each country
D.W. Jorgenson, 2001, Information Technology and the U.S. who are involved in operating a business that is less than
Economy. American Economic Review, 91 (1): 1-32. 42 months old measures the presence of new firms. The
distinction between nascent and new firms is made in
Third, Robert Lucas derived a model where higher order to determine the relationship of each to national
development leads to higher average firm size because of a economic growth.
negative relationship between the elasticity of factor
substitution and firm size. A high value of the elasticity of For both measures, the focus is on entrepreneurial activity
factor substitution does not only lead to more per capita in which the individuals involvement have a direct
capital, but makes it easier for an individual to become an ownership interest in the business. Opportunity
entrepreneur if the aggregate elasticity of substitution is entrepreneurship represents the voluntary nature of
also negative. In an economy characterized by higher participation and necessity entrepreneurship reflects the
values of the aggregate elasticity of substitution, we individuals perception that such actions presented the best
should expect a higher level of development, more option available for employment. Opportunity
entrepreneurs and smaller firms. entrepreneurs expect their ventures to produce more high-
growth firms and provide more new jobs. countries with
M. Aquilina, R. Klump and C. Pietrobelli, 2006, Factor high levels of necessity entrepreneurship get ranked the
Substitution, Average Firm Size and Economic same as a country with low levels of entrepreneurship.
Growth. Small Business Economics, in press
countries where more entrepreneurship is motivated by an
After the study of various theories on economic economic opportunity recognized than by necessity have
development and findings of researchers I can say that higher levels of income. We are finding How is
economies in middle of economic development is entrepreneurship good for economic development? for
negatively related to economic development as at this time his we need to find meaning of entrepreneurship and self
maximum people shift from self employment to wage employment.entrepreneurship may not lead to economic
employment.But the case is different in developed development as there is no mechanism to link the activity
ecomies .their we can find people wil shift from wage to development.We have learned from the studies and
work to entrepreneurial activity. trend that self-employment declines as economies become
Countries like Uganda, Peru and Ecuador are all more developed. So we can conclude that when economies
countries with high levels of entrepreneurial activity but remove people from self-employment ,there can be an
very low levels of per capita income. Countries with much increase in development.
lower levels of entrepreneurial activity (for example,
Brazil and Argentina,) appear to have higher levels of per To quote Adam Smith, when the division of labor
capita income and are moving toward lower levels of increases, so will economic development.
entrepreneurial activity. The middle represents a set of
countries that appear to be transitioning from a middle- The findings and previous studies clearly reflects that the
income level to a higher-income level and some haverising ratio of opportunity-to-necessity entrepreneurship is a key
indicator of economic development. When more of the attention to paid on education and training, both at the
population gets involved in opportunity entrepreneurship elementary and secondary levels. Developing countries
and more people leaves necessity entrepreneurship which with less and weak education background will end up in
is basically self employment, we can see the raising level necessity entrepreneurship. Developing countries require
of economic development. a more balanced approach to both the National Framework
Conditions and the Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions
Relationship between entrepreneurship, corporations, . Economic development of a country should focus and
and economic development strengthen the conditions that would improve
infrastructure, labour market, financial market, rules and
We know that Corporations influence economic growth of policies, which will help in building a pillar for
the country by creating new plants which in turn provides entrepreneurship environment and develop management
ample of job opportunities. Researchers states that earlier skills. These conditions are also of value to attract foreign
analysis of economic development use to focus on big direct investment that will help generate employment,
corporations ignoring the innovations that comes from technology exchange, improve imports -exports and tax
small business .the potential entrepreneurs if thinking to revenues. For developed economies, the focus shifts to
start a business had to refer to Entrepreneurial Framework strengthening the Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions
Conditions which means need to business is influenced by if they want to be entrepreneurial economies. Further it
additional characteristics within the existing business could be concluded that Entrepreneurial activity in
environment. This have a significant affect on developed countries should focus on high value-added,
entrepreneurial process as this may lead to increase in high technology, innovation ,higher education system
innovation and competition having direct impact on ,research and development and technology
national economic growth. Entrepreneurship is vital for commercialization.
larger economy. A nations economic development
depends on successful entrepreneurship joint with the REFERENCES
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