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.HdG G G
GdGh dG jQdG QKBG Y dG -
.faG RdGh ,dGh
ceCG ```j :``è :```SdG ```dG -
B```G ```SCG IO```LG h```dGh ```dG
```fCG ,f```SG ```dG ```NGOh ,```Gh
faG jjG OGGh HfCG Nh
SSCG QU W Y aeh ,VQCG S
fih fGGh Oh```dG A```fE Yfh
ceCG aeh .jhdG Gh AHdG dJ
.dG dGh G SGe OGeGh
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```SCG R```flh G```FdGh ``ÙGdGh
.VQCG WH
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N e ```FjaG ```G Y ```J
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d g ,```G e G dG j -
dG ...RdGh dG hCG OG hCG QKBG Y
M e ,``è G M```G ```j -
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```Y ```MG ```FjaGh ``àGHdGh
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```jdGh ```FjdG ``ÙG ```j -
dHh ,dG SGQd SG FjaG
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.SMh bO
hCG ,```H hCG VQCG `````g g G f j -
aGHWh G M kW dPh ,L
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.dG dGh G SGe OGeGh
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M e ,``è G M```G ```j -
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```jdGh ```FjdG ``ÙG ```j -
.SMh bO
aGHWh G M kW dPh ,L
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jQc FGN IQ``Ù SQh j```J
dG ```Y J ```dG (Anomalies) G```dG
.dG QdG UGN aCG
```ch (Qualitative) ```c ```J AGLEG -
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gj eh IYdG QU d cJ jN
ae ```dN e ``` H```SQ Q``Ù e
LdG cGd OG``èGh OEGh Y
H```SdG VGMCG j dch ,```dG
RdGh ```dG e k``è kGQ``è ```J dG
eGh ``àG ```d ``èG ```dGh
.gZh ... jObG
OHCG KK hCG FK (Models) P Y -
fdG e cCd FjaG FGG Y

HdG GdG e Y ```G dG
LdG cGdG ``èh OGeGh VY e
.Y dG G
G G```gCG ```Y ```G ```ceCG ```j -
EG fdGh FGG g ```Jh ,LGSG
GSGh ,dG Y Ad G e
.gj dG ee e dG GhdG
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aCG dG ```Sd FjaG M```G
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Sb ```Y J ```dG dG ```dG ``è
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`g1431 GT (96)OdG AjaG
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j```dG ```dG ```S ```Y gQ```fGh
ILCG ```SGH ```J ```K ``èh ,```G
e) VQCG S Y IOLe ``ÙN J
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FjaG ```dG g H ```J
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W J G ```S a . adG d
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IG jdH CG```H jMh ,fG GhdG
WehdG jdG GSG jeCG
```WG ```dGh ,dG ```Y ```dG
.RdGh dG Y d WehdGh
dG FjaG ```dG ```VJ ```
:dG dG Y OdG Gg dhj
WG jdG
```H ```bCG ```WG ```jdG ```J
Jh ,`````````````G ``à```SG ````````dG
```SCGdG hCG ``àCG ```dG ``è ```Sb ```Y
``è ```VQCG ```WG ```G I`````T
```Lj .```VQCG ```S ``à i```NCG EG ```f
```H G I```T ```jdG hCG ```dG G```g
jQdG ```NGG ```H O```Lh EG ```SSCG
aGZdG GdGh -aL jQf Q``Ù -
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UG GP fG e ``ÙN jG
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G b e cCG hCG %90 h ,VQCG NGO
e C```jh LQN NBG AG H ,```VQCG
jCG ```FGdG ```dG ```FHc ```
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:g ``FQ
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.OHCG KK FGN hCG
dG SGH J jh :dG G
dPh FG Gh QdG Y QGdG hCG
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j ae Y ```dG N Hc ```SGH
.RG Y WG gKCJ gY
hCG SdG ```SCGQ ```H ```jh :```G ```G
Hc - HfG hU Vj SG
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.IFdG INDe e
eGSG bh :YUG QbCH G
Y WG ```G Y J M kjM
.GedG e JQG
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``èh ```J ```j k```M ```SG
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Y dGh ```dG :e dG ```G
fGNh ,jKCG bGGh ,RcdGh ,RdGh dG
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ka ,G b QfGh F```dG fJ hCG
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,fG YU :e ,YdG d Se
ILCG e```G ```WG FG```dGh

. gZh .SG BGh dG
bdG jdG
hCG dG N bdG ```SG CGH
g```S bh ,Gg ej EG j```dG dG e
dG :e IY Qfih Ya QhH
jc ```G OGGh ,```fHchQdG ```Y
I```dG cJ ```Y ```dGh ,```gZh ```Gh
.```TdG W e kjbh YCG ```VQCG
fJ Y ITe IQU AYEG g```S c
GdGh ,```VQCG IdG F``Ùh VQCG
c .```VQCG ```d c ```f ``` ```dG
GGh dG Y dG - jCG gS
dG e gZh ,HdG ```Sh VQCG
.jdGh dGh SdG
VQCG bdG Sb ILCG J
:g Yf EG SSCG H
G dG SH Jh :e Sb ILCG
bO e ZdG Yh ,Sb f c Y ```bd
,dG ```Je ```dGR ``è ```JLCG CG EG Ij```dG
Ud k```f jW bh EG h G Ich
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.UGdG dG
Sb H dG Jh :f Sb ILCG
Lf ``è Ggh ,```NB be ``è ```bdG
.FjaG SG Y
```SdG I```LCG ```J ``è ```ZdG ```Yh
M Uh a e GfCG ```S CG EG ,bdG
dG Sb LCGh ,hdG :g dG
ILCGh ,```dG G``è RLh ,```LCd ```G
ILCGh ,```HG ```G ILCGh ,```fdG
.gJ eh bdG ```Sd QGhdG ``ÙdG
Y AG```S SdG ILCG g e```SG
Y hCG AG hCG QdG hCG QHBG hCG VQCG
GFdG e Y ```G hCG G ```b
.jG h dG S Y MhCG AdG hCG
YTEG jdG
EG Y```TEG ```SG ```gCG ```LJ
```G ```SJdG ``ÙY ``è c Q```fG
VQCG IdG QU jQdGh fGQdGh
OG QfGh LGJ d kJ je H
cJ ```G ``ÙdG g Y ```jG
GSH VQCd bdG G Sb
.PGIS RGW e dG YTEG G RL .YUG QbCG
AjaG
dG `g1431 GT (96)OdG
e - ``èG Q```dG J M ,jG
dG Q```dG e - ```JdGh ```fGG
- jYdG Q```dH ```fQe ``ÙdG ```H
H ,.hHG ``è - e cGdG ``è
HSdG QdG UdG g f hJ
.SJ hXh Yd kW
Y UN gCG eL ```TCG ```J
Sb N e h ,YTEG SG
b dG ```G Q```dG O```Lh Y ```dG
ka .VQCG S e EG Y ```j
```VQCG ILCH ``èEG ```Sb ```feEG ```Y

dG fg R```Lh ,```de L OG```Y ``è -
``` I```Mhh ,S```G I```Mh ``è ```j
GFW GSH hCG - FdG VYh GQTEG
UQ e jQdG U WG HdG
GP GFdGh ,kGe 60 30 c Sb ```f
```G jQ```dG dM HdG LCG
.kGe 80 50 c Sb f Ud
dG MCG G YTEG SG j
d FjaG SG G
```G OG :e W QO``è I```Y Y
```J eG```S jQdGh ```fGQdc
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G J Vj M ,hdG SG
dG cGdGh Q```dG Yf YTEG
cdG ```VdG Y ```bd ```dPh IF```dG
,j```dG ```d ```dG G```dGh
FjaG ```G Ff e ```J dGh
jd - ```WGh ```HPc- ```NCG
G fGN Y IhY ,RdGh hdG ee
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YS Y J dG Q```dG QYCG jJ
jdG IO```LG ```G ``ÙdG ```
```Y ```dG EG a```VEH .```LdG
Q```dG H e dG ```LdG ```dG
gKCJh ```dG ```Y e - ```fJ A```KCG
```dG EG a```VEH - ```fG ```dH
jQJ N QdG Y CGW dG MdG
FGG ```SQ Y Y```j ,```LdG

```fGQd ```jhG ```bd ```LdG
fdG H bfh SJdGh jQdGh
.NGG QdH JG
edG jdG
IY EG edG SG W J
QNG jh ,Q```fGh SfG ```gCG ```W
J .SGQdG e O```G d kW jdG
kYT cCG g e```dG SfG jW
```SQ dN e PEG ,dG ```Y dG
dGh cGd ``è LdL ```FGN
LdG ```fG ```SCG ```Y j```dG
.VQCG S G
N e edG ```SG Y J
VQCG S Y fl eS Le fEG
GSG hCG VQCG S Y K SH eEG -
LG g J M - IG OGG H
```J hCG d ```VQCG ```WH W ```Y
fl ```W ```H ``ÙdG ```dG ```Y
EG ```JJ ```K ``èh ,```FjdG ``ÙGG
e SGH g``ÙQ d VQCG ```S
``èR ```Jh (Geophones- ```faL)
.JGJh JfH OEh ,dUh
LCG Vh c j e```dG Q```fGh
ILCG VJ SfG jW a ,```dG
ILCGh dG f e Ib ae Y
,j G dG VH fQe dG
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Q``Ù ```d ``àGZW ```jN ```SQ

dHh ,HSQ QU e gj eh IYdG
VGMCG OG``èGh ```Th ```Y ```j ```
d ``èDe k```ceCG ```J ```dG H```SdG
.fHchQdG
VQCG QGOGdG J
W OCG ``è ```VQCG QGOGdG ```J ```J
GG e) ```dG dG ```SG
Y gQU Vh jh ,(QeCG GY EG
```WehdG UGG NG LQO
.d fG cGdGh OGd
Le ```SQEG ```Y ```dG ```g ```J
VQCG NGO EG e OOH ```Wehc
e AL G VQCG fG M
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``è ,```dG ``è ```c
GhdGh ,RdGh dG SG
,aG G fGNh ,fG
```dG Y ```J Y k ``à
dP jh ,(```cdG) ``ÙdG
f ``èRdG eRCG ``à
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.dEGh cdG
E``à ```cdH ```jG ``èh
.VQCG QGOGQ RL SfG jW ```H NG
.dG RdGh dG ee j edG jdG GSG
dG
bdG AG j H ,```LG g bW
WdG ```j ```M ,```VQCG ```S EG ``è
IH jQGOGdG ``èG ```L j .``ÒEh
jdG :```g jW GQ```fG gcCG ```W
```Seh j```S jW ```gh O```HCG ```FK
,VQCG ``` faG HfCG ```bGe ```jd
J fCG EG H gh OHCG KK jdGh
.VQCG S Y e IQU
j ```VQCG QGOGdG ```J G```SG Y
QGOG```dG (```Gh ```SG) ```FGg ```Vh
hU H e ```Vh hCG :jH
Y```d kY```T cCG jdG ```gh ,```MGh
Y Vh fdGh ,VGZCG cC Seh
eGSG jh ,H e IOhfi ae
.VQCG dG LG YS d
fdG ```Jh ```Sb Y ``ÈG ```H
QJ Ad ,g```Jh e j ,jQGOGdG
IOLG cGdGh OGG ceCGh W Y
M fdG g J M ,VQCG S
,FGh YGQdGh dG G e dG
WG ```SG eG```SG ```Y k``à
.fG IhdGh dGh aG Gh jG
WehdG SG
```````````````````WehdG `````````G ```````````j
```gCG ```````````è (Electromagnetic survey)
keGSG gcCGh ,FjaG SGQdG
dG OQG```Gh fG eG ```Y dG
HSG ie J dG ```dG
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.SQEG ILCG
Y ```WehdG ```G W ```J
VQCG d FHdG UdG ``ÙN
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i``è Y OY ```We ``` j
Yh ,FHc Q```J EG ```j K eh ```G
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``àGO I```b ```J ```fEa ;```VQCG ``ÙG
k dj kjfK kFHc k J FHc
S Y - G j kjfK k```We
N eh .FHc ``` g Y - VQCG
g e Y G j dG fdG
bO ee Y ```G ```SdG
JGOGeGh ,d```TCGh ```LCG g Y Y
,FHdG ``ÙJ LQOh ``àCGh ```SCGdG
fG eG cJ Y dO j
dM G Me hCG O```G ```SG dM
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WehdG ```SG J
H ```WehdG :gCG ```J IY
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,kG```L ```G OO```dG ```Jh ,```G
````````SGh ,Q````````dG ```WG Jh
.G WehdG
f Y WehdG ```G j
Y dG :``è ,```G e ```jdG ```SGh
,aG fCGh ```dG Y ```dGh ,OG
,```dG cGdG F```N ```SGh

,aG d ``èG dG Y ```dGh
c ,dG AGh dG AG H UdG G Yh
,Lc SG ceCG Y d ```J
,dG jh ,fG ```LCG Y dGh
h ,G ```LdG GMdG OhM ```SQh
kfC```T d CG c .```dGh ```SdG ```VGZCG
.fcdG WdGh GG SGQO kGc
FHcG SG
cCG ``è ```FHcG ```SG ```j
jh ,kYJ FjaG ```SG W
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.HdG G G
.faG RdGh ,dGh
ceCG ```j :``è :```SdG ```dG -
.dG dGh G SGe OGeGh
.VQCG WH
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N e ```FjaG ```G Y ```J
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M e ,``è G M```G ```j -
.VdG Nh dG N
```jdGh ```FjdG ``ÙG ```j -
.SMh bO
aGHWh G M kW dPh ,L
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.gZh ... jObG
HdG GdG e Y ```G dG
.Y dG G
G G```gCG ```Y ```G ```ceCG ```j -
GSGh ,dG Y Ad G e
.gj dG ee e dG GhdG
````````FjaG ````dG
eG```SG ```j ```W I```Y ```g
,dG Qd FjdG dG
Sb ```Y J ```dG dG ```dG ``è
NJ hO Q```dG IOLG G
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j```dG ```dG ```S ```Y gQ```fGh
ILCG ```SGH ```J ```K ``èh ,```G
.(jQGOGdGh edG dG
FjaG ```dG g H ```J

```SG i```NCG k```bW ```J ```H
```J H ,R```dGh dG ```Y ```dG
WehdG jdG GSG jeCG
```WG ```dGh ,dG ```Y ```dG
.RdGh dG Y d WehdGh
:dG dG Y OdG Gg dhj
WG jdG
```H ```bCG ```WG ```jdG ```J
Jh ,`````````````G ``à```SG ````````dG
``è ```VQCG ```WG ```G I`````T
UG GP fG e ``ÙN jG
.ddG WG
``è ```VQCG ```WG ```G ```j

.VQCG G
```W HQCH `````WG ```M```G J
:g ``FQ
.OHCG KK FGN hCG
dG SGH J jh :dG G
```j ``Ù h``Ù R```G ```SCGQ ```VH
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Hc - HfG hU Vj SG
.IFdG INDe e
eGSG bh :YUG QbCH G
Y WG ```G Y J M kjM
.GedG e JQG
```WG fdG ```Y ```G ```H
``èh ```J ```j k```M ```SG

```We F```N GP OG``è ```fEG ```Y
,fG YU :e ,YdG d Se
. gZh .SG BGh dG
bdG jdG
c .```VQCG ```d c ```f ``` ```dG
.jdGh dGh SdG
VQCG bdG Sb ILCG J
:g Yf EG SSCG H
.UGdG dG

.FjaG SG Y
```SdG I```LCG ```J ``è ```ZdG ```Yh
YTEG jdG
```G ```SJdG ``ÙY ``è c Q```fG
GSH VQCd bdG G Sb
AjaG
HSdG QdG UdG g f hJ
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Sb N e h ,YTEG SG
``` I```Mhh ,S```G I```Mh ``è ```j
UQ e jQdG U WG HdG
dG MCG G YTEG SG j
d FjaG SG G
G J Vj M ,hdG SG
,j```dG ```d ```dG G```dGh

.NGG QdH JG
edG jdG
IY EG edG SG W J
.VQCG S G
N e edG ```SG Y J
LG g J M - IG OGG H
fl ```W ```H ``ÙdG ```dG ```Y
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,j G dG VH fQe dG
Q``Ù ```d ``àGZW ```jN ```SQ
.fHchQdG
VQCG QGOGdG J
```WehdG UGG NG LQO
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Le ```SQEG ```Y ```dG ```g ```J
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``è ,```dG ``è ```c
GhdGh ,RdGh dG SG
,aG G fGNh ,fG
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f ``èRdG eRCG ``à
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E``à ```cdH ```jG ``èh

dG
WdG ```j ```M ,```VQCG ```S EG ``è
.VQCG S Y e IQU
.VQCG dG LG YS d
fdG ```Jh ```Sb Y ``ÈG ```H
M fdG g J M ,VQCG S
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```````````````````WehdG `````````G ```````````j

HSG ie J dG ```dG
e SG WehdG LH gKCJh
.SQEG ILCG
i``è Y OY ```We ``` j
g e Y G j dG fdG
bO ee Y ```G ```SdG
fG eG cJ Y dO j
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,kG```L ```G OO```dG ```Jh ,```G
````````SGh ,Q````````dG ```WG Jh
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Y dG :``è ,```G e ```jdG ```SGh
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.HdG G G
.faG RdGh ,dGh
ceCG ```j :``è :```SdG ```dG -
.dG dGh G SGe OGeGh

.VQCG WH
`````FjaG G ```dBG
N e ```FjaG ```G Y ```J
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M e ,``è G M```G ```j -
.VdG Nh dG N
```jdGh ```FjdG ``ÙG ```j -
.SMh bO
aGHWh G M kW dPh ,L
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ae ```dN e ``` H```SQ Q``Ù e
.gZh ... jObG
HdG GdG e Y ```G dG
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G G```gCG ```Y ```G ```ceCG ```j -
GSGh ,dG Y Ad G e
.gj dG ee e dG GhdG
````````FjaG ````dG
eG```SG ```j ```W I```Y ```g
,dG Qd FjdG dG
Sb ```Y J ```dG dG ```dG ``è
NJ hO Q```dG IOLG G
dG
j```dG ```dG ```S ```Y gQ```fGh

ILCG ```SGH ```J ```K ``èh ,```G
.(jQGOGdGh edG dG
FjaG ```dG g H ```J
```SG i```NCG k```bW ```J ```H
```J H ,R```dGh dG ```Y ```dG
WehdG jdG GSG jeCG
```WG ```dGh ,dG ```Y ```dG
.RdGh dG Y d WehdGh
:dG dG Y OdG Gg dhj
WG jdG
```H ```bCG ```WG ```jdG ```J
Jh ,`````````````G ``à```SG ````````dG
``è ```VQCG ```WG ```G I`````T
UG GP fG e ``ÙN jG
.ddG WG
``è ```VQCG ```WG ```G ```j
.VQCG G
```W HQCH `````WG ```M```G J
:g ``FQ
.OHCG KK FGN hCG
dG SGH J jh :dG G
```j ``Ù h``Ù R```G ```SCGQ ```VH
.RG Y WG gKCJ gY
Hc - HfG hU Vj SG
.IFdG INDe e
eGSG bh :YUG QbCH G
Y WG ```G Y J M kjM
.GedG e JQG
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``èh ```J ```j k```M ```SG

```We F```N GP OG``è ```fEG ```Y
,fG YU :e ,YdG d Se
. gZh .SG BGh dG
bdG jdG
c .```VQCG ```d c ```f ``` ```dG
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