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kl/R5]b ! M kl/ro ====================================================================================== !@)
!=! k[i7e"ld ===================================================================================== !
!=@ t]x|f}F of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)&! @)&@&#_ sf] ;+lIfKt ;dLIff=== @
!=@=! ;dli6ut cfly{s If]q===================================================== $
!=@=@ cGo ljifout If]q========================================================== !!
!=@=# ul/aL, /f]huf/L / dfgj ljsf;========================================= !^
!=# ;x>fAbL ljsf; NfIosf] k|ult ;dLIff=========================================== !*
kl/R5]b M !
kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of; ;' ePsf] 5 bzs k'u]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gn] :yflkt u/]sf] gful/s clwsf/;Fu} ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[4
;dfh lgdf{0f sfo{ /fHosf] k|d'v sfo{;"rLdf k/]sf]] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] sf/0f d'n'sdf k/]sf]
cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs k|efj, e"sDknufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ ljkb\af6 l;lh{t
k'glg{df{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L / blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]wsf sf/0f lzlyn ePsf] cy{tGqnfO{
lqmofzLn agfpg / hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfsf\IffnfO{ Ps;fy ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]
5.
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ /fhgLlts ;\qmd0fsf] ;dflKt;Fu} /fHosf] Wofg cfly{s
ljsf;df s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . 7Ls o;} ;dodf rf}wf}F cfjlws of]hgf th'{df ePsf] 5 . Psflt/
xfdL;Fu ljutsf of]hgfxsf] sfof{Gjogsf cg'ej 5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn]
clsf/ u/]sf gful/ssf df}lns xs / /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt casf] of]hgfsf]
dfu{bz{ssf kdf cfPsf 5g\ . d"ntM rf}+wf}F of]hgf th'{df ubf{ log} k[i7e"ld tyf
nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf cGt/lglxt dfGotf / l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ePsf] 5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] bf];|f] jif{df d'n'sn] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / t];|f] jif{df blIf0fL
;Ldfdf cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{kof] . o;n] ;Djt\ @)&( ;Dd g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6df
:t/f]Gglt ug]{ of]hgfsf] p2]Zodf t'iff/fkftdfq u/]g, ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf @#=* k|ltzt
hg;\VofnfO{ !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo k|flKt;d]t k/ ws]lnlbPsf] 5 . o;}u/L d'n'sn]
;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 u/L ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ u/]sf] k|ultnfO{ sfod
/fVg Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ dfu{df k|ult ug{;d]t r'gf}tL v8f u/]sf] 5 . o;}n],
rf}wf}F of]hgfn] o;cl3 d'n'sn] Joxf]g{'k/]sf] Ifltsf] k"lt{ ug]{ tyf gofF nIosf ;fy d'n'ssf]
cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ult lbO{ hgtfsf ljsf;sf] cfsf\IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ ePsf]
5.
rf}wf}F of]hgfn] cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ pRr kfg{ s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f,
;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod u/L nufgLdf cfdljZjf; a9fpg'sf ;fy} ljBdfg pmhf{;\s6
lgjf/0f u/L cf}Bf]uLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fdf 6]jf lbg'k/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm e"sDk tyf
;Ldfgfsf cj/f]wsf] sf/0faf6 lzlyn ePsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkxnfO{ tLj|tf lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
To:t} ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t\ nufgL j[l4 ug'{, ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 u/L k'FhLut vr{ a9fpg', pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{' tyf a9\bf]
hgcfsf\Iffcg'k ljsf;sf nIo k|fKt ug{ k|zf;goGqnfO{ Jofj;flos agfpg'k/]sf] 5 . ;fy},
n}\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ub}{ lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfo Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ju{sf hgtfnfO{
nlIft sfo{qmd, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;+/If0f k|bfg u/L zL3| ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f ug{'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfGtl/s pTkfbg tyf lgof{t Jofkf/df j[l4 / s'n Jofkf/
ljljwLs/0f u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ub}{ afXo ;Gt'ng ;'b[9 ug'{kg]{5 . 7"nf] ;\Vofsf] o'jfzlQmnfO{
k'FhL, k|ljlw / ;Lk pknAw u/fO{ d'n'sleq} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{'kg]{5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv l/Qm /x]sf
:yfgLo lgsfoxdf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwxdfkm{t\ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ /
;xeflutfd"ns agfpg', glthfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug'{, ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{
;'b[9 ug'{ / ;du|df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug'{h:tf ljifox;d]t of] of]hgfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{5 .
;fy}, ljutdf of]hgfsf] nIo / pknlAwaLr /xg] u/]sf] cGt/nfO{ sd ug{;d]t o; of]hgfnfO{
Jofjxfl/s, sfof{Gjogof]Uo / glthfd"ns agfpg'sf ;fy} sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL u/fpg
glthf;"rssf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]u/L :ki6 glthf vfsf;d]t th'{df
ug'{kg]{ l:ylt 5 .
!=@ t]x|f} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)&!@)&@&#_ sf] ;\lIfKt ;dLIff
g]kfnn] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] qmd ;' u/]sf] ^ bzsdf !# cf]6f cfjlws of]hgfx
sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ;fdflhs If]qdf ;Gtf]ifk|b k|ult ePsf] 5 eg]
ljsf;sf cGo k"jf{wf/x klg tof/ x'Fb}5g\ . ljsf;df hg;xeflutf j[l4 eO{ hgtfs}
:jfldTjdf :yfgLo of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . lghL
If]qnfO{ nufgL u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] k|z:t cj;/x k|fKt ePsf] 5 . t/ d'n'sdf
pknAw k|fs[lts Pjd\ dfgjLo ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pRrtd ;b'kof]u u/L pRr cfly{s j[l4f/f
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zo cf+lzs kdf dfq} xfl;n x'g;s]sf] 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] t]x|fF} of]hgfn] ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf ;fy b]zdf JofKt
cfly{s Pjd\ dfgjLo ul/aLnfO{ 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg:t/df kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{ -@)^(&)_ df @#=* k|ltzt hg;\Vof ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof] .
of] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ hnljB't\ tyf pmhf{, s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u, Jofkf/, cfwf/e"t lzIff,
:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ef}lts k"jf{wf/nufotsf If]qx of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfdf lyP . o;}u/L, ljsf;
k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfgdf clej[l4 ug]{, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8
lbg], lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf vfg]kfgLh:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfxdf kx'Fr, pkof]u / u'0f:t/df j[l4 ug]{,
;'zf;g clej[l4 ug]{, nlIft ju{, If]q tyf ;d"xsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fdf clej[l4
ug]{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ /0fgLlt of]hgfn] lnPsf]
lyof] .
t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] pknlAwnfO{ x]bf{ cfly{s If]q Tolt ;Gtf]ifk|b geP tfklg ;fdflhs tyf
k"jf{wf/ If]qdf s]xL ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw ePsf 5g\ . of]hgf cjlwe/ d'n's /fhgLlts
kl/ro | 3
qm=;+= ;"rs cf=j= @)^(&) t]x|f}F of]hgfsf]
gfsf]
8. dft[ d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ 281 213
9. vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ 8 95 8 .
10. ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ 62 9 .
11. k|fylds tx -sIff ! %_ df v'b egf{b/ -k|ltzt_ 95.3 100 96.
12. ;fIf/tf b/ -!%@$ jif{_ . . .
13. ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -;\Vof_ 73 75 73
14. 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn;d]t -k|lt;o 3gTjdf_ 71.5 100.82 110.25
15. ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ -d]ufjf6_ 758 1426 829
16. ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_ .
17. l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ 13.11 14.87 .96
18. jg h\unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -k|ltzt_ 39.6 40.0 .
19. ;8s oftfoftsf] s'n nDafO -ls=ld=_* 25,265 27,965 27,495
* ;8s ljefudfkm{t\ lgld{tdfq .
To;}u/L, t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] k|If]lkt tyf of]hgf cjlwsf] If]qut d"No clej[l4 j[l4b/ tflnsf
!=@ -s_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/ro | 5
tflnsf !=@ -s_ M If]qut d"No clej[l4sf] j[l4b/
-k|ltzt_
qm=;+= If]qx t]x|f} j[l4b/
of]hgfsf] cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= cf};t
nIo @)&)&! @)&!&@ @)&@&#*
! s[lif $=% $=%% )=*! !=## 2.22
@ u}/s[lif ^=& ^=$! #=)( )=^# 3.35
@=! pBf]u %=$ ^=(@ !=$% -^=#_ 0.54
@=!=! pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u $=& ^=@* )=#& -(=*^ -1.3_
@=!=@ ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL *=@ #=@& !=)! -!=^^_ 0.85
@=!=# lgdf{0f %=% (=)* @=*% -#=(*_ 2.51
@=@ ;]jf ^=@@ #=%& @=^& 4.14
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'f Jofkf/ %=^ !)=*( @=!! -!=!#_ 3.84
@=@=@ xf]6n tyf /]:6'/]06 *=^ ^=&& #=## -$=*%_ 1.63
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / *=$ %=@$ ^=@# @=%% 4.66
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf ^=@ #=&) @=(! #=#) 3.3
@=@=% lzIff *=@ $=*! #=&$ ^=^( 5.07
@=@=^ :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs &=& $=%) !)=$( *=*% 7.92
sfo{
s'n d"No clej[l4 ^=) %=&& @=#@ )=*^ 2.96
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cfwf/e"t %=( %=&@ @=#@ )=&& 2.92
d"Nodf_
* k|f/lDes cg'dfg .
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYof\s ljefu .
@= ;/sf/L ljQ
/fh:j
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutfsf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf tyf s/ sfg'gsf] ;do;fk]If
kl/dfh{g / sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt u/L Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub}{ s/ k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{s'zntf tyf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zocg'k s/ gLlt, sfg'g tyf s/ k|zf;gnfO{{
;dofg's"n agfpg], ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] ljsf; ug]{ / cfGtl/s s/
tyf eG;f/df :jo+s/ 3f]if0ff k4lt cjnDag u/L s/ k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] k|of; u/]sf] lyof] .
of]hgf cjlwdf !#=* k|ltztn] /fh:j j[l4 u/L cfwf/ jif{ @)^(&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf s'n ?=
!! va{ ## ca{ @# s/f]8 /fh:j ;\sng x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ?= !) va{ &@ ca{ #( s/f]8
;\sng x'g] cg'dfg 5 . of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf /fh:jsf] cg'kft @!=!
k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df ;f] cg'kft @)=% k|ltzt k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 .
kl/ro | 7
t]x|f} t]x|f} of]hgfsf] l:ylt
qm=;+= ljj/0f of]hgfsf] cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= k|ult
k|If]k0f @)&)&! @)&!&@ @)&@&# hDdf k|ltzt
% ah]6 art -++_ Go"g -+-_ 4658 2219 6895 5462 182 3.9
^ ljQLo Joj:yf -4658_ 1959 1791 -4469_ -719_ 15.4
& v'b C0f nufgL 5720 1095 2001 2320 5416 94.7
cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 6978 1143 2159 2486 5788 83.0
cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ 1257 48 159 165 372 29.6
* v'b z]o/ nufgL 3043 801 801 1115 2717 89.3
cfGtl/s z]o/ nufgL 2180 797 650 1099 2545 116.7
j}b]lzs z]o/ nufgL 853 3 151 17 171 20.1
( v'b j}b]lzs C0f -10251_ -234_ -925_ -4110_ -5269_ 51.4
j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 4963 1417 1297 1848 4563 91.9
j}b]lzs C0f 15214 1651 2222 5958 9832 64.6
!) v'b cfGtl/s C0f -8148_ 297 -86_ -3794_ -3582_ 44.0
cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf 4788 2131 3614 3480 9225 192.7
e' QmfgL C0f
cfGtl/s 12936 1833 3700 7274 12807 99.0
#= j}b]lzs Jofkf/
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf k|lt:kwL{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t a9fpg] p2]Zon] jfl0fHo gLlt hf/L
ePsf] 5 eg] /fli6o Jofkf/ kf]6{n (National Trade Portal) sf] :yfkgf u/L pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/
;'wf/ tyf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)&)&! df j:t' lgof{t ?=
!)) ca{ (^ s/f]8 / cf=j= @)&!&@ df ?= (* ca{ @* s/f]8 eof] eg] cfofttkm{ cf=j=
@)&)&! df ?= ^(^ ca{ #& s/f]8 / cf=j= @)&!&@ df ?= &^! ca{ && s/f]8sf] j:t'
cfoft ePsf] lyof] . cf=j= @)&@&# df j:t' lgof{t ?= *% ca{ %) s/f]8 / j:t' cfoft ?=
&&& ca{ @) s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L lgof{tsf] Go"g j[l4 / cfoftdf ePsf] pRr j[l4sf] sf/0f of]hgfsf klxnf] b'O{ jif{df
s'n j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6fdf j[l4 ePsf] t/ of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df lgof{t / cfoft b'j}df sdL
ePsfn] s'n j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6f sd /xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk lgof{tn] cfoft wfGg]
Ifdtfdf qmdzM x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 .
$= pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf d"Noj[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L cfdhgtfsf] qmozlQmdf ;'wf/ Nofpg pko'Qm
df}ls gLlt / ljQLo gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, ahf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; tyf cg'udg / cfk"lt{sf]
Joj:yfaf6 jflif{s cf};t d"No j[l4b/ &=) k|ltztdf ;Lldt /fvL d"Nodf l:y/tf Nofpg] nIo
kl/ro | 9
*= k'hL ahf/
5l/P/ /x]sf ;;fgf artnfO{ PsLs[t u/L nufgLsf nflu cfjZos k'FhL pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf k'ofpg t]x|f}F of]hgfn] ;Ifd tyf ultzLn k'FhL ahf/sf] ljsf;, nufgLstf{sf] kx'Fr /
ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 tyf nufgL ljljwLs/0fdfkm{t\ k'FhL ahf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
o; cjlwdf lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; of]hgfdf
;"rLs[t ;+:yfxsf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g, ;"rgfsf] k|jfxsf] :t/df j[l4, z]o/sf] cef}lts
x:tfGt/0f k|lqmof ;'? u/L sf/f]af/df ;/nLs/0f, k'FhL ahf/sf ;fy} nufgLdf ljZj;gLotf j[l4
/ lj:tf/sf] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} sdf]l86L ahf/;DaGwL P]g th{'df, lwtf]kq Joj;foLxsf]
sfo{If]q lj:tf/ tyf k'FhLahf/sf] ljs]GLs/0fsf] nflu ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt / ljQLo
;fIf/tf gLlt sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf afah'b lwtf]kq ahf/nfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t Pjd\
ljljwLs/0f ug]{ / k'FhL ahf/dfkm{t\ bL3{sfnLg k'FhL kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ cem cl3 a9fpg'kg]{
cj:yf 5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf ePsf] nufgL / o;af6 cy{tGqsf] ljleGg If]qdf kg{ uPsf] k|efj
tflnsf g+= !=$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf !=$ M s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf ljleGg ;"rsxsf] nIo Pjd\ k|ult
t]x|f} cf=j=
qm=;+= ljj/0f cf=j= @)^(&) of]hgfsf]
sf] l:ylt @)&@&#
nIo ;Ddsf] k|ult
1 s'n nufgL -df}Hbft kl/jt{g;d]t_ #^=( $)=*$ ##=(
2 s'n l:y/ k'FhL nufgL @@=^ @&=*( @%=)
;fj{hlgs If]q $=@ *=&# 5.9
lghL If]q !*=$ !(=!^ 19.1
3 df}Hbftdf kl/jt{g !$=# !@=($ *=(
4 s'n /fli6o art $)=# $!=) $@=(
5 j}b]lzs ;xfotf @=* %=(! 6.2
cg'bfg @=! #=#& 3.0
C0f )=& @=%$ 3.2
6 s'n /fh:j !&=^ @!=! 20.5
7 s'n vr{ !&=* @%=)^ 26.4
rfn" vr{ !$=^ !*=^# 19.3
k'FhLut vr{ #=@ ^=$$ 7.1
8 ah]6 art/3f6f !=* )=%( 2.9
9 ljQLo Joj:yf !=% )=%( 2.4
10 v'b C0f nufgL )=& !=$@ 1.2
11 v'b z]o/ nufgL )=%# )=&! )=^
12 v'b j}b]lzs C0f )=!# !=$& 2.2
13 v'b cfGtl/s C0f )=!! !=@% @=)
kl/ro | 11
cg'dfg 5 . pBf]uxsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo;DaGwdf 7"nf pBf]ux pNn]vgLo ;\Vofdf :yfkgf
ePsf] b]lvP tfklg ;fgf tyf n3' pBf]ux ck]lIft ;\Vofdf lj:tf/ x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ .
ko{6g
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s / ;'/lIft ko{6g uGtJo:yn agfO{{ ;\VofTds / u'0ffTds
kdf ko{6s cfudgdf j[l4 u/L cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . of]hgf
cjlwdf jflif{s ko{6s cfudg ;\Vof !! nfv k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwsf] klxnf]
jif{df & nfv (& xhf/ / bf];|f] jif{df & nfv () xhf/ k'Uof] . t];|f] jif{df eg] e"sDksf] sf/0fn]
;f] ;\Vof 36]/ % nfv #* xhf/ /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ko{6g Joj;fodf k|ToIf /f]huf/L ! nfv ^)
xhf/af6 a9fO{ @ nfv k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df ! nfv #* xhf/df l;ldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
;fdflhs ;]jf
lzIff
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf egf{b/tkm{ k|fyldstx -!%sIff_ sf] v'b egf{b/ (%=# k|ltztaf6
ztk|ltzt k'ofpg]] nIo /x]sf]df @)&@ sf] cGTodf (^=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L s'n
;fIf/tfb/ ^%=( k|ltztaf6 j[l4 u/L *% k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo lnPsf]df &* k|ltzt k'u]sf]
5 . !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/sf] ;fIf/tf *&=% k|ltztaf6 () k|ltzt k'Ug] cg'dfg ePsf]df **=^
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
:jf:Yo
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf
pknAw u/fO{ pTkfbgzLn / :t/Lo hLjgofkgsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] .
of]hgfn] dft[ d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ @*! Aff6 !#$ df emfg]{ nIo lnPsf]df @%* df
em/]sf] 5 . kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ %$ af6 #* df emfg]{ nIo
eg] k"/f ePsf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] ;/b/ cfo' ^*=* jif{af6 j[l4 eO{ &! k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ;f]
nIo k"/f ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . s'n k|hggb/ -!% b]lv $( jif{sf k|ltdlxnf_ @=^ af6 @=$ df
emfg]{ nIo /x]sf]df @=% df em/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
;g\ @)!& leq ztk|ltzt hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t:t/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] /fli6o nIocg';f/ t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL ;]jfsf] kx'Fr (^=# k|ltzt k'
ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] klxnf] b'O{ jif{df *#=^ k|ltzt hgtfdf vfg]kfgLsf] ;+/rgf
k'u]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . pRr / dWo:t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf !% k|ltzt gful/sdf k'Ug] cg'dfg
/x]sf]df !%=* k|ltztdf k'uL nIo xfl;n eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, Go"gtd ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf]
kx'Fr ()=% k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df *! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
kl/ro | 13
cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 . /]n oftfoftsf] xsdf l;d/falb{jf;
v08sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] 5 eg] *( x]S6/ hUuf clwu|x0f ul/Psf] 5 .
;~rf/tkm{ ;dLIff cjlwdf 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj *!=& k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ !)#=$ k|ltzt
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, /]l8of]sf] /fli6o k|;f/0fsf] kx'Fr () k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df klxnf]
b'O{ jif{df ** k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 u|fxssf] 3gTj @^=( k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ $^=$
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
ejg, cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;lqmotfdf ;a}sf nflu Ifdtfcg';f/sf] ;'/lIft cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf ug{ lskmfotL, jftfj/0fd}qL tyf e"sDk hf]lvdd'Qm ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ejgxsf]
lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf]] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf u|fdL0f If]qsf nlIft ju{sf nflu
@,@#& hgtf cfjf; PsfO / ;x/L Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/sf nflu !#) cfjf; PsfOsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;'/lIft, :jR5, Jojl:yt / ;d[4 ;x/ ljsf;sf] nflu !^ cf]6f
gu/kflnsfdf PsLs[t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 eg] !) cf]6f ;x/L sf]l/8f]/df k"jf{wf/
ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf k|:tfljt !) cf]6f gofF ;x/xsf] lgdf{0fsf]
nflu hUuf vl/b sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
cGt/;DalGwt If]qx
>d tyf /f]huf/L
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf /fli6o /f]huf/ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 eg] /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt
sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . !* cf]6f lhNnfxdf /f]huf/ ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gdfkm{t\
a]/f]huf/xsf] nut tyf l/Qm kbsf] clen]v cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)&)&! df
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu clGtd :jLs[lt lnPsf] ;\Vof %,@&,*!$ hgf /x]sf]df cf=j=
@)&!&@ df ;f] ;\Vof @=* k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 .
ul/aL lgjf/0f
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\VofnfO{ @#=* k|ltztaf6 !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnO{ ;'?
ePsf] t]x|f}F of]hgfdf ljleGg lgsfoxdfkm{t\ nlIft sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . of]hgf
cjlwdf ;Lkd"ns tyf /f]huf/d"ns tflnd, Ifdtf clej[l4, ljleGg ;fwg ;|f]tdf lk5l8Psf /
;LdfGts[t ju{ / ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr, :j/f]huf/sf] nflu shf{ / ;dfj]lztfsf] cfwf/df
;xeflutfsf] cj;/h:tf sfo{qmdx d'Vo kdf ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . a]/f]huf/ o'jfxnfO{
:j/f]huf/ sf]if / k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\af6 ;Lkd"ns tyf :j/f]huf/
tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ul/asf] klxrfg / juL{s/0f u/L kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df nlIft
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, k|f]T;fxg:jk cg'bfg
k|bfg ug]{ tyf /f]huf/sf nflu shf{ k|jfx ug]{ sfo{qmdx k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] eP tfklg If]qLo
;Gt'ng, lg/Gt/tf / kof{Kttftkm{ Wofg k'Ug' h?/L 5 .
kl/ro | 15
;"rs;lxtsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tfh:tf k|fjwfgxsf] k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /
lgodfjnLnfO{ ;fdlos agfpg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
sfg'gL zf;gsf] clgjfo{ ;t{sf] kdf :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf, ljBdfg
sfg'gsf] ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gsf] nflu cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L
sfg'gsf] ;+lxtf ljw]os k]z ePsf] 5 . cfdgful/ssf] Gofodf ;dfg / ;xh kx'Frsf] nflu
;+:yfut, sfg'gL / k|lqmofut ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . afn Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf dlxnf
;+j]bgzLn d'2fdf zL3| Gofo k|bfg ug]{ k|of; ePsf 5g\ .
e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ph'/L Joj:yfkg
k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfut Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ cfof]usf
If]qLo tyf ;Dks{ sfof{nox vf]lnPsf 5g\ .
kl/ro | 17
;"rsf\s #@ eGbf tn x'g'kg]{ / k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfo !@$@ cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{ u/L
;Ldf klg tf]s]sf] 5 . t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf klxnf] b'O{cf]6f ;"rsf\sxdf ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ
b]lvPsf] 5 . of]hgfsf] ;'?df ^@=@ /x]sf] dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsf\sdf j[l4 eO{ ^( k'u]sf] 5 .
cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsf\s @&=*% af6 @& df em/]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfo
&@! cd]l/sL 8n/Aff6 j[l4 u/L ()@ 8n/ k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df cf=j= @)&@&# df (@(
8n/ k'u]sf] 5 . ljsf;ZfLn /fi6df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu tf]s]sf] pQm ;"rsf\sxdWo] dfgj
;DklQ ;"rsf\s / cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsf\ssf xsdf lgwf{l/t ;Ldf kf/ u/]sf]] b]lvG5 eg]
k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfosf] nIo k"/f x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ctM tLgcf]6f ;"rsf\sxdWo] cl3Nnf
b'O{cf]6f ;"rsf\sxdf ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ b]lvO{ lemgf] kdf dfkb08 k'u]sf] b]lvP tfklg
k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfo dxjk"0f{ x'g]x'Fbf o;df pNn]Vo j[l4 geP;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6df
:t/f]Gglt x'gsf] nflu cem} lgs} k|of; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
kl/ro | 19
lx;fadf sdhf]/L /x]sfn] o; l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f, hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/x, pmhf{ ;\s6nufot k"jf{wf/xsf] sdL /xg' / ;du| cfly{s
;fdflhs ;"rsx psf:gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s j[l4b/ Go"g /xg'h:tf r'gf}tLx /x]sf
5g\ . o;df ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] yk r'gf}tL yk]sf] 5 . o;}n] xfl;n ePsf pknlAwnfO{ vl:sg
glbg], ck"/f NfIox xfl;n ug]{ / plNnlvt r'gf}tLxnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{u/L lbuf] ljsf;sf
nIo;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ cfufdL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdxdf ;d]6\g'kg]{ l:ylt 5 .
@=! k[i7e"ld
rf}wf}F of]hgf ;\3Lo :jksf] zf;sLo Joj:yf;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ To;df
cGtlg{lxt cfly{s, ;fdflhs l;4fGt sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ klxnf] of]hgf xf] . To:t} @)&@ ;fnsf]
ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] k'ofPsf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0f ub}{ pTyfgzLn g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ / blIf0fL
;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]waf6/fli6o cfk"lt{ Joj:yf c:tJo:t eO{ cy{tGqsf ljleGg kIfxdf
kg{ uPsf] c;/af6 kf7 l;Sb} cfufdL lbgxdf :jfwLg / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{tkm{
of] of]hgf cled'v x'g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3sf] dxf;efaf6 ;j{;Ddt
kdf ;g\ @)#) ;Dd xfl;n ul/;Sg] k|lta4tf;lxt :jLsf/ ul/Psf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox /
g]kfnsf] To; a]nf;Dd dWod cfoju{sf] d'n'sxsf] :t/df k'Ug] nIo;d]t xfl;n x'g]u/L of]hgf
/ jflif{s sfo{qmd to ug]{ klg of] klxnf] cj;/ /x]sf] 5 . gofF ;ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu} ljsf;k|lt
hgcf\sfIff x\jfQ} a9]sf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t of]hgfn] tL ck]IffxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg'kg]{ ePsf]
5 . rf}wf}F of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq tof/ ubf{ log} tYoxnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] kl/nlIft u/]sf] /fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ ;dfhjfb pGd'v, cfTdlge{/, :jtGq tyf
pGgltzLn agfpg] ;f]rnfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ lbuf]kg;lxtsf] ;d[l4sf] dfu{df /fi6nfO{ cufl8
a9fpg]tkm{ rf}wf}F of]hgfnfO{ pGd'v u/fpg' cfjZos 5 .
rf}wf}F of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf xfn;Dd xfl;n x'gg;s]sf ;x>fAbL ljsf;sf
nIoxnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox xfl;n ub}{ @)*& ;Dd dWod cfDbfgL
ePsf] d'n'ssf] kdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{tkm{ k|oTg ug{ cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L /f]huf/d'vL /
Gofof]lrt ljt/0f;lxtsf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ kl/k"/s
kdf kl/rfng ug{' cfjZos 5 . oL tLgcf]6} If]qaf6 yk nufgL / nufgLsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4sf]
dfWodaf6 pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{, k|ltJolQm cfonfO{ l5} dWod cfDbfgL ePsf]
d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'g] :t/df k'ofpg] / cGttM lbuf] cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{tkm{ rf}wf}F
of]hgfnfO{ s]lGt ul/Psf] 5 .
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 21
kydf n}hfg] sfo{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . cfly{s j[l4;Fu;Fu} cfosf] ljt/0fdf cfpg;Sg] c;dfgtf
36fO g]kfnnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns tyf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] kdf
:yflkt ug{ klg Tolts} h?/L 5 . ;3g cfly{s If]qsf] lj:tf/dfkm{t\ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf
u/L hg;f\lVos nfef+zsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ / :jb]zdf g} kof{Kt sfdsf cj;/x l;h{gf
ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . To:t}, lgjf{xd'vL s[lifnfO{ kfGt/0f u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+
Joj;fod'vL agfpFb} o;nfO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df cfa4 ug]{ sfo{ emg} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
pmhf{;6 x6fpg], k|sf]k;DaGwL ;DefJo hf]lvdxsf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;sf
;a} k|of;xnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n agfpg] sfo{ cem 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] kdf /x]sf] 5 .
k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; / cfa4tf;Fu} u|fdL0f / ;x/L ljsf;nfO{ cGt/;DalGwt t'NofO{
o;nfO{ cfly{s j[l4sf] ;|f]tsf] kdf :yflkt ug{'kg]{5 .
ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{;Fu;Fu} lgIf]k0f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{
hgtfsf] clt glhssf] zf;sLo tx;Dd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx / ljt/0fnfO{ lglZrttf k|bfg
ug{ ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgnufot cGo zf;sLo ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{x yk r'gf}tLsf
kdf /x]sf 5g\ . k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo tx;Dd ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf a9fpFb} ;a} txdf
hjfkmb]xL, :jR5 / k|efjsf/L ljsf; k|zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLs} kdf /x]sf] 5 .
/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] sfo{ l56f] ;DkGg ub}{ k|fb]lzs Pj+ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj oyf;Dej l56f]
lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwxaf6 g} u/fpg] r'gf}tL;Fu} s]GLo of]hgf sfof{Gjog k|0ffnLnfO{ klg ;'b[9
t'Nofpg'kg]{5 .
cj;/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} /fhg}lts ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg x'guO{ d'n's cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ljsf;sf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . pj{/ hldg, hn;|f]t, jg, vfgL, h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+
ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tfh:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]txsf] a'l4dtfk"0f{ pkof]uaf6 ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{;Sg] k|;:t
;Defjgf 5g\ . s'n hg;\Vofdf cfly{s kn] ;lqmo x'g] hg;\Vofsf] cg'kft a9\b} hfg'sf
;fy} cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ 'ttf k|bfg ug{ :j:y / qmdzM lzlIft x'Fb} uO/x]sf] ;Ifd
hgzlQm ljsf; x'Fb}5 . hg;f\lVos nfef+z, h'g nfdf] ;do;Dd pknAw x'gg;Sg] ljZj
cg'ejn] k|dfl0ft u/];s]sf] 5, cfufdL tLg rf/ bzs;Dd pknAw x'b}F5 . pkof]u x'g} g;s]sf
tyf sd pkof]u eO/x]sf ef}lts tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ pkof]u ug]{ cj;/ 5 .
xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf ePsf] nufgLsf] pRrtd k|ltkmn lng;Sg] cj:yf
5 . cfly{s kn] ;lqmo hg;\Vofsf] cfwfcfwL hg;\Vof ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos k|0ffnLdf
cfa4 ePsf] 5 . h'g cfkm}+df ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/lznf alg;s]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L
/ lghL b'j} If]q k|j4{g ug]{ ;/sf/L gLltaf6 k|fKt cj;/sf] pkof]u ub}{ d'n'snfO{ cfly{s kn]
;d[4 agfpg ;/sf/;Fu kl/k"/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ tTk/ 5g\ . e"sDkaf6 ePsf] ljgfz /
blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]waf6 c;Xo kL8f / Iflt eP klg b'j}n] ;Gt'lnt cGt/lge{/tfsf]
cfwf/df cfTdlge{/tf / lbuf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpg cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/;/sf/L
@=# ;f]r
:jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6o cy{tGq Pj+ ;d[4 g]kfnL .
@=$ nIo
;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb} dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df k'Ug] .
@=% p2]Zo
pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4f/f 't ultdf
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0f ug'{ .
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 23
rf}wf} of]hgfsf]
cf=j= @)&@&#
qm=;+= ;"rsnIo nIo
sf] l:ylt
-@)&%&^ df_
!!= dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/ -k|ltzt_ . 0 45. 0
!@= !%@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tfb/ 88.60 91.00
-;\Vof_*
!$= ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, d]ufjf6_ 829 2,279
@=& /0fgLlt
pNn]lvt ;f]r, nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lgDgfg';f/ kfFr k|d'v /0fgLltx cl3 ;fl/Psf
5g\ M
!= s[lif If]qsf] kfGt/0f, ko{6g, cf}Bf]lus Pj+ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf]
lj:tf/dfkm{t\ pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .
@= pmhf{, ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ / u|fdL0f;x/L tyf lqb]zLo
cfa4tf ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#= ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df
pRr tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
$= cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ zf;sLo ;'wf/, s'zn Pj+ hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ljQ, :jR5,
kf/bzL{ / hgd}qL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ ;du|
;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ .
%= n}ls ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u
tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] .
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 25
rf}wf}F of]hgfsf] If]qut d"No clej[l4;lxtsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg tflnsf g+= @=@ df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf @=@ M If]qut d"No clej[l4 / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
cfwf/ rf}wf} of]hgf
qm=;+= If]qx jif{ cf};t cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
@)&@&# j[l4b/ @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
!= s[lif 66196 4.7 69167 72429 75939
!=! s[lif tyf jg 65147 4.6 68013 71142 74486
!=@ dT:okfng 1049 11.4 1154 1287 1453
@= u}/s[lif 142673 8.4 153447 166181 181511
@=! pBf]u 29281 10.6 32247 35447 39461
@=!=! vfgL tyf e"ue{ 1226 6.5 1330 1403 1487
@=!=@ pBf]u 11557 6.1 12481 13074 13858
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 2122 12.2 2334 2614 3006
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 14377 13.6 16102 18357 21110
@=@ ;]jf 113392 7.8 121200 130734 142050
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 29713 7.8 31792 34336 37254
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]06 4349 9.0 4696 5119 5631
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / 17592 11.9 19351 21673 24707
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 10356 7.0 10978 11746 12686
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn, tyf 19133 5.8 20089 21294 22679
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf 5440 5.0 5712 5997 6297
/Iff
@=@=& lzIff 14115 7.0 15033 16085 17291
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs 3700 9.0 4014 4375 4791
sfo{
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos
;fdflhs tyf JolQmut 8996 6.0 9536 10108 10714
;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 208869 7.3 222614 238610 257450
-FISIM ;d]t_
ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf ck|ToIf 8141 7.5 8751 9408 10113
kdf
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 200728 7.2 213863 229202 247337
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
v'b j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg s/ 24142 7.8 25832 27795 30296
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 224870 7.3 239694 256997 277633
-pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 27
cg'dflgt rf}wf} of]hgfdf k|If]lkt nufgL
;LdfGt k'hL cf=j= @)&#&$ cf=j= @)&$&% cf=j= @)&%&^ hDdf
qm=;+= nufgLsf If]qx
pTkfbg /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt
cg'kft
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 3.2 5521 8.2 7214 9.1 8811 9.1 21546 8.9
@=@ ;]jf 40157 60.0 49937 63.3 60751 62.9 1508455
15084 62.2
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 2.8 5824 8.7 7122 9.0 8172 8.5 21117 8.7
@=@=@ xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]06 6.5 2261 3.4 2747 3.5 3327 3.4 8336 3.4
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / 9.0 15832 23.6 20899 26.5 27308 28.3 64039 26.4
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 3.5 2175 3.2 2690 3.4 3289 3.4 8153 3.4
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf 5.5 5261 7.9 6629 8.4 7613 7.9 19504 8.0
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf 4.2 1142 1.7 1199 1.5 1259 1.3 3601 1.5
/Iff
@=@=& lzIff 3.5 3211 4.8 3683 4.7 4222 4.4 11116 4.6
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs 9.0 2830 4.2 3251 4.1 3741 3.9 9822 4.1
sfo{
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos
;fdflhs tyf JolQmut 3.0 1619 2.4 1716 2.2 1819 1.9 5155 2.1
;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n 5.2 66950 100.0 78950 100.0 96596 100.0 242496 100.0
pNn]lvt s'n nufgLdWo] ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 x'g] nufgL;DaGwL ljj/0f
tflnsf g+ @=# -s_ df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf @=# -s_ M ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 x'g] nufgL
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
qm= ;fj{hlgs lghL ;xsf/L hDdf
;+= nufgLsf If]qx /sd
/sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt
!= s[lif 14024 14.7 10336 7.8 3897 27.2 28257
!=! s[lif tyf jg 13812 14.5 9479 7.1 3791 26.5 27082
!=@ dT:okfng 212 0.2 857 0.6 106 0.7 1175
@= u}/s[lif 81418 85.3 122394 92.2 10427 72.8 214239
@=! pBf]u 29885 31.3 30844 23.2 2666 18.6 63395
@=!=! vfgL tyf e"ue{ 194 0.2 1703 1.3 39 0.3 1935
@=!=@ pBf]u 856 0.9 11988 9.0 1427 10.0 14271
@=!=# ljB't, Uof; tyf kfgL 20002 21.0 4872 3.7 769 5.4 25643
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 8834 9.3 12281 9.3 431 3.0 21546
@=@ ;]jf 51533 54.0 91550 69.0 7761 54.2 150844
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 1267 1.3 17527 13.2 2323 16.2 21117
@=@=@ xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]06 834 0.9 7336 5.5 167 1.2 8336
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 25616 26.8 36502 27.5 1921 13.4 64039
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 29
@=(=# ;fj{hlgs vr{ / vr{ Joxf]g]{ ;|f]t
lghL tyf ;xsf/L b'j} If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ tyf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|jfx ug{
;/sf/L nufgL cyf{t\ ah]6sf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf of]hgf cjlwdf ?= #@
va{ # ca{ $@ s/f]8sf] ;/sf/L vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg'dflgt vr{dWo] ?= !& va{
() ca{ @ s/f]8 rfn" vr{ / ?= ( va{ %$ ca{ $@ s/f]8 k'FhLut vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df k'FhLut vr{ / s'n vr{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf qmdzM !#=^
k|ltzt / @@ k|ltzt x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
pNn]lvt ;/sf/L vr{ Joxf]g]{ k|d'v ;|f]tsf] kdf /xg] /fh:j s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]
@@=* k|ltzt cyf{t\ ?= !& va{ ^# ca{ %& s/f]8 kl/rfng x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L,
of]hgf cjlwdf ?= # va{ @# ca{ @$ s/f]8 a/fa/sf] cg'bfg -j}b]lzs_ k|fKt x'g] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 .
/fh:j tyf cGo cfGtl/s cfDbfgL / j}b]lzs cg'bfg kl/rfng ubf{ Go"g x'g] of]hgfsf]
cg'dflgt vr{ ?= !! va{ )( ca{ (! s/f]8dWo] ?= ^ va{ %^ ca{ ^ s/f]8 j}b]lzs C0f / afFsL
Go"g x'g] ?= $ va{ !( ca{ % s/f]8 cfGtl/s C0faf6 Joxf]g{'kg]{ k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfsf]
clGtd jif{df j}b]lzs ;xfotf -cg'bfg / C0f_, j}b]lzs cg'bfg, v'b j}b]lzs C0f / v'b
cfGtl/s C0fsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft qmdzM !@=% k|ltzt, $=@ k|ltzt, %=*
k|ltzt / #=^ k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/L ah]6 -vr{_ tyf Joxf]g]{ ;|f]txsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @=$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf @=$ M ;/sf/L ah]6 -vr{_ / Joxf]g]{ ;|f]tx
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
cf=j= rf}wf}\ of]hgf
qm=;+= ljj/0f @)&@&#* cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= hDdf
-cfwf/ jif{_ @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
!= s'n ah]6 70117 97810 105728 116804 320342
@= s'n /fh:j 46000 51429 58413 66515 176357
#= j}b]lzs cg'bfg 6707 9905 10848 11571 32324
$= s'n vr{ 59315 84401 91069 98974 274444
rfn" vr{ 43406 57828 59835 61339 179002
k"FhLut vr{ 15909 26573 31234 37635 95442
%= ah]6 art -_ Go"g -+__ 6608 23067 21808 20888 65763
^= ljQLo Joj:yf -5406_ -19588_ -21808_ -20888_ -62283_
&= v'b C0f nufgL 2807 2969 3164 3417 9550
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 31
r= ;fdflhs -lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO_ If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
5= e"sDkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f / gjlgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbg] .
h= ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;Gt'ng, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
lgjf{xd'vL / df};ddf cfwfl/t s[lif If]q qmdzM Jofj;flos aGb} kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x pknAw u/fpg;Sg] / cf}Bf]lus sRrfkbfy{ cfk"lt{ ug{;Sg] cj:yfdf k'Ug] ePsf]n]
j}b]lzs nufgL yk cfslif{t eO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]uLs/0f;d]t eP/ pRr, lbuf], km/flsnf] cfly{s
j[l4;lxt d'n's ;d[l4tkm{ nDsg]5 .
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 33
kl/R5]b M #
;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx
#=! s'n ufx{:Yo tyf /fli6o art
!= k[i7e"ld
s'n ufx{:Yo art j[l4 x'Fbf k'FhL lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos nufgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f :jb]zL
;|f]taf6 kl/k"lt{ eO{ :jfwLg Pjd\ cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . t/ ljut #
jif{sf] cf};t s'n ufx{:Yo art s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a *=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . tyflk
g]kfnLxn] d'n'saflx/sf] art ljk|]if0f, j}b]lzs cg'bfg / cGo 6fG;km/sf sf/0fn] ljut #
jif{sf] s'n /fli6o art eg] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a $$=@ k'u]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL / cj;/
r'gf}tL
Go"g cfly{s j[l4b/, pRr / b]vfl;sL pkef]u ug]{ k|j[lQ, ljQLo ;fIf/tfdf sdL, kof{Kt
ljQLo pks/0fxsf] cefj, a}+ls\u tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr tyf ljk|i] f0f cfonfO{
pTkfbgzLn nufgLdf kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{x r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
artsf pks/0fxsf] cjnDag / art kl/rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx tyf k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf;,
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf ePsf] j[l4 / gful/ssf] vr{of]Uo cfodf cfPsf] ;'wf/, k'FhL ahf/df gofF
sDkgLxsf] k|j]z tyf ;"rLs[t a}+ls\u tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] z]o/ k'FhLdf clgjfo{ kdf ug{'kg]{
j[l4, u|fdL0f tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qdf a}+ls\u k|0ffnLsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt, art tyf C0f
;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;\Vofdf j[l4 art kl/rfngsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
/fli6o art kl/rfngaf6 nufgL j[l4 / ;an cy{tGq lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
pRr art kl/rfng u/L ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t\ /fli6o k'FhL lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
cfo j[l4 / pkef]u Joj:yfkgaf6 ;a} If]qdf art ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug'{ .
#=@=@ /fh:j
!= k[i7e"ld
/fli6o ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ljsf; vr{ / k|zf;lgs vr{sf] ;d]t cfjZostf k"/f
ug{, ;\3Lo ljQLo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug{, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] a9\bf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{
/ j}b]lzs ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf sd ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
$=!=@ kz'kG5L
!= k[i7e"ld
kz'kfng If]qn] b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf sl/a !! k|ltzt / s'n s[lif ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf @^=* k|ltzt of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf] ;Gbe{df kz'kG5L If]qsf] ljz]if cfly{s dxj 5 .
/fli6o ;d:ofsf] kdf b]lvPsf] dft[ tyf afnjflnsf s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of Go"gLs/0fdf b"w, cG8f
/ df;'n] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zxdf xfnsf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)@)
;Dd kz'hGo k|f]l6gsf] dfu bf]Aa/n] j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] kz'hGo kbfy{sf]
pknAwtfdf cfTdlge{/ aGg kz'kfng If]qnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fvL pNn]vgLo k|ult xfl;n
$=!=# l;rfO
!= k[i7e"ld
;Lldt If]q / a9\bf] hg;\Vofsf sf/0f s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg l;FrfOsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x'g'
ckl/xfo{ ePsf]n] l;FrfO k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;sf] ;fy} ;DkGg l;FrfO k|0ffnLxsf] Joj:yfkg ;'b[9
Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfpg of]hgfa4 9\uaf6 ;/sf/ k|of;/t /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf sl/a @^ nfv
x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo hldg ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . k/Dk/fut k|ljlw / cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 pQm If]qdWo]
sl/a !* nfv x]S6/df dfq ;tx / e"ldut hn>f]taf6 l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofpg ;lsg] cj:yf
$=!=$ e"ld;'wf/
!= k[i7e"ld
/fi6sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s kfGt/0f Pjd\ ;jf{L0f ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] ;a} lsl;dsf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{xdf k|ToIf kdf e"ld jf e"ld>f]tsf] kl/rfng x'g] ePsf]n] e"ld
tyf e"ld>f]tsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;du|
e"ldsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
e"lddf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;flgWotfsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L e"lddf ;a}sf]
Goflos kx'Fr :yflkt ug{, ;fdflhs cfly{s sf/0fn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] e"lddf kx'Fr a9fpg /
e":jfldTjsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ ug'{sf ;fy} j}1flgs e"ldgLlt th{'df u/L
nfu" ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L e"ld tyf e"ld>f]tsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] kdf
Joj:yfkg ug{ kl/dflh{t e"pkof]u gLlt, @)&@ cg'k e"ldsf] juL{s/0f u/L ;b'kof]u ug{
e"pkof]u;DaGwL sfg'g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6
$=@=@ jfl0fHo
!= k[i7e"ld
jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf;n] j:t' / ;]jfsf] ;xh cfk"lt{ / b]zdf pTkflbt j:t' / ;]jfsf]
lgof{taf6 cfly{s j[l4 x'g ;Sb5 . j}b]lzs j:t'sf] Jofkf/ ;fy} ;]jfsf] Jofkf/af6 gjf]lbt
cy{tGqn] o;af6 a9L kmfObf lng ;Sb5 . o;y{ Jofkf/ g} cfly{s j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf;sf]
d]b08 xf] eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf / ;fem]bf/Ldfkm{t\
cfoft k|lt:yfkg Pjd\ lgof{t k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . t'ngfTds tyf
k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf If]qsf] klxrfg u/L jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/f/f lgof{t k|j4{g ub}{
j:t' / ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf]
5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] p2]Zo;d]tnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf] kdf lnO jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@ / g]kfn
Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)&# sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx To;tkm{ kl/nlIft ul/Psf 5g\ .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;\u7g, blIf0f PlzofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf tyf ax'If]qLo k|fljlws tyf
cfly{s ;xfotf;DaGwL a\ufnsf] vf8Lsf] k|oTg;d]t;Fusf] cfa4tfaf6 Jofkf/df j[l4 ug]{
cj;/ g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|j4{g tyf lj:tf/sf] nflu
kof{Kt cj;/x tyf ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ vf;u/L lgof{t Jofkf/n]
ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n ug{;s]sf] 5}g . cfoft k|lt:yfkg x'g] j:t'sf] cfGtl/s pTkfbgdf sdL
/ k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] a9\bf] dfu eO{ cfoftdf j[l4 tyf ;du| lgof{t Ifdtfdf ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g
g;sL lgof{t sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fxaf6 Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] kl/df0f k|To]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 .=
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
lgof{t x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f, k|df0fLs/0f, n]aln / Kofs]lh;DaGwL Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{', ljz]if cfly{s If]q k"0f{ kdf ;~rfngdf Nofpg', dfucg'k kof{Kt dfqfdf pmhf{
pknAw u/fpg' Pjd\ sdhf]/ cf}Bf]lus >d ;DaGwh:tf ljifox ;Daf]wg ug{', k]6f]lnod kbfy{,
cfTdlge{/ x'g;Sg] s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf ;fy} ljnfl;tfsf j:t'xsf] cfoftdf pRr kdf ePsf]
j[l4 lg?T;flxt ug'{ jfl0fHo If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ . To:t} yk kf/jxg dfu{ tyf ;fd'ls
aGb/ufx k|of]udf Nofpg', cfoft x'g] j:t'xsf] :jb]zd} pTkfbg a9fpg', k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL
If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 83
cfslif{t ug{ kof{Kt k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{', cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / Jofks agfpg
j:t'ut / b]zut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ub}{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ k|fKt ug{',
ljZjJofkf/ ;\u7gnufotsf cGt/f{li6o ;\u7gx;Fusf] cfa4tfaf6 kmfObf lnO{ lgof{t
Jofkf/ j[l4 ug{', vf]h, cg';Gwfg, ljsf;dfkm{t\ Jofkf/sf gofF If]qxsf] klxrfg, ljljwLs/0f /
k|j4{g ug{ k|of{Kt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{' / Jofkf/ s"6gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{' klg
o; If]qsf r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
jfl0fHo If]qsf ;fljssf gLlt, P]g, lgodxsf] kl/dfh{g / gofF lgdf{0f u/L cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0f tyf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;[lht cj;/x jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@, ljsf; ;xfotf
gLlt, @)&!, ljb]zL nufgL gLlt, @)&!, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt, @)&@ tyf g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t
/0fgLlt, @)&# sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 lgof{t k|j4{g / cfGtl/s pTkfbg j[l4df 7f];
;xof]u k'Ug] cj;/ jfl0fHo If]qdf k|fKt 5 . To:t} l5d]sL d'n'sxsf] cfly{s j[l4af6 Jofkf/sf
If]qdf g]kfnn] nfe lng ;Sg] cj:yf x'g', ljZj Jofkf/ ;\u7g, lald:6]s, ;f6fh:tf If]qLo
Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o ;\u7gx;Fusf] cfa4tfn] If]qLo / cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df cGt/;DaGw a9b}
hfg', afXo Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu l5d]sL d'n's;Fu ul/Psf] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf, lkIfLo nufgL
k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf, bf]xf]/f] s/d'lQm ;Demf}tfaf6 k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] ;Defjgf a9\g' /
cfufdL b'O{jif{leq pmhf{ ;\s6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/ k|lta4 /xg'n] jfl0fHo If]qdf yk cj;/
;[hgf u/]sf] 5=.
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L lgsf;L k|j4{gdfkm{t\ /fli6o cy{tGqsf] ljsf; /
cfly{s ;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{g u/L s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf lgof{t
Jofkf/sf] of]ubfg j[l4 ub}{ nfg] .
#=# p2]Zo
!= cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{g ub}{ :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{, ;|f]t, ;fwg
/ ;Lk a9L k|of]u x'g] j:t'sf] lgsf;L k|j4{gdfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd
lj:tf/ ug'{ .
@= t'nfgfTds nfesf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No / u'0f:t/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f
sd ug'{ .
$=@=# cfk"lt{
!= k[i7e"ld
b]zdf gful/sxsf] b}lgs hLjgofkg ug{ cfjZos j:t' Pjd\ ;]jf, vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf,
:jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu cfjZos cf}ifwL, ;fdu|L / k]6f]lnod kbfy{ cflb ;xh, ;'ne / plrt
d"Nodf pkef]Qmfn] kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ clt cfjZos x'G5 . /fHon] Psflt/ k|lt:kwL{ / :j:y
ahf/ ;+oGqdfkm{t\ cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;fdflhs Gofo / /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f
ug]{ qmddf cfly{s kn] sdhf]/ ju{sf hgtfnfO{ cTofjZos pkef]Uo j:t'df ;xh kx'Frsf]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} pkef]Qmfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ ug{' /fHosf] dxjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L xf] .
cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg vfBfGg / g'g 9'jfgLdf cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf, vfBfGgh:tf
cTofjZos j:t'xsf] ;~rosf nflu cfjZos Ifdtfsf] uf]bfdsf] Joj:yf, ;8s ;~hfnsf]
lj:tf/, xjfO{ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ahf/ cg'udgsf] Joj:yf, lkIfLo / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf,
cfk"lt{ gLlt, @)^( sfof{Gjog, cfjZos P]g lgod / ;+:yfut Joj:yf, lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{,
pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ sf] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} g]kfn cfon
lgudn] ?= @ ca{ ^) s/f]8sf] d"No l:y/Ls/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf / vl/b d"Nosf cfwf/df :jtM
k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No ;dfof]hg x'g] k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfx ul/Psf] eP
tfklg ;do;dodf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df ;d:of b]vfkg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L aGb,
x8\tfn, ;Ldf gfsfdf cj/f]w, Psflwsf/ k|j[lQ / lkmtnf] cg'udgh:tf sf/0faf6 cfk"lt{
Joj:yfkgdf ;d:ofx b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . csf]{tkm{ vfBfGgsf] dfucg'k pTkfbg gx'g', k]6f]lnod
$=@=$ ko{6g
!= k[i7e"ld
k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts, ;fxl;s, P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s b[li6af6 g]kfn ljZjs} Ps k|d'v
ko{6sLo uGtJo b]z xf] . ko{6sLo uGtJoxsf] ljljwLs/0f ub}{ gofF ko{6sLo :yn /
pkhxsf] klxrfg, ljsf; tyf ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; u/L ko{6g pBf]unfO{ /fli6o
cy{tGqsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/sf] kdf ljsf; ug{ h/L 5 . ko{6g k|j4{gsf] dfWodaf6
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 u/L u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 .
l5d]sL d'n'sxsf] dWod cfo ePsf] 7"nf] hg;\Vof / pRr cfly{s j[l4af6 l;lh{t
cj;/af6 nfe k|fKt u/L g]kfndf ko{6g cfudg "tt/ kdf j[l4 x'g] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
5 . o;af6 pRr /f]huf/L l;h{gf / cfosf] ljt/0fdf klg ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
ko{6g If]qsf] cy{tGqdf of]ubfg a9\g ;Sg] cj:yf /x] tfklg ko{6gaf6 cfzftLt k|ltkmn
k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/L ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gx'g', /fhg}lts ;\qmd0f nlDag', ut;fn
uPsf] e"sDksf sf/0f ;f+:s[lts / ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/df Iflt k'Ug hfg'h:tf sf/0fn] ko{6g
cfudg, a;fO / pgLxn] ug]{ vr{df pNn]vgLo j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljutdf ;/sf/n] ko{6g
If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu u/]sf] k|of; :jk ko{6s cfudg ;\Vof, ko{6ssf] a;fO cjlw, ko{6g
If]qdf k|ToIf /f]huf/L a[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} ko{6g If]qaf6 x'g] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g qmdzM a9b} uPsf]
cj:yf 5 .
$=$=@ ;+:s[lt
!= k[i7e"ld
ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, e]ife'iff, /xg ;xgsf dflg;xsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] g]kfn
P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs / ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] Ps ;d[4 /fi6 xf] . /fli6o ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljsf; u/L
o;nfO{ /fli6o Pstf ;anLs/0f ug]{ dfWod agfpg' cfjZos 5 . To:t} k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltnfO{
hu]gf{ ub}{ Pjd\ df}lns :jkdf kl/jt{g gx'g] u/L ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ub}{ o;nfO{ efjL
k':tfxnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . kz'klt, n'lDagL, a[xQ/ hgsk'/ ljsf;
If]qnufotsf ljleGg dxjk"0f{ wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0f tyf
;+j{4g ug]{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] 7"nf] e"sDk /
To;kl5 uPsf k/sDkxsf] sf/0f w]/}h;f] o:tf dxjk"0f{ ;Dkbfxsf] Iflt ePsf] 5 . ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf o:tf dxjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx Pjd\ cGo ;Dkbfxsf] k'glg{df{0f, ;+/If0f ;fy}
pko'Qm Joj:yfkg ub}{ n}hfg' cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
k|fs[lts k|sf]k, a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f / e"ldsf] pRr d"Noj[l4sf sf/0f k|frLg ;Dkbfxsf]
cltqmd0f a9\b} uPsf] x'gfn] ;Dkbfxsf] df}lnskg hf]ufO/fVg g;Sg'', d"t{ tyf cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbf;DaGwL /fli6o sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L gx'g',
logLxsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu oy]i6 cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw gx'g', lghL ;\sngdf /x]sf ;Dkbfxsf]
cflwsfl/s kdf ;"rLs/0f x'g g;Sg' h:tf r'gf}tLx o; If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ .
&=$=% hg;xeflutf
!= k[i7e"ld
hgtf;Fu k|ToIf kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljsf; k|lqmofxdf hgtfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf
cfjZos x'G5 . ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] r/0fdf dfq} geP/ sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf
d"Nof\sgsf r/0fxdf ;d]t hg;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 . xfn;Ddsf kxnxaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf
;fd'bflos ;+:yfxdfkm{t\ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;fy} ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df hgtf k|ToIf kdf
;xefuL xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . cfly{s ultljlwx :jtGq kdf ;~rfng ug{, ;fdflhs hLjgsf
ljleGg kIfxdf ;+nUg x'g / tNnf] txb]lv /fli6o:t/;Ddsf ;/sf/x r'Gg] / kl/jt{g
ug{;d]t hgtf ;Ifd x'g' cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
hgtfdfkm{t\ ;~rflnt x'g] cfof]hgfxdf hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ x'g', ljsf; lgdf{0fdf
hg;xeflutfsf] gfpFdf 7]s]bf/L k|yf a9\b} hfg', ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;fd'bflos ;+:yfxaLr