Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AJ Sering 1
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
Variograms
Grade Distribution modeling of the grade To determine the range of influence of a
distribution based on histograms and data
cumulative frequency plots of grades Does not start at zero because of natural
Why study grade distribution? errors
Detect high-grade ore and low-grade Applies only at 1 direction (some
outlier values minerals have a distinct direction of
Evaluation of the favourability of mineralization)
different lithology as host rocks Angular tolerance for disseminated
Differentiation of complex grade minerals
distributions into simple populations Fixed distance minerals with one
Identification of highly-skewed or highly direction
variable distributions that may be
difficult to estimate Resource Estimation Techniques
Polygon Method
Evaluation of Average Grades evaluation 1 drill hole : area of influence
of the spatial variability of grade using gA
experimental variograms g=
Grade Interpretation A
Difference 1. Find range of influence
Grade populations that do 2. Intersect
not usually require 3. Define boundaries
0 25 % *ideal : hexagonal
differentiation for resource
modelling Triangle Method
Grade populations that 3 drill holes to define an area
require differentiation for Cross-sectional Area
resource modelling if divided ore-zone
25 100% Nearest Neighbor
by a discontinuity such as a
fault, or if variograms or small blocks
gradce trends are dissimilar Block Modelling
Grade distribution must be different from geologic interpretation
separated for modelling. grades are assigned per block
Differences of 100% or more Inverse Distance Method
Above 100% may be observed when
barren, mineralized and/or
dipower
W i= i
high grade populations are d ipower
present
100 200%
AJ Sering 2
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
SURFACE MINING
AJ Sering 3
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
AJ Sering 4
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
2 variations of auger mining:
Traditional Cyclic Operations
Uses traditional auger drilling to
extract coal from walls. After each
extraction, hauling is necessary
Auger screws
Highwall Systems
Continuous mining method
Coal is extracted from a scraper
or auger
Directly transports ore to pile
(conveyors)
Quarrying
On marbles, limestones, granites, etc.
Dimension stone quarrying requires
special techniques on cutting, wedging
blocks of stones
Vertical walls (benches)
Cutting Techniques:
1. Plug and Feathers
drill a line of butas
ilagay plug & feathers
pukpok at the same time
2. Wire Saw
Tungsten carbide on
wires/industrial diamonds
1. drilling
2. insertion of wire
3. Line Drilling
Closely spaced drilling (3-4 drills
in 1m)
Introduce high pressure water
AJ Sering 5
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
AJ Sering 6
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
1. Drilling and Blasting operations on bottom *wing and pockets
of shaft - for large pillars
2. Mucking operations by cactus grab, - room and pillar within a pillar
clamshell or overhead loader - only certain areas are extracted
3. Shaft lining operations (pockets)
drill load/blast muck pour Advantages:
concrete
Moderate high productivity
*blind boring
1. Uses boring machine that can operate
Fair good recovery (70-90%) with
continuously pillaring
2. Only applicable to soft-moderately hard Suitable to mechanization
rocks (coal) Ventilation enhanced with multiple
*conventional drifting openings
1. Traditional Drill-Blast-Muck operations Disadvantages:
2. Low development cost Caving and subsidence
Poor recovery without pillaring
Raise Development Extensive development
*raise climber (Alimak raise)
Risks
1. Uses a track mounted machine for
conventional advance Stope and Pillar Mining
2. Conventional drill-blast methods are open stoping, breast stoping, bord and
employed pillar
*raise boring - metallic deposits
1. Small-diameter hole is drilled from above - irregular horizontal
to an opening below - irregularly shaped pillars
2. A reaming head is attached to the drill and - usually cyclic
the raise is bored upwards Benching Techniques
- Front benching breast
Unsupported Underground Mining Thick deposits
- Breast stoping then benching (front
Room and Pillar Mining (Bord and benching)
Pillar) - Breast stoping then benching
Uniform horizontal or nearly horizontal (vertical benching)
ore formations (coal) - Breast stoping then overhand
Openings are developed orthogonally at stabbing
regular intervals leaving rectangular or
square pillars as natural support Advantages:
Cyclic or continuous Moderate high productivity
Pillars may be recovered (pillaring) 60-80% recovery w/o pillaring
Cycle of operations (conventional for selective and highly flexible
coal) suitable for mechanization
1. Cut coal faces are cut to improve Disadvantages:
breakage Extensive and continuous GC
2. Drill rotary drag bit drills Poor ventilation
3. Blast utilizes permissible Recovery of pillars are difficult
explosives ( low heat) Ore may be left in pillars
4. Load arm loaders are commonly Calculation of % recovery
used tributary areaarea of pillar
5. Haul shuttle cars are commonly recovery =
used tributary area
Cycle of operations (conventional for
noncoal) Shrinkage Stoping
1. Cut not applicable Vertical overhand stoping method
2. Drill hydraulic percussion Fairly steep to almost vertical
3. Blast ANFO high intensity Ore must not pack, oxidize
4. Load front end loader Development in 2 phases:
5. Haul Trucks or LHD Stoping
Cycle of operations (continuous; only for Drawing
coal) 1. Develop haulage level / production level
1. Mine (rolling drum) continuous 2. Undercut
miner to excavate coal 3. Overhand slabbing (pataas)
2. Haul shuttle cars Advantage:
Chain pillars support at the entry Small-moderate scale
Pillaring/Caving Simple: drawn by gravity
- to improve production Few ground support in stopes
- recovered per section/panel; retreat Fairly good recovery (75-85%)
mining process Disadvantages:
- pillars are not recovered 100% and Low-moderate productivity
left as stumps or fenders Labor intensive
*outside lifting technique
AJ Sering 7
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
Rough footing on stope; dangerous Stope access needed for mechanized
Most ores are tied up in stope and equipment
subject to oxidation Labor intensive; may require skilled
miners and close supervision
Sublevel Stoping
Vertical stoping method that uses large Stull Stoping
stopes Individual timbers as main ground
Fairly steep - almost vertical ore bodies support
Thicker deposits Thin vein deposits; nearly horizontal-
Development in 2 phases vertical
For drawing and interlevel raises Simple conventional stoping; small-scale
*raises-footwalls Cyclic:
Undercut or slot for initial stoping; Conventional
paggawa ng sublevels Ground control (timbering)
Cyclic: 2 parts: Gravity dependent
Stoping Weak walls
Drawing *by levels yung pagbaba
Sublevel : blasthole Timbers serve as platform for workers
Fan drilling na pababa Overhand advancement
Ring drilling Advantages:
Sublevel : open-ending Simple: adaptable
- Gagawa ng slots Little mechanization
- Parallel drilling Low capital and initial devt cost
Sublevel : vertical crater retreat Good recovery: 90% pag nasusundan
- Mass blasting yung ore
- 1-2 blasts for whole slope/sublevel Disadvantages:
- restriction: ore body Low productivity
Advantages: High mining cost
Mechanization (sublevel drifts) Labor-intensive and slow
Moderate high productivity Heavy timber requirements and cost
Simultaneous drawing and stoping Limited applications are available
Fair recovery (75%) (thin veins)
Disadvantages
Fairly complicated and expensive Square-set timbering
devt Small-scale stoping: extracted ore are
Inflexible in mining plan replaced by a framework of timbers
Longhole drilling requires precision Small deposits of any shape
Large blasts may cause significant Haulage drift and crosscuts are
vibration developed to access the ore, min. initial
Air blast and structural damage openings
Cyclic:
Conventional
Supported Underground Mining Ground control (timbering)
*post vertical timbers
Cut and Fill Stoping *cap horizontal; perpendicular to the vein
Vertical stoping method that replaces *girt horizontal; parallel to strike of vein;
extracted ore with backfill usually
Irregular and discontinuous ore non-loading
formations Floors and walls: storage, platform,
Moderately weak ore bodies access sa stopes, cross-cuts
Undercut and drawbells are unnecessary Overhand stope out timbering
and are replaced by an ore pass filling
Cyclic: 2 parts: Fill as an additional support to prevent
Extraction (conventional: d-b-l-h) caving
Backfilling Haulage level (yun lang necessary)
*extension of ore pass pag tumataas or
bumababa
Advantages:
High recovery (90-100%) Advantages:
Surface waste can be used as fill Flexible; versatile; adaptable
Versatile, flexible, and adaptable Suitable for worst ground conditions
Moderately good safety record when caving and subsidence are not
permitted
Disadvantages:
100% recovery (nacacave out yung
Fairly high mining cost
irregular)
Filling cost may interfere w/
low capital and devt cost
production
safety in terms of ground control
AJ Sering 8
EM 10 SUMMARY 2ND LE
Disadvantages: Low production cost
Low productivity Safer than room&pillar retreat
High mining cost pillaring
High fire risk because of timbers Disadvantages:
Dust control bec of shearers
Caving Methods Delay between production of each
panel
Longwall Mining Subsidence may occur bec of 100%
a long wall is developed and advanced; extraction
roof of the voids are allowed to cave in High initial investment
stratified tabular ore formation
coal and metalliferous Sublevel Caving
longwall is developed and advanced by a Fragmentation is done by induced caving
continuous miner and ore is detonated with ascending fans
main entries; main gate and tail gate Uses blasting methods
main gate daanan ng ventilation (clean Weak, dipping vein deposits
air), workers, Underhand development
equipments Cave: waste
tail gate labasan ng dirty air; coal Cyclic: conventional
*shearer scrape *walang drawpoints sa baba
supports *kung saan nagso-stope out, may naghahaul
gumagalaw pag nagcacave *drift - acts as drawpoint
protects longwall (roof support) Loosening ellipsoid
develop slot for equipment Zone where there is movement
main entries entries for equipments Waste (lahat)
ventilation shafts develop longwalls Ellipsoid of extraction
Target na makuha para makuha lahat
Pattern is based on the ellipsoid of
extraction
Goal: ore lang ang makuha; let waste
rock cave
Advantages:
High recovery
High productivity
AJ Sering 9