In a nozzle flow, the inlet conditions are p1 = 365

kPa gauge and d1 = 100 mm and the outlet

conditions are p2 = 0 kPa gage and d2 = 50 mm.
Find the flow rate. Neglect viscous effects.

Solution:
Applying Bernoulli's equation between inlet and
outlet,
 [p1 / (g)] + [(v12) / (2g)] = [p2 / (g)] +
[(v22) / (2g)]
or (p1 / ) + (1/2)v12 = (p2 / ) +
(1/2)v22
or [(v22 v12) / 2] = [(p1 p2) / ]
Applying the continuity equation to (1)
A1v1= A2v2
v1 = v2(A2 / A1)
v2 = [{2(p1 p2)} / {[1 (A2 / A1)2]}]
= [{(2) (365,000 0)} / {1000 [1
{(50 / (1000)}4]]
= 27.9 m/s
Hence, q = A2v2
= (/4) (0.050)2 (27.9)
= 0.055 m3/s
Determine the resultant force on a converging nozzle
discharging water to the atmosphere at a rate of 150
gal/min. The inlet internal diameter is 3 in and that of outlet is 1
in. Neglect frictional losses.

Solution: The momentum balance in x-direction

is given by
Fx = [{d(mu)} / (dt)]
or p1A1 p2A2 pa(A1 A2) + Rx = m(u2
u1)
where Rx is the reaction in the x-direction.
or p1A1 paA1 + Rx = m(u2 u1) since p2 =
pa
or A1(p1 pa) + Rx = m(u2 u1)
or Rx = m(u2 u1) A1(p1 pa)
(1)
Applying Bernoulli's equation between inlet
and outlet
(p1 / ) + [u12 / (2g)] = (p2 / ) + [u22 / (2g)] = (pa / )
+ [u22 / (2g)] (2)
From (1) and (2)
[(p1 pa) / ] = [(u22 u12) / (2g)]
or (p1 pa) = [(u22 u12) / (2g)]
(3)
The continuity equation is used to calculate the
velocities
 w = [{(150) (8.33)} / (60)] = 20.825 lb/sec
u1 = [w / (A1)] = [{(20.825) (4) (144)} /
{(62.4) (3.14) (9)}]
= 6.80 ft/sec
and
u2 = 6.80 (3/1)2
= 61.2 ft/sec
Substituting in (3)
(p1 pa) = [{(61.2)2 (6.8)2} / {(2) (32.2)}]
(62.4)
= 3584 lbf/ft2
or (p1 pa) = 24.9 psi
Substituting in (1),
Rx = [(20.825) / (32.2)] (61.2 6.8) [{(3.14)
(9)} / 4] (24.9)
= 140.7 lbf
The negative sign indicates the resultant is acting in the
negative x-direction.

A non-newtonian fluid is flowing through a pipe. Obtain

a relationship between the velocity and the radial
position for steady state laminar flow. The stress rate of
shear is given by: = (K / gc) {( du) /
dr} n

The shear stress for a non-newtonian fluid is given by:

= (p / 2L)r
where = shear stress
p = pressure drop across the length of
the pipe
L = length of the pipe
r = radius of the pipe
But it is given that
= (K / gc){( du) / dr}n
Therefore equating these two equations gives:
{(pgc) / (2KL)}r = {( du) / dr}n
 Raising both sides to 1/nth power and
integrating
{( pgc) / (2KL)}1/n r(r)i r1/n dr = 0u du
{( pgc) / (2KL)}1/n [{{1/(n+1)}} / {(1 / n) + 1}](r)ir
=u
{n / (n + 1)} [{ pgc} / {2KL}]1/n [r{(n+1)/n}
ri{(n+1)/n}] = u
u = {( pgc) / (2KL)}1/n {n / (n + 1)}ri{(n+1)/n} [1 (r /
ri){(n+1)/n}]
At r = 0, u = umax
umax = {( pgc) / (2KL)}1/n {n / (n +
1)}ri{(n+1)/n}
At r = ri, u = 0
Therefore
u = umax [1 (r / ri){(n+1)/n}]