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Adaptive Reconnaissance Golay-3 Optical Satellite

(ARGOS)

Prof David W. Miller

Chart: 1
ARGOS Overview

Resolutionatat=550
Angular
AngularResolution =550nm: 0.35
nm: 0.35arcsec
arcsec
Wavelength Regime: 400-700
Wavelength Regime: 400-700nm nmFOR
FOR
ISS (Field-of-Regard):
(Field-of-Regard): 120 (full cone)
120 (full cone)
FOV
FOV(Field-of-View)-min: 33xx33arcmin
(Field-of-View)-min: arcmin
Moon SNR
SNR 100 (Min)
100 (Min)
Pointing
PointingAccuracy: +/-
Accuracy: +/-10
10arcsec
arcsec
Autonomous
AutonomousOperation: >>11hour
Operation: hour
Goal
Goal: :
Demonstrate
Demonstrate First
First field
field operation
operation in
in May
May
the
thefeasibility
feasibility
of
of
Interferometry
Interferometry Surrogate
Wireless
technology
technology Ground Station
COMM
Station M.I.T.

Frictionless Air Bearing

RWA

Chart: 2
Full Structure

Chart: 3
Sub-Aperture Manufacturing
TAKAHASHI 8-inch High Precision (RMS WF errors 1/20 ) Telescope

Designed optimized achromatic doublet to convert a focal telescope to afocal with


Magnification m=10
FK51/BaK2
FK51/BaK2
Final Design
CTE
CTE5.3
5.3
0.0027
0.0027RMS
RMSError
Error
FK51 BaK2 Some
Somesensitivity
sensitivityto
tothermal
thermalshock
shock
-Manufacturable
-Manufacturabletolerances
tolerances

Chart: 4
Relay Optics Design

1. Sub Aperture
2. Collimator
3. FSM+ODL
4. Pyramidal Mirror The
TheAdvantages
Advantagesof ofTwo
TwoMirror
MirrorDesign
Design
5. Beam Combiner the
thecost,
cost,the
thecontroller
controllercomplexity,
complexity,
6. CCD less
lessreflectance
reflectanceloss,
loss,smaller
smallerpossible
possiblemisalignment
misalignment
errors, compactness
errors, compactness
2
3

6
1
4
5
Chart: 5
Allowable Structural
Misalignments
45-A+B = 45- B
A 2B=A Magnification m=10

B B= 0.5 *A *10 = 5 A. In reality, a factor of 6.4 works well up


to 0.01 degree
45-B

Telescope Tilt FSM Comp FSM OPD Strehl Ratio SR


[Deg] [arcsec] [Deg] Max [mm] Aberrated restored
0.034 degree
0.0001 0.36 -0.00064 0 0.687 0.982

B= FSM 0.001 3.6 -0.0064 0 0.016 0.979


rotation
0.005 18 -0.032 0 0.192 0.907

0.01 36 -0.064 0 0.064 0.604

0.01 36 -0.064 0.0002 0.189 0.859

Chart: 6
Passive/Active Actuators
FSM
FSMMOUNT
MOUNT
7 Mount 14 rad
Angular
Angular Range+/-
Range +/-7
7
Angular
AngularRes.
Res.+/-
+/-0.0008 (14rad)
0.0008(14 rad)
600 rad FSM 0.05 rad Linear
LinearRange
Range11cmcm
Linear Res.11m
LinearRes. m
FSM+ODL
FSM+ODL 2
Angular
AngularRange
Range+/- 600rad
+/-600 rad 3
Angular
AngularRes.
Res.+/- 0.05rad
+/-0.05 rad
Linear
LinearRange
Range1212m
m 1
6
Linear
LinearRes.
Res.0.2
0.2nm
nm 4
5

Pyramid Errors
w/o FSM Correction
SR = 0.444

Pyramid Errors
w/ FSM Correction
Pyramidal Mirror Pyramidal mount SR = 0.960
Chart: 7
Attitude Control System (ACS)
Q d
+ Q e Wheel Body rate
speed
Body rotation

Sensor
Sensor1:1:
Active Electronic
Active ElectronicCompass
Compass
Balancing
Balancing
System
System Sensor
Sensor2:
2:
Viewfinder
Viewfinder

ACS
ACS
Actuator: Sensor
Sensor3:
3:
Actuator: Rate Gyro
Reaction
Reaction Rate Gyro
Wheel
Wheel

Chart: 8
Structures Design

Chart: 9
Sparse-aperture Optics/Control
System (SOCS) Framework
XXAnalyze
AnalyzeOptics
OpticsPerformance
PerformanceRequirements
Requirements
r EE SR SNR FOV ACS
r EE SR PSF MTF SNR FOV ACS
PSF MTF

YYDetermine
DetermineArray
ArrayConfiguration
Configuration
L D # of Aperture
L D # of Aperture

ZZDetermine
DetermineTolerable
TolerableBeam
Beam Track
Combining Errors
Combining Errors WFE
Piston Tilt/Tip Pupil Budget
Piston Tilt/Tip Pupil
mapping RMS
mapping RMS WF
WF Error
Error Budget
Budget Tree
Tree
[[Design/Build
Design/Build

Residual

Optical
Beam

Sub

Assembly/Alignment
Residual Optics

Optical Components
Beam Combininng

Sub Aperture

Assembly/Alignment Errors
Sub-Aperture
Sub-Aperture \\Design ]Design
Design ]Design
Telescope Relay
Telescope RelayOptics
Optics CCD
CCDSystem
System

Aperture RMS
Combininng Errors

Components Errors
Focal_1 M=d/D # Reflection
Focal_1 M=d/D # Reflection

Optics Design
Geometry
Geometry

RMS WFE
Beam
Beam
Combiner # Control Channel

Design WFE
Combiner # Control Channel

WFE
Errors

Errors

Errors
WFE
^^Design,
Design,Analyze,
Analyze,Build
BuildStructures
Structures
Allowable
FSM FMs ODLs Structure Vibration Allowable
FSM FMs ODLs Structure Vibration misalignment
misalignment

__Develop
DevelopWavefront
WavefrontSensors,Controllers
Sensors,Controllers

Chart: 10
Determination of Array Configuration
P (,) Auto-correlation H (,)
Complex Pupil Function Optical Transfer Function (OTF)

A (x,y) abs( )^2 S (x,y)


Amplitude Spread Function Point Spread Function (PSF)

Angular
AngularResolution,
Resolution,
Strehl
StrehlRatio
RatioRequirement
Requirement

Find
Findsuitable
suitablePSF,
PSF,MTF
MTF

Determine
Determinethe
the
corresponding
correspondingL,
L,DD

Chart: 11
Impact of [L D] on Resolution

Final
FinalSelection
Selectionfor
forthe
theARGOS
ARGOStestbed
testbed

L=0.19185
L=0.19185mm
D=0.210
D=0.210mm(8
(8inch
inchCOTS
COTStelescope)
telescope)

Chart: 12
Phasing Error Analysis
Piston(OPD) Error
2
D (1 + cos( r )) J1 ( D sin r / )
2 2 n
I
D sin r /
e j 2 ( L k r / ) cos( k )
e
j k
- Mennesons Equation
k =1

IArray = 3+2cos( 3cos( / 6+)2Lr/ + 12) - simplified


+2cos( 3cos( / 6)2Lr/ + 13)+2cos( 3sin()2Lr/ + 23)
Golay w/o OPD
1 1 Golay w/ OPD
Monolithic
0.8
0.5 0.6
0.4 +0.2
0.2
-4 -2 0 2 -4 -2 0 2
-6 -6
1 x 10 1 x 10
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
-4 -2 0 2 -4 -2 0 2
x 10-6 x 10-6
1.2
1
0.8
1.4
1.2
1
-0.2
0.6 0.8
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
-4 -2 0 2 -4 -2 0 2
1.2 x 10-6 1.2 x 10-6
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4

/10
0.2 0.2

1.2
-4 -2 0 2
x 10-6 1.2
-4 -2 0 2
x 10-6 /10was
wassuggested
suggested
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
as
asmaximum
maximumpiston
piston
0.2
-4 -2 0 2
-6
0.2
-4 -2 0 2
-6
(OPD)
(OPD)error
error
x 10 x 10 Chart: 13
Phasing Error Requirement
Tilt / Pupil Mapping Error
FEM
FEMTilt
TiltError
ErrorAnalysis
Analysis Pupil
PupilMapping
MappingError
Error::
predicts
predictsmaximum
maximum Golden
GoldenRule
Ruleof
ofBeam
BeamCombining
Combining
allowable: 0.35rad=20
allowable:0.35 rad=20Deg
Deg
D/L
D/L(Entrance
(EntrancePupil)
Pupil)=d/l
=d/l(exit
(exitpupil)
pupil)

Max
Maxallowable 12m
allowable ==12 m

Chart: 14
Magnification vs Shear Error

Sub-aperture magnification can be tuned to maximize


allowable shear error (lateral pupil mapping error) thereby
reducing control complexity.

Chart: 15
ZEMAX, CODE-V

Zemax is a professional ray tracing/optical design software


Sequential, Nonsequential Ray Tracing
Optimization of optics design
PSF, MTF, Spot Diagram, Imaging Analysis
Tolerancing and Sensitivity Analysis

Chart: 16
Complete WF Error Budget
Total Wavefront Error
0.0727 (total RMS) < 0.075

Optical Design Errors Subtelescope w/ Collimator Beam Combiner Beam Combining Error Assembly/Alignment Environmental Error
(Residual Design Error) 0.017 Manufacturing Error 0.041 0.029 0.0309
0.028 0.027

Distortion Fabrication + alignment Primary Piston(Phase) Error Inter-subtelescope alignment Thermal Deformation
0.015 0.015 0.021 0.028 0.015 0.02

Field Curvature Thermal Tilt/Tip Error Pointing/Focus Jitter/Drift (Image)


0.020 0.01 Fabrication 0.016 0.01 0.015
0.015
Other abberations Collimator Pupil Mapping Error Assembly Deformation Jitter/Drift (Pupil)
0.013 0.0009 Thermal 0.015 0.01 0.015
0.01
Magnification Error Fold Mirrors Alignment Gravity Release Error
Alignment 0.015 0.01 0.010
0.010
Sensor Error
Secondary 0.010 FSM
0.017
Actuator Error
0.01 ODL
Fabrication
0.015
FM @ BC
Thermal
0.01

Alignment
0.010

(2 / ) 2
Strehl Ratio = e ,= RMS Wavefront error.
Chart: 17
Optical Cost Models

Investigate economical viability of modular optics


given performance constraints
Focus on monolithic Cassegrain telescopes versus
Golay-3 design
Use real data and experience from ARGOS
object relay beam
optics combiner

k-th aperture B b
k lk
Lk
Dk dk

sub-telescope plane combiner plane focal plane


(input pupil) (exit pupil) (image pupil)

Chart: 18
Literature Search for Cost Models

Kahan, Targrove, Cost modeling of large


spaceborne optical systems, SPIE, Kona, 1998

Humphries, Reddish, Walshaw,Cost scaling laws


and their origin: design strategy for an optical array
telescope, IAU, 1984

Meinel, Cost-scaling laws applicable to very large


optical telescopes, SPIE, 1979

Meinels law: S = 0.37 D 2.58


[M$] (1980)

Chart: 19
Small Amateur Telescopes

Priced various amateur


telescopes 4
x 10 2.76
Telescope Cost CER (Aperture): C=28917*D
DHQ f/5 3

Telescope Purchase Cost C [2001$]


DHQ f/4.5 2.5

D Truss f/5 2

Obsession f/4.5 1.5

Celestron G-f/10
1

Fit power law 0.5

C = 28917 D 2.76 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Exponent surprisingly Telescope Diameter D [m]

similar to Meinels Law

Chart: 20
Professional Telescope OTA cost

5
x 10
4
CERs for
3.5 Ritchey-Chretien
Classical Cassegrain
Ritchey-Chretien
3
CRC = 376000 D 2.80
OTA Cost [2001 $]

2.5
Classical Cassegrain
2

1.5 CCC = 322840 D 2.75


1
Remarkable Result:
0.5
virtually identical
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 power law across
Aperture Diameter D [m]
completely different
Company: Optical Guidance Systems product lines.
(http:www.opticalguidancesystems.com)
Chart: 21
ACS Mass and Cost

Reaction wheel mass scales w/


momentum capacity
Ball, Honeywell, and Ithaco RWAs [Kg = 2.49 Nms0.41]]
0.41
Kg = 2.49Nms 14

12
Reaction wheels dominate
10
ACS mass
ACS cost is function of mass

Mass [Kg]
8

$ ACS = co Kg ACS
0.8 6

4
Scale using ARGOS ACS mass
and cost 2

Inertia depends on sub-aperture 0


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
masses and geometry Momentum Capacity [Nms]

Assumed 1.5 deg/sec slew rate

Chart: 22
Sub-System Cost Tables

Chart: 23
Sub-System Cost Tables

Chart: 24
Sub-System Cost Tables

Chart: 25
Labor Cost Table

Sub-System Yearly Hours ARGOS


Rate Spring Summer Fall Spring Total Total Recurring
Passive Optics Soon-Jo Chung $70,000 200 200 200 200 800 $61,833 $15,458
Janaki Wickrema $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177
Erik Iglesias $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177
David Ngo $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177
Active Optics Soon-Jo Chung $70,000 150 160 150 150 610 $47,148 $11,594
Abran Alaniz $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177
Praxedis Flores III $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 EB/OHD Wrap
ACS Carl Blaurock $70,000 0 0 78 78 156 $12,058 $6,029
2.12
Ayanna Samuels $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177
Student
Susan Kim $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177
Paul Wooster $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 $50,000
Structures Marc dos Santos $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Staff
David LoBosco $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 $70,000
PAS Raymond Sedwick $70,000 104 96 104 104 408 $31,535 $8,038
Management
Soon-Jo Chung $70,000 0 0 0 104 104 $8,038 $8,038
Carolina Tortora $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 $90,000
Christopher Rakowski $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177
Dustin Berkovitz $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177
SOC John Keesee $90,000 104 96 104 104 408 $40,545 $10,335
Eric Coulter $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177
Daniel Kwon/Lisa Girerd $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177
Management Paul Bauer $70,000 104 96 104 104 408 $31,535 $8,038
David Miller $90,000 104 48 104 104 360 $35,775 $10,335
Raymond Sedwick $70,000 26 0 26 26 78 $6,029 $2,010
John Keesee $90,000 26 0 26 26 78 $7,751 $2,584
Total $919,903 $190,115

Chart: 26
Labor Cost Table

Sub-System ARGOS Monolith Golay-3


mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring
Passive Optics 1 $209,240 $36,990 0.3 $62,772 $11,096.88 1 $209,240 $36,990
Active Optics 1 $138,794 $25,948 0.3 $41,638 $7,784.38 1 $138,794 $25,948
ACS 1 $119,714 $27,560 1 $119,714 $27,560.00 1 $119,714 $27,560
Structures 1 $71,771 $14,354 0.6 $43,063 $8,612.50 1 $71,771 $14,354
PAS 1 $186,980 $37,608 1 $186,980 $37,607.92 1 $186,980 $37,608
SOC 1 $112,316 $24,689 1 $112,316 $24,689.17 1 $112,316 $24,689
Management 1 $81,090 $22,967 1 $81,090 $22,966.67 1 $81,090 $22,967
Total $919,903 $190,115 $647,572 $140,318 $919,903 $190,115

Sub-System Golay-6 Golay-9 Golay-12


mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring
Passive Optics 1.5 $313,859 $55,484 2 $418,479 $73,979 2.5 $523,099 $92,474
Active Optics 2 $277,588 $51,896 3 $416,381 $77,844 4 $555,175 $103,792
ACS 1 $119,714 $27,560 1 $119,714 $27,560 1 $119,714 $27,560
Structures 2 $143,542 $28,708 3 $215,313 $43,063 4 $287,083 $57,417
PAS 1 $186,980 $37,608 1 $186,980 $37,608 1 $186,980 $37,608
SOC 1 $112,316 $24,689 1 $112,316 $24,689 1 $112,316 $24,689
Management 1 $81,090 $22,967 1 $81,090 $22,967 1 $81,090 $22,967
Total $1,235,088 $248,912 $1,550,272 $307,709 $1,865,456 $366,506

Chart: 27
Golay System Costs
Optimum Golay is
Deff-dependent
Labor moves
Golay benefits to
larger Deff
Golays sacrifice
Encircled Energy
EE=83.5% EE=26.4% EE=9.3% EE=3.6% EE=2.2%

Chart: 28
Compact Golay-3
Reduces side-lobes, improves EE,
improves fill factor (SNR)
Sacrifices cost savings
Adding bus & relay optics costs
defines Golay-3 vs. monolith
breakpoint
ARGOS

*
L=1.2xD L=D (Golay) L=0.8xD

ARGOS

Chart: 29
Compact Hex Arrays

Larger Deff favors higher


order Golays Compact Golay-12

Golay-3 & Hex compact Deff=1.79m

better than higher order


Compact Golay-9
Golays Compact Hex

Compactness limited by sub-


Compact Golay-6 Deff=0.64m
aperture interference

Golay-9
Hex is not as cost-efficient at Compact Golay-3

providing full uv-coverage as

Golay-12

Monolith
Deff=0.42m

Golay-3
Golay-6
Golay

EE=62% EE=50% EE=40% EE=31% EE=23%

Equal Deff (angular resolution)


Chart: 30

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