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WRITTEN BY:
NAME: ESSIEN, DANIEL ITA
DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
REGISTRATION NUMBER: AK13/NAS/CSC/016
COURSE: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT AND ELECTRONICS
COURSE CODE: PHY 252
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. NSIKAK EKPENYONG
(COURSE LECTURER)
The main motivation for this paper is to explore, using circuit theory and
simulations, magnetically coupled circuits with moving coils.
Magnetically coupled circuits can be formulated in the language of
dynamic systems for both time variant and time invariant inductances. An
ideal system, proposed here, with zero resistance and zero self-
inductance for each circuit can be used to guide the design of a
computing device that finds the minima of an energy function.
The main topics that will be looked at are; Bio-Savarts law,
Faradays law, inductance, self-inductance and mutual
inductance, dot convention, coupling coefficient, energy stored
in a couple circuit, transformer as one of the applications of
magnetically coupled circuits.
INTRODUCTION
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up) the voltage from 10-15 kV at the generating level, to 200-
500 kV, or higher, at the transmission level, for the economical
transmission of power over long distances. Then the
transformers are used to reduce (step-down) the voltage to
400-230 or 110 volts for safer use by customers. These power
transformers range in size from as small as a mailbox to larger
than a living room. Special kinds of transformers (instrument
transformers, also called potential and current transformers)
are also widely employed in power systems.
Potential transformers step-down the voltage to be
measured to a safe value (usually for the operation of 0-150 V
meters), and current transformers step-down current with
adequate insulation (usually designed to operate 0-5 A meters).
Thus, these kinds of transformer allow the measurement of
high voltages and large current ratings. Another kind of
transformer is a variable auto-transformer, which is also used in
laboratory equipment for changing voltages.
As a circuit element, mutual inductance is associated with
two pairs of terminals and therefore belongs to the group of
elements called two-port element, called an ideal transformer,
is an important approximation of a good iron-core transformer.
We will first define mutual inductance, and study the
methods of writing circuit equations whereby the effects of
mutual inductance are included. The circuit analysis will be
performed using both time domain and frequency-domain
methods. Moreover, the most important transformer
applications occur in the AC steady state.
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BIO-SAVARTS LAW
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FARADAYS LAW
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INDUCTANCE
In 1824, Oersted discovered that current passing through
a coil created a magnetic field capable of shifting a compass
needle. Seven years later, Faraday and Henry discovered just
the opposite. They noticed that a moving magnetic field would
induce current in an electrical conductor. This process of
generating electrical current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or just induction. It is called
induction because the current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field.
Induction is measured in unit of HENRIES (H) which
reflects this dependence on the rate of change of the magnetic
field. One henry is the amount of inductance that is required to
generate one volt of induced voltage when the current is
changing at the rate of one ampere per second. Note that
current is used in the definition rather than magnetic field. This
is because current can be used to generate the magnetic field
and is easier to measure and control than magnetic flux.
When induction occurs in an electrical circuit and affects
the flow of electricity it is called INDUCTANCE, L. SELF-
INDUCTANCE, or simply inductance, is the property of a circuit
whereby a change in current causes a change in voltage in the
same circuit.
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L is the inductance of the inductor commonly called self-
inductance (relating the induced voltage in a coil by a time-
varying current in the same coil).
M =M =M
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(b) Series-opposing connection
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EXAMPLE 1:
For the three coupled coils in the figure below, calculate
the total inductance.
TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS
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FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 2:
Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit shown
below.
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EXAMPLE 3:
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DOT CONVENTION
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aa
COUPLING COEFFICIENT
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EXAMPLE 4: Find K and the energy stored in the coupled
inductors at t = 1s.
SOLUTION:
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(a)
(b)
EXAMPLE 4:
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling
coefficient. Calculate the energy stored in the coupled inductor
at time t = 1sec if v = 60 cos (4t +30o) V.
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APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETICALLY COUPLED
CIRCUITS
TRANSFORMER
Transformers are commonly used in applications which
require the conversion of AC voltage from one voltage level to
another. There are two broad categories of transformers:
electronic transformers, which operate at very low power
levels, and power transformers, which process thousands of
watts of power. Electronic transformers are used in consumer
electronic equipment like television sets, VCRs, CD players,
personal computers, and many other devices, to reduce the
level of voltage from 220V (available from the AC mains) to the
desired level at which the device operates. Power transformers
are used in power generation, transmission and distribution
systems to raise or lower the level of voltage to the desired
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levels. The basic principle of operation of both types of
transformers is the same.
We will first review some of the basic concepts of
magnetic circuits, which are fundamental building blocks in
transformers and electric machinery. In order to understand
how a transformer operates, we will examine two inductors that
are placed in close proximity to one another. The concepts of
such magnetic coupled circuits will be extended to the
development of transformers. After understating the
relationships between voltages and currents, we will look at
some practical considerations regarding the use of
transformers.
Linear transformers
Ideal transformers
But
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EXAMPLE 5:
In the circuit below, calculate the input impedance and
current I1. Z1 = 60-j100, Z2 =30+j40, and ZL =80+j60.
CURRENT RATIO
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IDEAL TRANSFORMER
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In case of an ideal Transformer;
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
When n = 1, we generally call the transformer and
isolation transformer.
If n > 1, we have a step-up transformer (V2 > V1).
If n < 1, we have a step-down transformer (V2 < V1)
APPLICATIONS OF A TRANSFORMER
To step up or step down voltage and current (useful for
power transmission and distribution).
To isolate one portion of a circuit from another.
As an impedance matching device for maximum power
transfer.
Frequency-selective circuits.
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SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFOMERS
ARE:
Circuit isolation:
When the relationship between the two networks is
unknown, any improper direct connection may lead to
circuit failure.
Dc isolation:
Only ac signal can pass, dc signal is blocked.
Load matching:
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MUTUAL INDUCTANCE AND TRANSFORMERS
CONCLUSION
From the inception of this write up, we can all see that a
magnetically coupled circuit is very efficient. One of its
applications being the transformer serves a lot of purposes
which include the conversion of voltage with a high efficiency,
circuit isolation, Dc isolation and load matching as discussed in
the previous page. Therefore a magnetically coupled circuit is
highly recommended.
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REFERENCES
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