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A

TERM PAPER

ON

MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS

WRITTEN BY:
NAME: ESSIEN, DANIEL ITA
DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
REGISTRATION NUMBER: AK13/NAS/CSC/016
COURSE: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT AND ELECTRONICS
COURSE CODE: PHY 252

SUBMITTED TO:
DR. NSIKAK EKPENYONG
(COURSE LECTURER)

AKWA IBOM STATE UNIVERSITY, IKOT AKPADEN.


(MAIN CAMPUS)

26TH JANUARY, 2016


ABSTRACT

The main motivation for this paper is to explore, using circuit theory and
simulations, magnetically coupled circuits with moving coils.
Magnetically coupled circuits can be formulated in the language of
dynamic systems for both time variant and time invariant inductances. An
ideal system, proposed here, with zero resistance and zero self-
inductance for each circuit can be used to guide the design of a
computing device that finds the minima of an energy function.
The main topics that will be looked at are; Bio-Savarts law,
Faradays law, inductance, self-inductance and mutual
inductance, dot convention, coupling coefficient, energy stored
in a couple circuit, transformer as one of the applications of
magnetically coupled circuits.

INTRODUCTION

Inductance is introduced as a circuit two-terminal element,


and circuit analysis defined in terms of the magnetic flux and
the current producing this flux (i.e. as the ratio of the flux to the
current). Strictly speaking, this definition is of self-inductance,
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which, however, is commonly just called inductance. As we
know from physics, moving an electric charge, i.e. and electric
current, produces and electromagnetic force (EMF), measured
in volts, in a nearby circuit. Recall that the circuit element
which physically represents the inductance is a coil. EMF, or
just induced voltage, is also proportional to the number of turns
of the coil.
Eventually, we will consider the effect of a changing
magnetic flux that is common to two or more distinct coils.
Neighboring coils which share a common magnetic flux are said
to be mutually coupled. In mutually coupled circuits, a
changing current in one coil induces a voltage in the remaining
mutually coupled coils/circuits. The induced voltage is
characterized by a mutual inductance which exists between
neighboring coils. Thus, the energy and/or signals can be
transmitted from one mutually coupled circuit to the other, just
as energy (signals) is transmitted through the conductive
connections.
The physical device whose operation is based inherently
on mutual inductance is the transformer. A transformer,
therefore, is a magnetic device that consists of two or more
coils wound on a common core. Transformers are available in a
wide variety of sizes and shapes that are designed for
numerous applications. Devices as small as a button are
common in radios, television sets and other communication
systems, and are used for matching, separating (isolating) and
connecting various stages of the system. On the other hand,
transformers are widely used by power utilities to raise (step-

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up) the voltage from 10-15 kV at the generating level, to 200-
500 kV, or higher, at the transmission level, for the economical
transmission of power over long distances. Then the
transformers are used to reduce (step-down) the voltage to
400-230 or 110 volts for safer use by customers. These power
transformers range in size from as small as a mailbox to larger
than a living room. Special kinds of transformers (instrument
transformers, also called potential and current transformers)
are also widely employed in power systems.
Potential transformers step-down the voltage to be
measured to a safe value (usually for the operation of 0-150 V
meters), and current transformers step-down current with
adequate insulation (usually designed to operate 0-5 A meters).
Thus, these kinds of transformer allow the measurement of
high voltages and large current ratings. Another kind of
transformer is a variable auto-transformer, which is also used in
laboratory equipment for changing voltages.
As a circuit element, mutual inductance is associated with
two pairs of terminals and therefore belongs to the group of
elements called two-port element, called an ideal transformer,
is an important approximation of a good iron-core transformer.
We will first define mutual inductance, and study the
methods of writing circuit equations whereby the effects of
mutual inductance are included. The circuit analysis will be
performed using both time domain and frequency-domain
methods. Moreover, the most important transformer
applications occur in the AC steady state.

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BIO-SAVARTS LAW

The magnetic field intensity dH produced at a certain point


P, by the differential current element Idl is proportional to the
product Idl and the sine of the angle between the element
and the line joining P to the element and is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance R between P and the
element.

The direction of dH is determined by the right hand rule (RHR).

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FARADAYS LAW

The physical or experimental law governing the principle


of magnetic induction.
The electromotive force (EMF) induced in a circuit is
directly proportional to the time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit.
The EMF can either be produced by changing B (induced
EMf) induced or by changing the area, e.g., by moving the
wire (motional EMF).

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INDUCTANCE
In 1824, Oersted discovered that current passing through
a coil created a magnetic field capable of shifting a compass
needle. Seven years later, Faraday and Henry discovered just
the opposite. They noticed that a moving magnetic field would
induce current in an electrical conductor. This process of
generating electrical current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or just induction. It is called
induction because the current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field.
Induction is measured in unit of HENRIES (H) which
reflects this dependence on the rate of change of the magnetic
field. One henry is the amount of inductance that is required to
generate one volt of induced voltage when the current is
changing at the rate of one ampere per second. Note that
current is used in the definition rather than magnetic field. This
is because current can be used to generate the magnetic field
and is easier to measure and control than magnetic flux.
When induction occurs in an electrical circuit and affects
the flow of electricity it is called INDUCTANCE, L. SELF-
INDUCTANCE, or simply inductance, is the property of a circuit
whereby a change in current causes a change in voltage in the
same circuit.

According to Faradays law, the voltage induced in a coil is


proportional to the number of turns N and the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux .

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L is the inductance of the inductor commonly called self-
inductance (relating the induced voltage in a coil by a time-
varying current in the same coil).

When one circuit induces current flow in a second nearby


circuit, it is known as MUTUAL INDUCTANCE. The image
below shows an example of mutual inductance.

M =M =M
12 21

M21 is mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1.


M12 is mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2.
When an AC current is flowing through a piece of wire in a
circuit, an electromagnetic field is produced that is constantly
growing and shrinking and changing direction due to the
constantly changing current in the wire. This changing
magnetic field will induce electrical current in another wire or
circuit that is brought close to the wire in the primary circuit.
The current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact will
look very similar to the current flowing in the first wire.
Below is a series connection of two mutually coupled inductors;
(a) Series-aiding connection,

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(b) Series-opposing connection

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EXAMPLE 1:
For the three coupled coils in the figure below, calculate
the total inductance.

CIRCUIT MODEL FOR COUPLED INDUCTORS

TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS

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FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE 2:
Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit shown

below.

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EXAMPLE 3:

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DOT CONVENTION

The dot convention is used to determine whether the


fluxes add and therefore the mutual inductance adds.
M12 = M21 = M and is always a positive quantity. The choice
of polarity is made by examining the way in which both coils
are physically wound and applying Lenzs law in conjunction
with the right-hand rule.
The procedure is inconvenient in circuit analysis since it is
difficult to show the construction details of the coil in circuit
schematics. Use the dot convention (often
predetermined).

The rules are:


Assume positive M.
Place a dot where i1 enters coil 1.
Determine the direction of the flux produced in coil 1 due
to i1.
Consider coil 2 and the direction of the current i2. If i2
provides a flux in the same direction as the flux due to coil
1 and i1, a dot is placed on coil 2 where i2 enters. If the
flux in coil 2 opposes the flux due to coil 1 and i1, a dot is
placed on coil 2 where i2 leaves.

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aa

COUPLING COEFFICIENT

The coupling coefficient, k, is a measure of the magnetic


coupling between two coils; 0 k 1.

COUPLING VS. WINDING STYLE

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EXAMPLE 4: Find K and the energy stored in the coupled
inductors at t = 1s.

SOLUTION:
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(a)

(b)

ENERGY STORED IN A COUPLED CIRCUIT

The instantaneous energy stored in the circuit is given by;

(+) if both currents enter or leave the dotted sides


(-) if one current enters the dotted side and the other
current leaves dotted side.

EXAMPLE 4:
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling
coefficient. Calculate the energy stored in the coupled inductor
at time t = 1sec if v = 60 cos (4t +30o) V.

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APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETICALLY COUPLED
CIRCUITS
TRANSFORMER
Transformers are commonly used in applications which
require the conversion of AC voltage from one voltage level to
another. There are two broad categories of transformers:
electronic transformers, which operate at very low power
levels, and power transformers, which process thousands of
watts of power. Electronic transformers are used in consumer
electronic equipment like television sets, VCRs, CD players,
personal computers, and many other devices, to reduce the
level of voltage from 220V (available from the AC mains) to the
desired level at which the device operates. Power transformers
are used in power generation, transmission and distribution
systems to raise or lower the level of voltage to the desired

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levels. The basic principle of operation of both types of
transformers is the same.
We will first review some of the basic concepts of
magnetic circuits, which are fundamental building blocks in
transformers and electric machinery. In order to understand
how a transformer operates, we will examine two inductors that
are placed in close proximity to one another. The concepts of
such magnetic coupled circuits will be extended to the
development of transformers. After understating the
relationships between voltages and currents, we will look at
some practical considerations regarding the use of
transformers.

Linear transformers
Ideal transformers

LINEAR TRANSFORMER REFLECTED IMPEDENCE

R1 and r2 are winding resistances


Linear transformer refers to a case where the inductances L 1
and L2 and mutual inductance M are constant.
Applying mesh analysis gives;

But

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EXAMPLE 5:
In the circuit below, calculate the input impedance and
current I1. Z1 = 60-j100, Z2 =30+j40, and ZL =80+j60.

VOLTAGE RATIO (ignore resistances)

CURRENT RATIO

In case of unity coupling (i.e., k = I ) and very large


inductances,

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IDEAL TRANSFORMER

An ideal transformer is a unity-coupled, lossless


transformer in which the primary and secondary coils have
infinite self-inductances.

(a) Ideal Transformer (b) Circuit


Symbol

The inductance L is proportional to the number of turns


squared.

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In case of an ideal Transformer;

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
When n = 1, we generally call the transformer and
isolation transformer.
If n > 1, we have a step-up transformer (V2 > V1).
If n < 1, we have a step-down transformer (V2 < V1)

APPLICATIONS OF A TRANSFORMER
To step up or step down voltage and current (useful for
power transmission and distribution).
To isolate one portion of a circuit from another.
As an impedance matching device for maximum power
transfer.
Frequency-selective circuits.

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SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFOMERS
ARE:

Circuit isolation:
When the relationship between the two networks is
unknown, any improper direct connection may lead to
circuit failure.

This connection style can prevent circuit failure.

Dc isolation:
Only ac signal can pass, dc signal is blocked.

Load matching:

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MUTUAL INDUCTANCE AND TRANSFORMERS

If we have two coils wound on the same magnetic (iron)


core, a changing current in one coil would cause a voltage
in both coils.
The effect of changing current in one coil inducing a
voltage in another is mutual inductance and is the basis of
transformer.
Transformers are one of the most common devices to
convert from one voltage to another with high (>99%)
efficiency.
Since the current must continuously change for these
devices to operate, they are generally only used with AC
supplies.
This ease of voltage conversion is one of the main reasons
why the majority of power is distributed in AC rather than
DC.

CONCLUSION
From the inception of this write up, we can all see that a
magnetically coupled circuit is very efficient. One of its
applications being the transformer serves a lot of purposes
which include the conversion of voltage with a high efficiency,
circuit isolation, Dc isolation and load matching as discussed in
the previous page. Therefore a magnetically coupled circuit is
highly recommended.

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REFERENCES

1. E. Crosson, E. Farhi, C.Y.-Y. Lin, H.-H. Lin, P. Shor, "Different


Strategies for Optimization Using the Quantum Adiabatic
Algorithm," arXiv: 1401.7320v1 [quant-ph], 2014.
2. E.W. Kamen and S.H. Bonnie, Fundamentals of Signals and
Systems Using the Web and MATLAB, New Jersey: Prentice-
Hall, 2000.
3. G. Rose, (2013, September 11). The D-Wave Two [Online]
Available: http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed-
code/26132454#
4. R.C. Dorf and J.A. Svoboda, Introduction to Electric Circuits,
New Jersey: John Wiley &Sons, 2006.
5. R.C. Dorf and R.H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems,
Prentice-Hall, 2010.
6. R. Plonsey and R.E. Collin, Principles and Applications of
Electromagnetic Fields, New Delhi: TATA-McGraw-Hill,
1973.

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