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Email address
arch_majinia@yahoo.com (M. A. Jinia), symahaque@gmail.com (S. H. Trisha), taqir33arch@yahoo.com (T. Mahmood)
Abstract
External shading devices have been utilized very extensively in the buildings of tropics to control the amount of daylight and
direct sun light flowing into interior spaces. It is now widely accepted that architects should encompass the environmental task
of reducing fossil fuel energy consumption in response to climate change. Day light is a blessing of nature. Effective daylight
reduces the need of artificial light at day time and thus reduces the overhead cost of energy. Proper luminous environment
confirms sufficient daylight which is very good for both physical and mental health. But too much or unguided daylight cause
glare and light pollution. For the purpose of examiningthe day lighting design in a residential building in the tropics
likeBangladesh, this paper discussesthe effects of different types of fixed external shading devices on daylight flow
intobuildings. The investigation was carried out by the use of ECOTECT for day lightingsimulations. A building having south
facing openings has been fundamentally chosen as case study. The luminous level of different points in the study room has
been collected as field survey. After studying the existing day light condition, daylight simulations have been conducted using
several types of shading devices based on the study area. More importance has been given on useful daylight illumination for
visual tasks to study the effects of different types of shading devices.
Keywords
Shading Device, Luminous Level, Daylight Illumination, Simulation, Dhaka
1. Introduction
Natural daylight is a vital element in creating a more focus is usually directed to the use of shading devices.
efficient and eminently more rewarding interior Shading devices are utilized to block the solar radiation
environment. Daylight is important for its quality, spectral before it reaches the indoor environment, especially at south
composition and the variability that it provides to any faced in the tropical countries. Recently, computer based
space. It provides high luminance and permits excellent modeling and simulation has become more popular and
color discrimination and color rendering and fulfils two important for day light prediction. Computational lighting
very basic human requirements: to be able to see both a task simulations can predict indoor luminance more accurately
and the space well and to experience some environmental than manual methods even though computational methods
stimulation. have rarely been validated for real buildings with real
Natural light stimulates biological functions that are occupancy. Based on these facts, this study seeks to evaluate
essential to human health. Windows receive a large amount the effects of different types of shading devices on day light
of energy from the sun and usually most of the sunlight gets conditionin indoor working environment of residential
concentrated in certain areas of the space and may even result building at Dhaka.
in glare on work surfaces. A large amount of direct sunlight
can be a source of great discomfort when concentrated on a 2. Objectives
spot, but is extremely useful if distributed to all parts of the
room equally. For controlling the effects of day lighting, the The study focuses on the effect of different types of fixed
22 Mahbuba Afroz Jinia et al.: Performance of Fixed Shading Devices on Daylight Penetration in the Tropical City Like Dhaka
a) b) c)
6
plane C
plane B
plane A
5
window
6 5 4 3 2 1
closed
3
floor
2 at 21' above working plane
1 ground
d)
American Journal of Energy Science 2015; 2(3): 21-27 23
e)
Figure 1. (a) Floor plan of the study model, (b) exterior view of the building, (c) Interior view of existing condition, (d) plan, section and elevation of study
model showing points of measurement, (e) resurch methodology
The research conducted in this paper has some limitations, 3.3. Shading Device and Daylight in the
e.g. Tropics
1 The luminous level found from field survey and
simulation used here are only the data of a specific day Once the window size has been established the most
having a clear sunny sky. effective method of reducing solar heat gain and excessive
2 The luminous data of some specific times of the day has daylight is to prevent the transmission of shortwave radiation
been used here for convenient. through the glass by external shading.The appropriate choice
3 The investigation is done on the basis of illumination from a wide range of fixed and movable shading systems will
level. Different geometric pattern of fixed shading depend on location, orientation, building type and the overall
devices, different variables such asglare, thermal cooling, heating and day lighting strategies adopted in the
radiation, material, color, obstruction of both interior & design phase of the building.
exterior space are considered very lightly. 3.4. Types of Shading Devices
But this paper has the potentiality for further research on
this topic by collecting and analyzing the data on the Shading devices are broadly classified into three categories
different months of the year and other different times of a based on its integration with the window (Goulding, 1992;
24 Mahbuba Afroz Jinia et al.: Performance of Fixed Shading Devices on Daylight Penetration in the Tropical City Like Dhaka
Steemers et al, 2002; Lechner, 2001). They are classified Thus, it is proposed that any daylight illuminance in the
again within these categories by their morphological range 100 lux to 2000 lux should be considered as offering
characteristics and physical forms. The broad categories of potentially useful illumination for the occupants of the space.
shading devices are:
1. Retractable or removable shading device, 2. Moveable 3.6. Calculation for Optimum Shading
or adjustable shading device, 3. Fixed shading device. The depth of the overhang of the shading devices depends
Fixed shading devices are classified into three categories: on the opening height and it is independent of the window
1. Vertical shading device, 2. Horizontal shading device, 3. width. The performance of the horizontal shading device
Egg crate shading device increases with the increase of the depth of the overhang. The
3.5. Useful Daylight Illuminance important factor is the ratio between the depth of the
overhang and the height of the opening.
Real daylight illuminances across the work-plane exhibit For optimum shading, the ratio between depth of overhang
large variations both spatially and temporally. For example, and height of the opening is,
daylight illuminances typically diminish rapidly with
increasing distance from windows. Equally, daylight D = 7/16 x H (1)
illuminances at a point can vary greatly from one moment to Where, D = depth of overhang, H = height of opening
the next due to changing sun position and/or sky conditions. The ratio between the side offset from opening edge of
Illuminances that fall within the bounds of minimum and overhang and height of the opening is,
maximum are called here Useful Daylight Illuminances. The
rationale for the UDI range limits determined from the W = H/2 (2)
survey is summarized as follows:
Where, W = Side offset from opening edge, H = height of
Table 2. UDI Level opening
Optimum shading can also be determined by the ratio
Day light level Sufficiency of day light
Daylight illuminance< 100 lux Insufficient
between Depth of overhang and opening height,
Daylight illuminance 100 lux - 500 lux effective
D = H / tan (3)
Daylight illuminance 500 lux - 2000 lux desirable or at least tolerable
visual or thermal discomfort,
Daylight illuminances>2000 lux Where vertical shadow angle = tan
or both
7
D=16 H D
H H
H VSA = tan?
Table 3. Calculating depth of overhang from Vertical shadow angle (VSA) data of study model
3.7. Calculation of Depth of Shading for calculation of vertical shadow angle. Minimum vertical
Existing Condition shadow angle data has been taken between 10 P.M. to 4 P.M.
for the analysis.
At first, the requirement of horizontal overhang for an
opening height of 4.5 has been checked. 3.8. Study of Simulation Models
D = 7/16 x 4.5 = 1.96 The luminous levels on the different points found from
field survey and simulation are as follows.
As the existing overhang is 2; so, theoretically it should In the table-04, it is observed that the deviation between
be adequate for optimum shading performance during the field survey and simulation result is very low. Therefore the
warmest part of the day. simulation results can be considered for the resurch.
The minimum requirement has also been checked by the
American Journal of Energy Science 2015; 2(3): 21-27 25
Figure 4. (a) Daylight levels of existing condition, (b) simulation result with hosizontal type shading, (c) simulation result with vertical type shading, (d)
simulation result with eggcrate type shading
Measuring 4. Result
Time Plane A Plane B Plane C
points
Analyzing from the above charts it is observed that in the
1 3192 5519 1926
existing condition daylight level in interior is very high after
2 2179 2790 1705
04.00pm which in very discomfort level. From the simulation
3 1433 1640 1280
10.00am model, horizontal type shading also is showing the
4 1070 1144 1014 discomfort levels in the afternoon. Vertical type shading
5 868 912 843 device showing an opposite results, luminous level is very
6 747 766 725 high before afternoon. The uniformity of daylight level is not
Difference from point 1 to 6 2445 4753 1201 balanced. Last of all, eggcrate type shading showing a better
1 2687 6150 2712 condition, distribution and uniformity of daylight is
2 2268 3293 2283 moderate. The differences from point 01 to 06 are lower from
3 1609 2011 1669 the others. The graphs given below better describes the
12.00am
4 1278 1445 1310 overall results.
5 1065 1147 1081
6 924 985 935 5. Discussion
Difference from point 1 to 6 1763 5165 1777
1 1964 5668 3291
At present, varieties types of shading devices are being
used in the residential apartment buildings at Dhaka. Among
2 1679 2290 2229
them, many are properly working, but the rest are creating
3 1311 1704 1533
02.00pm discomfort to the users. It is very important to design a
4 1027 1209 1143
proper shading device for healthy living environment. Lack
5 868 945 934
of light or access light both hampered our daily life activities.
6 759 817 787 In this paper the effect of general three types of shading
Difference from point 1 to 6 1205 4851 2504 devices are analysed through computer simulation. From the
1 1216 3620 2150 simulation results it is observed that eggcrate type shading
2 1036 1771 1365 renders better interior dalight condition than the others. This
3 748 983 899 study may be a design guideline for the architects to design
04.00pm
4 582 669 646 proper shading system for the openings.
5 481 512 506
6 426 444 436 Acknowledgement
Difference from point 1 to 6 790 3176 1714
This paper is based on the research work done in M. Arch
American Journal of Energy Science 2015; 2(3): 21-27 27
Course ARCH 6103 (Luminous Environment and Built [5] B. GIVONI. 1969.Man, Climate and Architecture.
Form) under the supervision of Dr ZebunNasreen Ahmed in [6] AL-MOFEEZ and ABDUL. 1991. Insulation in the Opaque
Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Envelope: Effects on Thermal Performance of Residential
Engineering & Technology. Building in Hot-arid Climates, Dissertation for degree of
Doctor of Philosoph,Texas A&M University, UMI dissertation
information service, Michigan.
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