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Simple Algorithm for Identification of Unbalanced Sag Type

Subhash V. Murkute, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, P.E.S.C.O.E., Aurangabad, INDIA


murkutes@rediffmail.com
V. B. Borghate, Ph.D, Member IEEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur, INDIA
vijay_borghate@rediffmail.com
M. A. Chaudhari, Ph.D, Member IEEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur, INDIA
macavc@yahoo.com

Abstract:-This paper proposes a simple Keywords: Power quality, space vector,


algorithm to detect and identify the unbalanced voltage sag classification,
unbalanced three phase voltage sag. The characterization,
technique is based Features extracted from I. INTRODUCTION
space vector magnitude. For normal system Power quality (PQ) is an important issue in
operation the space vector magnitude is electrical power systems. An electrical
constant dc, and during unbalanced sag it power system is expected to deliver
oscillates. The features of space vector undistorted sinusoidal rated voltage and
magnitude are identified to investigate the current continuously at rated frequency to
sag type. S-Transform is used as a tool for the end users. Increased interconnection,
feature extraction from SVM. The sag type widespread use of power electronics devices
is identified based on Symmetrical with sensitive and fast control schemes in
component classification is used The sag electrical power networks have brought
types are classified in to six types as given many technical and economic advantages,
by symmetrical component classification. but these have also introduced new
The technique is tested using simulated sag challenges to maintain PQ [1-5]. PQ
data. The results show that space vector problem usually involves a variation in the
magnitude S-transform technique is able to electric service voltage or current, results in
identify all types of three phase sags voltage sags, swells, fluctuations,
correctly. It avoids the need to calculate momentary interruptions, harmonics and
sequence components. The main advantage transients causing failure, or maloperation of
of using the technique is its simplicity and the power service equipment. Voltage sags
reliability. are regarded as one of the most frequent and

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relevant issues, among these. The disruption analyzing low frequency disturbance, in
of an industrial process, due to voltage sags, addition, some important frequency
can result in increase in substantial cost of components of the disturbance are not
operation [6]. extracted precisely due to the non-adjustable
Hence, to improve power quality, it central frequency and frequency bands once
is required to detect and identify the the sampling frequency is determined
disturbances so that one can find ways to [11,14]. In [12], different signal processing
mitigate them. Various approaches for techniques for PQD detection and
automatic detection and identification of identification are compared and concluded
power quality disturbances (PQD) have been that three phase based Parks vector
proposed in [6-12]. Root mean square (rms) approach is simple and easy to implement.
and Fourier Transform (FT) techniques are Recently, to overcome the limitations of
commonly used tools to extract information WT, S-transform (ST) has been used as a
or features from three phase voltage new signal processing tool for PQ analysis
waveforms. These techniques have been [13-15]. In [13], Hilbert and Clark
proven to be very successful for analyzing Transforms are used for feature extraction
stationary signals and are easy to realize and its performance is compared with S-
[6,7]. However, they are not suitable for Transform (ST) and WT. The superiority of
feature extraction of non-periodic nature of ST over WT for detection, localization and
PQD. A suitable way to obtain such classification of PQD is discussed in [14-
information is to apply time-frequency (or 15]. However, most of these techniques used
time scale) signal decomposition. Short are based on measurements and processing
Time FT (STFT) can partly alleviate this of three phase quantities independently, that
problem due to fixed window width [8]. To requires more processing time and more data
resolve the problem of STFT, many storage.
researchers have proposed the use of the To improve this, the three phase quantity
Wavelet Transform (WT) to analyze PQD is considered as a complex signal and is
[9, 10]. In WT, window width is processed to detect and identify PQD in
automatically adjusted to give proper three phase system. The application of this
resolutions of both the time and the technique as tool in the process of detection
frequency. However, WT is not suitable for and classification of PQD is explored in

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[10]. In [11], space vector with dual computational efforts that can be
hysteresis filter investigated to detect and significantly reduced by using three phase
mitigate PQD. In [12], a three phase vector approach. In this approach ST matrix is
sum technique is used to detect the PQD and obtained for SVM of three phase signal,
the Parks vector geometrical pattern is used instead of signals of three phases
to identify them. In [13], statistical features independently. It also provides the
of space vector magnitude (SVM) are frequency contour and preserves phase angle
utilized for identification of PQD. The WT information of signal, which helps to detect,
with support vector machine and RBF time localize and indentify the sag type.
utilized for automatic detection and Paper is organized as; section II describes
classification of PQD explained in [16], has the Clarke Transform technique used to
a limitation to detect the disturbance in noisy generate SVM. The ST is used to extract the
environment. Space vector analyzed by DFT features of SVM is discussed in section III.
for detection and classification of In section IV, the proposed space vector
unbalanced sags and swells explained in magnitude ST (SVM-ST) technique for
[17]. The locus of space vector as well as the automatic sag type detection and
values of its modulus is used to identify the identification is explained. The verification
type of short circuit, the phases affected and and performance is tested with simulated
approximate location [18]. The methods data to identify sag type is presented in
used for unbalanced sag type section V. Finally, the conclusion is
characterization in [18, 20] requires to presented in section VI.
isolate the fundamental components of phase II. CLARKE TRANSFORM
voltage waveform before feature extraction.
The Clarke Transform (CT) is a
The objective of this paper is to present a
mathematical tool which describes the
simple, fast and reliable technique to detect
behavior of three phase system during
and identify the unbalanced sag type in three
abnormal operation. This is due to the fact
phase system caused by short circuit faults.
that, in a three phase system the phase
The features of SVM are utilized to identify
quantities are not independent variables.
the sag type. ST is used to extract amplitude,
Therefore, it is possible to transform a three
phase and frequency of SVM during
phase system to an equivalent two phase
unbalanced sag. However, ST requires more
system as follows.

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[ ] 1 1/2 1/2 [ ] on the SVM is shown. After studying the
[ ] = 0 3/2 3/2 [ ] (1)
[ ] 1/2 1/2 1/2 [ ] SVM it is observed for symmetrical three
[ ]= [ ]+ [ ] (2) phase sag the SVM magnitude is dropped
but no oscillations are observed. But, for
| [ ]| = [ ]+ [ ] (3)
single and two phase sag the SVM shows
Where, the first two components of CT ( oscillations with constant dc. This is due to
and ) form a space vector Sv [k]. SVM for the fact that the system fundamental
k th sample | [ ]| is calculated using eq.(3). (positive sequence) component will be
The CT is applied and the SVM is generated transformed to a constant DC term under
using above equations as shown in Fig.1. balanced system conditions. Under
While transforming, it is assumed the three unbalanced positive, negative and zero
phase voltages are ideal with the system sequence components as well as harmonic
frequency is constant at 50 Hz. Fig. 1(a) distortion present in system voltages. The
shows the SVM of constant magnitude negative sequence component due to
1.5pu for normal balanced condition of the unbalance will be transformed as oscillations
three phase voltage. Fig. 1(b)-1(d) show of SVM with twice the fundamental
SVM for single phase and two phase sag. In frequency [19].
Fig. 1(e), effect of three phase balanced sag

Fig.1. SVM during (a) Normal voltage, (b) balanced three phase sag (c) single phase sag, (d) two
phase symmetrical sag (e) two phase asymmetrical sag
Under normal conditions SVM remains a sharp magnitude variation. The detection
constant. When sag is present, SVM suffers of voltage sag and the trigger of the register

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of samples for processing are performed The X( f ) is defined as the FT of x(t). Then
after detecting the variation in SVM over the relationship between ST and FT can be
one oscillation. The disturbance detection is described as follows.
able to detect the disturbance immediately ( )= ( ) (6)
regardless of the nature of voltage Fourier Spectrum of ST can also be written
disturbance. as function of X( f ) as,
III. S-TRANSFORM ( , )= ( + ) /
(7)
The discrete version of the ST is calculated
The ST is a continuous WT with a
by taking the advantage of the efficiency of
phase correction. It produces a constant
the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the
relative bandwidth analysis like wavelets,
convolution theorem. The discrete ST of
although maintains a direct link with Fourier
x[kT] is obtained by making f equal to n/NT
spectrum. The ST performs multiresolution
and equal to kT:
analysis and retains the absolute phase of
each frequency. Further, the ST provides , = (8)
frequency contours which clearly localize where, N is the length of the analyzed
the signals even at higher noise level. One of signal, the index k, m and n are equal to
the advantages of ST over WT is to avoid 0,1,,N 1. T is the time interval between
the requirement of testing various families two consecutive samples. The above
of wavelets to identify the best one for a equation represents a two dimensional
better classification of PQD. This reduces matrix called the S-matrix in which the rows
complexity and saves time of detection. are corresponding to frequency and the
The S-Transform ( , ) of a function is columns are corresponding to time. Each
( ) defined as follows. column, thus, represents the local spectrum
( , )= ( ) ( ) (4) at one point of time, and each element of the
| | ( ) S-matrix is complex value corresponding to
( )= (5)

the amplitude.
Where, Wf (-t) is the Gaussian window
The ST amplitude (STA) matrix is
function, is the phase shift parameter
( , )= [ , ] (9)
which can adjust the position of Gaussian
window in the time axis and f is the scale Besides having STA matrix, considering the

parameter. ST phase (STP) matrix given by (11) is also

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useful to analyze PQ disturbances. This of 100Hz component (STP100) is obtained
helps to identify the phase which has from eq. 10. As mentioned earlier, the
maximum magnitude of sag or swell and to 100Hz oscillation in SVM is the result of
identify sag type. presence of negative sequence component
( , due to unbalanced sag.
( , ) = arctan ( ) (10)
( ,
a) Normal operation and balanced sag:
IV SVM-ST FEATURE EXTRACTION The SVM shows constant amplitude (no
In previous section II it is observed that in oscillations) for normal operation and
presence of sag the variation in SVM is balanced sag. After SVM-ST analysis the
observed. Further, oscillations of unique first row of STA matrix shows maximum
frequency are observed in SVM. The SVM amplitude. This row corresponds to zero
oscillation features are useful to detect and frequency components and is represented as
identify the sag type in three phase system. STA0. The remaining rows of STA show
SVM analysis is carried out for normal negligible or zero amplitude. STA0 for
system operation and for single phase sag, normal system operation is close to 1.5 pu.
two phase symmetrical and asymmetrical Similar features are observed for balanced
sags and three phase balanced sag using S- three phase sag with reduced magnitude of
Transform. From the ST matrix SVM STA0. The STA100 in this case is
features useful to classify the sag type are approximately zero.
identified and extracted. The three b) Single phase sag: Single phase sag
identified features of SVM such as dc analysis is carried out by considering the sag
component magnitude, oscillatory in different phases. The SVM-ST analysis
component magnitude and phase angle are shows that the STA0 and STA100 rows of
extracted from ST matrix. The maximum STA matrix have maximum amplitude while
amplitude of each frequency is derived by the other rows show negligible or zero
searching rows of STA matrix using eq. (9). amplitude. The presence of STA100
The STA matrix rows corresponding to zero identifies the unbalance in the system. It is
and 100Hz frequency are used to obtain the further noticed that STA0 amplitude
amplitude of dc component and 100Hz decreases with increase in sag depth and
oscillatory component amplitude i.e. STA0 STA100 magnitude increases with increase
and STA100 respectively. The phase angle in sag depth as shown in Fig. 3 (a and b).

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These values are further utilized to find sag severity.

0.25
SG 100

0.2 SG 90
SG 50
0.15 SG 10

STA100 (pu)
0.1

0.05

0
1 200 399 598 797 996
Sa mple numbers

(a) (b)
Fig.3. Magnitude variation corresponding to single phase sag depth (a) STA0 (b) STA100

Fig.4. STP100 for different values of single phase sag in different phases (a) without phase angle
and (b) with phase angle jump.

To identify the sag type the 100 Hz signal STP 100 for 50% voltage drop in different
phase angle STP100 is used and is obtained phases and phase angle jump of 0, 30,
using eq.(10). The study is carried out to 50, and 70. It is observed that with
find STP100 for single phase sag on phase angle jump for same voltage sag
different phases for variable sag magnitude magnitude (50%) in phases a, b and c
without phase angle jump and with phase STP100 shows 0 to 20 variations.
angle jump. This is plotted in Fig. 4 (a) and c) Two phase sag: Same features of two
(b) respectively. From Fig. 4(a), it is seen phase sag are extracted using eq.9 and 10. It
that STP 100 for sag in phases a, b and is noticed that the STA0 and STA100
c show constant values 0, +120, -120 magnitudes obtained from STA matrix
respectively without phase angle jump varies in similar fashion like single phase
irrespective of sag magnitude. Fig. 4(b) sag shown in Fig 3 (a and b). But, it is
shows the effect of phase angle jump on observed that the STP100 for two phase

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voltage sag shows variation. This variation symmetrical sag and for unequal called as
depends on phases undergoing sag, asymmetrical two phase sag. The STP100
comparative magnitude of sag voltage on variation for two phase symmetrical and
two phases, and voltage phase angle jump asymmetrical sag without phase angle and
during sag. When the voltage sag with phase angle jump for different
magnitudes and phase angle jump of two magnitude is shown in Fig. 5 (a and b)
sagged phases are equal called two phase respectively.

(a) (b)
Fig. 5. STP100 for two phase sag (a) without phase angle jump (b) with phase angle jump.

From Fig. 5(a) it is noticed that b shows 20 STP100. It is noticed that for
STP100 varies in particular range depending two phase symmetrical sag the STP100
on the phases undergoing the sag and its shows constant value with respect to faulty
value depend on sag magnitudes of two phases. For example 10% or 50% voltage
phases. For example sag in phase a and b drop on phases ab, ac and bc gives
with 10% to 100% voltage drop STP100 STP100 value 60, -60, and -180
varies from 0 to 120. It is also observed respectively as shown in Fig 5(a). Similar
that the STP100 value depends on the analysis for two phase symmetrical and
comparative sag magnitude of two phases. asymmetrical sag between two phases with
When voltage sag in phase a is greater phase angle jump is carried out. In Fig. 5(b)
than phase b (SGa > SGb) STP100 is less STP100 for two phase symmetrical and
than 60, STP100 is greater than 60 for asymmetrical voltage sag in phases a and
SGa< SGb, and for equal two phase voltage b with phase angle jump is shown. It is
sag (SGa=SGb) it is 60. For example 50% noticed that from Fig. 5 (a and b) the
voltage drop in phase a and 10 % in phase STP100 value varies slightly for the same

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magnitude of voltage sag with phase angle generated. The STP100 for two phase
jump. There is no variation observed in symmetrical sag is constant and depends on
STP100 for symmetrical two phase sag. The the phases undergoing the short circuit. In
SVM features obtained above for three practice there is little difference between
phase sag in different phases without and voltage sag magnitudes of short circuited
with phase angle jump are tabulated in Table phases that varies STP100 by 20 from
I and II respectively. constant angle obtained. In Table II the
In case of single phase short circuit, the STP100 extreme variation of 30 for single
STP100 shows constant value for any phase and two phase symmetrical voltage
voltage sag magnitude without phase angle sags caused by short circuit faults is
jump. While for phase angle jump of 0 to considered and is used as a feature for
70 the STP100 varies up to 20. Similar identification of sag type. The technique
STP100 values are observed for two phase used in this paper is able to classify only the
asymmetrical sag. But as per short circuit three phase voltage sags caused by short
fault theory for phase to phase short circuit circuit faults.
only two phase symmetrical voltage sag gets
Table I: Sag phase identification features without phase angle jump

Sr. Sag Phase STA0 STA100 STP100

1 No sag 1.5 absent NA


2 Balanced <1.45 absent NA
sag
3 a <1.45 0.02-0.25 0
4 b <1.45 0.02-0.25 120
5 c <1.45 0.02-0.25 240
6 ab <1.45 0.02-0.35 0 to120
7 bc <1.45 0.02-0.35 120 to240
8 ac <1.45 0.02-0.35 240 to 0
Fig. 6 STP100 for different sag types

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Table II: Features for Sag type identification with phase angle jump

Faulty Features for identification Result


phase STA0 (pu) STA100 (pu) STP100 ( ) Index (p) Sag type
Normal 1.5 absent NA NA Normal
Balanced sag <1.5 absent NA NA A
LG-a <1.45 >0.02 030 0 Da
LL-ab <1.45 >0.02 6030 1 Cc
LG-b <1.45 >0.02 12030 2 Db
LL-bc <1.45 >0.02 18030 3 Ca
LG-c <1.45 >0.02 24030 4 Dc
LL-ac <1.45 >0.02 30030 5 Cb

STP100 after SVM-ST analysis during of three phase unbalanced voltage sags are
single phase and two phases sag without given as type Da, Db, Dc, Ca, Cb, and Cc.
phase angle jump observed in Fig. 4(a) and For example type Da represents single phase
Fig. 5(a) tabulated in table I. Similar study is voltage sag and phase a is symmetrical
carried out to find STP100 variation for phase whereas type Ca represents two phase
asymmetrical single phase sag Fig.4 (b) and voltage sag in phases b and c with phase
two phase sag (phase a and b) with phase a as symmetrical phase. Similarly other
angle jump Fig.5 (b). These features of SVM types of voltage sags are defined. The type
are utilized to classify the sag type based on A voltage sag is defined as symmetrical
symmetrical component classification three phase sag. The STP100 for voltage sag
explained in [20]. This classification types considering the phase angle jump is
distinguishes, between voltage sags with shown in Fig.6. A rounded index =
main voltage drop in (i) single phase, and (
( )
) is introduced in order

(ii) between two phases. The symmetrical
to determine the correct sag type and
phase is defined as the phase having
facilitate the software implementation of the
minimum voltage in case of single phase
algorithm. If the value of p is greater than 5
voltage sag whereas given as phase with
then index p is modified as p = p-6 and then
highest voltage for sags in two phases.
used to identify sag type. The value of p is
Considering symmetrical phase the six types

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used as a feature to determine the type of
voltage sag. The features of SVM given in
Table II are used to prepare the rules for
automatic detection and identification of
unbalanced voltage sag type in different
phases. Fig. 7 Simulated power system model
V. UNBALANCED THREE The fault begins at 0.02 sec and ends at 0.3
PHASE SAG TYPE sec. having 14 cycle duration. In SVM-ST
analysis 16 cycle data i.e. 2048 samples are
IDENTIFICATION
considered. A MATLAB program developed
The symmetrical components classification
is applied to obtain SVM features. For SLG
compared with ABC classification covers all
fault on phase a the three phase voltage
combination of magnitude and phase angle
waveform, SVM and extracted features STA
jump [20] and hence used for identification
and STP100 during fault are shown in Fig. 8
of unbalanced voltage sag type in this paper.
(a), (b), (c) and (d) respectively. The
Practical power system as shown in Fig. 7 is
STP100 rounded index (p) is calculated. The
simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK
features are tabulated in table III.
software. The system voltage of 0.4 KV at
After comparing the features with the table
50Hz frequency, feeder impedance (Z)
II features the sag type is identified as type
0.005+j0.0002 ohm and a load of 100 KVA,
Da. Further the three phase waveforms for
0.8 pf lagging is considered. The power
double line fault on phases a and b with
system is assumed solidly grounded. Single
SVM are shown in Fig.9(a and b). The
line to ground (SLG), double line (LL),
features are extracted and shown in Fig. 9(c)
double line to ground (LLG) and three phase
and (d). The extracted features are compared
faults (LLL) are considered for verification
with table II features and sag type is
of proposed technique. The fault location is
identified. The result shows that the
F. The fault data is recorded with a sampling
identified sag type is Cc and which is
frequency of 128 samples/cycle at PCC (M)
correct.
is shown in Fig.7.

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The %d value calculated above will not
provide exact value of sag magnitude in
different phases.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed SVM-ST method is tested for
three phase unbalanced sag type
identification. Single phase and two phase
sag with variation in sag magnitude and
Fig.8 SLG fault on a phase (a) three phase
phase angle jump are simulated for testing.
voltage waveform (b) SVM (c) STA (d)
The results show that SVM-ST technique is
STP100
able to detect, localize and identify
unbalanced or balanced sag in three phase
system correctly. Features of only one signal
(SVM) are extracted instead of three voltage
phases for sag type identification hence it is
simple, fast and reliable technique. It has an
ability to identify sag type for any adverse
system conditions. The sag severity is
identified to further analyze the impact of
Fig.9 LL fault on a and b phases (a) three
unbalanced sag on equipments.
phase voltage waveform (b) SVM (c) STA
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