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Classification of Chromatography:
Chromatography can be classified according to the nature of the stationary & mobile phases:
If classified according to the mobile phase: chromatography can be either gas or liquid chromatography
Gas Chromatography (GC): where the mobile phase is a gas (it is suitable for volatile
substances). According to the nature of the stationary phase it can be further sub-classified as:
o Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC): The stationary phase is liquid which may be
supported by an inert support as silica, diatomaceous earth or alternatively no support,
mainly relying on capillary columns (Volatility & solubility) for separation.
o Gas Solid Chromatography (GSC): The stationary phase is solid (silica, alumina or
activated charcoal) & separation relies on volatility & adsorption at the temp. used.
Liquid Chromatography: where the mobile phase is a Liquid. According to the nature of
the stationary phase it can be further sub-classified as:
o Gel Chromatography: the stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer; it is used in the
separation of different molecular weights /sizes.
o Ion-exchange Chromatography: the stationary phase is an ion-exchange resin; it is used in
the separation of amino acids & alkaloids.
o Partition Chromatography: the stationary phase is an liquid supported on inert support as
silica or cellulose.
o Adsorption Chromatography: the stationary phase is solid e.g. Al2O3.
If classified according to the technique used: liquid chromatography can be classified as:
Column Chromatography:
o Simple column chromatography (SCC)
o High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Planner Chromatography:
o Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
o Paper chromatography (PC)
N. B.:
Separation by the use of silica gel relies on the m wt. (particle size) (gel chromatography).
In gel chromatography, adsorption of the solid solute occurs.
HPLC resolution means separation of one analyte from others in a mixture.
The use of Silica gel in TLC relies on size exclusion.
In Paper Chromatography consists of 2 phases: Stationary phase (solute in paper) & mobile
phase (organic solvent).
Paper Chromatography: in cellulose paper chromatography:
High affinity to water (water is mobile phase).
Low affinity to organic solvent (Chloroform).
Solute in paper phase.
Substance to be separated
Volatile Non-volatile
Ionized Non-ionized