Forces and Newtons

Laws of Motion
Forces
Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest, and of an
object in motion to continue moving at a constant speed along a straight
line.

The mass of an object is a quantitative measure of inertia.

SI Unit of Mass: kilogram (kg)

A force is a push or a pull.

Contact forces arise from physical contact .
Action-at-a-distance forces do not require contact and include gravity
and electrical forces.
m kg m
SI Unit for Force kg 2 2 N
s s
Newtons First Law

An object continues in a state of rest or in a state of motion at a constant

speed along a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by a
net force.
The net force ( ) is the vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object.

Individual Forces Net Force

4N 10 N 6N
Newtons First Law

What is the net force acting on the object?

Net Force
3N 5N
37

4N
Newtons Second Law

When a net external force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration

that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude
that is inversely proportional to the mass. The direction of the acceleration
is the same as the direction of the net force.

a
F


F ma
m
 Newtons Second Law
A free-body-diagram is a diagram that represents the object and the forces that act
on it.

The net force in this case is:

275 N + 395 N 560 N = +110 N a
F 110 N
0.059 m s 2

m 1850 kg
and is directed along the + x axis of the coordinate system.
If the mass of the car is 1850 kg then, by Newtons second law, the acceleration is
 An airboat with mass of 3.50 x 10^2 kg, including the
passenger has engine that produces a net horizontal force of
7.70 x 10^2 N.

Find the acceleration of the airboat

b. Starting from rest, how long does it take the airboat to
reach a speed of 12 m/s
c. After reaching that speed, the pilot turns off the engine
and drifts to a stop over the distance of 50m. Find the
resistant force
A 970-kg car starts from rest on a
horizontal roadway and accelerates
eastward for 5.0 s when it reaches a
speed of 25 m/s. What is the force
exerted on the car during this time?
 Newtons Third Law of Motion
Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body
exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on the first body.

On the spacecraft
F P.

On the astronaut F P.

P 36 N
as 0.0033 m s 2
ms 11,000 kg

P 36 N
aA 0.39 m s 2
Suppose that the magnitude of the force is 36 N. If mA 92 kg
the mass of the spacecraft is 11,000 kg and the mass
of the astronaut is 92 kg, what are the accelerations?
 A man of mass M = 75 kg and a woman of mass m=
55 kg stand facing each other on an ice ring, both
wearing ice skates. The woman pushes the man with
a horizontal force of F = 85 N in the positive direction.
a. Find the acceleration of man
b. What is the force acting on the woman
c. Calculate the womans acceleration
Applications of Newtons Law

Objects in Equilibrium and Newtons second law.

objects that are either at rest or moving with constant velocity are said to
be in equilibrium. ( = 0, = 0)
Accelerating objects and Newtons second law.
When a net force acts on an object, the object accelerates. (makes use
of second law to analyze the motion.
Systems of two objects and Newtons second law.
Types of Forces
In nature there are two general types of forces, fundamental and non-
fundamental.

Fundamental Forces
1. Gravitational force
2. Strong Nuclear force
3. Electroweak force

Examples of non-fundamental forces:

1. Friction - a force that opposes the sliding of an object on an adjacent
surface.
2. Tension - stretching force applied on a string or chain
3. normal or support forces supporting force perpendicular to the surface
Gravitational Force
It is the mutual force of attraction between any two objects in the Universe.
Newtons law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the Universe
attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of the masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.

1 2
=
2
=
11
2
= 6.67 10 2

1 , 2

=
2
= mass of earth
=
Normal Force

FN 11 N 15 N 0

FN 26 N

FN 11 N 15 N 0

FN 4 N
Forces on the Object
In a free body diagram, you want the
forces acting on a particular object.
Model the object as a particle
The normal force and the force of gravity
are the forces that act on the monitor.

Section 5.6
Free Body Diagram

The most important step in solving

problems involving Newtons Laws is to
draw the free body diagram.
Be sure to include only the forces
acting on the object of interest.
Include any field forces acting on
the object.
Do not assume the normal force
equals the weight.

Section 5.6
Free Body Diagrams and the Particle
Model
The particle model is used by representing the object as a dot in the free body
diagram.
The forces that act on the object are shown as being applied to the dot.
The free body helps isolate only those forces acting on the object and
eliminate the other forces from the analysis.

Section 5.6
 Analysis Models Using Newtons Second
Law
Assumptions
Objects can be modeled as particles.
Interested only in the external forces acting on the object
Can neglect reaction forces
Initially dealing with frictionless surfaces
Masses of strings or ropes are negligible.
The force the rope exerts is away from the object and parallel to the rope.
When a rope attached to an object is pulling it, the magnitude of that force
is the tension in the rope.

Section 5.7
Analysis Model: The Particle in
Equilibrium
If the acceleration of an object that
can be modeled as a particle is zero,
the object is said to be in equilibrium.
The model is the particle in
F 0
equilibrium model. F x 0
Mathematically, the net force acting
on the object is zero.
F y 0

Section 5.7
 Equilibrium, Example
A lamp is suspended from a chain of
negligible mass.
The forces acting on the lamp are:
the downward force of gravity
the upward tension in the chain
Applying equilibrium gives

F
y 0 T Fg 0 T Fg

Section 5.7
Analysis Model: The Particle Under a Net
Force
If an object that can be modeled as a particle experiences an acceleration,
there must be a nonzero net force acting on it.
Model is particle under a net force model .
Draw a free-body diagram.
Apply Newtons Second Law in component form.

Section 5.7
 Newtons Second Law, Example 1
Forces acting on the crate:
A tension, acting through the rope, is the
magnitude of force T
The gravitational force, Fg
The normal force, , exerted
n by the floor

Section 5.7
Newtons Second Law, Example 1, cont.
Apply Newtons Second Law in component form:

F x T max

F y n Fg 0 n Fg

Solve for the unknown(s)

If the tension is constant, then a is constant and the kinematic equations can
be used to more fully describe the motion of the crate.
 Note About the Normal Force
The normal force is not always equal to the
gravitational force of the object.
For example, in this case

F y n Fg F 0
and n mg F
may also be less than
Fg
n

Section 5.7
Problem-Solving Hints Applying
Newtons Laws
Conceptualize
Draw a diagram
Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object
Categorize
Is the model a particle in equilibrium?
If so, SF = 0
Is the model a particle under a net force?
If so, SF = m a

Section 5.7
Problem-Solving Hints Applying
Newtons Laws, cont.
Analyze
Draw free-body diagrams for each object
Include only forces acting on the object
Find components along the coordinate axes
Be sure units are consistent
Apply the appropriate equation(s) in component form
Solve for the unknown(s)
Finalize
Check your results for consistency with your free-body diagram
Check extreme values

Section 5.7
Problem

A traffic light weighing 1.00 x 10^2 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two
other cables that refastened to a support. The upper cable make angles of
37.0 deg and 53 deg with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.
Equilibrium, Example 2
Example 5.4
Conceptualize the traffic light
Assume cables dont break
Nothing is moving
Categorize as an equilibrium
problem
No movement, so acceleration
is zero
Model as a particle in
equilibrium

Section 5.7
Equilibrium, Example 2, cont.
Analyze
Construct a diagram for the
forces acting on the light
Construct a free body diagram
for the knot where the three
cables are joined
The knot is a convenient point to
choose since all the forces of interest
act along lines passing through the
knot.
Apply equilibrium equations to
the knot

Section 5.7
Equilibrium, Example 2, final

Analyze, cont.
Find T3 from applying equilibrium in the y-direction to the light
Find T1 and T2 from applying equilibrium in the x- and y-directions to the knot
Finalize
Think about different situations and see if the results are reasonable.

Section 5.7
Inclined Planes
Categorize as a particle under a net
force since it accelerates.
Forces acting on the object:
The normal force acts
perpendicular to the plane.
The gravitational force acts straight
down.
Choose the coordinate system with x
along the incline and y perpendicular to
the incline.
Replace the force of gravity with its
components.
Apply the model of a particle under a net
force to the x-direction and a particle in
equilibrium to the y-direction.

Section 5.7
Problem

A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined at an angle 20 deg.

Determine the acceleration of the car assuming the incline is frictionless. If
the length of the driveway is 25.0 m and the car starts from rest at the top,
how long does it take to travelto the bottom? What is the car's speed at
the bottom?
Multiple Objects

When two or more objects are connected or in contact, Newtons laws may
be applied to the system as a whole and/or to each individual object.
Whichever you use to solve the problem, the other approach can be used as
a check.

Section 5.7
Multiple Objects, Example Atwoods
Machine
Forces acting on the objects:
Tension (same for both objects,
one string)
Gravitational force
Each object has the same
acceleration since they are
connected.
Draw the free-body diagrams
Apply Newtons Laws
Solve for the unknown(s)

Section 5.7
Problem

Two objects of mass m1 and m2 with m2 > m1 are connected

by a light, inextensible cord and hung over a frictionless
pulley. Both cord and pulley have negligible mass. Find the
magnitude of the acceleration of the system and the tension
in the cord.
Exploring the Atwoods Machine

Vary the masses and observe the values of the tension and acceleration.
Note the acceleration is the same for both objects
The tension is the same on both sides of the pulley as long as you assume a
massless, frictionless pulley.
What if?
The mass of both objects is the same?
One of the masses is much larger than the other?

Section 5.7
Forces of Friction

When an object is in motion on a surface or through a viscous medium, there

will be a resistance to the motion.
This is due to the interactions between the object and its environment.
This resistance is called the force of friction.
Forces of Friction, cont.

Friction is proportional to the normal force.

s s n and k= k n
is the coefficient of friction
These equations relate the magnitudes of the forces; they are not vector
equations.
For static friction, the equals sign is valid only at impeding motion, the surfaces are
on the verge of slipping.
Use the inequality for static friction if the surfaces are not on the verge of slipping.

Section 5.8
Types of Friction
Coefficient of Kinetic Friction ( )
- defined for the case in which one surface is sliding across another at
constant speed.

= =

Coefficient of Static Friction ( )
- defined for the case in which one surface is just on the verge of sliding
across another surface.
(max)
= =

Static friction opposes the impending relative motion between two objects.
Kinetic friction opposes the relative sliding motion motions that actually
does occur.
Static friction is a force that keeps an object at rest. It must be overcome
to start moving the object. Once an object is in motion, it experiences
kinetic friction.
Forces of Friction, final
The coefficient of friction depends on the surfaces in contact.
The force of static friction is generally greater than the force of kinetic friction.
The direction of the frictional force is opposite the direction of motion and
parallel to the surfaces in contact.
The coefficients of friction are nearly independent of the area of contact.
 Static Friction
Static friction acts to keep the
object from moving.
As long as the object is not
moving, s = F
If increases, so does
If decreases, so does
s sFn s
Remember, the equality holds when
F
the surfaces are on the verge of s
slipping.

Section 5.8
Kinetic Friction

The force of kinetic friction acts

when the object is in motion.
Although k can vary with speed, we
shall neglect any such variations.
k = k n

Section 5.8
 Explore Forces of Friction
Vary the applied force
Note the value of the frictional force
Compare the values
Note what happens when the can starts to
move

Section 5.8
Some Coefficients of Friction

Section 5.8
 Friction in Newtons Laws Problems
F
Friction is a force, so it simply is included
in the in Newtons Laws.
The rules of friction allow you to
determine the direction and magnitude
of the force of friction.

Section 5.8
Problem

Suppose a block with a mass of 2.50 kg is resting on a ramp. If the

coefficient of static fiction between the block and the ramp is 0.350, what is
the maximum angle can the ramp make with the horizontalbefore the
block starts to slip down?
Friction Example, 1
The block is sliding down the plane,
so friction acts up the plane.
This setup can be used to
experimentally determine the
coefficient of friction.
= tan q
For s, use the angle where the
block just slips.
For k, use the angle where the
block slides down at a constant
speed.

Section 5.8
Problem

The hockey puck, struck by a hockey stick, is given an initial speed of 20.0 m/s on
a frozen pond. The puck remains on the ice and slides 1.20 x 10^2 m, slowing
down steadily until it comes to rest. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the puck and the ice.
Friction, Example 2
Draw the free-body diagram,
including the force of kinetic
friction.
Opposes the motion
Is parallel to the surfaces in
contact
Continue with the solution as
with any Newtons Law problem.
This example gives information
about the motion which can be
used to find the acceleration to
use in Newtons Laws.

Section 5.8
Friction, Example 3

Friction acts only on the object in contact with another surface.

Draw the free-body diagrams.
Apply Newtons Laws as in any other multiple object system problem.

Section 5.8
Analysis Model Summary

Particle under a net force

If a particle experiences a non-zero net force, its acceleration is related to the
force by Newtons Second Law.
May also include using a particle under constant acceleration model to relate
force and kinematic information.
Particle in equilibrium
If a particle maintains a constant velocity (including a value of zero), the forces on
the particle balance and Newtons Second Law becomes.
F 0

Section 5.8
 Application of Newtons Laws

A sled is tied o a tree on a frictionless, snow-covered hill. If the sled weighs 77.0 N, find the
magnitude of the tension force T exerted by the rope on the sled and that of the normal force n
exerted by the hill on the sled.
Example Problems
1. A person weighs 13 lb on Earth. What would it weigh in newtons on the moon, where the
free fall acceleration is one-sixth that on Earth, and on Jupiter where gravity is 2.64 times
that on Earth. Find the mass of the person in kilograms in each of the location.
2. A 20.0 kg object that can move freely is subjected to a resultant force of 45.0 N in the x-
direction. Find the acceleration of the object.
3. A horizontal force of 140 N is needed to pull a 60.0 kg box across the horizontal floor at a
constant speed. What is the coefficient of friction between the floor and the box?
4. a constant force acts on a 5.0 kg object and reduces its velocity 7.0 m/s to 3.0 m/s ihn a
time of 3 seconds. Find the force.
5. A 400-g block with an initial speed of 80 cm/s slides along a horizontal tabletop against a
friction force of 0.70 N. A) How far will it slide before stopping? B) What is the coefficient of
friction between the block and the tabletop?

6. A 600-kg car is moving on a level road at 30m/s. a) How large a retarding forces (assumed
constant) is required to stop it in a distance of 70m? b) What is the minimum coefficient of
friction between tires and the roadway if this is to be possible? Assume that the wheels are
locked.