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Derived Quantities: The quantities which are expressed in terms of base quantities
are called derived quantities. For example, speed, area, density, force, pressure,
energy, etc.
Derived Units: The units used to measure derived quantities are called derived units.
Derived units are numerous. Derived units are defined in terms of base units and are
obtained by multiplying or dividing one or more base units with each other.
For example, the unit of area (meter) 2 and the unit of volume (meter)3 are based on
the unit of length, which is meter.
13. Name the seven SI base quantities and their SI units of measurement.
The base quantities and their units are given below:
Base Quantities Symbol Unit Name Symbol
Length l meter m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Electric current I ampere A
Intensity of Light L candela cd
Temperature T kelvin K
Amount of a substance n mole mol
14. Name the derived quantities and their SI units of measurement.
The derived quantities and their units are given below:
Physics 9th Page 2 of 47
Derived Quantities Symbol Unit Name Symbol
Speed v Meter per second ms-1
Acceleration a Meter per second per second ms-2
Volume V Cubic meter m3
Force F Newton N or (kg m s-2)
Pressure P Pascal Pa or (N m-2)
Density Kilogram per cubic meter kg m-3
Charge Q coulomb C or (As)
15. Choose the base quantities and derived quantities from the following.
Temperature, Volume, Time, Area, Density, Length
19. Find the base quantities involved in each of the following derived quantities:
(a) speed (b) volume (c) force (d) work
(b) volume,
By definition, volume = Area x length
= length x breadth x height (m3),
Thus volume is derived from length only.
22. Express 1 m3 in litres ........ L or How much water in units of liter can fill
a water tank of 1m3 capacity? Explain
We know that
1m = 100cm
3
(1m) = (100cm)3
1m3 = 1000000 cm3
We also know that 1000 cm3 = 1liter or 1cm3 = 1/1000 liter
1 m3 = 1000000 x 1/1000 liters = 1000 liters
1m3 = 1000 liters
1.4 REFIXES
24. What are prefixes? Give examples.
Physics 9th Page 4 of 47
The word or letters added before a unit and stands for the multiples or sub-multiples of
that unit are known as prefixes. The prefixes are useful to express very large or small
quantities.
Examples:
20,000 g = 20 x 103 g = 20 kg 103 = k (kilo)
200,000 ms-1 = 200 x 103 ms-1 = 20 kms-1 103 = k (kilo)
0.00002 g = 20 x 10-6 g = 20 g 10-6 = (micro)
0.000,000,0081 m = 8.1 x 10-9 m = 8.1 nm 10-9 = n (nano)
3 300 000 000 Hz = 3.3 x 109 Hz = 3.3 GHz 109 = G (giga)
4 800 000 W = 4.8 x 106 W = 4.8 MW 106 = M (mega)
( Therefore)
25. Define the following prefixes: (a) milli (b) micro
(a) milli: 1 m = 10-3
(b) micro: 1 = 10-6
1 km 103 m
1 cm 10-2 m
1 mm 10-3 m
1 um 10-6 m
1 nm 10-9 m
28. Give the names and symbols of the prefixes used to represent the following values;
a. 10-3 b. 10-6 c.10-9 d. 10-12
Kilo (103), mega (106), centi (10-2), milli (10-3), micro (10-6)
30. How do the prefixes micro, nano and pico relate to each other?
Micro to Nano:
1 = 10-6
Multiplying by 10-3 and 103 on Right Hand Side:
1 = 10-6 x 10-3 x 103 1 = 103 x 10-9 = 103 n (as 10-9 = n)
Micro to Pico:
1 = 103 n = 103 x 10-9 (as 10-9 = n)
Multiplying by 10-3 and 103 on Right Hand Side:
1 = 103 x 10-9 x 10-3 x 103 1 = 106 x 10-12
6
1 = 10 p (as 10-12 = p)
Nano to Pico:
1 n = 10-9 Multiplying by 10-3 and 103 on Right Hand Side:
1 n = 10 x 10 x 103
-9 -3
1 n = 103 x 10-12
1 n = 103 p (as 10-12 = p)
31. Your hair grows at the rate of 1mm per day. Find their growth rate in nms 1?
Given data: Growth Rate = 1 mm / day
We have to find: Growth Rate = ? (in mm / s)
Solution:
As 1 mm = 10-3 m and 1 day = 84600 s
So Growth Rate = 1 mm/day = (1 x 10-3 m) / 84600 s
Multiplying and dividing by nano
Growth Rate = (1x10-3m x n)/(84600xn)s = 10-3nm/84600x10-9s = 11.57 nm/s
Hair Growth rate = 11.57 nms-1
Example:
1. The standard form of 62750 can be written as 62.75 x 10 3 or 6.275 x 104 or 0.62 x
105. But the number that has one non-zero digit before the decimal i.e. 6.275 x 10 4
is preferably be taken as standard form.
2. The Moon is 384000000 meters away from the Earth. In standard form, it can be
expressed as 3.84 x 108 m.
33. The Sun is one hundred and fifty million kilometers away from the Earth. Write
this (a) as an ordinary whole number. (b) in scientific notation.
(a) 150000000 km
(b) 1.5 x 108 km
34. Write the numbers given below in scientific notation.
(a) 3000000000 ms-1 (b) 6400000 m (c) 0.0000000016g (d) 0.0000548 s
(a) 1168 x 10-27 = 1.168 x 103 x 10-27 = 1.168 x 103-27 = 1.168 x 10-24
5 5 1+5
(b) 32 x 10 = 3.2 x 101 x 10 = 3.2 x 10 = 3.2 x 106
(c) 725 x 10 = 7.25 x 10 x 10 kg = 7.25 x 10 x 10 g = 7.25 x 10-3 x 103g = 7.25 g
-5 2 -5 2-5 3
40. Which precautions should be carried out while measuring length with meter
rule?
While measuring length, or distance, eye must be kept vertically above the reading
point. The reading becomes doubtful if the eye is positioned either left or right to the
reading point.
41. What is measuring tape?
Measuring tapes are used to measure length in meters and centimeters. A measuring
tape consists of a thin and long strip of cotton, metal or plastic generally 10 m, 20 m,
50 m, or 100 m long.
VERNIER CALLIPERS
43. Define least count or vernier constant of vernier callipers. How it can be
calculated?
The difference between one small division on main scale division and one vernier
scale division is 0.1mm. It is called least count (LC) of the vernier callipers. Least
count of vernier calipers can also be found as:
Least count of vernier calliper = smallest reading on main scale /no. of divisions on vernier scale
= 1mm / 10 divisions = 0.1 mm
Hence, LC = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm
Main Scale: Fixed jaw has main scale attached to it. It has centimeters and millimeters
marks on it.
Vernier Scale: Moveable jaw has vernier scale having 10 divisions on it such that each of
its division is 0.9 mm in length.
Given data: n=4 L.C. = 0.01 cm, Main scale reading = 0.00 cm
We have to determine:Zero error = ?, Zero correction = ?
Formula: Zero Error = Main scale reading + vernier scale reading
Solution: Vernier scale reading = (L.C x n) = 0.01 x 4 = 0.04 cm
As the zero of the Vernier scale is on the right side of the main scale zero, so error is positive.
Zero Error = + (main scale reading + vernier scale reading) = + (0.00+0.4) = +0.04 cm
Therefore, Zero error = +0.04cm
Zero correction = - 0.04 cm
Note: If error is positive then the correction applied
52. What is the range of the Vernier Callipers used in your Physics laboratory?
Physics laboratory vernier caliper range is 0 120 mm.
Main Scale: Fixed jaw has main scale attached to it. It has centimeters and millimeters
marks on it.
Vernier Scale: Moveable jaw has vernier scale having 10 divisions on it such that each of
its division is 0.9 mm in length.
56. Why a digital vernier calliper is better than mechanical vernier callipers?
Digital Vernier Callipers has greater precision than mechanical Vernier Callipers.
Because least count of Digital Vernier Callipers is 0.01 mm which is smaller than a
mechanical vernier calliper.
57. Find the diameter of a cylinder placed between the outer jaws of Vernier
Callipers as shown in figure 1.8.
SOLUTION
Zero correction
On closing the jaws of Vernier Callipers, the position of vernier scale as shown in figure
1.7(b).
Main scale reading = 0.0 cm
Vernier division coinciding with main scale = 7 div.
Vernier scale reading = 7 x 0.01 cm = 0.07 cm
Zero error = 0.0 cm + 0.07 cm = + 0.07 cm
Zero correction (Z.C) = - 0.07 cm
SCREW GAUGE
L.C. of screw gauge = Pitch of the screw gauge / Total no. of divisions on circular scale
64. A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale. The pitch of the screw
gauge is 0.5 mm. What is its least count?
65. What is the least count of a screw gauge? How can it be calculated?
The thimble of screw gauge has 100 divisions around its one end. It is the circular
scale of screw gauge. Thus, least count of a screw gauge can also be found as given
below:
Least count = pitch of the screw gauge / no. of divisions on circular scale = 1mm/100
= 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm
Thus least count of the screw gauge is 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm.
69. Which one of the two instruments is more precise and why?
(a) Vernier Callipers.
(b) Screw Gauge.
A screw gauge can measure up to 0.01mm (0.001cm) and a Vernier calipers can
measures up to 0.1mm (0.01cm). Therefore, a micrometer screw gauge measures
more accurately than a Vernier calliper.
71. Which one of the three instruments is more precise and why?
(a) Ruler (b) Vernier calipers (c) Screw gauge
Least count of ruler is 1mm. It is 0.1mm for Vernier Callipers and 0.01 mm for
micrometer screw gauge. Thus, measurements taken by micrometer screw gauge are
the most precise than the other two.
72. Identify and explain limitations of measuring instruments such as metre rule,
vernier callipers and screw gauge?
Every instrument has specific least count. Thus, every instrument is limited to give
readings,
1) Least count of metre rule is 1 mm so; it cannot give readings more than 1 mm.
2) Least count of vernier callipers is 0.1 mm, so it cannot give readings more than
0.1mm.
3) Least count of Screw gauge is 0.01 mm. It cannot give readings more than 0.01 mm.
73. If the zero of circular scale is above the datum line then explains how we can
correct our reading?
The balancing screws used to level the platform of a physical balance with the help of
plumb line.
The object whose weight is to be measured will be kept in the left pan. Weights will be
kept on the right pan in a physical balance. The reason is that weights are to be
adjusted till it is right to the weight of the object and is convenient since most of us are
right handed.
Useful Informations
The precision of a balance in measuring mass of an object is different for different balances . A
sensitive balance cannot measure large masses. Similarly a balance that measures large masses
cannot be sensitive. Some digital balances measure even smaller difference of the order of
0.0001 g or 0.1 mg. Such balances are considered the most precise balance.
STOPWATCH
82. What is a stop watch? What is the least count of a mechanical stopwatch you
have used in the laboratories? Or (What is the use of stop watch?)
MEASURING CYLINDER
88. What are the precautionary measures should be taken while measuring the
volume by using measuring cylinder?
While using a measuring cylinder, it must be kept vertical on a plane surface. The
correct method to note the level of a liquid in the cylinder is to keep the eye at the
same level as the meniscus of the liquid.
89. Can we use the measuring cylinder to determine the volume of an irregular
shaped solid?
Measuring cylinder can be used to find the volume of a small irregular shaped solid
that sinks in water. Initially the volume V i of water in cylinder is noted. A small solid
(stone) tie with thread is lowered into the cylinder till it is fully immersed in water and
new reading of volume Vf is measured. After that the volume V of irregular shaped
object is calculated using expression V = Vf Vi.
90. How can we find the volume of a small pebble with the help of measuring cylinder?
To find the volume of a small pebble water is poured in measuring cylinder and noted
the volume of water. Then put the pebble in the cylinder gently. When the pebble is
completely immersed the volume of water is read again. The volume of the pebble is
found by subtracting the first reading from the second.
91. Name any four safety equipments that a school laboratory must have?
The safety equipment that a school laboratory must have are:
First aid box
Fire alarm
Fire extinguisher
Sand and water buckets
Non-zero digits are always significant. 27 has 2 significant figures, 275 has 3
significant figures
Zeros between two significant figures are also significant. 2705 has 4 significant
figures
Final or ending zeros on the right in decimal fraction are significant. 275.00 has 5
significant figures
Zeros written on the left side of the decimal point for the purpose of spacing the
decimal point are not significant. 0.03 has 1 significant figures, 0.027 has 2 significant
figures.
97. A chocolate wrapper is 6.7cm long and 5.4cm wide. Calculate its area up to
reasonable number of significant figures?
Given Data:
Length = L = 6.7cm, Width = W = 5.4cm, Area = A = ?
Solution: As we know that: A = L W
Putting the values in above formula;
99. Find the number of significant figures in each of the following values. Also
express them in scientific notations.
a) 100.8 s b) 0.00580 km c) 210.0 g
(ii) If the last digit is greater than 5, then the digit on its left is increased by one. This also decreases the
number of significant digits in the figure. For example, 1.47 is rounded to two significant digits 1.5
(iii) If the last digit is 5, then it is rounded to get nearest even number. For example, 1.35 is rounded to 1.4
and 1.45 is also rounded to 1.4
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
3. The physical aspects of light, its properties, and working is studies under:
(a) Atomic physics (b) Optics (c) Thermodynamic (d) Plasma Physics
22. 1 nano =?
(a) 10-18 (b) 10-15 (c) 10-12 (d) 10-9
23. The terms used internationally for multiples and sub-multiples are called:
(a) Science notation (b) Suffixes (c) Prefixes (d) None of these
27. Which is instrument is most suitable to measure the internal diameter of a test tube?
(a) Meter Rod (b) Vernier Caliper (c) Measuring scale (d) Screw Gauge
29. A student claimed the diameter of a wire as 1.032 cm using Vernier calipers. Up to
what extent do you agree with it?
(a) 1 cm (b) 1.0 cm (c) 1.03 cm (d) 1.0
33. A student noted the thickness of a glass sheet using a screw gauge. One the main
sale, it read 3 divisions while 8th division on the circular scale coincides with index line. Its
thickness is.
(a) 3.8 cm (b) 3.08 mm (c) 3.8 mm (d) 3.08 m
35. If the zero error is negative then the value of zero error would be:
(a) Added to measured value (b) Subtracted from measured value
(c) divided to measured value (d) Multiple by measured value
Chapter # 2
Chapter # 2
100. Differentiate between Rest and Motion.
Rest: A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to
surroundings.
Motion: A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings.
101. How many types of motion are there? Or describe type of motion in detail.
Types of Motion:
Translatory Motion: In translatory motion, a body moves along a line without any
rotation. The line may be straight or curved.
Example:
(1) A car and an aeroplane moving along a straight line.
(2) Motion of the rider in Ferris wheel.
Examples:
(1) Motion of insects and birds.
(2) Motion of dust or smoke particles in the air.
(3) Motion of gas or liquid molecules in a container.
Mini Exercise
1. When a body is said to be at rest?
A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to surroundings.
2. Give an example of a body that is at rest and is in motion at the same time.
A passenger sitting in a moving bus is at rest because he is not changing his position with
respect to other passengers or objects in the bus. But to an observer outside the bus, the
passengers and the objects inside the bus are in motion.
EXAMPLE 2.1
Step3: Draw a line according to the scale in the direction of the vector. In this case, draw a line OA
of length 4 cm along North-East.
POSITION
119. A sprinter completes its 100 meter race in 12 s. Find his average speed.
Total distance = 100 m
Total time taken = 12s
Average speed = Total distance moved / Total time taken
= 100 / 12 = 8.33 ms-1
120. A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36kmh-1 for 10s. Find the distance
travelled by it.
Given data: velocity (v) = 36 kmh-1 = 36000 / 3600 = I0 ms-1
Time (t) = 10 s
S = ?
Formula: S = vt
S = (10 ms-1)(10 s) = 100 m
121. A cyclist completes half round of a circular track of radius 318 m in 1.5
minutes. Find its speed and velocity.
Thus speed of the cyclist is 11.1 ms-1 along the track and its velocity is about 7.1 ms-1
along the diameter AB of the track.
ACCELERATION
122. Define acceleration. Write its mathematical formula. What is its SI unit?
Acceleration:
The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration. It is denoted by a.
Mathematical Formula:
Acceleration = change in velocity/time taken
a = (final velocity initial velocity) / time taken
a = (vf vi) / t
A body has variable acceleration if it has not equal changes in velocity in equal
intervals of time however short the interval may be.
Acceleration of a body is negative when its velocity is decreasing. The direction of this
acceleration is opposite to the direction of velocity. Negative acceleration is also called
deceleration or retardation.
125. A car starts from rest. Its velocity becomes 20 ms -1 in 8 s. Find its
acceleration.
Initial velocity Vi = 0 ms-1
Final velocity Vf = 20 ms-1
Time taken t =8s
as a = (Vf Vi)/ t = (20 ms-1 0 ms-1) / 8 s = 2.5 ms-2
Thus the acceleration of the car is 2.5 ms-2
.
131. What is the shape of distance-time graph when a body is moving with
constant speed? How can we calculate speed of the object?
The shape of the distance-time graph will be a straight line when a body is moving
with uniform speed (Fig 2.19).
Mathematically: Speed of the object = slope of line AB = distance EF / time CD
= 20 m / 10 s = 2 ms-1
132. What is the shape of distance-time graph when a body is moving with
variable speed? How can we calculate speed of the object?
The speed is higher at instants when slope is greater; speed is zero at instants when slope
is horizontal.
133. Figure 2.21 shows the distance-time graph of a moving car. From the graph,
find
(a) the distance car has travelled.
(b) the speed during the first five seconds.
(c) average speed of the car. .
(d) speed during the last 5 seconds.
Solution:
SPEED-TIME GRAPH
137. Find the acceleration from speed-time graph shown in figure 2.23.
On the graph in figure,
Point A gives speed of the object as 2 ms-1 after 5 s
Point B gives speed of the object as 4 ms-1 after 10 s
139. A car moves in a straight line. The speed-time graph of its motion is shown in
figure 2.25. From the graph, find;
(a) Its acceleration during the first 10 seconds.
(b) Its deceleration during the last 2 seconds.
(c) Total distance travelled.
(d) Average speed of the car during its journey.
(c) Total distance travelled = area under the graph (trapezium OABC)
= 1/2(sum of parallel sides) x height = 1/2 (18s+30s)x(16ms -1)
= 1/2 (48 s) x (16 ms-1) = 384 m
(d) Average speed = Total distance covered / Time taken
= 384 m / 30 s = 12.8 ms-1
140. Which from the following can be obtained from speed-time graph;
Initial Speed, Final Speed, Distance covered in time and Acceleration of motion.
All above factors can be obtained from speed-time graph.
EQUATIONS OF MOTION
145. A train slows down from 80 kmh-1 with a uniform retardation of 2 ms-2. How
long will it take to attain a speed of 20kmh-1?
146. A bicycle accelerates at 1 ms-2 from an initial velocity of 4 ms-1 for 10 s. Find
the distance moved by it during this interval of time.
vi = 4 ms-1
a = 1 ms-2
t = 10 s
S =?
147. A car travels with a velocity of 5 ms-1. It then accelerates uniformly and travels
a distance of 50 m. If the velocity reached is 15 ms -1, find the acceleration and
the time to travel this distance.
Thus, the acceleration of the car is 2 ms-2 and it takes 5 seconds to travel 50
m distance.
150. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. The stone hits the ground after 5
seconds. Find
(a) the height of the tower.
(b) the velocity with which the stone hits the ground.
151. A boy throws a ball vertically up. It returns to the ground after 5 seconds. Find
(a) the maximum height reached by the ball.
(b) the velocity with which the ball is thrown up.
As the acceleration due to gravity is uniform, hence the time t taken by the ball to go up
will be equal to the time taken to come down = 1/2 t 0
or t = 1/2 x 5 s = 2.5 s
(b) vf = vi+ g t
vi = vf gt = 0 (-10 ms-2) x (2.5) = 25 ms-1
to calculate height equation is
h = vit + gt2 = (25 ms-1 x 2.5 s) + 1/2 x -10 ms-2 x (2.5 s)2
= 62.5 m 31.25 m = 31.25 m
Thus, the ball was thrown up with a speed of 25 ms -1 and the maximum height to which the ball rises
is 31.25 m.
Useful Information
155. How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not circular
motion?
Riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion because their motion is in a circle
without rotation.
157. The value of g at a height one earth radius above the surface is.
158. A train starts from rest. It moves through 1 km in 100 s with uniform
acceleration. What will be its speed at the end of 100 s.
(20 ms-1)
159. A car has a velocity of 10 ms-1. It accelerates at 0.2 ms-2 for half minute. Find
the distance travelled during this time and the final velocity of the car.
(390 m, 16 ms-1)
160. A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a velocity of 30 ms -1. It takes 3 s to
reach the highest point. Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. How
long it will take to return to ground?
(45 m, 6 s)
161. A car moves with uniform velocity of 40 ms -1 for 5 s. It comes to rest in the
next 10 s with uniform deceleration. Find (i) deceleration (ii) total distance
travelled by the car.
(-4 ms-1, 400 m)
162. A train staring from rest accelerates uniformly and attains a velocity 48 kmh -1
in 2 minutes. It travels at this speed for 5 minutes. Finally, it moves with uniform
retardation and is stopped after 3 minutes. Find the total distance travelled by
the train. (6000 m)
163. A cricket ball is hit vertically upwards and returns to ground 6 s later.
Calculate (i) maximum height reached by the ball. (ii) initial velocity of the ball.
(45 m, 30 ms-1)
164. When brakes are applied, the speed of a train decreases from 96 kmh -1 to 48
kmh-1 in 800 m. How much further will the train move before coming to rest?
(Assuming the retardation to be constant) (266.66 m)
165. In the above problem, find the time taken by the train to stop after the
application of brakes.
(80 s)
(a) straight line (b) circle (c) line without rotation (d) curved path
(a) Circular motion (b) rotatory motion (c) vibratory motion (d) random motion
4. If an object is moving with constant speed then its distance time graph will-be a straight
line.
(a) along time-axis (b) along distance-axis (c) parallel to time-axis (d) inclined to time-axis
5. A straight line parallel to time-axis on a distance-time graph tells that the object is
(a) moving with constant speed (b) attest (c) moving with variable speed (d) in motion
(a) car has an acceleration of 1.5 ms-2 (b) car has constant speed of 7.5 ms-1
( c) distance traveled by the car is 75 m (d) average speed of the car is 15 ms-1
9. A ball is thrown vertically upward. Its velocity at the highest point is: c
(a) -10 ms-1 (b) zero (c) 10 ms-2 (d) none of these
d
10. A change is position is called:
36kmh-1 =
(a) speed (b) velocity (c) displacement (d) distance 36x1000/3600
ms-1
11. A train is moving a(a speed of 36 kmh-1 Its speed expressed in ms-1 is: = 10 ms-1
(a) 10 ms-1 (b) 20 ms-1 (c) 25 ms-1 (d) 30 ms-1 v=25 ms-1,
t=20s
Physics 9th S =Page
vt =43
25ofx47
20
S = 500 m
12. A car starts from rest. It acquires a speed of 25 ms-1 after 20 s.
The distance moved by the car during this time is: