POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Prof. Masoud & Shehab

C0NTINOUES COURSE
TOTAL MARKS 200
1ST MT 40
2nd MT 20
LAB. 20
FINAL EXAM 120
 Course Contents
1 One
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE RELAYING
2 Two
POWER SYSTEM RELAYING PRINCIPLES
3 Three
Current and Voltage Transformers
4 Four
Non-Pilot Over Current and Distance
Protection Of
Transmission Lines
5 Five
BASIC ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL PROTECTION
 1 ONE
INTRODUCTION TO
PROTECTIVE RELAYING
What is relaying,
Multi-layered structure of power systems,
Power system bus configurations ,
The nature of relaying,
Abnormalities,
Selectivity and Zones of protection,
Relay speed,
 1 ONE
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE
RELAYING

Primary and back up protection,

Single and three phase tripping and
reclosing,
Elements of protection system,
 WHAT IS RELAYING ?
Relaying is the branch of electric power
engineering concerned with the
principles of design and operation of
equipment (called 'relays''
'relays or
'protective relays') which detect
abnormal power system conditions,
and initiate corrective action as quickly
as possible in order to return the power
system to its normal state
state..
 1.1 WHAT IS RELAYING ?

The functions of the system

protection and coordination are:
are:
To minimize damage to the
system..
system
To limit the extent and duration
of service interruption.
MULTI-LAYERED STRUCTURE
MULTI-
OF POWER SYSTEMS
 1.3 POWER SYSTEM BUS
CONFIGURATIONS
Operating Voltage Levels
A radial power system
A network power system
Operating Voltage Levels
REDIAL POWER SYSTEM
A Network Power System
Substation Bus Arrangements

(a) single bus,

single breaker;
(b) two bus, one
breaker;
(c) two bus,
two breaker;
(d) ring bus;
(e) breaker-
breaker-and
and--
a-half
 Power System Design
Requirements

1. Quickly isolate the effected

portion..
portion
2. Minimize the magnitude of the
available short circuit current
current..
3. Provide alternate circuits
APPLICATION 1.1
Protection is provided to achieve
the following goals:
Regain the systems stability as fast as
possible after fault occurrence.
Allow continuity of load supply,
through
1. fast isolation of faulted parts.
2. providing alternative paths of power
supply to affected loads
Keep the electrical devices away from
any damage during fault occurrence
 THE NATURE OF RELAYING
Detection
The function by which the protection
system feels the fault case
case..
Selection
It represents selecting of :
The faulted part of a power system
The reaction to such a fault
Operation
It represents the final decision of the
protection system, is disconnecting the
right tripping circuit
Application
 Abnormalities
1. Over load
2. Sudden loss of load
3. Unbalanced voltage system
4. Over voltage
5. Under voltage
6. Open conductor
 Abnormalities
7. Over current due to faults such
as;
Single line to ground
Double line to ground
Double line
Symmetrical fault (three line fault)
8. Under frequency Over frequency
2 nd Lec.
Basic Terms Used on
Protection
 RELIABILITY
The need for a high degree of
reliability needs the following:
a. Correct design.
b. Correct installation.
c. Testing and maintenance
Supply reliability, its Cost and
Value to the consumer
 Reliability, Dependability
Dependability,, and
Security

Reliability is generally understood

to measure the degree of certainty
that a piece of equipment will
perform as intended
intended..
APPLICATION 1.2
 Selectivity of Relays and Zones
of Protection
The property of security of relays, that is,
the requirement that they not operate for
faults for which they are not designed to
operate , is defined in terms of regions of a
power system - called zones of protection -
for which a given relay or protective system
is responsible.
responsible. The relay will be considered
to be secure if it responds only to faults
within its zone of protection
protection..
CLOSED AND OPEN ZONES OF
PROTECTION
 SELECTIVITY
Protection is arranged in zones, which
should cover the power system
completely, leaving no part
unprotected. When a fault occurs the
protection is required to select and trip
only the nearest circuit breakers. This
property of selective tripping is also
called 'discrimination' and is achieved
by two general methods:
 ZONES OF PROTECTION
Location of current . transformers on
both sides of the circuit breaker
 ZONES OF PROTECTION
Location of current transformers on
circuit side of the circuit breaker.
Overlapping Zones of Protection
Systems
Zone overlap with different types
of CTs and circuit breakers
APPLICATION 1.3
3 rd Lec.
 STABILITY

This term, applied to protection as

distinct from power networks,
refers to the ability of the system
to remain inert to all load
conditions and faults external to
the relevant zone.
zone.
SPEED
 SPEED
(1 ) Instantaneous
Instantaneous:: These relays
operate as soon as a secure decision is
made.. No intentional time delay is
made
introduced to slow down the relay
response..
response
(2) Time
Time--Delay:
Delay: An intentional time
delay is inserted between the relay
decision time and the initiation of the
trip action.
action.
 SPEED
(3) high
high--Speed
Speed:: A relay that operates
in less than a specified limelime.. The
specified time in present practice is 50
milliseconds (3 cycles on n 60 Hz
system)..
system)
(4) Ultra High -Speed
Speed:: This term is
not included in the Relay Standards
but is commonly considered to be
operation in 4 milliseconds or loss.
loss.
 SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity is a term frequently
used when referring to the
minimum operating current of a
complete protective system. A
protective system is said to be
sensitive if the primary operating
current is low.
 PRIMARY AND BACK UP
PROTECTION
Many factors may cause protection
failure and there is always some
possibility of a circuit breaker failure.
For this reason, it is usual to
supplement primary protection with
other systems to 'back-up' the
operation of the main system and to
minimize the possibility of failure to
clear a fault from the system.
 APPLICATION l.4
l.4
Duplicate primary, local backup and
remote backup protection
 Single and Three phase Tripping
and Reclosing
The prevailing practice in the United States
is to trip all three phases of the faulted
power system element for all types of faults
faults..
In several European and other countries, it
is a common practice to trip only the faulted
phase for a phase-
phase-to-
to-ground fault, and to
trip all throe phases for all multi
multi--phase
faults on transmission lines lines.. Those
differences in the tripping practice are the
result of several fundamental differences in
the design and operation of power systems
Single and Three phase Tripping
and Reclosing

All reclosing operations should be

supervised (i (i..e. controlled) by
appropriate interlocks to prevent
an unsafe, damaging, or
undesirable reclosing operation
operation..
Some of the common interlocks for
reclosing are:
are:
 Single and Three phase Tripping
and Reclosing
(1) Voltage Check
Check:: Used when good operating
practice demands that a certain piece of
equipment be energized from a specific side.
side.
For example, it may he desirable to always
energize a transformer from its high voltage
side.. Thus if a reclosing operation is likely to
side
energize that transformer, it would be well to
check that the circuit breaker on the low voltage
side is closed only if the transformer is already
energized..
energized
 Single and Three phase Tripping
and Reclosing
(2) Synchronizing Check
Check:: This check may be
used when the reclosing operation is likely to
energize a piece of equipment from both sides.
sides. In
such a case, it may be desirable to check that the
two sources which would be connected by the
reclosing breaker are in synchronism and
approximately in phase with each other.
other. If the two
systems are already in synchronism, it would be
sufficient to check that the phase angle difference
between the two sources is within certain
specified limits.
limits.
Single and Three phase Tripping
and Reclosing
If the two systems are likely to be un-
un-
synchronized, and the closing of the
circuit breaker is going lo synchronize
the two systems, it is necessary to
monitor the phasors of the voltages on
the two sides of the reclosing circuit
breaker and close the breaker as the
phasors approach each other
other..
Single and Three phase Tripping
and Reclosing
(3) Equipment Check:
Check: This check is to
ensure that some piece of equipment is not
energized accidentally
accidentally..
These interlocks can be used either in the
manual or in the automatic mode.
mode. it is the
practice of some utilities, however, not to
inhibit the manual reclose operation of
circuit breakers on the assumption that the
operator will make the necessary checks
before he recloses the circuit breaker.
breaker.
Single and Three phase Tripping
and Reclosing
In extreme situations, sometimes the
only way to restore a power system is
through operator intervention, and
automatic interlocks may prevent or
delay the restoration operation
operation.. On the
other hand, if left to the operator during
manual operation, there is the
possibility that the operator may not
make the necessary checks before
reclosing..
reclosing
 Automatic Reclosing
Automatic reclosing can be high speed, or it
may be delayed.
delayed. The term high speed
generally implies reclosing in times shorter
than 1 second
second.. Many utilities may initiate
high speed reclosing for some types of faults
(such as ground faults), and not for others
others..
Delayed reclosing usually operates in several
seconds or even in minutes.
minutes. The timing for
the delayed reclosing is determined by
specific conditions for which the delay is
introduced..
introduced
15KV
15KV & 27KV
27KV Automatic Circuit
Reclosers
Autorecloser
Construction
and
Installation
ELEMENTS OF A PROTECTION
SYSTEM
 Battery and DC Supply
Since the primary function of a protection
system is to remove a fault, the ability to trip
a circuit breaker through a relay must not be
compromised during a fault, when the ac
voltage available in the substation may not
be of sufficient magnitude
magnitude.. For example, a
close--in three phase fault can result in zero
close
ac voltage at the substation ac outlets.
outlets.
Tripping power, as well as the power
required by the relays, cannot therefore be
obtained from the ac system, and is usually
provided by the station battery.
battery.
 Circuit Breakers exam
The circuit breaker isolates the fault by
interrupting the current at or -near a
current zero
zero.. At the present time, an EHV
circuit breaker can interrupt fault currents
of the order of 100000 amperes at system
voltage's up to 800 kV.
kV.
It can do this as quickly as the first
current zero after the initiation of a fault,
although it more often interrupts at the
second or third current zero
 Contact
arc (a)
Equivalent
circuit (b)
Contacts
and (c)
Waveform
s
138KV Oil
138KV
Circuit
Breakers

(Dead
Tank)
 SF6
SF6
Circuit
Breaker
s

(Live
Tank)
End of Ch 01
Zone overlap with different types
of CTs and circuit breakers
LIST OF DEVICE NUMBERS
 LIST OF DEVICE NUMBERS
2 Time delay starting or closing relay
3 Checking or interlocking relay
4 Master contactor
21 Distance relay
25 Synchronizing or synchronism
check relay
27 Undervoltage relay
 LIST OF DEVICE NUMBERS
30 Annunciator relay
32 Directional power relay
37 Undercurrent or under power relay
40 Field failure relay
46 Reverse phase or phase balance current
relay
49 Machine or transformer thermal relay
50 Instantaneous overcurrent or rate of rise
relay
51 A.c. time overcurrent relay
 LIST OF DEVICE NUMBERS
52 A.c. circuit breaker
52a
52a Circuit breaker auxiliary switch normally
open
52b
52b Circuit breaker auxiliary switch normally
closed
55 Power factor relay
56 Field application relay
59 Overvoltage relay
60 Voltage or current balance relay
 LIST OF DEVICE NUMBERS
64 Earth fault protective relay
67 A.c. directional overcurrent relay
68 Blocking relay
74 Alarm relay
76 D.c. overcurrent relay
78 Phase angle measuring or out out--of
of--
step protective relay
 LIST OF DEVICE NUMBERS
79 A.c. reclosing relay
81 Frequency relay
83 Automatic selective control or
transfer relay
85 Carrier or pilot wire receive relay
86 Locking
Locking--out relay
87 Differential protective relay
RELAY CONTACT SYSTEM
OPERATIONAL INDICATORS
As a guide for power system
operation staff, protective systems
are invariably provided with
indicating devices.
In British practice these are called
'flags', whereas
in America they are known as
'targets'
 RELAY TRIPPING CIRCUITS

a. Series sealing.
b. Shunt reinforcing.
c. Shunt reinforcement with
sealing.
RELAY TRIPPING CIRCUITS
SUPERVISION OF TRIP
CIRCUITS