HEAT TRANSFER & HVAC LAB

EXPERIMENTAL MANUAL

Name _________________________________
Degree/Reg No _________________________
HEAT TRANSFER & HVAC

Laboratory Manual

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF E&ME,

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY,
RAWALPINDI, PAKISTAN.
Copyright 2016 CEME Publishing. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of author. For
permission and licensing requests, contact DME, CEME.
 Laboratory Academic Honor Code
Section 1. Statement of Purpose
The faculty and administration of the College of E&ME believe the fundamental
objective of the Institute is to provide the students with a high-quality education while
developing in them a sense of ethics and social responsibility. We believe that trust is an
integral part of the learning process and that self-discipline is necessary in this pursuit.
We also believe that any instance of dishonesty hurts the entire community. It is with this
in mind that we have set forth a student Honor Code at Heat Transfer & HVAC Lab.

Section 2. Objectives
An Academic Honor Code at this laboratory aims to cultivate a community based on
trust, academic integrity, and honor. It specifically aims to accomplish the following:
Ensure that students understand that academic dishonesty is a violation of the profound
trust of the entire academic community;
Ensure that students understand that the responsibility for upholding academic
honesty at this laboratory lies with them;
Prevent any students from gaining an unfair advantage over other students
through academic misconduct;
Clarify what constitutes academic misconduct among students at this laboratory
and what is expected of them by the Institute, the faculty, and their peers;
Cultivate an environment where academic dishonesty is not tolerated among the
students;
Secure a centralized system of education and awareness of the Honor Code;

Section 3. Student Responsibilities

Students are expected to act according to the highest ethical standards. The immediate
objective of an Academic Honor Code is to prevent any Students from gaining an unfair
advantage over other Students through academic misconduct. Such acts include but need
not be limited to the following:
Unauthorized Access: Possessing, using, or exchanging improperly acquired
written or verbal information in the preparation of a laboratory report,
examination, or other academic assignment.
Unauthorized Collaboration: Unauthorized interaction with another Student or
Students in the fulfillment of academic requirements.
Plagiarism: Submission of material that is wholly or substantially identical to that
created or published by another person or persons, without adequate credit
notations indicating the authorship.
False Claims of Performance: False claims for work that has been submitted by an
another Student.
Grade Alteration: Alteration of any academic grade or rating so as to obtain
unearned academic credit.
Deliberate Falsification: Deliberate falsification of a written or verbal statement of
fact to a Laboratory Engineer, so as to obtain unearned academic credit.
Distortion: Any act that distorts or could distort grades or other academic records.
While these acts constitute assured instances of academic misconduct, other acts of
academic misconduct may be defined by the Laboratory Engineer. Students must sign the
Academic Honor Agreement affirming their commitment to uphold the Honor Code
before becoming a part of this laboratory. The Honor Agreement may reappear on exams
and other assignments to remind Students of their responsibilities under the Laboratory
Academic Honor Code.

___________________________
Student Signature and date
 Table Of Contents
Experiments:

Introduction to the Lab Equipment & Safety Precautions

REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING

1) Actual Refrigeration Plant

To familiarize the students of refrigeration and air-conditioning with actual
refrigeration plant
2) Charging of a refrigeration system
a) To evacuate a refrigeration system
b) To charge a refrigeration system
3) Capacitors and Capacitance
a) Ground/short test of a capacitor
b) Capacitance rating in mfds
4) Compressor motor windings
To check ground or short in a compressor motor windings using insulation tester

HEAT TRANSFER

5) Temperature distribution along an extended surface

6) Heat transfer from an extended surface
7) Thermal conductivity of the rod material
8) Radiant heat transfer to a temperature sensor
9) Methods for reducing error in temperature measurement
10) Unsteady state condition of the heat to the center of a solid shape
11) Determination of thermal conductivity using analytical transient temperature heat
flow chart
12) Effect of size, shape and material properties on unsteady state heat flow
13) Unsteady heat transfer using lumped capacitance method
 List of Abbreviations
psi Pounds per square inch
mfds micro farads
T Temperature
K Thermal Conductivity
Non-dimensional Temperature
Fo Fourier Number
Bi Biot Number
Time constant
Introduction to the Lab Equipment & Safety Precautions

Introduction
This course is a foundation to many theoretical and practical aspects that allow students
to understand heat and mass transfer modes. This lab familiarize the student with topics
such as extended surface heat transfer, inverse square law for thermal radiation, charging
of refrigeration system and overview of refrigeration cycles.

Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will demonstrate competency by
being able to:

1. Comprehend an understanding of the key aspects of refrigeration systems.

2. Recall the fundamental knowledge of various heat and mass transfer modes.
3. Demonstrate practical knowledge about key heat and mass transfer concepts by
performing experiment.

Practical Application
At the end of this course student will be able to understand key aspects of refrigeration
systems. They will have understanding of the various heat and mass transfer modes. They
will be able to practically analyze the heat and mass transfer processes.

Safety Precautions
1. Do not operate any machine unless you have been trained to do so and authorized by
the Lab OIC/Incharge.
2. Do not touch any part of the machine until you are sure that the machine is properly
shutdown.
3. Do not touch, oil, adjust, calibrate while the machine is running.
4. Wear goggles and safety gloves if required.
5. Do not wear loose clothes while working close to the machine.
6. Focus on the experiment and avoid distractions.
7. In case of any emergency switch off the power supply and report to your OIC.
8. In case of burning fire, use sand and water.
9. In case of electric fire, switch off immediately and then use only sand.

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Laboratory Layout

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Experiment 1: Actual Refrigeration Plant

OBJECTIVE

To familiarize the students of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning with actual refrigeration

plant.

APPARATUS

E & ME college auditorium Air conditioning plant.

DESCRIPTION

Capacity. 100 Ton. 4 x 25 ton compressor. Refrigerant R. 22 (F 22). Coolant used is

water.

MAJOR COMPONENTS & PARTS

1. Compressors
2. Chillers
3. Condensers
4. Cooling Tower
5. Climate changer
6. Pumps/Blowers
7. Flow control valves
8. Ducting & piping etc
9. Fan / motors

CIRCUITS

a) Refrigerant circuit.
b) Cooling water circuit.
c) Chilled water circuit.
d) Cooled air circuit.

REFRIGERANT CIRCUIT

In this four huge compressors of 25 ton each are fitted which increase the temperature
and pressure of R 22 after that it flows to the water cooled condenser where it is cooled
and changed in liquid form. Then it is expanded and finally reaches the chillers where it

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absorbs heat and vaporises and thus the water is chilled below its freezing temperature.
The circuit is completed when the vapour refrigerant flows back to the compressor.

COOLING CIRCUIT

Its purpose and function is to supply the refrigerant in the condenser. It consists of a big
cooling tower which is air-cooled type having huge blower. The cooled water absorbs
heat in the condenser and liberates it to the atmosphere in the cooling tower.

CHILLED WATER CIRCUIT

The refrigerant after the expansion valve enters the chillers where it cools the water
below its freezing temperature. The chilled water is then driven to the climate changer
where it circulates so as to cool the air that is flown across it after that its temp rises a bit.
For re-cooling it is again transferred to the chillers.

COOLED AIR CIRCUIT

The cooled air that is flown in the ducts is responsible for the cooling in auditorium. It is
produced by the air that is flown across the chilled water tubes in the climate changer by
means of a heavy blower. The cool air flown to the desired place and then is exhausted
back to the climate changer via filters which clean the exhaust air. This re-circulation of
air is the required output responsible for the air-conditioning produced in the plant.

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Schematic of Refrigeration plant circuits

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Notes

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Experiment 2: Charging of a Refrigeration System

OBJECTIVE

1. To evacuate a refrigeration system.

2. To charge a refrigeration system.

APPARATUS

1. Portable charging station

2. Refrigerant cylinder.
3. System to be charged.
4. Gauge manifold set.
5. Spanner set.
6. Leak detector / Soapy Water

THEORY

This system can be used to fully service any short / leak of refrigeration system. Firstly
the refrigeration system is evacuated in order to get rid of air or any short of fluid in the
system. Then refrigerant is transferred from the cylinder to the refrigerant tube in the
charging station and finally the refrigerant is charged in the required system.

PROCEDURE

First of all connect one line of gauge manifold with the charging port of refrigeration
system and other line to the cylinder. Open the gauge valve and pressurize the system for
leak testing. Test the system for all joints with leak detector or soapy water. Keep the
pressure between 50 psi to 100 psi for one or two hours to ensure no leakage in the
system. Disconnect the line from the cylinder and open the gauge valve to release the
pressure from the system. Connect one side of the gauge with the system and the other
line to the vacuum pump. Use the lower side of the gauge for vacuum. Start the vacuum
pump. When the compound gauge reading is 29.92 Hg the vacuum is complete. Turn the
vacuum pump "Off" and disconnect the line. Connect the line with refrigerant cylinder
for charging of refrigerant. Open the cylinder valve and purge down the line with gas
pressure. Open the gauge valve slowly and enter the refrigerant into the system. When the
pressure is about to 0 psi to 25 psi start charging the refrigeration system. Check the full
load ampere of the system, cooling temperature and site glass. Ensure that the site glass
has shown completely liquid form refrigerant in the system, required cooling temperature
is achieved and rating current of system is normal. When the charging is complete and
system is in working condition, turn "Off" the system and disconnect the gauge manifold
with the system. Close the charging port with service valve or punching tools.

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PRECAUTIONS

1. Before starting ensures all service valves of compressor are open.

2. During evacuation and filling process disconnect the electrical supply to the system to
be charged.

GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. What are the indications of the full charged system.

2. What will happen if some atmospheric air is left in the system.

3. What will be position of the sustain service valve after charging is complete.

4. Why the system is drawing more current then its rated value.

5. Explain the different positions of suction service valve.

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Experiment 3: Capacitors and Capacitance

OBJECTIVE

1. Ground / short test of a capacitor.

2. Capacitance rating in mfds.

APPARATUS

1. Capacitor analyzer.
2. Capacitor to be checked.
3. Testing leads.
4. Step-down Transformer

PROCEDURE

a) Connect the main leads of the analyzer to 110 v AC supply. Power may be checked
by flashing on the pilot light. Connect the capacitor terminals to the input jacks of the
analyzer with the help of testing leads. Place the selector switch of the analyzer
(which is initially at center) to its left position and watch the light.
b) If it dose not flash, the capacitor is open. If it flashes brightly and dims down after a
few seconds, the capacitor is ok and is being charged. If the capacitor is open / short it
should be discarded immediately without carrying further tests.
c) Now we shall check the capacitance of a charged capacitor. For this select the
appropriate scale and place the selector switch to the right most position and note the
mfds. Now compare the noted value with the rated one and if the noted is 20% less
then the rated one, discard the capacitor.

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GENERAL QUESTION

1. Explain difference between starting and running capacitor.

2. What will be the result?

a) If the area of the dielectric is increased.

b) If the area of the plates is increased.

c) If the two capacitors are connected in parallel / series.

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Notes

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Experiment 4: Compressor Motor Windings

OBJECTIVE

To check ground or short in a compressor motor windings using insulation tester.

APPARATUS

1. Compressor analyzer.
2. Compressor motor.
3. Connecting leads.
4. Step- down transformer.
5. Ohm-meter.

THEORY

The Air servo M. 8500 hermetic compressor analyser and electrical tester consists of 7
sections mounted on a single cabinet, with the neck jacks and test cords. Use of a section
alone or together can be made. In case there is a ground or short both visual and buzzer
indications are there.

PROCEDURE

a) Remove all the wires from compressor terminals.

b) Take a step-down transformer and connect it to the mains.
c) Connect the other end of the transformer to the analyzer.
d) If it is a 220 v compressor select the 1000 v range.
e) With the main supply switched off, attach the flexible cord to the panel.
f) Now switch on the mains.
g) Turn the panel switch to ' on' position and note that the pilot light comes ' on'.
h) Now connect one end of the lead to the motor body and then other end to any one of
the compressor terminals. If the light glows or buzzer beeps, that winding is short.
i) Repeat the above procedure for the remaining two terminals.

CONTINUITY TEST

a) Take an ohmmeter, note its zero adjustment, and correct it if required.

b) Connect the leads of the ohmmeter to the two ends of the windings. Deflection shows
that the winding is ok.
c) If the ohmmeter does not give any deflection then there is discontinuity in that
specific winding.

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PRECAUTIONS

a) The compressor should remain off during experiment.

b) While the electrical panel is 'on', avoid touching the ends of the leads as there is a
high voltage.

GENERAL QUESTION

1. Which voltage range should be selected to carry the insulation test for a domestic
appliance.

2. Why high voltages are required for insulation testing.

3. How can you detect the three different terminals of the windings.

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Notes

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Experiment 5: TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG
AN EXTENDED SURFACE
Objective:
To measure the temperature distribution along an extended surface and comparing the
result with theoretical analysis

Theory:
An extended surface is commonly used in reference to a solid that experiences energy
transfer by conduction within its boundaries, as well as energy transfer by convection
between its boundaries and its surroundings. The extended surface is most often utilized
in the removal of heat from a body. In this case, the extended surface is often referred to
as a fin''. A fin with a cylindrical shape and a high aspect ratio (length/diameter) is
called a pin. Fins are often seen in electrical appliance cooling such as in a computer
power supply or substation transformers. Fins are also used for engine cooling.
A pin of length L, diameter D, cross sectional A and thermal conductivity K is heated at
one end. It has a total surface area of As and at ambient temperature Ta. The analysis of
extended surface heat transfer assuming steady state, one-dimensional heat conduction
(temperature varies only axially and not radial), uniform convective heat transfer
coefficient h, and constant thermal conductivity, k.

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as stated in standard operating conditions module.
2. Set the supply power to the heater by the Programmable Power Supply to 40 Watts.
3. Select the temperature selector to read T1 and monitor the temperature regularly until
the T1 reading reaches approximately 80oC then reduce the heater voltage to 5 Watts.
This procedure is to reduce the time required for the system to reach a stable
operating condition.
4. When all readings are stabilized, record the T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9.
5. Increase the power control to give 10 Watts reading. Repeat the monitoring and
record reading (T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9).
6. After finish the experiment, follow general shut down procedure as stated in standard
operating conditions module.

Figure 1: Unit Assembly & Section View

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Observations:

DISTANCE
EXPERIMENT
1 2 FROM T1
NO.
(m)
Power ,W 5 10 -
o
T1 C 0.00
o
T2 C 0.05
o
T3 C 0.10
o
T4 C 0.15
o
T5 C 0.20
o
T6 C 0.25
o
T7 C 0.30
o
T8 C 0.35
o
T9 C -

Assignment:
1. Calculate theoretical temperature value and compare with experimental result.

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Notes

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Experiment 6: HEAT TRANSFER FROM AN EXTENDED
SURFACE
Objective:
Calculating the heat transfer from an extended surface resulting from the combined
modes of free convection and radiation heat transfer and comparing the result with a
theoretical analysis

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as stated in standard operating conditions module.
2. Set the supply power to the heater by the Programmable Power Supply to 40 Watts.
3. Select the temperature selector to read T1 and monitor the temperature regularly until
the T1 reading reaches approximately 80oC then reduce the heater power to 5 Watts.
This procedure is to reduce the time required for the system to reach a stable
operating condition.
4. When all readings are stabilized, record the T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9.
5. After finish the experiment, follow general shut down procedure as stated in standard
operating conditions module

Observations:

DISTANCE
EXPERIMENT
1 FROM T1
NO.
(m)
Power, W 5 -
o
T1 C 0.00
o
T2 C 0.05
o
T3 C 0.10
o
T4 C 0.15
o
T5 C 0.20
o
T6 C 0.25
o
T7 C 0.30
o
T8 C 0.35
o
T9 C -

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Assignment:
1. Calculate the heat lost from the fin and compare the result with experimental heat
input.

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Notes

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Experiment 7: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE ROD
MATERIAL
Objective:
To determine the constant of proportionality (thermal conductivity K) of the rod material

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as stated in standard operating conditions module.
2. Set the supply power to the heater by the Programmable Power Supply to 40 Watts.
3. Select the temperature selector to read T1 and monitor the temperature regularly until
the T1 reading reaches approximately 80oC then reduce the heater power to 5 Watts.
This procedure is to reduce the time required for the system to reach a stable
operating condition.
4. When all readings are stabilized, record the T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9.
5. After finish the experiment, follow general shut down procedure as stated in standard
operating conditions module.

Observations:

DISTANCE
EXPERIMENT
1 FROM T1
NO.
(m)
Power, W 5 -
o
T1 C 0.00
o
T2 C 0.05
o
T3 C 0.10
o
T4 C 0.15
o
T5 C 0.20
o
T6 C 0.25
o
T7 C 0.30
o
T8 C 0.35
o
T9 C -

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Assignment:
1. Calculate the radiant and conductive component coefficient. Then find the overall
heat transfer coefficient.

2. Calculate the thermal conductivity K, of the material used.

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Notes:

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Experiment 8: RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER TO A
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Objective:
To demonstrate how temperature measurement can be affected by radiant heat transfer to
a sensor from its surrounding.

Theory:
Radiation heat transfer is concerned with the exchange of thermal radiation energy
between two or more bodies. Thermal radiation is defined as electromagnetic radiation in
the wavelength range of 0.1 to 100 microns (which encompasses the visible light regime),
and arises as a result of a temperature difference between 2 bodies. No medium need
exist between the two bodies for heat transfer to take place (as is needed by conduction
and convection). Rather, the intermediaries are photons, which travel at the speed of
light.
The heat transferred into or out of an object by thermal radiation is a function of several
components. These include its surface reflectivity, emissivity, surface area, temperature,
and geometric orientation with respect to other thermally participating objects. In turn, an
object's surface reflectivity and emissivity is a function of its surface conditions
(roughness, finish, etc.) and composition.

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic procedure as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Lift the radiation shield up so that the thermocouples are exposed.
3. Open the throttle plate but do not turn on the fan.
4. Set the T10 as 50C.
5. When all the temperature readings are stable, record reading T6, T7, T8, T9.
6. Repeat the above procedures with different value of T10. (100C, 150C, 200C,
250C, 300C)
Note:
The temperature of the heated surface should not exceed 350oC. If this happening,
turn on the fan to cold down the heated surface if necessary.
7. Close the throttle plate and turn on the fan.
8. Set the T10 as 300C during the whole experiment.
9. Turn the selector to read the air velocity measurement and adjust the throttle plate
until the velocity reading is approximately 4m/s.
10. Observe the temperature reading of T6 until T9. Record the T6, T7, T8 and T9 when
all measurements are stable.
Repeat experiments with decreasing air velocity as in the table

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 Figure 2: Unit Assembly & Section View

Observations:
Fan Off
T6 (C) T7(C) T8 (C) T9 (C) T10 (C)
50
100
150
200
250
300

Fan On
Ua (m/s) T6 (C) T7 (C) T8 (C) T9 (C) T10 (C)
4 300
2 300
1 300
0.5 300

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Assignments:
1. Plot Temperature (oC) vs Heater Temperature (oC)

2. Plot Temperature (oC) vs. Air Velocity (m/s)

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Notes:

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Experiment 9: METHODS FOR REDUCING ERROR IN
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Objective:
To demonstrate methods for reducing the errors in temperature measurement due to
radiation from a source that is visible to the measurement sensor

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic procedure as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Lift the radiation shield up so that the thermocouples are exposed.
3. Set the velocity as 0.5 m/s.
4. Set T10 as 100 C.
5. When the reading has stabilized, record the temperature readings for T6, T7, T8, and
T9.
6. Lower the radiation shield and observe the temperature changes. Record the
temperature readings for T6, T7, T8, and T9 when the readings are stable.
7. Repeat the experiment with the conditions as outlined in the following table.

Observations:

T10
Test Shielding Velocity(m/s) T6 (oC) T7 (oC) T8 (oC) T9 (oC)
(oC)
1 Shield 0.5 100
2 3 100
3 No shield 0.5 100
4 3 100
5 Shield 0.5 200
6 3 200
7 No shield 0.5 200
8 3 200
9 Shield 0.5 300
10 3 300
11 No shield 0.5 300
12 3 300

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Assignments:
1. Plot Temperature (oC) vs. Test Number for all temperature reading.

2. Plot Temperature (oC) vs different velocity for shielding.

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Notes:

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Experiment 10: UNSTEADY STATE CONDITION OF THE
HEAT TO THE CENTER OF A SOLID SHAPE
Objectives:
To observe unsteady state condition of the heat to the center of a solid shape when a step
change is supplied to the temperature at the surface of the shape

Theory:
Unsteady-state heat transfer is important because of the large number of heating and
cooling processes are involved in industrial applications. In metallurgical processes it is
necessary to know cooling and heating rates of various geometries of metals in order to
predict the time required to reach certain temperature. In food processing, such as in the
canning industry, perishable canned food are heated by immersion in steam bath or
chilled by immersion in cold water. In the paper industry wood logs are immersed in
steam bath before processing. In most of these processes, the material is suddenly
immersed into a fluid of higher or lower temperature.

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 30mm diameter stainless steel cylinder in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilized at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observation sheet.
6. The experiment may be repeated with other specimens.

Figure 3: Unit Assembly & Section View

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Observations:

Time Bath Temp, T1 Air / Water Temp, T2 Specimen's Temp, T3

(s) (C) (C) (C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120

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Assignment:
1. Plot Temperature T3 vs. Time (seconds)

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Notes:

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Experiment 11: DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY USING ANALYTICAL TRANSIENT
TEMPERATURE HEAT FLOW CHART
Objective:
To compare the thermal conductivity of a solid cylinder from measurements taken on a
similar cylinder but having different thermal conductivity using analytical transient
temperature heat flow charts

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 20mm diameter stainless steel cylinder in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilized at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations sheet.
6. When the 20mm brass cylinder has reached the bath temperature, remove it from the
tank and install 20mm brass cylinder in the shape holder.
7. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations.
Observations:

Time Bath Temp, T1 Air / Water Temp, T2 Specimen's Temp, T3

(s) (C) (C) (C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
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Assignment:

1. Calculate for each reading as below:

i. Non-dimensional Temperature,

ii. Fourier Number, Fo

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iii. Inverse Biot Number, 1/Bi

2. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and then thermal conductivity for 20mm Brass
cylinder

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Notes:

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Experiment 12: EFFECT OF SIZE, SHAPE AND
MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON UNSTEADY STATE HEAT
FLOW
Objective:
To investigate the effect of size, shape and material properties on unsteady state heat
flow. Using analytical transient temperature heat flow chart to analyze the result obtained
from different solid shape
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 15mm thick brass slab in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilize at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations sheet.
6. When 15mm thick brass slab has reached the bath temperature, remove it from the
tank and install 15mm thick stainless steel slab in the shape holder.
7. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations sheet.
8. The experiment may be repeated with other test specimens.
Observations:

Time Bath Temp, T1 Air / Water Temp, T2 Specimen's Temp, T3

(s) (C) (C) (C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
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Assignment:
1. Calculate for each reading as below:
i. Non-dimensional Temperature,

ii. Fourier Number, Fo

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iii. Inverse Biot Number, 1/Bi

2. Calculate theoretical time taken to reach the recorded temperature T3 and compare
with experimental result.

3. Plot T3 temperature vs. Time Taken in seconds for both theoretical and experimental
result.

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Notes:

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Experiment 13: UNSTEADY HEAT TRANSFER USING
LUMPED CAPACITANCE METHOD
Objective:
To investigate the Lumped Thermal Capacitance Method of Transient temperature
analysis

Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 20mm diameter brass cylinder in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilized at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Place the shape into the water bath and observe the temperature T3 until it reaches the
bath temperature.
6. Then, hang the shape in the still air and record the shape temperature T3 until it cools
down to ambient temperature by 60 seconds interval.

Observations:

Air Shape
Recorded
Temperature, Temperature,
Time, Seconds
T2 (oC) T3 (oC)
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600

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Assignment:
1. Calculate the time constant using the Lumped Capacitance method.

2. Plot Temperature (oC) vs. Time (seconds) for ambient, recorded temperature and
calculated temperature.

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Notes:

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