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From your work in Section 6.3, you may have observed that there are three basic types of
percent problems. These depend on which of the three partsthe amount, the rate, or the
baseis missing in the problem statement. The solution for each type of problem depends
on the percent relationship.
We will illustrate the solution of each type of problem in the following examples. Lets start
with a problem in which we want to find the amount.
Example 1
Finding an Unknown Amount
Rate Base
Write 18% as the decimal 0.18 by the
Amount 0.18 300 rule of Section 6.1. Then multiply to
find the amount.
54
So 54 is 18% of 300.
CHECK YOURSELF 1
Find 65% of 200.
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1. If the rate is less than 100%, the amount will be less than the base.
20 is 40% of 50 and 20 50
2. If the rate is greater than 100%, the amount will be greater than the base.
75 is 150% of 50 and 75 50
Lets consider a second type of percent problem involving an unknown rate.
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496 CHAPTER 6 PERCENTS
Example 2
Finding an Unknown Percent
Base Amount
Rate 150 30
NOTE This will leave the rate We divide both sides by 150 to find the rate.
alone on the left.
30 1 1
Rate 0.20 20 20%
150 5 100
30 is 20% of 150.
CHECK YOURSELF 2
75 is what percent of 300?
1. If the amount is less than the base, the rate will be less than 100%.
2. If the amount is greater than the base, the rate will be greater than 100%.
Example 3
Finding an Unknown Base
Rate Amount
28
Base 70
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0.40
So 28 is 40% of 70.
CHECK YOURSELF 3
70 is 35% of what number?
THREE TYPES OF PERCENT PROBLEMS SECTION 6.4 497
We have now seen solution methods for the three basic types of percent problems: find-
ing the amount, the rate, and the base. As you will see in the remainder of this section, our
work in Chapter 5 with proportions will allow us to solve each type of problem in an iden-
tical fashion. In fact, many students find percent problems easier to approach with the
proportion method.
First, we will write what is called the percent proportion.
In symbols,
R
NOTE On the right, is the A R
100
rate, and this proportion is B 100
equivalent to our earlier
percent relationship.
Because in any percent problem we know two of the three quantities (A, B, or R), we can
always solve for the unknown term. Consider in Example 4 the use of the percent proportion.
Example 4
Solving a Problem Involving an Unknown Amount
B
We solve the proportion with the methods of Section 5.4.
100A 150 30
100A 4500
Divide by the coefficient, 100.
1
100 A 4500
100 100
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A 45
The amount is 45. This means that 45 is 30% of 150.
CHECK YOURSELF 4
Use the percent proportion to answer this question: What is 24% of 300?
498 CHAPTER 6 PERCENTS
The same percent proportion will work if you want to find the rate.
Example 5
Solving a Problem Involving an Unknown Rate
R B A
Substitute the known values into the percent proportion.
A
72 R R, the rate, is the unknown
term in this case.
400 100
B
Solving, we get
400R 7200
1
400R 7200
400 400
1
R 18
The rate is 18%. So 18% of 400 is 72.
CHECK YOURSELF 5
Use the percent proportion to answer this question: What percent of 50 is 12.5?
Example 6
Solving a Problem Involving an Unknown Base
40% of ______ is 200.
NOTE This is an unknown-base
problem.
R B A
Substitute the known values into the percent proportion.
A R
200 40 In this case B, the base, is the unknown
term of the proportion.
B 100
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Solving gives
40B 200 100
1
40B 20,000
40 40
1
B 500
The base is 500, and 40% of 500 is 200.
THREE TYPES OF PERCENT PROBLEMS SECTION 6.4 499
CHECK YOURSELF 6
288 is 60% of what number?
Example 7
Solving a Percent Problem
CHECK YOURSELF 7
Find 150% of 500.
Example 8
Solving a Percent Problem
3400
NOTE Divide by 8.5. B 400
8.5
So 34 is 8.5% of 400.
CHECK YOURSELF 8
12.5% of what number is 75?
500 CHAPTER 6 PERCENTS
Example 9
Estimating Percentages
1
Round the rate to 20% as a fraction, . An estimate of the amount is then
5
1
500 100
5
CHECK YOURSELF 9
Estimate the amount.
20.2% of 800
288 60
B 100
60B 28,800; B 480
1. 2.
3. 45% of 200 is what number? 4. What is 40% of 1200?
3. 4.
5. Find 40% of 2500. 6. What is 75% of 120?
5. 6.
11. 12.
11. What percent of 200 is 340? 12. 392 is what percent of 2800?
13. 14.
13. 46 is 8% of what number? 14. 7% of what number is 42?
15. 16.
15. Find the base if 11% of the base is 55. 16. 16% of what number is 192? 17. 18.
19. 20.
17. 58.5 is 13% of what number? 18. 21% of what number is 73.5?
21. 22.
19. Find 110% of 800. 20. What is 115% of 600?
23. 24.
21. What is 108% of 4000? 22. Find 160% of 2000.
25. 26.
23. 210 is what percent of 120? 24. What percent of 40 is 52? 27. 28.
29. 30.
25. 360 is what percent of 90? 26. What percent of 15,000 is 18,000?
31. 32.
27. 625 is 125% of what number? 28. 140% of what number is 350?
33.
29. Find the base if 110% of the base is 935. 30. 130% of what number is 1170? 34.
1 35.
31. Find 8.5% of 300. 32. 8 % of 800 is what number?
4
36.
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3
33. Find 11 % of 6000. 34. What is 3.5% of 500? 37.
4
38.
35. What is 5.25% of 3000? 36. What is 7.25% of 7600?
39.
37. 60 is what percent of 800? 38. 500 is what percent of 1500?
40.
39. What percent of 180 is 120? 40. What percent of 800 is 78?
501
ANSWERS
41. 41. What percent of 1200 is 750? 42. 68 is what percent of 800?
42. 1
43. 10.5% of what number is 420? 44. Find the base if 11 % of the base
2
43. is 46.
45. 58.5 is 13% of what number? 46. 6.5% of what number is 325?
44.
45. 47. 195 is 7.5% of what number? 48. 21% of what number is 73.5?
48.
51. 74.7% of 600 is what number? 52. 9.8% of 1200 is what number?
49.
53. Find 152% of 400. 54. What is 118% of 5000?
50.
(a) Outline a method to do a quick approximation for the amount of tip to leave.
52.
(b) Use this method to figure a 15% tip on a bill of $47.76.
53.
54.
55.
56.
56. The dean of Enrollment Management at a college states, Last year was not a good year.
Our enrollments were down 25%. But this year we increased our enrollment by 30% over
last year. I think we have turned the corner. Evaluate the deans analysis.
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Answers
1. 210 3. 90 5. 1000 7. 8% 9. 9% 11. 170% 13. 575
15. 500 17. 450 19. 880 21. 4320 23. 175% 25. 400%
27. 500 29. 850 31. 25.5 33. 705 35. 157.5 37. 7.5%
2
39. 66 % 41. 62.5% 43. 4000 45. 450 47. 2600 49. 1000
3
51. 450 53. 600 55.
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