Equipment Overview

Equipment Overview

Contents
1 Introduction to the Equipment 3
1.1 The FlexiHybrid radio 4
1.2 Ethernet and PDH Common Platform 8
1.3 SDH Mux-Demux capability 11
1.4 RF Operating Bands 12
1.5 Capacity Bandwidth and Modulation (SVR 3.0) 14
1.6 Main Technical Data 19
1.7 Adaptive Power Control 20
1.8 ACM (Adaptive Coding / Modulation) 20
2 FlexiHybrid Applications 27
2.1 FlexiHybrid Network Positioning 27
2.2 Mobile Networks: Access Layer 28
2.3 Mobile Networks: Aggregation layer 29
2.4 Network Example: Tree 30
2.5 Network Example: Hybrid Backhauling 32
2.6 Network Example: Ring 33

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1 Introduction to the Equipment

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1.1 The FlexiHybrid radio

The NSN "FlexiHybrid" (FHy) is a point to point microwave radio providing high
capacity transmission, flexibility, a lot of features and convenience for wireless digital
communications networks.
It represents a new microwave architecture that is designed to address universal
applications for PDH SDH and Ethernet platforms. This advanced technology
platform is designed to provide the flexibility to customers for their current and future
network needs. The FHy is based upon a common platform to support a wide range
of network interfaces and configurations. It supports:
links up to 63xE1,
2x10/100BaseTX Ethernet,
4x10/100/1000 Base-TX Ethernet,
1x1000 Base SX/LX
1xSTM-1.
The FHy is spectrum and data rate scalable, enabling service providers or
organizations to trade-off system gain with spectral efficiency and channel availability
for optimal network connectivity.
The FHy enables network operators (mobile and private), government and access
service provides to offer a portfolio of secure, scalable wireless applications for data,
video, and Voice over IP (VoIP).
A microwave terminal is composed of an Indoor Unit (IDU) and one or two Outdoor
Units (ODU) as reported in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
Three types of ODU are available: HC AP/CC, HC AP/CC F and HC AP.
Type HC AP/CC is available within the 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23 and 26 GHz
bands for AP channeling and implements RF waveguide-connections towards the
antenna, and cable-connections (IF) towards the IDU. The mechanical
compatibility is with the SRAL XD antennas.
Type HC AP/CC F is available within the 15, 18 and 23 GHz bands for AP
channeling and implements RF waveguide-connections towards the antenna, and
cable connections (IF) towards the IDU. The mechanical compatibility is with the
FlexiHopper antennas.
Type HC AP is available within the 32 and 38 GHz bands for AP channeling and
implements waveguide-connections (RF) towards the antenna and cable-
connections (IF) towards the IDU.
The IDU has been designed to be frequency independent, and the ODU has been
designed to be capacity independent. The FHy allows selection for multiple capacity
options, modulation types, frequency channels and transmit output power levels to
accommodate and adhere to worldwide regulatory and spectral efficiency
requirements.
The ODU, mounted outdoor, can support frequency bands from 6 to 38 GHz and can
be directly connected to the rear of antenna by means of four retaining latches
without using any waveguide. .

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The following system configurations are available:

1+0 unprotected terminal,
1+1 Hot Stand-by protected terminal
1+1 Frequency Diversity protected terminal
Add-Drop/ Repeater
Ring
The FHy includes integrated Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and
Provisioning (OAM&P) functionality and design features enabling simple
commissioning when the radio network is initially set up in field at the customers
premises. Furthermore, a highlight of FHy is scalability and the capability to support
a ring -type architecture.

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This ring or consecutive point radio architecture is self-healing in the event of an

outage in the link and automatically re-routes data traffic, thereby ensuring that
service to the end user is not interrupted.
Figures Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the Microwave Split Mount Architecture.

Fig. 1 Example of FlexiHybrid system composition: 1+0 integrated antenna.

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Fig. 2 Example of FlexiHybrid system composition: 1+1 integrated antenna

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1.2 Ethernet and PDH Common Platform

Availability of Fast and Giga Ethernet ports, as well as full QoS support and
throughput up to 311 Mbps make FlexiHybrid the best choice for Ethernet backbone
built with microwave radios.

Native Ethernet + TDM

Ethernet E1s

Ethernet PDH
Radio

:
XC
:
: X

Fig. 3 Ethernet and PDH common platform

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(GigE Master IO Unit)

LAN 1
LAN 2 Max
LAN 3 Ethernet
capacity:
LAN 4 311Mb/s
LAN 5

ODU HC
5 x Eth Port: QoS: 4
AP/CC
4x10/100/1000BaseT Priority
1xGbE (SFP) queues

Up to two
radio
Flow control direction in
one IDU
Embedded Switch (with
VLAN tagging and Rapid
Spanning Tree)

Fig. 4 Ethernet Gigabit Interface

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1.3 SDH Mux-Demux capability

The Mux-Demux option gives the following features:
it provides for a STM-1 Terminal Mux/Demux capability
It can Mux/Demux up to 63 x E1 from an STM-1 signal
Performance monitoring via WebGUI
Only the front-panel STM-1 signal may be routed to the STM-1 Mux/Demux

Modem Modem
East West

IDU

Cross-point Switch

STM-1Mux-Demux

Optional IO
IO unit Mini IO unit

Up to 16 E1 STM-1 Up to 16 E1
Up to 21 E1

21 x E1 Optional Input /Output unit is not available with SVR 1.1.

Fig. 5 SDH Mux-Demux Capability

WARNING
The 42xE1 I/O unit associated with the 21xE1 Expansion Optional Unit gives
the possibility to manage up to 63xE1; however this configuration can't
support the STM Mini I/O card

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1.4 RF Operating Bands

Complete Coverage of RF Spectrum
5 levels modulation, 7-14-28-56 MHz channel bandwidth

RF Band (GHz)

6 7 8 10 11 13 15 18 23 26 28 38

* *
32 QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM

56 MHz

4QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64 QAM 128QAM

28 MHz

4QAM, 16QAM, 32 QAM

14 MHz

4QAM, 16QAM

7 MHz

Fig. 6 RF Operating Bands

WARNING
Only 14 and28 MHz channels are supported by SVR 1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4
7 MHz is supported by SVR 2.1/2.2/3.0

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6U/6L GHz ODU 7, 8, 11 GHz ODU

BW(Mhz) 7 14 28 56 BW(Mhz) 7 14 28 56

MOD (qam) MOD (qam)

256 256

128 6U/6L 128 7,8,11

64 6U/6L 64

32 -/6L 32

16 -/6L 16

4 -/6L 4

New feature release item

13, 26, 28, 32, 38 GHz 15, 18, 23 ODU

BW(Mhz) 7 14 28 56 BW(Mhz) 7 14 28 56

MOD (qam) MOD (qam)

256 256

128 13/26/32/38 128 15/18/23

64 13/26/32/38 64 15/18/23

32 13/26/32/38 13/26/32/38 32 15/18/23 15/18/23

16 13/26/32/38 13/26/32/38 16 15/18/23 15/18/23 15/18/23

4 13/26/32/38 13/26/32/38 4 15/18/23 15/18/23 15/18/23

Fig. 7 SVR3.0: Bands, Modulations, Channel bandwidths

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1.5 Capacity Bandwidth and Modulation (SVR 3.0)

The following tables show capacities, Bandwidth and modulations actually supported.

Channel Ethernet Data

E1 number Modulation STM-1
Bandwidth ( Mbps)
0E1 7 MHz QPSK 8 0
0E1 7MHz 16QAM 17 0
0E1 14 MHz QPSK 17 0
0E1 14MHz 16QAM 36 0
0E1 14MHz 32QAM 47 0
0E1 28MHz QPSK 35 0
0E1 28 MHz 16QAM 74 0
0E1 28 MHz 32QAM 95 0
0E1 28 MHz 128QAM 0 1
0E1 28 MHz 128QAM 55 + 100 0
0E1 28 MHz 128QAM 78 + 77 0

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Channel Ethernet Data (

E1 number Modulation
Bandwidth Mbps)
2E1 7MHZ QPSK 4
2E1 7MHZ 16QAM 13
2E1 14 MHz QPSK 13
2E1 14MHz 16QAM 32
2E1 14MHz 32QAM 42
2E1 28 MHz QPSK 30
2E1 28 MHz 16QAM 70
2E1 28 MHz 32QAM 90
2E1 28 MHz 128QAM 144

4E1 7 MHZ QPSK 0

4E1 7 MHZ 16QAM 9
4E1 14 MHz QPSK 9
4E1 14 MHz 16QAM 28
4E1 14 MHz 32QAM 38
4E1 28 MHz QPSK 26
4E1 28 MHz 16QAM 66
4E1 28 MHz 32QAM 86
4E1 28 MHz 128QAM 136

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E1 number Channel Modulation Ethernet Data (

Bandwidth Mbps)
8E1 7 MHz 16QAM 0
8E1 14 MHz QPSK 0
8E1 14MHz 16QAM 20
8E1 14MHz 32QAM 30
8E1 28MH QPSK 18
8E1 28MHz 16QAM 57
8E1 28MHz 32QAM 78
8E1 28MHz 128QAM 128

Channel Ethernet Data

E1 number Modulation
Bandwidth ( Mbps)
16E1 14 MHz 16QAM 3
16E1 14 MHz 32QAM 14
16E1 28 MHz QPSK 2
16E1 28 MHz 16QAM 41
16E1 28 MHz 32QAM 61
16E1 28 MHz 64QAM 86
16E1 28 MHz 128QAM 112

Channel Ethernet Data

E1 number Modulation
Bandwidth ( Mbps)
18E1 14 MHz 16QAM 0
18E1 14 MHz 32QAM 10
18E1 28 MHz QPSK 0
18E1 28 MHz 16QAM 37
18E1 28 MHz 32QAM 57
18E1 28 MHz 64QAM 82
18E1 28 MHz 128QAM 112

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Channel Ethernet Data

E1 number Modulation
Bandwidth ( Mbps)
32E1 28 MHz 16QAM 8
32E1 28 MHz 32QAM 29
32E1 28 MHz 128QAM 88

42E1 28 MHz 32QAM 8

42E1 28 MHz 128QAM 68

63E1 28 MHz 128QAM 26

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1.6 Main Technical Data

Main technical data are reported in Fig. 8.

Technical Data

Fig. 8 Main Technical Data

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1.7 Adaptive Power Control

FlexiHybrid implements an Adaptive Power Control (APC) architecture where the
receiving Radio continuously measures link metrics (RSL and SNR) and determines
if the link partners transmit power needs to be adjusted to maintain link performance.

The Adaptive Power Control algorithm lowers the Tx Power to between the 1E-6 and
1E-12 BER level. If SNR or signal-level decreases, the Tx Power is increased to
maintain the 1E-6 BER.

The receiving Station, measures the RSL and SNR once per second, and transmits a
power adjustment request to the remote transmitting Station. Once per second TX
side processes the adjustment power requests and increases or decreases transmit
power as requested. If the transmit power is at the limit, an alarm is generated.

The transmit power may be changed in user configurable increments of 1dB to 8dB.

The FlexiHybrid Adaptive Power Control capability is to reduce interference in

densely deployed networks.

1.8 ACM (Adaptive Coding / Modulation)

FlexiHybrid Adaptive Coding / Modulation capability (or "ACM", in the following)
provides for automatic changes of the link capacity in response to link performance.
This capability will help ensure a link is maintained, at reduced capacity, during
degraded link performance due to weather or other anomalous conditions; on the
other hand, at link improvement ACM may allow carrying extra capacity for lower
priority traffic FlexiHybrid ACM foresees the configuration of three levels, each
associated to one different mode, which specifies the pattern of modulation, channel
spacing and payload mix; of course, the modes selected for the three levels must be
the same channel spacing.
Level1 is always associated to the highest capacity (i.e. highest modulation) mode,
Level2 to the intermediate-capacity mode, and Level3 to the lowest-capacity mode.
After ACM is enabled, it starts at Level1. If the link performance falls below the
operating threshold configured for Level1, ACM automatically switches to Level2.
If the link performance further degrades below the operating threshold configured for
Level2, then ACM automatically switches to Level3.
The user will always have to set three levels. If the user wishes to make the ACM
work with two levels only, the user must set Level2 and Level3 with the same mode.
This allows enabling ACM in RF bands and channel spacing combinations where
only two modulations are supported; for example, the 7 MHz channel spacing (in 15,
18 and 23GHz RF bands in SVR 2.1) supports only QPSK and 16 QAM.
Both directions of the link always work at the same ACM level, so each ACM switch

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involves in the same way both directions of the link.

In order to allow automatic reversion from Level3 to Level2 or from Level2 to Level1
when link performances improve, the "Revertive switching" mode must be enabled.
Otherwise, if revertive switching is disabled, any switch to higher-capacity levels must
be done manually by the user, because in this case only switches to lower-capacity
levels are automatic.
If the revertive switching is enabled, ACM will automatically switch either upwards or
downwards among the three levels to ensure the highest capacity for current link
conditions.
At link capacity variation, traffic is prioritized according to the traffic type.

E1 Traffic Prioritization:
If Level2 or Level3 has fewer E1 channels than Level1, higher numbered channels
will be dropped first.
For example:
Level1 supports a 16E1-mode: E1 channels 1 through 16 will be transmitted;
Level2 supports a 8E1-mode: E1 channels 1 through 8 will be transmitted, while in
this case E1 channels 9 through 16 will be dropped;
Level3 supports a 4E1-mode: E1 channels 1 through 4 will be transmitted, while in
this case E1 channels 5 through 16 will be dropped.
It is worth nothing here that number of E1 channels should be in descending order
while going from Level1 to Level3 [#E1 Level 1 > #E2 Level 2 > #E1 Level 3].

Ethernet Traffic Prioritization:

Ethernet traffic is prioritized by means of QoS. Therefore higher priority Ethernet
traffic will be assigned the highest priority when Ethernet capacity is reduced after an
ACM switch (e.g. from Level2 to Level3), while lower-priority packets will be more
likely dropped.
Changes between levels are not hitless, but will cause temporary traffic loss.
ACM is designed so that at 2 dB/s fading speed the maximum traffic loss will be
100 ms for both cases of ACM switches to lower or upper levels. Occasional traffic
loss events of some second duration may be allowed.
This 100 msec value is achieved as a sum of (1) 'worst-case' latency of ACM
switch between two sides of the link (2) 'worst-case' re-configuration time and (3)
'typical' acquisition time for the modem. Under worst-case modem acquisition
scenarios, this may go higher.
Link quality is monitored through the CER and RM parameters.
CER. is the Channel Error Rate in the Viterbi decoder, it corresponds to the
rate of mismatches between hard decisions and decoded decisions (It
corresponds to the "uncoded" BER, not to the BER at the user interface). It is
periodically monitored, and when it rises above a configured threshold, it triggers
an ACM switch to the next lower modulation ("down-1-level switch" in the
following).

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RM (Revertive Margin). CER is used for down-1-level switches. It cannot be used

also for switches to the next higher modulation ("up-1-level switch", in the
following) since the estimated CER is often 0 when link is good.
Therefore, if "Revertive Switching" is enabled, to allow up-1-level-switching, the
"Alpha Flunk" rate (or AF) in the Viterbi decoder is internally considered.
The user can set the desired hysteresis margin to control the revertive switches.

Three capacity levels are provided by FlexiHybrid:

Level 1: Maximum capacity available
Level 2: Capacity is reduced when link performance
falls below specified operating thresholds
Level 3: Capacity is further reduced when link
performance falls below specified operating
thresholds

Radio link engineering will Level 1

determine the availability of a

reference capacity level. The target Level 2
availability is calculated using the
Level 3
parameters of the reference
capacity (mainly the threshold).

Fig. 9 Adaptive Modulation

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Equipment Overview

TDM traffic Level 1

A defined number of E1 can be

n1
assigned to each Capacity level (the Level 2

n2
E1 capacity should be lower or equal

n3
Level 3
than the max capacity of the level)

Ethernet traffic
Level 1
A defined Ethernet Capacity can be
assigned to each level (the ethernet

c1
Level 2
capacity should be lower or equal

c2
than the max capacity of the level)

c3
Level 3
n3

Fig. 10

The switching criteria is based on two parameters:

1. CER (Channel Error Rate)
2. AF (Alpha Flunk) Estimation of symbol over noise - energy ratio.
Both parameters are dependant from the received signal level and
modulation type

Rx Level

128 QAM

64 QAM

32 QAM

16 QAM

QPSK

Capacity

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Fig. 11

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 Equipment Overview

1.8.1 Scope of ACM Applicability

1.8.1.1 Supported Modules
From SVR 2.1 ACM is supported by both the Controller and Controller2 Modules, and
by all the Master IO Modules supported in SVR3.0.

1.8.1.2 Supported RF Bands

From SVR 2.1 ACM is supported for the 15, 18 and 23GHz, and within these RF
bands, for all supported combinations of channel spacing and modulation, i.e.:
7 MHz with QPSK and 16 QAM;
14 MHz with QPSK, 16 QAM and 32 QAM;
28 MHz with QPSK, 16 QAM, 32 QAM, 64 QAM and 128 QAM.

1.8.1.3 Supported Modes

All modes with the same bandwidth can be used to configure the ACM levels with the
following constraints:
two modes with the same bandwidth and modulation but with different payload mix
cannot be used as different ACM levels; in other words, different ACM levels
require modes with different modulations;
as the AF indicator does not allow revertive switching from QPSK to 64 QAM or
from QPSK to 128 QAM, then QPSK and 64 QAM, or QPSK and 128 QAM will not
be allowed as adjacent ACM levels;
Level1, Level2, and Level3 must be associated to the highest, intermediate, and
lowest modulation, respectively; moreover the number of E1 channels should be in
descending order while going from Level1 to Level3 [#E1 Level 1 > #E2 Level 2 >
#E1 Level 3];
modes with STM-1 payload transport (i.e. mode #139 from SVR 2.1) cannot be
configured for ACM configuration;
modes with Ethernet "Plus" mode (i.e. modes #140 and #141 from SVR 2.1)
cannot be configured for ACM configuration;
the possible modes combinations released in SVR 3.0 are listed in Fig. 12

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Equipment Overview

Fig. 12 Released configurations for ACM in SVR 2.1

1) 16QAM at Level 3 is also allowed, QPSK has been certified because of is the
worst condition.
2) The value medium or High in this case are critical because they can cause the
system to not return to the higher level.

WARNING
In East/East configuration the following limitations are present:
when the ACM is switching it can happen that the changes in Ethernet
payload throughput in the two directions (from one NE to the other) are not
simultaneous (one direction can show some delay in reaching the final
Ethernet rate with respect to the other);
occasionally the Ethernet payload can be lost for about 30s;
ACM switch in one radio affects also the payload in the other radio;
when the Mux/Demux option is present the ACM switch causes the
activation of STM1 alarms.

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 Equipment Overview

1.8.2 ACM Configuration Parameters

The User can enable or disable ACM and to enable or disable the revertive switching
when ACM has been enabled.
CER and RM thresholds for down- and up-1-level switching are not configurable by
the user (they are fixed). The CER threshold (for down-1-level switches) is selected
according to the following strategy: It provides the minimum distance from the
BER=10-6 (at the user interface) that guarantees the ACM maximum switch time (i.e.
that prevents the modem unlocking) with the declared fading speed.
This strategy aims at:
avoiding the long switching times (typically than 2 seconds) that occur when a
receiver unlocks;
employing a higher mode as long as possible before switching to a lower one. In
fact, if ACM is disabled, a mode will be working until it reaches its BER=10-6
threshold; therefore, if ACM is enabled, that same mode should be used until its
BER is as close as possible to its 10-6 threshold.
According to this strategy, from SVR 2.1 the proper CER threshold is fixed to 10-6.
The revertive margin for the up-1-level switches guarantees a proper hysteresis for
the revertive switching. Hysteresis margin reduces the chance of frequent changes
between modulations; furthermore it prevents unstable conditions of the ACM loop,
when ACM could be indefinitely bouncing between two levels even if link conditions
are stable (e.g. after some fading activity).
The revertive margin is selected according to the following strategy:
providing the lowest hysteresis margin that prevents ACM levels bouncing. This is
aimed at raising the probability of an up-1-level switch, i.e. of higher throughput,
when the link conditions improve.
The quality parameter AF used in SVR2.1 for the up-1-level switching does
not make it possible to properly control the revertive margin within a
specified range (e.g. 3 dB 1dB) for all the RF bands.
Furthermore, for each ACM level the following parameters can be configured by
the user:
ACM Switch Delay. This delay is configurable in the range 12 seconds with a
granularity of second. This parameter contains a delay value that describes the
time between 2 samples for CER polling: it is necessary that two CER samples,
one "ACM Delay Switch" seconds after the other, cross the CER threshold before
the down-1-level switch procedure is initiated. Of course, ACM Delay Switch is not
a configuration parameter of Level3.
Revertive Switch Delay. This value is configurable only if revertive switching has
been enabled, in the range 12 seconds with a granularity of second. This delay
refers to the time between consecutive polling actions of the AF threshold: it is
necessary that two AF samples, one "Revertive Delay Switch" seconds after the
other, cross the AF threshold before the up-1-level switch procedure is initiated. Of
course, Revertive Delay Switch is not a configuration parameter of Level1.

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Equipment Overview

2 FlexiHybrid Applications

2.1 FlexiHybrid Network Positioning

Fig. 13 shows the FlexiHybrid Network Positioning:
first aggregation
aggregation

Tail
1st Mile
1st Aggregation

Aggregation

Backbone

Internet

First Aggregation
Aggregation

Fig. 13 FlexiHybrid Network Positioning

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 Equipment Overview

2.2 Mobile Networks: Access Layer

FlexiHybrid can also be used inside the Access Layer as reported in Fig. 14

Fig. 14 FlexiHybrid inside the Access Layer

Up to 311 Mbps Ethernet throughput

Hybrid backhauling
Ring protection for data and TDM traffic

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2.3 Mobile Networks: Aggregation layer

FlexiHybrid inside the Aggregation Layer is reported in Fig. 15

End Site
Nx
E1
+E
th
End Site

MxE1+Eth KxE1+Eth

End Site

Regional
Fiber/MW SDH ring
STM-4/16
End Site
N
xE

MW SDH ring
1+
Et

MxE1+Eth
h

End Site 1,2 x STM-1

NodeB
NxSTM-1+Eth
End Site

Fig. 15 FlexiHybrid inside the Aggregation Layer

E1, Ethernet Mixed Traffic Interfaces

Hybrid backhauling

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 Equipment Overview

2.4 Network Example: Tree

Tree Network Example are reported in Fig. 16 and Fig. 17

Support of high PDH capacity (up to 63 E1)

in the Root link
30xE1

16xE1 62xE1 SDH

16xE1

62xE1
30xE1 FlexiHybrid

FlexiHybrid STM-1
16xE1 32xE1

FlexiHybrid
Two directions in the same IDU
16xE1 2x(1+0)
(Add/drop functionality)

Fig. 16 Tree Network Example (1)

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16xE1
Link protection

32xE1 4xE1
local
16xE1 SDH
16xE1
Unprotected MW link 52xE1

Protected MW link

32xE1 4xE1

STM-1
(32xE1) FlexiHybrid 1+1
FlexiHybrid 1+1 52xE1

STM-1
FlexiHybrid 1+1
16xE1 16xE1

FlexiHybrid 1+0

STM-1 channelized interface to reduce

cabling and interconnections

Fig. 17 Tree Network Example (2)

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 Equipment Overview

2.5 Network Example: Hybrid Backhauling

Hybrid Backhauling example is shown in Fig. 18.

FlexiHybrid (2+0)
STM1(8xE1)
4xE1 + 20Mbps FlexiHybrid (1+1)
GE
12xE1 + 60 Mbps
4xE1 + 20Mbps 4xE1 + 20Mbps
IDUs are connected in order to
act as a HUB

12xE1 + 60Mbps FlexiHybrid (1+1)

GE 12xE1
GE 140Mbps
12xE1 + 60Mbps
STM-1 (28xE1)
4xE1 + 20Mbps

Tail Site Unprotected MW link

Flexi BTS
Hub Site Protected MW link
Fiber/Aggregation Hub Site Node B

Fig. 18 Network Example: Hybrid Backhauling

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Equipment Overview

2.6 Network Example: Ring

FlexiHybrid in Ring configuration is shown in Fig. 19 and Fig. 20.

Ring node with one IDU

FlexiHybrid w/o external equipment (ADM,Switch)

PDH ring protection

Ethernet ring protection (Rapid
Eth Spanning tree)
16/32/42/63 E1

Flexibility: wide range of configuration

and number of access interfaces

Fig. 19 Ring Configuration (1)

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 Equipment Overview

Fig. 20 Ring Configuration (2)

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