Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SI]BOIIDINAf'T, CLAIJStr,
SYNTAX
BY
M. A. I-EIPER
PROITESSORO I'- LA'I'I N, \V.tls lLIt N Ii Flr"TlICK!
it
il
AMtrRICAN I]OOK COMPANY
A
PREFACE
TnB following pages are intended not so much for the
teacher as for the second-year High School student, and
as a handy reference later' The teacher may' however,
find here much help in deciding what not to teach as well
as what to teach in matters connected rvith subordinate
clause syntax. To this end the number of oicurrences of
all clausls and their subdivisions in both the four books of
Cownrcxr, r9t3, w Caesar and the six orations of Cicero are given' Vergil
M. A, LEIPER. is not taken into consideration here because the student in
the fourth year is supposed to have mastered these prin-
Corvnrcut, r9r3, rx Gnnar Bnrrrrt.
ciples of syntax well enough to devote the greater portion
of hi, tirn" to other important matters' The figures given
are the result of a careful reading of the portion of the
LATIN SUB. CLAUSE SYNTAX.
w'P. I
authors indicated above, corrected and established by ref-
erence to Meusel's Lexicon to caesar ancl Merguet's Lexi-
con to Cicero.
Illustrative sentences are given from Caesar's Bellurt
Gallicuno, usually the first occurrence in the four books'
i WhenaclausedoesnotoccurinCaesar,theillustrationis
i taken from the six orations of Cicero' References to all
of the leading Latin grammars are given so that the stu-
dent may p.ritu" his investigation further at any point'
Thus these pages are not intended to supplant but to sup-
plement the use of the grammars. It has been the expe-
ii"n." of the writer, however, that students, with the use
of this book and the beginners' text, do not need the gram-
mar before the third or fourth month of the second year'
M. A. LEIPER.
Bowr-rNG GnPnN, I(Y.
3
CONTENTS
PAGE INTRODUCTION
Causal Relative Clause z8
Concessive Relative Clause ^a
Ir has been said that teachersof Latin are the greatest
Result Relative Clause . z8
barriers to a proper appreciationt on
the part of students
and importance
and the public in general, of the benefits
CHAPTER IV is in large measure' to
Coxolrroxr- SoxrNces
.i ,f't" study of Latin' This due'
ifr"-i."qo"* lack of systematic and scientific presentation
In Direct Discourse 3o language' When such a failure
of ,ir" tlchnicalities of the
i
) The object of verbs of Willing, Desiring, Allowing, NorB z.-When the thought of some other persrin than the writer
etc., such as vol, nl, ml, cupiO, stude, patior, sin :. ut or speaker is expressed in a subordinate clause, other than the Indirect
per sus fins eOs ire paterentar, that tlzey s/tould allow Discourse clause, the Subjunctive is required. This is called Informal,
or Implied Indirect Discourse: frmentum quocl essent polliciti flegi-
tleerc to go lhrough t/eir orders, I, 6, t3, tre, lte kept tlemanding grain zahich (as he said) tltey had lromised,
Caesar: 33 times. With volo, rr times; patior, 8, etc. I, 16, r. See (( Conditions in Informal Indirect Discourse," p' 38'
. Cicero: 39 times. With volo, e8 times ; patior, 8; cupi, 3.
2. Fact. quod, thot, lan e/J/ lhat, tlze fact t/at'
Clause of
c) The object of verbs of Commanding, Forbidding, etc", Mood, Indicative. H. 588, II, 3 (54o, IV); A' 572 G33
such as iubeO, vetO, prohibeO, imperO : trium mnsium and n.); G. 524-25; B.2gg; }JB. 552. 6r times in Cae-
molita cibria quemque dom0 efferre iubent, t/tey ordered sar; 14 in Cicero. It maY be-
t/at eac/a nan s/ot/t/ take zutl lziw from /torne prouisiorzs a) In apposition with a demonstrative pronoun, as hoc'
for t/zree mont/zs, I, 5, 8. id, illutl; or with a noun, as causa' rs : cum certissimae
rs accalerent, quod llelvti6s trtlxisset (Subjunctive by
Caesar: 67 times. With iube, 57 times; prohibe, 4, etc.
Cicero: twice with iubeO (I Cat. r3; IV Cat. 7). attraction), quod, etc., sittce t/e tnosl c/car/1 lroaen facts
zpere atlled (nantety) t/at /e lead tl'te 'fIelaetans, t/zat, etc',
a) The Infinitive with Subject Accusative occurs as ir
I, t9, t.
subject of sum, of inrpersonal verbs, such as oportet, cn- Caesar: 38 times. With causa, 14 times; rst ro; iniriar 5r etc'
stat, and of passive verbs: na pars quam Ga110s obtinre Cicero: i4 ti-es. With hic,8; ille,4; with a nounr 3; object of
dictum est, one lart zultich it zaas said tle Gauls possess, verb, I (Man. 5, 16).
I, I, I6, ) The subj'ect of impersonal verbs, such as accal, acci-
Caesar; 6I dit, bene fit: acctlbat quod dolbant, it zuas added t/tat l/tey
with sum, r8. ': i'"''
grieued, TII, z, t5. '':
Cicero: 37 times. With passive verbs, r4 times ; with impersonals,
l4; subject of sum, g. Caesar: 3 times.
Cicero: once (II Cat. 16).
, a) The Infinitive with Subject Accusative is found lz c) Equivalent to a substantive in the Accusative, akin to
times in Caesar and r3 times in Cicero in apposition (epex- the Adverbial Accusative: quod impr6vis num pagum
egetical relation) with a substantive. H. 6t6, z (yg,II);
atlortus esset (erat), n suae magnopere virtti tribuetet, as
Hts. 597, r, b. cum ial nntitum esset, eOs iter facere lo tle fact tlzat le lad attacked one distt'ict unerlectedl1t,
cnari, ulten t/is ltod been annoztnced, uarnely tltat t/zey lt hina not attribute too muc/ to lis aalor, T, 13, t2'
uere atteirxptng to make a 'Laa!, I, Z, r.
adortus est is attracted into the Subjunctive because it is
Norr l.-AI1 subordinate clauses, when not used parenthetically, in Indirect Discourse.
take the Subjunctive by attraction when inside of, or subordinate to, rr times.
Caesar:
this clause. See r(Attraction of Mood," p. 43.
Cicero: once (lI Cat. z7r6).
f2 LAT]N SUI]ORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX NOUN CLAUSES T3
Nor:.
- I'rorn this clause the qnod-causai
cluse has developed. It II, 3(52g, II, I, n. r); e. 576,a(SZ+\; G. 46o, t, b;
is itself only I modification of the Relative Clausc. l-I. 588, II,4; A. I). 3oo, 3 ; HB. l8z, z, a, b : sI perrumpere possent cnti,
539; C. 5"4, n. r) 2, j. attemlting lo see w/etlzer t/tey tnigltt ltrea t/aroug/t, I, 8, r5.
3. Indirect Question. Introduced by an interrogative Cacsar: -z tirnrs 11. S l Il. 9).
pronoun; adjective, as quot, quantus ; or adverb, as und.e, Cicero: no occurrences.
ubi, ut (how); or particle, as num, -ne; in fact, by any 4. Purpose, or Desire (Final). ut (uti), l/zat, n order
word that may introduce a Direct Question. Mood, Sub- l/.tt; negative, n, /east, itt order t/at not. Mood, Sub-
junctive. H. 6+g-5r (528, 2; S2g, I); A. SZ3-25 kS}; junctive. H. S6+ (+98-gg); A. S6S-66 (33I); G. 5+6-5o;
G. 46o-467; I3. 3oo; Hil. So3, S3Z: quI videant qus in B. z9S; HB. 5o2, 3, 4. ut is sometimes omitted. See
parts hosts iter faciant, zu/to see itto zaltat places t/te Note nnder Introductory Statements, P. 8. 2Io times
clenxJ/ are ruahng d wd!,l, rS, 4.
in Caesar (r4z with ut, 68 with '); 52 in Cicero (39 with
Caesar: r2o tiles. With quantus, r r times; quotins, once (I, 43) ;
t, l3 with n). There are many sribdi'r'isions of this
all others rvith the interrogative pronoun. clause. For cottveitience they may be briefly, but not
Cicero:97 times. With quantus, 8; quam (adv.),4; qulis, z; conclusivelyr put as follows:
ubi,once (I Cat. I); cr, once (Arch. rz); ut, once (Man. 16) ; -ne,2. a) After verbs of Persuading, Comrnanding, Admonish-
a) Double Indirect Question. utrum . . d, necne; ing, Urging, etc. : civittl persusit ut d finibus suis
exirent, Le persuadt'd t/e stae o go ott't frtnt l/teir ltortlers,
-ne . '. an; an. H. 38o (S:); A. :S (zr r); G.
-
460, 2; 13. t6z, 4; I{ts. 234, a, b: is sortibus cnsultum
I, 2, 4'
(esse) tlicCbat utrum igni statim necartur an in aliud Caesar: 6l tirnes. Witli persucle, tr; imper6, I4; hortor, I3;
tempus reservrtur, he said t/at tle lots /ad leen con- cohortor, ro; 616, 9; moned, 6.
Cicero: 20 times.
sulted as to zalet/et, le slould e imnediately bunted or
saued for anot/ter tinze , I, 53, 23. ) Afterverbs of Flindering; n accideret praecavendum
Caesar: utrum. . .ant3 times (I,4o; I,5o; I,53); -ne. .an,
existimbat, /te l/toug/tt it slou/d lte lreaented t/tzt it s/otld
once (IV, r4). ruot /cappen, I, 38, 5.
Cicero: utrum. . .an)2 (IVCat. rziMan.14);-. . .anronce Caesar: Io times.
(II Cat. t3).
c) After verbs of Fearing : n Divicici animum offen-
b) After verbs of
Expectation and Endeavor, as exspect, deret verbtnr, he feared tl(tt le migltt ofenr| the feelirugs
cnor, an Indirect Question clause may be introduced by of Diaiciacus, I, 19, r2.
si. This is to be taken as the object of some such thought Cacsar: 17 times (t6 r,vith n, I with ut). With vereor, lo ; time,
as " to see " understood. It is in reality the protasis of a I; metu, r.
Condition, but usually no apodosis is thought of. H. 649, Cicero: 6 times (5 rvith ne, I rvith ut). With vereor, 5; timeor r.
r4 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX NOUN CLAI.]StrS r5
d) After verbs of Striving: petirunt uti sibi licret, certainty; particularly tlubitO and un est dubium : nn
t/tey soug/lt that be alkweI /tent, I, 3r, 3.
it esse dubium quin Helvtii plrimum possent' tlat t/ere
Caesar: 15 times. With peto, r4; contencld, I (I,3r). z(.)as ?zo doubt bttt lltat the ffelz,etiatts zuere t/e most lto'aer"'
Cicero: 8 times. 1tu|,I, 3, t8.
Nors.-The clause of Purpose is occasionaliy found in apposition
Caesar: 8 times. With ctubit' 5 ; nn est clubium, once; verbs of
with a substantive, especially in Cicero. quaes ut veniam ut
Preventing, twice.
. patimini, Arch. 3, 8. It is also found as the subject of a tran- Cicero: 4 times (3 with tlubit' r with non tlubium est), all in the
sitive verb in the passive voice. nA nn cnfici possit, prdviclen-
Manilian I aw Oration.
dum est, lV Cat. 19, B.
e) E4cregetical. This clause is found / times in Caesar
5. Result (Consecutive). ut, so that; negative, ut n0n,
s0 tlat uot; qvin, but t/tat, frotn. Mood, Subjunctive. and 5 times in Cicero in apposition with a substantive:
H. SZo (5or-oz); A. 56Z,Zt (SSz); G. SSS-S6 ; It. 2gZ; Helvti itl facere conantur, ut finibus srTs exearrt, t/e
IJelztetians atteuapted lo do llat (which they had decided
IlB. 5zt, 3. 33 times in Caesar; 46 in Cicero. For con-
upon), udlne /J/, lltat tltey slould leaae tler lerritory, I, 5, 2.
venience this clause may be classified as follows:
a) Subject of impersonal verbs, as fit, fore, accidit, feri NorB l.-This clause is found five tirnes in the first oration against
potest: fibat ut minus lt vagrenttt, it catne a(tozt that Catiline as an exclamatory clause (l Cat. zz, r; ib. zz, z; ib. zz, zi
ib. zz,3; ib.24,7).
tlzey zaandere d abottt less zuidely, l, 2, t3. Norn z.-With the Result clause ut is usually omitted with licett
Caesar: 9 times with accitlit i fit, 7 j futurum est, 4; fore, z, etc. necesse est, and always with oportet. licet (ut) intelligtis, II Cat.41 6.
Cicero: 12 times.
2. Temporal.
a) cum, zuheru (Contemporaneous Time). H. 6oo-oI
CHAPTER II (Sz); A. 5+S-+8 (Szil; G. 58o; B. z8g; HIl. 524, 55o'
r. Referring to Present or F-uture Time. NIoocl, Indic-
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ative: cum GerfiIAnis contenclunt, cum suis flnibus pro-
L. Causal. lribent, t/tcy fg/tt ztitl lhe Gcnatts at ru/ic/ titwe theT eep
rt) utm, as, since (Inference). Mood, Subjr"rnctive. t/tcnzfroru t/cir or/rs, I, r, 12.
H.Sg8-gg (StZ); A.5+g (Sz6'); G.586; ts.286, z; HB. Caesar: 3 rvith Present; none lvitl-r Future"
526'. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praest-arcnt, tltat Cicero: 7 rvith Present; 5 rvith Future.
il zaas easy sittce t/rc1' 5lTVotted a// in aalor' T,2, 5'
Caesar: 47 tirncs' Sotne zt of tliese have lloth titne anci ceuse 2. Referring to Past Time. Moocl, Indicative (Imper-
involved. fect, Perfect, or Pluperfect) whcn it dates or defines the
Cicero : 43 tir-nes, tlany of rt'irich have the coloring of time' time, Subjunctive (usually Imperfect or Pluperfect) rvhen
it clescribes the circumstances at thc time of the act :
) quod, quia, quoniam, quand (Real Cause).
Caesari cum id nntiturn esset mtrat ab urbe, wlen' tlis
r. quod, it t/tat; quia, becattse. Moocl, Indicative (on /a/ bceru anotuced to Caesat' le /asteted frottt the city,
writer's authority), Subjunctive (on outside authority). I, 7, r'
H. 5S8(S16); A.5+o 132r); G.539-+r; !ts. 286, r; HB.
Caesar: with Past Ind. 8 times; rvith Subjunclive, tz6'
535,2, a, b; 555: fortissimi Belgae sunt, quoal cultu lon-
Cicero: ivith Prst 7nc1'. z7 times; rvith Subjunctive, 55 (25 Imperf't
gissim absunt, the Bclgiatts are t/e lraztcst ecouse tltey are
z5 Plupf., and 5 Perfects).
farthest frouz ciailizttliott, I, r,6.
Cacsar: quocl, 69 tin'res rvith Inclicative ; 34 rvitl'r the Subjunctive 4 3. Repeateil Action. cm, zuhenei'er. n'Iood, Indica-
of tire subjunctives are clue to attraction. quia s r.rot four.rd irr Caesar. tive or Subjunctive. lI. 6ot, 4; A. 548, 542 Qzz); G'
Cicero: quotl,64 tirnes,48 u'ith the lnclic;rtiveand 16 with the Sub- 583-84; 13. 288, 3 ; HB. 54o. This is really a protasis of
jLrnctive. Ofthe r61 6 arc attractecl into the SLrirjunctive' quia is founcl
a conditional sentence exprcssing a general idea: cum
5 times.
ferrum se inflexisset, neque vellere potefant, zu/et t/e iron
2. quoniam, noza lhat; q:oafrd' sirce. Mood, Indicative latl crl (at any timc), they coltld tol drazu it out, T, 25,8'
only, because the reason is aiways given on tl-re r'vriter's Caesar: zr times.
own authority. A, 54o, a(32t, n. 3); 13. 286, 3: quoniam Sr:mmary of Occurrenccs' Caesar: cm temporal clausest r37;
siln-
itl facere aude, faciam id, ttou t/nt I do uol t{ar to do t/ti'r, ple dating clauses rvith Indicative, Ir; rvith Subjunctive, tz6 (t5 at'
I shall do flmt, I Cat. tz, 4. tracted) ; Cicero: cum temporal clauses, 9z'
Caesar: quoniam,5 tirnes, all of rvhich are attractecl into the Sub- ) dum, ddnec, zultile, until ; quoaal, tty' to the time that;
junctive. quantld is not forrnrl.
quam diur as lottg as. Mood, Indicative, to denote an
Cicero: quoniam, r8 times; quantlo not :rt all.
I8 I-.IYI'IN SUI}ORDINATE CLATJStr SYNTAX ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 19
actualfact; Subjunctive, to clenote anticipation or expect- Caesar: <Ium with Subjunctive, 5 tirnes ; not at all rvith Indicative;
ancy: H. 6o3*o4 (SrS); A. 552*56 (328); G. 568-ZS; quoacl, twice with Subjunctive; dnec, not at all'
B. ,93; Hll. SaZ, S; 559-6o; 57r. In Caesar dum occurs Cicero: no instances.
Nore. The elative titne extension of the principal and subordinate
rz times; quoad, 2; qaam di, once (I, t7). In Cicero verbs in
-
the rbove three types of this clause may be illustrated thus:
dum is founcl 7 tirnes; quoad, 5 ; quam di, 3. There are r . P:rrtial Coexlension.
three distinct types of this clause. time length of subordinate verb reiative to
t. Ptrlial Cortctsiot. Introduced by tlum only, mean- @ = time length of principal verb.
ing dut'ng llc lime tltrtl,zu/tile. Mood, Present Indicative. z. Complete Coextensiotl'
H.6o4, r (462,III,4); A. 556 (328,a); G.SZo; B.2gS,
I; HB. SZr. This is really a Historicai Present and
should be translated by the English Progressive Past : 3, Interrupted Coextension.
Futurity (Subjv.) ; Actual Fact (Ind.).
dum ea conquiruntur, ad Rhnum contendrunt, zu/t'ile tltcse = time length of princip:'rl verb relative to
ze't'z'e being searc/tetlfor, tltey lzasltrt.ed to t/e Rline, I, 27,7.
Caesat: 7 tirr-res.
Cicero: 4 times (II Cat. zo; ib. zo; Man.9; ib. zo). ,, uo,*nouilr*J;1;,,,:-1"::;:;1,',-",
Mood, Indicative, to denote an actual fact; Subjunctive,
2. ConQlete Coerlnsiot. dum, d6nec, quoad, quam tli, to denote an anticipated fact' H. o5 (5zo); A. 55o 5t
dztring tle etztire time tltttt, as long as. Mood, Inclicative, GzD; G. 5f+ 77; 8.2gr,92; HB.5o7, 4; 57r; 55o, b'
same tense as the main verb. H.6o3, I (519, I); A. SSS r. Indicative i nec Prius fugere dstitrunt qusm ad
(328, z); G. 569; B. 293, II; FiB. 55o and b: quan flmen Beruenrunt, nor {irl they crasc ileeing l'tcfore t/te1'
di potuerit (Subjunclive by attraction) tacuisse, t/eat /ze cailI.e to tle riuer, I, 53, 2.
lad eeru silent as lottg os he could, I, t7, t3. Caesar: priusquarn occllrs once (I' SS) ; antequan does not occur'
Caesar: quoacl, once (lV, rz); quam cli, once (I, r7), ante<1uarn occurs once (IV Cat' zo) ; priusquam does not
Cicero: tlum, z; quoacl, 3; quanr di, 3. o.fiil.o:
3. fnfurmtpled Coeretsiota. dum, dnec, quoaal, unlil, tt/ z. Subjunctive: itaque priusquam quicquam cnarEtur,
to the liwe tlat. Mood, Subjunctive (Present or Imper- Divicicum aal s Yocri iutlet, ttttJ so lc orlcred Ditti'
fect) when the action is anticipated ; In<licative (Perfect, ciacus to lta called ttefore hm ltefttre he s/ottld attetnpt aru1t-
rarely Present or Fnture Perfect) when the action is t/tit'tg, I, I9, r I.
viewed as an actual fact. H.6o3, II, t,2 (5t9' II); A. Caesar: priusquamoccurs Io timcs; antequam cloes not occur'
553-54 (328, r, z); G. 57r; R.293, TI, r; III, z; TIB. Cicero: antequam occLrrs oDCe (ltan. 6z) ; priusquam' not at all'
55o and b: dum rnilits convenirent' respontlit diem
smptrunn, lte replied t/tat he woztlrl lale o day (for delib- /) postquarn (postequam), rftcr ; ubi, ut (ut prirnum),
eration) urtil t/e soldiers slould assemble, I, 7, t7. u/ten; simul, simul atque (ac), as s00n as. (Antecedcnt
20 tATiN SUtsORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 2I
Time.) Mood, Indicative, usually Perfect or Historical in Rhodangm ita ut idicri nn possit, t/e Ardr lozus into
Present. H. 6oz (5r8); A. 543 G24); G. 56r-65; B. tfte Rhor.e, so tlat it cantot be judged, I, 12, 2'
287; IJB. SSo, SSZ-58: utri s part6s esse arbitrAti sunt, Caesar: 48 times. With tantus, 16 times; ita, ro; is (= talis)t 7;
oppitla sua ilcendutt, :r1/7 laalt f/toug/tt fltey utere ready, hic, 5 ; eius moch, 4; sic, z (I, 38 ; II, 3z) .; tam, 2 (1, 44i Il, zt) '
t/tcy u,rnet[ tlteir tozans, I, 5, 3. Cicero t 1la, z7 times; tantus' 16; src, ro; tam, 7; eius modi, 3 ; is
(:tlis), 2; usque ed, r (Arch. z5); talis, r (Man' zo); ista, t (I
Caesar: lob, z9 titres; postquam, 5; posteqtramr 2; sirnul atque, Cet. z).
once (IV, z7) ; simul, once (IV, z6).
Cicero : ut, 6 times; postequarn, 3 (all in Man.) ; simul atque, 2
(l Cat. 16; II Cat. rz).
5. Concessive.
,a) cunr, ut (neg. n), licet, a//toug/t, cz'et t/toug/,' quam-
3. Purpose (Final). ut (utl), ru order tltat, tltat ; qa, vis, /tozucae' 'ttttcl. Mood, Sr"rbjunctive' H' 586, II ;
59S (5I5, III); A. 527, a, b (3r3); G. 587,
qudminus (:ut e), r,vhen the clause contains a comparative 6o3-o9; I)'
adjective or adverb; n (negative), lest, in order tlat not. 3og,r,z,3; TII\.525-27,532,582,8: cum ea ita sint,
Mood, Snbjunctive. H. 568 (+gf); A. 53r, t (3r7, t); tamen, a/t/totgh these t/ings are t/ttts, rzevert/tc/ass, f , I4, I8'
G. S+S; ts. z8z; Hts. So2, z: casteTla cornmunit, qu6 See III, g, r6i ut omniacontr oplninem accialerent' tamen'
facilius prohibere posset, /te fortifcd fle .au4arts n orIer Caesar: cum,9 times; ut, once (III,9); quamvist once with under-
tlat le mgltt the tnorc easil1 proh27 (them), T" B, Z. stood predicate (IV, z).
Cicero: cumr 6 times; licet,z (I Cat' 6; II Cat' 4)'
Caesar: ut, zo tirres;n6, Ir i eud: 9; quminus, z (I, 3t ; lV, zz).
Cicero: ut, 3o tin-res; n, 16 1 qn, z.
) Quamquam, alfltough. Mood, Indicative, because it
4. so tlmt ; ut nn,
Resrlt or Tendency (Consecutive). ut, introduces an admitted fact. H' 53 (5rS, I); A' 527, d
not. Mood, Subjunctive. H. 5Io (Soz); A. 537, t
so tlzat (t3, G. 6o5 ; ts. 3og, z; }J8.556: ei paul' quamquan
");
sunt eiusdem generis, sunt cteris humnirs, alt/tough lhey
(3r9, r); G. SS2; I4. 284; HIl. Sr3, 4; Srg, 3; Szr, 2.
63 times in Caesar ; 8z in Cicero. The follorving classifi- ara of t/e sone race, t/teL are a liltle more cuilized tlarc tle
cation of this clause may be made :
ot/ters, IV, 3, 6.
a) Those that modify the verb directly: rnns impentl- Caesar: occurs once (iVr 3t 6).
bat, ut perpauci prohibre possent, a rnottroit oz,cr/tuttg, so Cicero: Io times.
t/tat a aery fezu could eep back (many), I, 6, 5.
r) etsi, tametsi, etiam sl, e'telt if,
ez'eru tlottgl' \Vhen
Caesar: I7 times. concessive conjunctions, they take the
these are conditional
Cicero: 14 times.
Inclicative or Subjunctire accorciing to the class of condi-
) Those that modify an adverb, or relative adjective in tional sentence in which they appear. Most frequently
the principal clause, as tam, ita, sic, ade, usque e, tantus, they introduce pure concessive ideas and in such cases
t1is; sometimes is (: tlis), hic, eius modi: Arar infl.uit have the Indicative only. H. 585-86 (5t5, II); A. 527, c
22 I,A'|IN SLJI3()RDINA'I'I' (JJ-AIJSI1 SYNTAX AI)VtrRT]I.\L CLAUStrS 23
(3r3, c); G. 6oE; i3. 3o9, :; FlB. 582, S: etsi sine lld tiam, quam pirims possunt, cgunt, theY brougltt toget/ter
pericul proeliurn fore vid6bat, tarnen, eif/tottg/t. le saza t/tat inlo Wnetia ds vlxaft! sltitr's tt-t y'ossi[tlc, III, 9, z3'
t/e batl/e zuou/d c iui/oul ary dongcr, ne'tct'l/e/ess, T, 46,6, Caesar: quam rvith expressed prcclicate, r3 tin-res'
Caesar: etsi, 9 tirnes; tametsr, once (I, 3o). Cicero: 14 times.
Cicero: etiam si, 7 times; tametsl, z.
3. atque (ac), after adjectives ancl adverbs of Likeness
d) Concessiae Relatzte. See 2, d, Chapter III. or Difference, as aliter' alius' contr' X{ood, Inclicative'
6. Cornparison. H. 5o8, 5; 657, t, n.(554, I, z, n'); A' 324' c; 384,n' z
(234, u, n. 2; 242, c1); G. 643; 13. 34I, I, c; Hi3' 3o7, 2,
a) Simf 1r Cottrfntison.
r. Ry Acljective and Adverbial Correiatives: a:rdalitersehabbatacBelgaead'Nerviscltulerant,
t/te arrangtttcttl',uas ol/tnuise t/ttt l/tc Be/gians used
Acljective :
agoittsf thc A'rt't'ii,II, t9, z'
tot quot (-ro) a.r natty .t
Mood,Indicative. lJ.584,5 (3rr,2; SS5,II, i); A.323, is it ztilsttsleccd, a-t t/e Hc/',tctians l/titt/t, {tttl that, etc', I,
g (2o8, n); C. 642; P'. r4o; HR. r44,55a,ftn. z: qui, ut 4, Il'
Gerrnns in Gal1i versri noluerant, ita populi Rmni Caesar: 38 titnes. Of these t havc an idea of cause involved, 'g'
exercitum hiernre moleste ferebant, zu/to, as theT zuere ita ut, II, I9, I5.
omzuillitzg llal lle Grrtnans slottld lite in Gaul, so lltey Cicero: rz times'
were ztcred f/at t/c Ronan {r't?J/ wtts sferlding l/e winter c) Condi,tiortal Cowparisott- ut si, qtlam si, quasi, tam-
(there), II, r, 8. quaul, tamquam si, sicut, sleutl, velut sL, as if' Mood,
Caesar: B cases rvith sic or ita and ut, and z lvith ut alone; 5 with Subjunctive. H. 316, 2; 584 (5r3, II); A' 5z+ (3rz); G'
quantum.
6oz"; 73.3o7 ; FII3. 5o4, 3. This is reallv a protasis of a
conditional sentence rvitl"r thc apoclosis ornitted : quod
Cicero: ut, Io times; quantum, z3 (3 attracted into Subjv.) ; quam,
r4; quot, once.
crdlitatem, velut sl coram adesset, h^orrrent, bccaztse t/rcy
2. qram. The verb is most frequently to be supplied shuddered at (/tis) crtte /t7 jttst os l/toug/t lc zucrc i'l'eseftt'
from the principal clause. F{ere, however, only quam I, 32, t2.
with an expresscd predicate is considered. Mood, Indica- Caesar: velut si occul's once 11. r:)
tive. H. 3t6, z; 584, 5 (3rr, z; \!!, II, z); A. 323, a Cicero: sicut, 5 tin-res; tamqtalr. 5; quasi' once (Nfan" zj)' sicut
(2o8, a); G. 6++; R. zt7, z; HP'. 550, ftn. 2 : nvs in Vene- tamquam, and quasi occttr r f-erv tinles u'ithout rredicates'
I
A
2^ I-ATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUStr SYNTAX ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 25
G. 593, t; 625, z; I). 3tz, I, z; HI3. 228,3,b; 577: cum existimbat, nether did lte t/in/ tlat nten zuottld restran
s inter equitum turms insinuv6runt, ex essedis dsiliunt, tlemselaes if an olTlorlttttity zuere giztert tltenc, I, 7, t6'
za/e neacr (if eae) tLeT uoieed their zuay irlo tle ranhs of cl) Concessiozz.' paucis dfendentibus, expugnare nn po-
llte cnaalryr, fht:y /ca! dozun from le chariols, IV,33,4' tlit, he could not capture (the town)' alt/touglz fetu zttere
^
28 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX- CLAUSES
ADJECTIVtr 29
tleat kept f/te Cimbri from comirug into t/e'ir lerritoru,II, 4, S. (5o4, 4; e. 535, c; 559 (3r9, 2; 3r9, d;; G. 63r;
Once in Caesar; 6 times in Cicero. 13. 284, z; }{R.5r9, 3, a, b : sectae sunt tempestt6s quae
3. After intlignus, dignus, aptus, idneus. H. Sgt, z nostrs in castris continrent, stot'ttts follozued u/tic/a (so
(5o3, II, 2); e. 535, f (32o, f); G. 63r, r; ts. z8z, 3; that lheT) kef t our nen it cttmp, TY, 34, 8.
HB. S13, 3: id0nes homins dligbat qurum quisque Caesar: 2 caseswith simple Relative (II,16,9i lYr34r 8); 3 cases
capere posset, /e c/ose suitable men eac/ of zu/totn /e was with quin.
ab/e to conh'ol, VII, 3r,4. Only once in all Caesar; twice Cicero: z3 times.
in Cicero (Man. 5; ib. r9).
b) Purpose. H. 59o (+gZ, T); A. 53r, 2 (3r2, z); G. eo; f) Conditiotzttl. See r, , above.
B. z8z, z; HR. So2,2: mittunt lgats q:ul dtcerent, they Caesar: Relative Clauses ivith Subjunctive, r5z; of Purpose, z8;
serut legates to say, I, 7, tr. The antecedent is usually the of Characteristic, 34; of Result, 9; of Cause, 8 ; of Concessionr r ; with
object of the main verb; often the subject. Subjunctive by attraction in Informal Indirect Discourse, 3 (It t6;
!Y, z; IV,I r) ; by attraction in Indirect Discourse, 69. Of these 69t
Caesar: z8 times (14 after mittd). rz are cloubly attrcted in that they are in Srtbordinate Subjunctive
Cicero: 6 times. clauses that arc themselves in Indirect I)isconrse.
Cicero: Relative Clauses 'lvith Subjunctive' I84; by attraction, 44.
c) Cause. H. Sg2 (Stf); A. 535, e (32o, e); G. 633; Norn r.-A Relative at the bcginning of a sentence usually does
B. 283, 3, a; HB. 523: Caesarem iniuriam facere qui not introcluce a Relative Cl'use but is equivalent to a Demonstrative.
vectiglia ilterira f,aceret, t/a/ Caesar did wrong zu/to This occurs very often in Caesar. H. 5Io (+S:); A. 3o9rf (zorre);
(becau.se he) zuasmaktg t/e lares less valuable, I, 36, ro. G. 636, n. zi B. 25r,6; HB.284,8: quo proeliO subltit Eelvtii
coeprunt, encotraged y t/tis baltle f/te Helvtians egan, etc', I, r5,8'
Caesar: 8 times (3 with qur6). Norr z.-A Relative frequently serves a double purpose in that
Cicero: zr times. it introduces a llelative Clause, the predicate of which is a verb which
controls tlre Indirect Disconrse, and it itself is the Subject Accusative
d) Concession. H. 593, z (StS,III); A. 535, e (32o, e); of this Indirect Discourse Clause depending on its own predicate.
G. 6S+; R. 283,3; HIl. 523: quibus proeliis fracts qui There are 6z cases of this in Caesar: quam tertiam esse Galliae partem
plrimum ante in Galli potuissent, that t/tt1t /ad ben dixermus, .,t,/ticJt f had said utas t/te l/trd lart of Gaul, lI, r, 4.
cntslzed by these battles zuho (alt/touglt t/tey) had llreaiousIT
pouterful it Gatl, I, 3t,
beer nzost 23. One case in
Caesar; one in Cicero (III Cat. ro).
Nor. ad d are modifications of the Characteristic clause. See
a, above. -e
t
*
in the main clause by tam, ita, etc., or by quin (: qui nn)
'after negative verbs or expressions. H.
59t, z; Sg4, II
A
C()N I)ITION;\t, SIiN'fjiNCDS 3r
l-i
l*-
l!?o 90
- g.i
-- | a^:h direct : if there ul)r'e dn! necessity, I zaould haue rcme to
l.Ee
I
f,sa
lPt ho I
him, l, 34, 5.
t;Er "'t
l:e5 ;-t
I
6\E
.o .o ^ Examples of Conditional Sentences in Direct Discourse :
I
s:;l ^-
PN !i ii Ho- sos Real, a (Present Particular). No case in Caesar except
^ ?.2
I
I tl: -> -: !F-> -4
n I
| o.<
+?J
\ 6, 7.
l\l I
I
l+d -^
,l-,tl \ !d^9 I
d I
.lO ^!":l
Os -
o
.E'
o!
Real, (Past Particular): etsi prope exlcta iam aests
erat, e exercitum duxit, eaen if sunzmer zuere already
alrnost gone, /te letl tlae army t/tere, III, 28, t.
I
l9O oo O I
l\-.- P. o
'IJ.57+,3 (p. 2s3' ftn. r); A.
l*-l I !-
o
O
516,
in Indirect Discourse with either the Perfect or Pluperfect Sub-
Caesar, all
ln
lcl g a junctive. See I, zo, rr: si acciilisset (accitlerit), existimdtrum (existi
I
|
e-s.t
5.!u
I
l
\ d
i4
'o
o
,-o
mbit). Out of 57 conditional sentences of this type in Cicero 37 have the
Future Perfect in the Protasis.
(3o7, z, a, n.); G. p. 38r, first
' H. 533, z (5o8, z); A. 516, 2, a,n.i 468
I db)\s
o..:ol I
I E l! t
ur. 57+,3; A' 516, c, n (3o7, c, R.); G. 595: si sustulerit,
!o o
, prpg(ve)rit, II Cat. Ir, 4.
I
IV\AL
a<\ otr L)
si
.3 ;i
nH.533, z; A,516, d (3o7,d); G.595, n. z' Especiallywith verbsof
I|L a* <
I
Itsrl quaererent (quaerent), reperire posse (possunt),I,4o, z6: nisi sit (erit),
l.*-T
l-l
I d I
cJ
esse (est) facienclum, I,3r, 56.
t H. 576 (5oS); A.516, c (3o7' c); G' 596' r; B. 3o3; HB. 58o. No
l,:dl .
I !9 .9 cases in Caesar or Cicero.
l.i"q'
I
fr .:oE'
I od u H.526, last example (5oS); G.
596, r; 13.3o3; HB, 58o. No cases in
: I :6 i I
!hh
.as Caesar or Cicero.
I Udor tr t H, 583 (5rr, r n. z, 3; ib. z and n.); A. 5r7' b, c' t1 (3o8, b, c); G.
I r&fie
I
o o
t< 597,R. 2,3; 8. 3o4,3; II8.582,3, a and n. r: scivis Rmenus Archis
I
tlG I
lot
[.
34 LATIN 5[/l]Of{DtNr\r'E Cr../il/SI1 S\N:rAX CONDITIONAL StrNTENCES 35
Caesa: Out of roz conditional sentences in the four books of Caesar tle Irles af April. trn Direc'c Disconrse Caesar saicl: si quitl
only rr are in l)irect Discourse. Of tl-rese rr, o are lleirl, (Past Par- vultis, revertimini (Imper.), irf you tu'is/z ttrt'ytltittg, conte
ticular), and one is a mixed condition. Introductory conjunctions are ach, etc. vultis, the Protrsis verb, must, as stated above,
as follows: si, 8r times; nisi, 8; etsl, 6; sive... sve, 4; sin, r; go into the Subjunctive. It does not go into the Present
tametsi, r.
Subjunctive because the sequence is secondary (clependittg
Cicero: r86 conditional sentences, of rvhich rr are in Inclirect Dis-
course and r4 in Informal Indirect Discourse. They are as follows: on respondit); thus lve fincl thc Imperfect, vellent" rever-
Real, a (Present Particular), 6o; Real, a (Prcsent General), 3 ; Real, timini, being an trmpcrative, changcs to the Subjunctive,
(Past Particuiar), rz ; Real, r (Future More Vivicl), 57 ; Ideal, r/ (Future not the Infinitivc, rs tire Apodosis verb usually does' it
Less Vivid), 8; Unreal, e (Present Contrary to Fact), 16; Unreal, / goes into the In'ipcrfcct, also, instead of the Present,
because of the seconclary scquence. If thc principal verb
(Past Contrary to Fact), rz ; Mixcd, 13.
/r
t c
;.E E> a "-' 'i
! c
.3
'1 v
q \ ,/
.X S
*
>
!'i. h'
fiet, the Protasis verb, which' as we have learned, always
O P tr/ q Y a 3 b fio
d >
x
=y *c
=-
changes to the Subjunctive. The selluence' being secon-
x:i E> qr
g E 9E dary, demands either the Imperfect or the Pluperfect' fiet
O - N
E ! 5v
<l! <! S
Oo\
A; < 0< F
; X ; .: ko |Q
is incomplete time; hence must go into the Imperfect,
*
--
c
Z
*
Od
9.=
od
d
fieret. For these principles of sequence see table on p' 4I'
!
o
E
o.;j i\=
.J The table on page 36 gives the Moods and Tenses re'
=::U
E sd
quired in the six regular kinds of conditional sentences
a
!0-o o
"fr9
.E'5
oq +
a:H
:i
. -
o o
I > j-!
>
o i? o E':
i d !:
o Etr
PoJ
g:H
A.i=Yq 3 q
=au .gl ;i @
ilE^-C!- r) F{o l-.:da:'-, o
y.a y,3
Q sa +< e
-* H
E
o
40" E'q p P.E 5;
b>-.4*E-x::lE,! I
E
Examples of Conditional sentences in Indirect Discourse :
A< r
t-:odXt
EF?*rEtFo^t '
15
Real, a (Present Particular): praestare (praestat in direct),
0r< l#- e:o'!:g EE
, *-
fri
o r o ll si iam principtum Galliae obtinre nn possint (possumus);
'l.s.E 5 l.t 9P..I a-
1., d 3o;9S!c:'99yr': direct: it is etterif ute can no lott'ger hold tle lozuer itt
dd 3 b-UEFF Y
fi:o>ildH=".=.:=
t4G rd - Gaoil, etc., T, 17, 7.
lX!.;
.i o4 i6fi8?E EI
HI.;A Y od "'ji q?.ld i h Oc.:4 F
Real, (Past Particular): in eOs omnia exempla tlele
dIXLH
vl
c o!
v=-
;:fEEi3'rE,i
o X.r o 9^*H u o o (Cdit, hist. pres. in direct), si qua rs nn atl volunttem eius
Y? 9.i o utj trd
IUT:& facta sit (est); direct : lte practiced ulon t/em a// hinds of
o o ;l '!- : -
lt]'h" aats.:< =< -
!.Fj o,
l4 Na+js36-@=- torture, if an4thirug uas done contrary to l'tis zuill, I, 3I, 53'
q@
38 LA:I']N SUUO]IDINATE CLAUSI| S\.N.|.,\X
CONDITIONAL SItNTIINCES 39
Real, r (Future More Vivicl): si vim facere c0nentur
(cOnbimint), prohibitrum (prohibb) ostendit cJirect: clause (other than the Indirect Discoltrse Clause) r'r'ith the
; if verb of saying to be supplied from the context, this is
Tott sfiall otempt lo ttsc iforct, / ruill Vrcacrut 1tttt, I, g, lo.
Tdeal, tl (Future Less Vivicl). Only two cases, both called Inf o:mal, or Impiied Indirect I)iscourse. Con-
ir- ditional sentences under these conditions foliow the regu-
regular, in caesar: si veteris contumliae oblivisci vellet
(velit), nurn recentium inirirum memoriam dpnere iar rulcs for sequence of tenses. TI'- 649, I (528, r); A.
posse? (potest, Ind. because predicate of a rhetorical 59t-z (34o-+r); G. 6621; I). 323; HIl. 535, t, a; 136, a.
ques_
tion); dircct: if it (thc Rowatz people) s/ould c ,iuitli)g nt The Apodosis verb, rvhich in F'ormal Indirect Discourse
becomes Infinitive, appears as the predicate of thc subordi-
forget tle old nnt.h, can itforgel rccettl ittJ'utirs ? I, t4l g.
IJnreal, e(Present Contrary to Fect): ut ipsi concedi nn nate clause. The Protasis verb always appears in the
oportret, si in nostr6s fins impetum faceret; direct: it Subjr-rnctivc by attraction: I cnsili ut, si possent (possu-
zuould not lte frole r ro Ticrd to uc, if r zue re ma/titry-an attac/ mus in Direct), castellum expugnarent (expugnbimus), eo'a
uj2on lollr terrilotl,, I, 44, 3o. No change of mood in
zuill sfortru t/t' rc{out if zuc can' (clirect), II, 9' rr. Here
the we have a Futttre More Vivid Conditiorl in Informal Indi-
Apodosis verb because of the influence of thc ut-clause.
IJnreal, / (Past Contrary to Fact) : si alicuius iniriae rect Discourse. The Apodosis verb, expugnarent, r'vhich
sibi cnscius fuisset, nOn fuisse (fuit) difficile cavre ; direct : in Regular Indirect f)iscottrse rvould have been in the
if it (thc Rotnatt ftaf lc) ltoi c,-n cotsctotrs oif anry z'urong, it Future Infinitive, futros (esse), here becomes the predi-
zaou/d not /azte ct'n t./fficttlt o /te on the /oohottt, I, 14,*5. cate of the ut-clause. Its tense is Imperfect because of
the sequence, depending on cnti sunt. The Protasis
Caesar: Total conclitional sentences (four books), roz: in Indirect verb, being the predicate of a clalise subordinate to expug-
Discourse. 71, ls follorvs: Rr.,rl, ( pr.esent l):rrriculer). r6: Rell,
/ nrent, and becattse of the influence of the Informal In-
(Past Particular), 3; Ileal, c (Future More Vivicl),46; Icleal. u/ (Fyture
Less Vivid), z; Unr.cal. e (present Contrary to Fact), r (I,34);'Un-
direct Discourse, must appear in the Subjunctive under
realr f (Past Contrary to F act), r (I, 14, secondary scquerice.
5) ; Real. a (I'reseirt General),
z (III,zz; IV,33); I{eai, / (past General), r; Mixed,4. Norr. subordinate clauscs in general in Informal Indirect
Cicero: 186 condtional sentences, of rvhich only 13 are in Indirect -For
Discourse, see Note zr under r. Noun Clauses.
Discourse, as follon's: lleal, a (present particular), r I Real, r (Future Occurrences in Caesar and Cicero:
More Vivid),9; Ideal. r/ (Future Less Vivicl), r (lI Cat. 19); nreal, Of the Ioz conditional selltences in the first four books of Caesar, r4
e (Present Contrary to Fact), r (Arch.
4,3): Unreal, eit Contrary tre in Infonal Inclirr:ct Discottrse as cotnp:rred rvith 76 in Regular
to Fact), r (II C:rt. 4, z). Indirect Discourse.
Of the I86 conclitioual sentences in Cicero' It re in Informal, while
CoNnrrroNL SENTENCps rN IwnoRMAL INDrREc.f r4 are in Regular Indirect I)iscourse.
Drscounsn lCiceroinseveralinstances allows the Protasis verb in a l{eal, r (More
Vivicl I'uture) Conrtition to aPpear unettractecl. Cf. \{an' : si clubit-
When the thor.rght or statement of some other person .58, 7
bunt, ego m profiteor relturum.
than the writer or speaker is.expressed in a subordinate
SEQUENCE O' TENSES 4r
Present Indicative 1
imperfect Indicative 2
I'erfect Periphrastic
the selection in the Cicero and Vergil columns' Clauses
-urum fuisse Pluperfect Subjunctive 6
not mentioned in these colLlmns occur so infrequentiy that
of
they should be mastered only when nret in the reading
1 a) This may be a Present of a verb of necessity (passive periphrastic), or
the text. The teacher of High School Latin may thus be
guided to direct without waste the energy expended by
his
of possibility (possum), both of rvhich are equivalent to furure time: ttius
Galliae sds6 potir posse sprant, I, 3,25, esse faciendum,I,3r, students on subordinate clause syntax'
/) This may be a Historical Present. See dere, I, 3r, 53. This is 56.
an Some definite reqrrirements should be made of
pupils
apodosis of a Real, (Past Particular Condition). knorvledge,of
2 Continuecl or repeated action in
past time. A, 584, a, n. (336, A, n. r).
looking toward the mastery of the necessary
subordinate clauses and their syntax in the proper
3 In the apodosis of an Unreal, e
order
(present Contrary to Fact) Conclition,
The apodoses of both kinds of unreal clonclitions are iclentical in the Indirect and at the time when such knowledge is needed most in
line' with
l)iscourse. see Note 8 under table of conditional sentences in Indirect r)is-
course, page 36.
the reading work. Haphazard efforts aiong this
a The lleal, r (More Vivid Ituture) Condition may
have the l.uture perfect
little assistance except such as the matter in the grammars'
n the apo.losis. difcult and mystifying as this too frequently is' affords'
In the apo<losis of tht Itleal, r/ (Future
Less Vivicl) Condition,
0 In the apodosis of the Unreal,,f (Past Contrary
are sure to discourage the pupil and surely will not lead
to lact) Condition, him"to the desired goal'
Figures and letters refer to sections in Chapters
I to
The detaiied clas-
III, ihere these clauses are discussecl'
enumerated
sification and discussion of conditional sentences
nder 7 in the Caesar and Cicero columns will be found in
Chapter IV.
4B LATIN SUBORDINAT}:] CLAUSE sYNTAx SUBORDINATE CLAUStrS IJY YEARS 49
Carsen Crcno
Creusns l{or Fouxo rN CAESAR AND CrcERo
. Indirect Discourse;
a, , c, tl The following lists give those Ciauses which are not
NoUN 2, Fact, qlood.: a, c
CLAUSES
3. Indirect Question found in Caesar and Cicero. All of the Noun and Adjec-
(Chapter I) 4. Purpose: a, c, d tive Clanses, which are discussed in Chapters I and III,
5. Resdt: a, b, d
are founcl in both Caesar and Cicero. The following list
. Causal . Causal rvill consist, therefore, of Adverbiai Clauses only. Figures
clJm: 4 quia: ,, r
quoal: , r quoniam: l, z and letters in parenthesis rcfer back to Chapter II.
z. Temporal z. Ternporal
cum:4 quoad:
dum: ttl: d NO'I IN CAESAR
priusquan: r
-5. Concessive
ubi,postquam: d quamquam: Catse :
3, Purpose etiam si: quia (1, , r).
ut, u, qu 6. Comparison
4. Result
ut, ut ndn
sicut,tamquam, quand (r, b, z).
quasr: r. Causal
5. Concessive 7. Conditional l quand6: , z Time:
ADVERtsIAL cIJm: d Real, a (Present z. Temporal dnec (.2, b).
CLAUSES etsr: Particular) tlnec: /
(Chapter II) 6. Cornparison Real, (P^st antequam: d antequam (2, c).
ut,quantum: d, r Particular)
qam: a,2 Real, r (More 6. Cornparison
veluti: rLt(2, ({).
atque (ac): a, 3 Vivid Future)
ut (Parenthet- Ideal, d (Less Coucession :
ical) : c Vivid Futrrre)
Unreal, a (Pres'- li'cet, quamvis (5, a.
7. Conditional 1
More Vivid Fr ent Contrarv quamquam (5, 1r).
ture (in Indir. to Fact )
Disc.) Unreal, / (Past etiam sI (5, c).
Present Patic- Contrary to
ular (in Indir, Fact) Cotnfarison :
Disc.) Mixed
Relative: cum, 8. Proviso ut si, quam si, tamquam, tamquam si (6, c).
quicumque: alum mod.o Condtiot:
Relative Relative i ut, qaand (7, )).
Simple Limitation :
ADJECTIVE f'd Relative Proaiso.' l{ot founcl r'vith any of its introdr-icing particles.
CLAUSES Conditional, qui- Cause: z, c
Chapter III cumque: r, / Result : 2, d
Chaaclcristic: z, NOT IN CICERO
Purpose: z,
Cause :
Attraction of \,lood Infomal Indirect
Sequence of Tenses Discouse Irregulariiies of
quand (r, b, z).
Gmrnr. Indirect Discourse Revierv of General Mood in Subor-
Sentence Analysis bv Subjects in pre- Tinze :
dinate Verbs
Causes ceding column ddtec (2, b).
1 Discussed at length in Chapter IV. postquam, ubi, simul (2, d)"
-
50 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX SUBORDINAIE CLAUSES BY YEARS 5I
Concession:
quamvls, ut (J, a).
4. Relative. See z, d, Chapter III.
5. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter II.
etsi (5, d).
Condition;
Comparison:
ut si, quam si, tamquam si (6, c). r. Pure : si, nisi, sin. See 7, a, Chapter IL
Condilion: z. Conditional Comparison. See 6, e, Chapter II.
Relative: ut, ubi, cum, quandO (2, l,). 3. Conditional Concession. See 5, r, Chapter II.
Proaiso 4. Conditional Proviso. See 8, Chapter II.
Does not occur except with dum modo (8). 5. Conditional Relative. See 2, a, 3 i 7, b, Chapter II.
6. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter II.
Crausr Suulr.Ry Purlose :
The following summary, made from the standpoint of r. ut, n (substantive). See 4, Chapter I.
the ideas involved in the various subordinate clauses, is 2. ut, r',, quO (adverbial). See 3, Chapter IL
made to give the student a comprehensive view of the 3. Relative. See z, , Chapter III.
whole field: Result:
Time: r. ut, ut nn, quin (substantive). See !, Chapter I.
I. cum. See 2, a, Chapter IL 2. rtt, ut nOn (adverbial). See 4, Chapter II.
2. trt, ubi, postquam, etc. See z, d, Chapter IL 3. Relative. See z, e, Chapter III.
3. dum, d0nec, quoad, quam di. See z, , Chapter II. Com.larisoru:
4. antequam, priusquam. See z, c, Chapter lI. I. Pure: ut, quam, quantus, atque (ac). See 6, a, r, 2,
5. Conditional Relative. See 2, d, 3; /, b, Chapter II. and 3, Chapter II.
6. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter IL
z. Conditional. See 6, e, Chapter II.
Caase:
3. Parenthetical: ut. See 6, , Chapter II.
I. cum. See r, a, Chapter lL Genral :
2. quoal, quia, quoniam, quancl. See r, , Chapter IL
3. Relative. See z, c, Chapter IIL
I. Indirect Question. See 3, Chapter I.
4. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter II. z. Indirect Discourse. See r, Chapter I.
Concessiot : 3. Relative (simple). See r, Chapter III.
r. quamvis. See 5, a, Chapter II.
cum, ut, licet, 4. Fact: quoal. See z, Chapter I.
2. quamquam. See 5, , Chapter II.
3. etsi, tamets, etiam si. See 5, r, Chapter IL
52 LATIN SUBOI{DINATE CLAUS-tr SYNTAX SUBORDINATE CLAUSL,S BY YEARS 53
I
ducing word, the subject Accusative is given. i' Icnsuetdineperspect
3. The antecedent of the Relative, and any substantive ',3 [nurnerurnintercdere
. :*
I ,'
II adortrl ,'
--,(sulrl.:Icc.
with which a clause stands in apposition, are placed in cumvenisset
esse 1 ,
)'----[(cunr)abessent
parentheses immediately before the clause.
(qurdam.)i )
dnrnstrrunt | fqu puls
4. The Ablative Absolute, being logically equivalent to a
subordinate clause, is given the same place on the diagram. t
I utaudrent (subj. acc.) futrum (esse) "-'[{ impedrmenris
;*;;;;' "
LATIN DICTIONIARIES
HARPER'S LATiN DICTIONARY
Foundedon the trnslation of Freund's Latin-German
Lexicon. Edited by E. A. Anrws, LL.D, Revised,
Enlhrged, and in great part Rewritten by Cnanrrow T.
Lnwrs, Ph.D., and Csnrrs SHonr, LL.D,
Royal Octavo, 2o3o pages. Sheep, $6.5o; Full Russia, $ro.oo