Chapter 12

Chemical Calculations
for Solutions
 Solutions
Homogeneous mixtures of two or more
substances
Composition is uniform throughout the
sample
No chemical reaction between the
components of the mixture
Solvents and Solutes
 Types of Solution

The solvent is water in an aqueous solution

A solution always has the physical state of the
solvent:
Solution Composition
 Solution Concentration
Measure of the amount of solute dissolved in
a given amount of solvent or solution:

amount of solvent
concentration
amount of solvent or solution
 Molarity (M)
The number of moles of solute in exactly 1 L
of solution:
moles of solute
molarity ( M )
volume of solution ( L)

1 mol/L = 1 M
A direct measure of the number of particles
(ions, atoms or molecules) of solute present
 Mass Percent
mass of solute
mass percent 100%
mass of solution
mass of solution = mass of solvent + mass of solute
If the density of a solution with a particular mass
percentage concentration is know it is possible to
calculate its molarity
 Standard (Stock) Solutions
Solutions whose concentration are
accurately known
These can be purchased from a chemical
company or made up in the lab
 Volumetric Flasks

Used to prepare precise volumes of solutions

 Preparing a Standard Solution

Add a known mass of solute to a volumetric

flask and then add enough solvent until the
solution level is at the calibration mark
Preparing a 1.0 M solution of NaCl
Describe how you would prepare 500. mL of
a 0.467 M solution of manganic perchlorate
 Dilution
A stock solution can be diluted to any desired
concentration by the addition of solvent
The volume of the solution increases while the
moles of solute remains constant:
 The Dilution Equation
On dilution, the number of moles of solute
remains constant so:
moles solute before = moles solute after
M1V1 = M2V2
where:
M1,V1 = molarity and volume of stock
solution used
M2,V2 = molarity and volume of diluted
solution prepared
 Preparing a Diluted Solution

A known volume of stock solution is transferred to

a volumetric flask using a measuring or volumetric
pipette. Solvent is then added until the solution
level is at the calibration mark
 Measuring and
Volumetric Pipettes
 Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous
Solutions
Directly related to the number of ions present in
solution
Strong Electrolytes
Completely dissociate into
ions when dissolved in
water

Good conductors of
electricity
 Soluble Salts

NaCl ( s ) Na (aq ) Cl (aq )
H 2O ( l )
 Strong Acids
Completely dissociate into ions:
HCl ( g )
H 2O ( l )
H (aq ) Cl (aq )
 Strong Bases
Soluble alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides
which completely dissociate into ions:

MOH ( s)
H 2O ( l )
M (aq) OH (aq )
Weak Electrolytes
Only partially dissociate
into ions when dissolved
in water

Poor conductors of
electricity
 Weak Acids
Partially dissociate:
CH3CO2H(aq) H+(aq) + CH3CO2-(aq)
Weak bases like ammonia are also weak
electrolytes
 Non-Electrolytes
Dissolve in water but do
not dissociate into ions

Do not conductor
electricity at all!
 Methanol (CH3OH)

CH 3OH (l )
H 2O ( l )
CH 3OH (aq )
Rules for Predicting Electrolyte Behavior
 For strong electrolytes it is possible to
calculate the molarity of each individual
ion