Interstate Highway System
Interstate redirects here. For other uses, see Interstate associated with World War I prevented any signicant
(disambiguation).
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Inter-
state and Defense Highways (commonly known as the
Interstate Highway System, Interstate Freeway Sys-
tem, Interstate System, or simply the Interstate) is a
network of controlled-access highways that forms a part
of the National Highway System of the United States.
The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisen-
hower, who championed its formation. Construction was
authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and
the original portion was completed 35 years later, al-
though some urban routes were cancelled and never built.
The network has since been extended and, as of 2013,
it had a total length of 47,856 miles (77,017 km).[1] As
of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven
in the country use the Interstate system.[3] In 2006, the
cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion[4]
(equivalent to $511 billion in 2015[5] ).
1 History
1.1 Planning
A rural stretch of I-5 in California; two lanes in each direction
are separated by a large grassy median and cross-trac is limited
to overpasses and underpasses
The United States governments eorts to construct a na-
tional network of highways began on an ad hoc basis
with the passage of the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916,
which provided for $75 million over a ve-year period
for matching funds to the states for the construction and
improvement of highways.[6] The nations revenue needs
implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921.
In December 1918, E.J. Mehren, a civil engineer and
the editor of Engineering News-Record, presented his A
Suggested National Highway Policy and Plan[7] during a
gathering of the State Highway Ocials and Highway In-
dustries Association at the Congress Hotel in Chicago.[8]
In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50,000-mile (80,000 km)
system, consisting of ve east-west routes and 10 north
south routes. The system would include two percent of
all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of
$25,000 per mile ($16,000/km), providing commercial
as well as military transport benets.[7]
As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was
passedthe Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (Phipps
Act). This new road construction initiative once again
provided for federal matching funds for road construc-
tion and improvement, $75 million allocated annually.[9]
Moreover, this new legislation for the rst time sought
to target these funds to the construction of a national
road grid of interconnected primary highways, setting
up cooperation among the various state highway planning
boards.[9]
The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide
a list of roads that it considered necessary for national
defense.[10] In 1922, General John J. Pershing, former
head of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe
during the war, complied by submitting a detailed net-
work of 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of interconnected pri-
mary highwaysthe so-called Pershing Map.[11]
A boom in road construction followed throughout the
decade of the 1920s, with such projects as the New
York parkway system constructed as part of a new na-
tional highway system. As automobile trac increased,
planners saw a need for such an interconnected national
system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway,
United States Numbered Highways system. By the late
1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new super-
highways.
In 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas
MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-
drawn map of the United States marked with eight super-
highway corridors for study.[12] In 1939, Bureau of Public
Roads Division of Information chief Herbert S. Fairbank
wrote a report called Toll Roads and Free Roads, the rst
formal description of what became the interstate highway
system and, in 1944, the similarly themed Interregional
Highways.[13]
1
2 1
The Interstate Highway System gained a champion in
President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was inuenced
by his experiences as a young Army ocer crossing the
country in the 1919 Army Convoy on the Lincoln High-
way, the rst road across America. Eisenhower gained an
appreciation of the Reichsautobahn system, the rst na-
tional implementation of modern Germany's Autobahn
network, as a necessary component of a national defense
system while he was serving as Supreme Commander
of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II.[14]
He recognized that the proposed system would also pro-
vide key ground transport routes for military supplies and
troop deployments in case of an emergency or foreign in-
vasion.
1955 map: The planned status of U.S Highways in 1965, as a
result of the developing Interstate Highway System
The publication in 1955 of the General Location of Na-
tional System of Interstate Highways, informally known as
the Yellow Book, mapped out what became the Interstate
System.[15] Assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin
Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when Pres-
ident Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in
January 1953.
1.2 Construction
The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June
29, 1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956,[16]
popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense
Highways Act of 1956.
Three states have claimed the title of rst Interstate High-
way. Missouri claims that the rst three contracts under
the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,
1956. The rst contract signed was for upgrading a sec-
tion of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate
44. On August 13, 1956, Missouri awarded the rst con-
tract based on new Interstate Highway funding; this work
began on US 40 (now I-70) in St. Charles County.[17]
Kansas claims that it was the rst to start paving after the
act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place
before the act was signed, and paving started September
26, 1956. The state marked its portion of I-70 as the rst
HISTORY
I55 under construction in Mississippi, photo from May 1972
project in the United States completed under the provi-
sions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956.[17]
The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one
of the rst Interstate Highways. On October 1, 1940,
162 miles (261 km) of the highway now designated
I70 and I76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as
the Granddaddy of the Pikes.[17]
Milestones in the construction of the Interstate Highway
System include:
October 17, 1974: Nebraska becomes the rst state
to complete all of its mainline interstate highways
with the dedication of its nal piece of I-80.[18]
October 12, 1979: The nal section of the Canada
to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near
Stockton, California. Representatives of the two
neighboring nations attended the dedication to com-
memorate the rst contiguous freeway connecting
the North American countries.[19]
August 22, 1986: The nal section of the coast-to-
coast I-80 (San Francisco, California, to Teaneck,
New Jersey) is dedicated on the western edge of
Salt Lake City, Utah, making I-80 the worlds rst
contiguous freeway to span from the Atlantic to Pa-
cic Ocean and, at the time, the longest contigu-
ous freeway in the world. The section spanned
1.3 1992present 3

from Redwood Road to just west of the Salt Lake sition, which has blocked eorts to build the necessary
City International Airport. At the dedication it was connections to fully complete the system.
noted that coincidentally this was only 50 miles (80 I-95 is discontinuous in New Jersey because of the can-
km) from Promontory Summit, where a similar feat cellation of the Somerset Freeway. This situation is being
was accomplished 120 years prior, the laying of the remedied; the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Inter-
golden spike of the United States First Transconti- change Project currently under construction will connect
nental Railroad.[20][21][22] the separate sections of I95 to form a continuous route,
August 10, 1990: The nal section of coast-to-coast completing the nal section [28]
of the original plan. Con-
I-10 (Santa Monica, California, to Jacksonville, struction began in 2010.
Florida) is dedicated, the Papago Freeway Tunnel Likewise, I-70 is discontinuous in Pennsylvania, because
under downtown Phoenix, Arizona. Completion of of the lack of a direct interchange with the Pennsylvania
this section was delayed due to a freeway revolt that Turnpike at the eastern end of the concurrency near
forced the cancellation of an originally planned ele- Breezewood. Traveling in either direction, I-70 trac
vated routing.[23] must exit the freeway and use a short stretch of US 30
(which includes a number of roadside services) to rejoin
September 12, 1991: I-90 becomes the nal coast- I-70. The interchange was not originally built because
to-coast Interstate Highway (Seattle, Washington of a legacy federal funding rule, since relaxed, which re-
to Boston, Massachusetts) to be completed with stricted the use of federal funds to improve roads nanced
the dedication of an elevated viaduct bypassing with tolls.[29] Solutions have been proposed to eliminate
Wallace, Idaho. This section was delayed after the discontinuity, but they have been blocked by local op-
residents forced the cancellation of the originally position, fearing a loss of business.[30]
planned at-grade alignment that would have demol-
ished much of downtown Wallace. The residents
accomplished this feat by arranging for most of
the downtown area to be declared a historic dis-
trict and listed on the National Register of His-
toric Places; this succeeded in blocking the path of
the original alignment. After the dedication resi-
dents held a mock funeral celebrating the removal 1.3.2 Expansion
of the last stoplight on a transcontinental Interstate
Highway.[23][24]
See also: Future Interstate Highways
October 14, 1992: The original Interstate Highway
system is proclaimed to be complete with the open-
ing of I-70 through Glenwood Canyon in Colorado. The Interstate Highway system has been expanded nu-
This section is considered an engineering marvel merous times. The expansions have both created new
with a 12-mile (19 km) span featuring 40 bridges designations and extended existing designations. For ex-
and numerous tunnels and is one of the most ex- ample, I-49, added to the system in the 1980s as a free-
pensive rural highways per mile built in the United way in Louisiana, was designated as an expansion cor-
States.[25][26] Although this was claimed the nal ridor, and FHWA approved the expanded route north
section of Interstate Highway to open, at the time from Lafayette, to Kansas City, Missouri. The freeway
this section was dedicated there were still missing exists today as separate completed segments, with seg-
interchanges elsewhere in the system, making some ments under construction or in the planning phase be-
Interstate Highways not contiguous. tween them.[31]
In 1966, the FHWA designated the entire Interstate High-
The initial cost estimate for the system was $25 billion way System as part of the larger Pan-American Highway
over 12 years; it ended up costing $114 billion (adjusted System,[32] and at least two proposed Interstate expan-
for ination, $425 billion in 2006 dollars[4] ) and took 35
sions were initiated to help trade with Canada and Mexico
years.[27] spurred by the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA). Long term plans for I-69, which currently ex-
ists in several separate completed segments (the largest
1.3 1992present of which are in Indiana and Texas), is to have the high-
way route extend from Tamaulipas, Mexico to Ontario,
1.3.1 Discontinuities Canada. The planned I-11 will then bridge the Interstate
gap between Phoenix, Arizona and Las Vegas, Nevada,
The system was proclaimed complete in 1992, but two of and thus form part of the CANAMEX Corridor (along
the original interstatesI-95 and I-70are not continu- with I-19, and portions of I-10 and I-15) between Sonora,
ous: both of these discontinuities are due to local oppo- Mexico and Alberta, Canada.
4 2 STANDARDS

1.4 Urban Interstates abandoned because

of local opposition
Main article: Highway revolts in the United States

Political opposition from residents canceled many free-

way projects around the United States, including:

I-40 in Memphis, Tennessee was rerouted and part

of the original I-40 is still in use as the eastern half
of the Sam Cooper Boulevard.[33]
I-66 in the District of Columbia was abandoned in
1977.
I-70 in Baltimore was supposed to terminate at I- Interstate highway in New Jersey built to modern standards
95; the connection was cancelled due to its routing
through Gwynns Falls Park. This includes the can-
cellation of I-170, partially built and in use as U.S. Being freeways, Interstate Highways usually have the
Route 40. highest speed limits in a given area. Speed limits are de-
I-78 in New York City was canceled along with por- termined by individual states. From 1974 to 1987, the
tions with I-278, I-478, and I-878. I-878 was sup- maximum speed limit on any highway in the United States
posed to be part of I-78, and I-478 and I-278 were was 55 miles per hour (90 km/h), in accordance with fed-
to be spur routes. eral law.[34]

I-83 in Baltimore was supposed to connect to I-95, Typically, lower limits are established in Northeastern
but the connection was never built. states, while higher speed limits are established in
Southern and Western states.[35] For example, the max-
I-95 through the District of Columbia into Maryland imum speed limit is 75 mph (120 km/h) in northern
was abandoned in 1977. Instead it was rerouted to Maine, varies between 50 and 70 mph (80 and 115
I-495 (Capital Beltway). The completed section is km/h)[36] from southern Maine to New Jersey, and is
now I-395. 50 mph (80 km/h) in New York City and the District
[35]
I-95 was originally planned to run concurrently with of Columbia. Currently, rural speed limits elsewhere
I-93 along the Central Artery through downtown generally range from 65 to 80 miles per hour (105 to 130
Boston, but was rerouted onto the Route 128 belt- km/h). Several portions of various highways such as I-10
way due to widespread opposition. This revolt and I-20 in rural western Texas and portions of I-15, I-
also included the cancellation of the Inner Belt and 80, and I-84 in Utah have a speed limit of 80 mph (130
Southwest Expressway. km/h). Other highways in Idaho, Montana, South Dakota
and Wyoming also have the same high speed limits.
In some areas, speed limits on Interstates can be signif-
2 Standards icantly lower in areas where they traverse signicantly
hazardous areas. The maximum speed limit on I-90 is 50
Main article: Interstate Highway standards mph (80 km/h) in downtown Cleveland because of two
The American Association of State Highway and Trans- sharp curves with a suggested limit of 35 mph (55 km/h)
portation Ocials (AASHTO) has dened a set of stan- in a heavily congested area; I-70 through Wheeling, West
dards that all new Interstates must meet unless a waiver Virginia, has a maximum speed limit of 45 mph (70
from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is ob- km/h) through the Wheeling Tunnel and most of down-
tained. One almost absolute standard is the controlled town Wheeling; and I-68 has a maximum speed limit of
access nature of the roads. With few exceptions, trac 40 mph (65 km/h) through Cumberland, Maryland, be-
lights (and cross trac in general) are limited to toll cause of multiple hazards including sharp curves and nar-
booths and ramp meters (metered ow control for lane row lanes through the city. In some locations, low speed
merging during rush hour). limits are the result of lawsuits and resident demands;
after holding up the completion of I-35E in St. Paul,
Minnesota, for nearly 30 years in the courts, residents
2.1 Speed limits along the stretch of the freeway from the southern city
limit to downtown successfully lobbied for a 45 mph (70
Further information: Speed limits in the United States km/h) speed limit in addition to a prohibition on any ve-
and National Maximum Speed Law hicle weighing more than 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) gross
vehicle weight. I-93 in Franconia Notch State Park in
3.1 Primary (one- and two-digit) routes (contiguous U.S.) 5

northern New Hampshire has a speed limit of 45 mph

(70 km/h) because it is a parkway that consists of only
one lane per side of the highway.

2.2 Other uses

As one of the components of the National Highway Sys-
tem, Interstate Highways improve the mobility of military
troops to and from airports, seaports, rail terminals, and
other military bases. Interstate Highways also connect to
other roads that are a part of the Strategic Highway Net-
work, a system of roads identied as critical to the U.S.
Department of Defense.[37]
The system has also been used to facilitate evacuations in I78 and US 22 in Berks County, Pennsylvania
the face of hurricanes and other natural disasters. An op-
tion for maximizing trac throughput on a highway is to (AASHTO). The associations present numbering policy
reverse the ow of trac on one side of a divider so that dates back to August 10, 1973.[43] Within the continental
all lanes become outbound lanes. This procedure, known United States, primary Interstatesalso called main line
as contraow lane reversal, has been employed several Interstates or two-digit Interstatesare assigned numbers
times for hurricane evacuations. After public outcry less than 100.[43]
regarding the ineciency of evacuating from southern
Louisiana prior to Hurricane Georges' landfall in Septem-
ber 1998, government ocials looked towards contraow
to improve evacuation times. In Savannah, Georgia, and
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1999, lanes of I-16 and I-
26 were used in a contraow conguration in anticipation
of Hurricane Floyd with mixed results.[38]
In 2004 contraow was employed ahead of Hurricane
Charley in the Tampa, Florida area and on the Gulf Coast
before the landfall of Hurricane Ivan;[39] however, evac-
uation times there were no better than previous evacua-
tion operations. Engineers began to apply lessons learned
from the analysis of prior contraow operations, includ- Odd numbers run south-north with numbers increasing from west
ing limiting exits, removing troopers (to keep trac ow- to east, while even numbers run west-east with numbers increas-
ing instead of having drivers stop for directions), and im- ing from south to north.
proving the dissemination of public information. As a
result, the 2005 evacuation of New Orleans, Louisiana, In the numbering scheme for the primary routes, east-
prior to Hurricane Katrina ran much more smoothly.[40] west highways are assigned even numbers and north-south
highways are assigned odd numbers. Odd route numbers
A widespread urban legend states that one out of every increase from west to east, and even-numbered routes in-
ve miles of the Interstate Highway System must be built crease from south to north (to avoid confusion with the
straight and at so as to be usable by aircraft during times U.S. Highways, which increase from east to west and
of war. Contrary to popular lore, Interstate Highways are north to south), though there are exceptions to both prin-
not designed to serve as airstrips.[41][42] ciples in several locations. This numbering system usu-
ally holds true even if the local direction of the route does
not match the compass directions. For example, I-94
3 Numbering system between Chicago and Milwaukee runs primarily north-
south, but bears an east-west designation to match its
3.1 Primary (one- and two-digit) routes overall orientation, with the east label matching the lo-
cal southward routing, and so on. In some cases the de-
(contiguous U.S.) viation can be drastic; for example, I-64 runs almost ex-
actly the wrong way in the Hampton Roads region, where
See also: List of Interstate Highways sections that once were labeled east running almost due
west have had these labels removed due to confusion in
The numbering scheme for the Interstate Highway Sys- the Norfolk, Virginia, area. While in many cases, this is
tem was developed in 1957 by the American Asso- due to relatively short deviations, compared to the over-
ciation of State Highway and Transportation Ocials all routing of the highway, it is not always the case. For
6 3 NUMBERING SYSTEM

example, I-26 is labeled east-west as its number suggests,
but it carries a more generally north-south routing. Some
states, such as Michigan on I-69 have chosen to vio-
late the numbering conventions by signing the route to
match its local orientation rather than the normal con-
vention. Numbers divisible by ve are intended to be
major arteries among the primary routes, carrying traf-
c long distances.[44][45] Major northsouth arterial Inter-
states increase in number from I-5 between Canada and
Mexico along the West Coast to I95 between Canada and
Miami along the East Coast; the exception is I-45, which
does not leave the state of Texas, running from Galveston
to Dallas. Major westeast arterial Interstates increase
in number from I-10 between Santa Monica, California,
and Jacksonville, Florida, to I-90 between Seattle, Wash-
ington, and Boston, Massachusetts, with two exceptions.
There is no I-50 or I-60, as routes with those numbers
would likely pass through states that currently have U.S.
Highways with the same numbers, which is not normally
allowed under highway administration guidelines.[43][46]
Several two-digit numbers are shared between road seg-
ments at opposite ends of the country for various reasons.
Some such highways are incomplete Interstates (such as
I-69 and I-74) and some just happen to share route des-
ignations (such as I-76, I-84, I86, and I-88). Some of
these were due to a change in the numbering system as
a result of a new policy adopted in 1973. Previously,
3.2 Auxiliary (three-digit) Interstates
(contiguous U.S.)
See also: List of auxiliary Interstate Highways
Auxiliary Interstate Highways are circumferential, radial,
or spur highways that principally serve urban areas. These
types of Interstate Highways are given three-digit route
numbers, which consist of a single digit prexed to the
two-digit number of its parent Interstate Highway. Spur
routes deviate from their parent and do not return; these
are given an odd rst digit. Circumferential and radial
loop routes return to the parent, and are given an even rst
digit. Unlike primary Interstates, three-digit Interstates
are signed as either eastwest or northsouth, depending
on the general orientation of the route, without regard to
the route number. For instance, I-190 in Massachusetts is
labeled northsouth, while I-195 in New Jersey is labeled
eastwest. Some looped Interstate routes use innerouter
directions instead of compass directions, when the use
of compass directions would create ambiguity. Due to
the large number of these routes, auxiliary route numbers
may be repeated in dierent states along the mainline.[48]
Some auxiliary highways do not follow these guidelines,
however.
CITY A CITY B CITY C

letter-suxed numbers were used for long spurs o pri-

mary routes; for example, western I84 was I80N, as it
went north from I80. The new policy stated, No new di-
vided numbers (such as I-35W and I-35E, etc.) shall be
adopted. The new policy also recommended that exist-
ing divided numbers be eliminated as quickly as possible;
however, an I-35W and I-35E still exist in the Dallas
Fort Worth metroplex in Texas, and an I-35W and I-35E Examples of the auxiliary Interstate Highway numbering system.
that run through Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, An odd hundreds digit means the route connects at only one end
still exist.[43] Additionally, due to Congressional require- to the rest of the interstate system, known as a spur route. An
ments, three sections of I-69 in southern Texas will be even hundreds digit means the route connects at both ends, which
divided into I-69W, I-69E, and I-69C (for Central).[47] could be a loop route (which has two termini) or a radial route
(known also as a beltway, beltline, or circumferential route).
AASHTO policy allows dual numbering to provide conti-
nuity between major control points.[43] This is referred to
as a concurrency or overlap. For example, I75 and I85
share the same roadway in Atlanta; this 7.4-mile (11.9 3.3 Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico
km) section, called the Downtown Connector, is labeled
both I75 and I85. Concurrencies between Interstate and
San Juan
U.S. Route numbers are also allowed in accordance with
AASHTO policy, as long as the length of the concurrency
is reasonable.[43] In rare instances, two highway designa-
tions sharing the same roadway are signed as traveling in
Humacao
opposite directions; one such wrong-way concurrency is
found between Wytheville and Fort Chiswell, Virginia, Ponce 0 50km
where I81 north and I77 south are equivalent (with that
section of road traveling almost due east), as are I81
south and I77 north. Map of routes in Puerto Rico that receive funding from the Inter-
state program, but are not signed as Interstate Highways

The Interstate Highway System also extends to Alaska,

Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, even though they have no direct
3.5 Business routes
Map of routes in Alaska that receive funding from the Interstate
program, but are not signed as Interstate Highways
land connections to any other states or territories. How-
ever, their residents still pay federal fuel and tire taxes.
The Interstates in Hawaii, all located on the most popu-
lous island of Oahu, carry the prex H. There are three
one-digit routes in the state (H-1, H-2, and H-3) and one
auxiliary route (H-201). These Interstates connect sev-
eral military and naval bases together, as well as the im-
portant cities and towns spread across Oahu, and espe-
cially the metropolis of Honolulu.
Both Alaska and Puerto Rico also have public highways
that receive 90 percent of their funding from the Interstate
Highway program. The Interstates of Alaska and Puerto
Rico are numbered sequentially in order of funding with-
out regard to the rules on odd and even numbers. They
also carry the prexes A and PR, respectively. How-
ever, these highways are signed according to their local
designations, not their Interstate Highway numbers. Fur-
thermore, these routes were neither planned according to
nor constructed to the ocial Interstate Highway stan-
dards.[49]
3.4 Mile markers and exit numbers
On one- or two-digit Interstates, the mile marker number-
ing almost always begins at the southern or western state
line. If an Interstate originates within a state, the number-
ing begins from the location where the road begins in the
south or west. Exceptions exist for Interstate Highways
that used segments of roadway that were built prior to
Interstate Highway standards being formalized and were
grandfathered into the system.
Three-digit Interstates with an even rst number that form
a complete circumferential (circle) bypass around a city
feature mile markers that are numbered in a clockwise
direction, beginning just west of an Interstate that bisects
the circumferential route near a south polar location. In
other words, mile marker 1 on I-465, a 53-mile (85 km)
route around Indianapolis, is just west of its junction with
I-65 on the south side of Indianapolis (on the south leg
of I-465), and mile marker 53 is just east of this same
junction. An exception is I-495 in the Washington, D.C.
7
Metropolitan Area, with mileposts increasing counter-
clockwise because part of that road is also part of I-95.
The exit numbers of interchanges are either sequential or
distance-based so that the exit number is the same as the
nearest mile marker. Under the latter system, a single
mile with multiple exits may be assigned letter suxes,
for example on I890 in New York.[50]
3.5 Business routes
Standard Interstate shields
Markers for
Business Loop Interstate 80 (left) and Business Spur
Interstate 80 (right)
AASHTO denes a category of special routes separate
from primary and auxiliary Interstate designations. These
routes do not have to comply to Interstate construction
standards but are routes that may be identied and ap-
proved by the association. The same route marking pol-
icy applies to both US Numbered Highways and Inter-
state Highways; however, business route designations are
sometimes used for Interstate Highways.[51] Known as
Business Loops and Business Spurs, these routes princi-
pally travel through the corporate limits of a city, pass-
ing through the central business district when the regular
route is directed around the city. They also use a green
shield instead of the red and blue shield.[51]
4 Financing
I787 in Watervliet, New York, showing the exit 8 diamond inter-
change
Interstate highways and their rights of way are owned
by the state in which they were built. The last federally
owned portion of the Interstate System was the Woodrow
8 4 FINANCING

Wilson Bridge on the Washington DC Capital Beltway. 4.1 Toll Interstate Highways
The new bridge was completed in 2009 and is collec-
tively owned by Virginia and Maryland.[52] Maintenance See also: Category:Tolled sections of Interstate High-
is generally the responsibility of the state department of ways.
transportation. However, there are some segments of In- Approximately 2,900 miles (4,700 km) of toll roads are
terstate owned and maintained by local authorities.
About 70 percent of the construction and maintenance
costs of Interstate Highways in the United States have
been paid through user fees, primarily the fuel taxes col-
lected by the federal, state, and local governments. To
a much lesser extent they have been paid for by tolls
collected on toll highways and bridges. The Highway
Trust Fund, established by the Highway Revenue Act in
1956, prescribed a three-cent-per-gallon fuel tax, soon
increased to 4.5 cents per gallon. Since 1993 the tax has
remained at 18.4 cents per gallon.[53]
The rest of the costs of these highways are borne by
general fund receipts, bond issues, designated property
taxes, and other taxes. The federal contribution comes
overwhelmingly from motor vehicle and fuel taxes (93.5
percent in 2007), and it makes up about 60 percent of
the contributions by the states. However, any local gov-
ernment contributions are overwhelmingly from sources
besides user fees.[54] The portion of the user fees spent
on highways themselves covers about 57 percent of their
costs, with about one-sixth of the user fees being sent
to other programs, including the mass transit systems
in large cities. In the northeastern United States, some
large sections of Interstate Highways that were planned
or constructed before 1956 are still operated as toll roads.
Others have had their construction bonds paid o and An I-376 trailblazer with the new black-on-yellow Toll sign
they have become toll-free, such as in Connecticut (I95),
Maryland (I95), Virginia (I95), and Kentucky (I65). included in the Interstate Highway System.[59] While fed-
As American suburbs have expanded, the costs incurred eral legislation initially banned the collection of tolls on
in maintaining freeway infrastructure have also grown, Interstates, many of the toll roads on the system were ei-
leaving little in the way of funds for new Interstate ther completed or under construction when the Interstate
construction.[55] This has led to the proliferation of toll Highway System was established. Since these highways
roads (turnpikes) as the new method of building limited- provided logical connections to other parts of the system,
access highways in suburban areas. Some Interstates are they were designated as Interstate highways. Congress
privately maintained (for example, the VMS company also decided that it was too costly to either build toll-free
maintains I35 in Texas)[56] to meet rising costs of main- Interstates parallel to these toll roads, or directly repay all
tenance and allow state departments of transportation the bondholders who nanced these facilities and remove
to focus on serving the fastest-growing regions in their the tolls. Thus, these toll roads were grandfathered into
states. the Interstate Highway System.[60]
Parts of the Interstate System might have to be tolled in Toll facilities designated as Interstate highways (such as
the future to meet maintenance and expansion demands, the Massachusetts Turnpike) were typically allowed to
as has been done with adding toll HOV/HOT lanes in continue collecting tolls, but are generally ineligible to
cities such as Atlanta, Dallas, and Los Angeles. Although receive federal funds for maintenance and improvements.
part of the tolling is an eect of the SAFETEALU act, Some toll roads that did receive federal funds to nance
which has put an emphasis on toll roads as a means to re- emergency repairs (notably the Connecticut Turnpike (I-
duce congestion,[57][58] present federal law does not allow 95) following the Mianus River Bridge collapse) were re-
for a state to change a freeway section to a tolled section quired to remove tolls as soon as the highways construc-
for all trac. tion bonds were paid o. In addition, these toll facil-
ities were grandfathered from Interstate Highway stan-
dards. A notable example is the western approach to the
Benjamin Franklin Bridge in Philadelphia, where I-676
has a surface street section through a historic area.
5.2 Exit numbering 9

Policies on toll facilities and Interstate Highways have

since changed. The Federal Highway Administration has
allowed some states to collect tolls on existing Interstate
Highways, while a recent extension of I-376 included a
section of Pennsylvania Route 60 that was tolled by the
Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission before receiving In-
terstate designation. Also, newer toll facilities (like the
tolled section of I-376, which was built in the early 1990s)
must conform to Interstate standards. A new addition of
Several proposed Interstate shield design proposals submitted by
the Manual on Uniform Trac Control Devices in 2009
the Texas Highway Department
requires a black-on-yellow Toll sign to be placed above
the Interstate trailblazer on Interstate Highways that col-
lect tolls.[61] in which the red and blue are replaced with green, the
Legislation passed in 2005 known as SAFETEA-LU, word BUSINESS appears instead of INTERSTATE,
encouraged states to construct new Interstate Highways and the word[65] SPUR or LOOP usually appears above
through innovative nancing methods. SAFETEA-LU the number. The green shield is employed to mark
facilitated states to pursue innovative nancing by easing the main route through a citys central business district,
the restrictions on building interstates as toll roads, either which intersects the associated Interstate highway at one
through state agencies or through publicprivate partner- (spur) or both (loop) ends of the business route. The
ships. However, SAFETEA-LU left in place a prohibi- route usually traverses the main thoroughfare(s) of the
[66]
tion of installing tolls on existing toll-free Interstates, and citys downtown area or other major business district.
states wishing to toll such routes to nance upgrades and A city may have more than one Interstate-derived busi-
repairs must rst seek approval from Congress. ness route, depending on the number of Interstates pass-
ing through a city and the number of signicant business
districts therein.[67]
4.2 Chargeable and non-chargeable Inter- Over time, the design of the Interstate shield has changed.
state routes In 1957 the Interstate shield designed by Texas Highway
Department employee Richard Oliver was introduced,
Interstate Highways nanced with federal funds are the winner of a contest that included 100 entries;[68][69]
known as chargeable Interstate routes, and are consid- at the time, the shield color was a dark navy blue and
ered part of the 42,000-mile (68,000 km) network of only 17 inches (43 cm) wide.[70] The Manual on Uniform
highways. Federal laws also allow non-chargeable In- Trac Control Devices (MUTCD) standards revised the
terstate routes, highways funded similarly to state and shield in the 1961,[71] 1971,[72] and 1978[73] editions.
U.S. Highways to be signed as Interstates, if they both
meet the Interstate Highway standards and are logical ad-
ditions or connections to the system.[62][63] These addi- 5.2 Exit numbering
tions fall under two categories: routes that already meet
Interstate standards, and routes not yet upgraded to Inter-
state standards. Only routes that meet Interstate standards
may be signed as Interstates once their proposed number
is approved.[49]

5 Signage

5.1 Interstate shield

Interstate Highways are signed by a number placed on a
trademarked[64] red, white, and blue sign. The colors red,
white, and blue are chosen because they are the colors of
the American ag. In the original design, the name of Commemorative sign introduced in 1993. Though the system
the state was displayed above the highway number, but in was established during Dwight D. Eisenhowers presidency, the
many states, this area is now left blank. The sign usually ve stars commemorate his rank as General of the Army during
World War II.
measures 36 inches (91 cm) high, and is 36 inches (91
cm) wide for two-digit Interstates or 45 inches (110 cm) The majority of Interstates have exit numbers. All trac
for three-digit Interstates.[65] signs and lane markings on the Interstates are supposed to
Interstate business loops and spurs use a special shield be designed in compliance with the Manual on Uniform
10 6 STATISTICS

Trac Control Devices (MUTCD). There are, however, since converted to mileage-based exit numbers. Georgia
many local and regional variations in signage. renumbered in 2000, while Maine did so in 2004. The
For many years California was the only state that did not Pennsylvania Turnpike uses both mile marker numbers
use an exit numbering system. It was granted an exemp- and sequential numbers. Mile marker numbers are used
tion in the 1950s due to having an already largely com- for signage, while sequential numbers are used for num-
pleted and signed highway system; placing exit number bering interchanges internally. The New Jersey Turn-
signage across the state was deemed too expensive. To pike, including the portions that are signed as I95 and
control costs, California began to incorporate exit num- I78, also has sequential numbering, but other Interstates
within New Jersey use mile markers.
bers on its freeways in 2002Interstate, U.S., and state
routes alike. Caltrans commonly installs exit number sig- I87 in New York State is numbered in three sections.
nage only when a freeway or interchange is built, recon- The rst section makes up the Major Deegan Expressway
structed, retrotted, or repaired, and it is usually just in the Bronx, with interchanges numbered sequentially
tacked onto the top-right corner of an already existing from 1 to 14. The second section of I87 is a part of the
sign. Newer signs along the freeways follow this prac- New York State Thruway that starts in Yonkers (exit 1)
tice as well. Most exits along Californias Interstates now and continues north to Albany (exit 24); at Albany, the
have exit number signage, particularly in rural areas. Cal- Thruway turns west and becomes I90 for exits 25 to 61.
ifornia, however, still does not use mileposts, although a From Albany north to the Canadian border, the exits on
few exist for experiments or for special purposes.[74] I87 are numbered sequentially from 1 to 44 along the
Exit numbers correspond to Interstate mileage markers in Adirondack Northway. This often leads to confusion as
most states. On I19 in Arizona, however, length is mea- there is more than one exit on I87 with the same number.
sured in kilometers instead of miles because, at the time For example, exit 4 on Thruway section of I87 connects
of construction, a push for the United States to change to with the Cross County Parkway in Yonkers, but exit 4 on
a metric system of measurement had gained enough trac- the Northway is the exit for the Albany airport. These
tion that it was mistakenly assumed that all highway mea- two exits share a number but are located 150 miles (240
surements would eventually be changed to metric; prox- km) apart.
imity to metric-using Mexico may also have been a factor,
as I19 indirectly connects I10 to the Mexican Federal
Highway system via surface streets in Nogales. Mileage 5.3 Sign locations
count increases from west to east on most even-numbered
Interstates; on odd-numbered Interstates mileage count There are four common signage methods on Interstates:
increases from south to north. Some highways, including
the New York State Thruway and Jane Addams Memorial Locating a sign on the ground to the side of the high-
Tollway, use sequential exit-numbering schemes. Exits way, mostly the right, and is used to denote exits, as
on the New York State Thruway count up from Yonkers well as rest areas, motorist services such as gas and
traveling north, and then west from Albany. On the Jane lodging, recreational sites, and freeway names
Addams Memorial Tollway mileage markers count up
from O'Hare International Airport traveling west, which Attaching the sign to an overpass
is the starting point of the tollway.
As of November 2010, the Illinois State Tollway Au-
The last two involve gantries and are the most common
thority has redone the mileage markers to be uniform
signage methods:
with the rest of the state on I90 (Jane Addams Memo-
rial/Northwest Tollway) and the I94 section of the
TriState Tollway, which previously had matched the Mounting on half-gantries that are located on one
I294 section starting in the south at I80/I94/IL Route side of the highway, like a ground-mounted sign
394. The tollway is also currently in the process of adding
exit number tabs to the exits. Mounting on full gantries that bridge the entire
width of the highway and often show two or more
Many northeastern states label exit numbers sequentially,
signs
regardless of how many miles have passed between ex-
its. States in which Interstate exits are still numbered
sequentially are Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont; 6 Statistics
as such, ve of the main Interstate highways that remain
completely within these states (87, 88, 89, 91, and 93)
have interchanges numbered sequentially along their en- 6.1 Volume
tire routes. Maine, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, and
Florida followed this system for a number of years, but Heaviest traveled: 374,000 vehicles per day: I-405
in Los Angeles, California (2008 estimate[75] ).

6.2 Elevation
Highest: 11,158 feet (3,401 m): I-70 in the
Eisenhower Tunnel at the Continental Divide in the
Colorado Rocky Mountains.[76]
Lowest (land): 52 feet (16 m): I-8 at the New
River near Seeley, California.[76]
Lowest (underwater): 103 feet (31 m): I-95 in
the Fort McHenry Tunnel under the Baltimore Inner
Harbor.[77]
6.3 Length
Longest (east-west): 3,020.54 miles (4,861.09
km): I-90 from Boston, Massachusetts, to Seattle,
Washington.[78][79]
Longest (northsouth): 1,920 mi (3,090 km): I-
95 from the Canadian border near Houlton, Maine,
to Miami, Florida, not counting the gap in New Jer-
sey to be completed in 2017.[78]
Shortest (two-digit): 17.62 mi (28.36 km): I-97
from Baltimore to Annapolis, Maryland.
Longest segment between state lines: 879 mi (1,415
km): I-10 in Texas from the New Mexico state line
near El Paso to the Louisiana state line near Orange,
Texas.[80]
Shortest segment between state lines: 453 ft (138
m): Interstate 95/I-495 (Capital Beltway) on the
Woodrow Wilson Bridge across the Potomac River
where they briey cross the southernmost tip of
the District of Columbia between its lines with
Maryland and Virginia.[79]
Longest concurrency: 278.4 mi (448.0 km): I-80
and I-90; Gary, Indiana, to Elyria, Ohio.[81]
6.4 States
Most states served by an Interstate: 15 states
plus the District of Columbia: I-95 through
Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
Virginia, DC, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania,
New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine.[78]
Most Interstates in a state: 29 routes: New York,
totaling 1,674.73 mi (2,695.22 km).[78]
Most Interstate mileage in a state: 3,233.45 mi
(5,203.73 km): Texas, in 17 dierent routes.[78]
11
7 See also
Expressways of China
Expressways in South Korea, signage and number-
ing heavily inuenced by Interstate Highway System
Autoroutes of Quebec, signage and numbering also
heavily inuenced by Interstate Highway System
400-series highways, highway network in Ontario
that incorporates US highway standards and designs
International E-road network (Europe)
List of controlled access highway systems
Non-motorized access on freeways
8 Notes
[1] As of 2013.[1]
9 References
9.1 Footnotes
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[2] Weingro, Richard F. (Summer 1996). Federal-Aid
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[3] Oce of Highway Policy Information (January 2015).
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[4] Neuharth, Al (June 22, 2006). Traveling Interstates is
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[5] United States nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita
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Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2016). What
Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved
April 10, 2016. These gures follow the gures as of
2015.
[6] Schwantes (2003), p. 142.
[7] Mehren, E.J. (December 19, 1918). A Suggested Na-
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12
[8] Weingro, Richard (October 15, 2013). "'Clearly Vicious
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[9] Schwantes (2003), p. 152.
[10] McNichol (2006), p. 87.
[11] Schwantes (2003), p. 153.
[12] McNichol (2006), p. 78.
[13] Weingro, Richard F. (Summer 1996). The Federal-
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[68] Texas Transportation Institute (2005). Ties to Texas
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(1971). Chapter 2D. Guide Signs: Conventional Roads
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[73] National Advisory Committee on Uniform Trac Con-
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[74] Faigin, Daniel P. (December 29, 2015). Numbering
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[75] Oce of Highway Policy Information (July 27, 2010).
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Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[76] American Association of State Highway and Transporta-
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[77] Hall, Jerry & Hall, Loretta (July 1, 2009). The Adobe
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Westernite. Western District of the Institute of Trans-
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[78] Obenberger, Jon & DeSimone, Tony (April 7, 2011).
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10 FURTHER READING
[79] Federal Highway Administration (April 6, 2011).
Miscellaneous Interstate System Facts. Federal
Highway Administration. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
[80] Transportation Planning and Programming Division
(n.d.). Interstate Highway No. 10. Highway Desig-
nation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Re-
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[81] DeSimone, Tony (October 31, 2002). Table 1: Main
Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of
Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002.
Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administra-
tion. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
9.2 Works cited
McNichol, Dan (2006). The Roads that Built Amer-
ica: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate Sys-
tem. New York: Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-3468-
7.
Rose, Mark H. (1990). Interstate: Express Highway
Politics 19391989. Knoxville: University of Ten-
nessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-671-4.
Schwantes, Carlos Arnaldo (2003). Going Places:
Transportation Redenes the Twentieth-Century
West. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.
1523. ISBN 9780253342027.
10 Further reading
Browning, Edgar A (2011). Roadbuilding Con-
struction Equipment at Work: Building the Interstate
Highways through New Englands Green Mountains.
Icongrax. ISBN 978-1-58388-277-1.
Friedlaender, Ann Fetter (1965). The Interstate
Highway System. A Study in Public Investment.
Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing. OCLC
498010.
Hanlon, Martin D. (1997). You Can Get There from
Here: How the Interstate Highways Transformed
America. New York: Basingstoke. ISBN 978-0-
312-12909-5.
Lewis, Tom (1997). Divided Highways: Building the
Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life.
New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-86627-4.
Lichter, Daniel T.; Fuguitt, Glenn V. (Decem-
ber 1980). Demographic Response to Trans-
portation Innovation: The Case of the Interstate
Highway. Social Forces. 59 (2): 492512.
doi:10.1093/sf/59.2.492. JSTOR 2578033.
 15

11 External links
Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate
and Defense Highways, Federal Highway Adminis-
tration (FHWA)

Route Log and Finder List, FHWA

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, FHWA

Interstate Highway System, Dwight D. Eisenhower
Presidential Library and Museum
Keep on Trucking?: Would you pay more in taxes
to x roads and rail?", NOW on PBS
Interstate at 50, AASHTO
16 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
Interstate Highway System Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System?oldid=770521005 Contributors: Brion
VIBBER, Vicki Rosenzweig, Robert Merkel, Ed Poor, Justfred, Andre Engels, Roadrunner, DavidLevinson, Gpietsch, Hephaestos, Soul-
patch, Tedernst, AntonioMartin, Edward, Patrick, RTC, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Wapcaplet, Chinju, GTBacchus, Delirium, Paddu,
Tregoweth, Docu, Baylink, BigFatBuddha, , Nikai, Deisenbe, EdH, Jengod, Emperorbma, Radiojon, SatyrTN, Robertb-dc,
Marshman, Cleduc, Saltine, Populus, Nricardo, Spikey, Topbanana, Jerzy, Jusjih, Rossh, Denelson83, Twang, Palnu, KeithH, Korath,
Nydigoveth, Moncrief, Ajd, Postdlf, Aaron Pannell, Rfc1394, Jtts, Joelwest, Bkell, Toiyabe, Jpbrenna, KeithJonsn, Seth Ilys, Cyrius,
Rsduhamel, Dina, Jordon Kalilich, Alexwcovington, Dbenbenn, DocWatson42, MaGioZal, Elf, IRelayer, Bkonrad, Jgalea84, Thetorpe-
dodog, Niteowlneils, LLarson, Rpyle731, Mboverload, VampWillow, Python eggs, Bobblewik, Gyrofrog, Ehusman, Stevietheman, Beland,
Catdude, Jesster79, Balcer, Bumm13, Burgundavia, Kuralyov, GeoGreg, Sfoskett, Kmweber, Edsanville, Oknazevad, Trilobite, Ratioci-
nate, Demiurge, Lpangelrob, Famartin, Kmccoy, D6, Freakofnurture, GregDumbrell, Ssmith619, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rreini,
Andros 1337, FrickFrack, Rupertslander, Warpyght, Adam850, Xezbeth, Roodog2k, SamEV, Bender235, ESkog, JJJJust, Bennylin,
Bletch, Cacophony, Coolcaesar, Davidphogan74, Causa sui, Bobo192, Directorstratton, NetBot, Dreish, Cmdrjameson, Rockhopper10r,
WikiLeon, Ardric47, Jonathunder, SPUI, Jason One, Bob rulz, Ghostalker, Complex01, Lord Pistachio, Mrmiscellanious~enwiki, Gblaz,
Tvh2k, Scott5114, MattWade, Wtmitchell, Calrog, ProhibitOnions, Cburnett, Wyatts, W7KyzmJt, Alai, Ttownfeen, Netkinetic, Kitch, Dis-
mas, Oleg Alexandrov, Tariqabjotu, TShilo12, Rakslice, Boothy443, Woohookitty, Georgia guy, Jason Palpatine, 25or6to4, Guy M, Admr-
boltz, Before My Ken, Tckma, MONGO, Plaws, Tabletop, Singertenor, Bluemoose, LocoBurger, Zzyzx11, Brownsteve, Miken32, Matturn,
KyuuA4, BD2412, SamuraiClinton, Kbdank71, Emersonbiggins85, Rjwilmsi, Ian Page, Attitude2000, Alaney2k, Rillian, Rschen7754,
Vegaswikian, Funnyhat, Fredddie, Schaengel89~enwiki, Yamamoto Ichiro, Fish and karate, Silenceisfoo, Sheldrake, Guthardt, Ian Pitch-
ford, SchuminWeb, Simpsnut14, SuperDude115, RexNL, Mitsukai, Takometer, Tijuana Brass, OrbitOne, Drumguy8800, Tysto, Chobot,
Twister3328, Mhking, Ghoshsanjoy, Jpfagerback, PhilipR, YurikBot, Xcali, Hawaiian717, RobotE, Lordsutch, Eraserhead1, Sceptre,
Rt66lt, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, Ericorbit, Zipster, 71Demon, Christy747, IanManka, Manop, Gaius Cornelius, Telescopium1, San-
guinity, NawlinWiki, Grafen, Foxmulder, Rjensen, Howcheng, Awiseman, Davfoster88, Tom Caiafa, Caiyu, CrazyC83, Night Tracks,
Old64mb, Moe Epsilon, Voidxor, Torbjorn, SixSix, D-Clancy, Lockesdonkey, EmiOfBrie, Gadget850, Mschnippert, User27091, AjaxS-
mack, Nishant12, Novasource, American2, Nikkimaria, Fang Aili, Petri Krohn, Dutch-Bostonian, Fram, Jonathan.s.kt, Trliner, Nick-D,
Vanka5, Jmchu, SmackBot, ILBobby, John Silvestri, Wcquidditch, Falustra77, C.Fred, Kamlung, Rrius, Ateo~enwiki, Peetola, Delldot,
KelleyCook, ProveIt, Imzadi1979, Ltljltlj, Gilliam, G O T R, Hmains, Polaron, MPD01605, Daysleeper47, Chris the speller, Zinc2005,
Agateller, Rschen7754bot, Stratosphere, Mitchazenia, Jgera5, MalafayaBot, Timneu22, Hmich176, Bbq332, Michael Patrick, Rolypoly-
man, Mkamensek, A. B., Nintendude, All in, EaglesFanInTampa, Erzahler, MeekSaron, Yidisheryid, Thisisbossi, Azumanga1, Steven-
mitchell, MrRadioGuy, Ne0Freedom, Jay Doughty, The PIPE, BryanG, DMacks, Viking880, Salamurai, Jesuschex, Zeamays, Ohcon-
fucius, MegaHasher, Esrever, AThing, Gloriamarie, Kuru, John, J 1982, Moabdave, Bdj95, Jaywubba1887, Joshua Scott, Ben Moore,
BillFlis, Slakr, Publicus, Moszczynski, Massachusetts, Atakdoug, JohnnyBGood, Darry2385, Redneb, Crispy1995, Ginkgo100, Levineps,
Iridescent, JoeBot, Shoeofdeath, Gooday.1, CapitalR, Travisl, Gnosbush, EAHenrikson, JForget, Mapsax, Belginusanl, Americasroof,
CmdrObot, Mattbr, Van helsing, KMCCLA, TwinsMetsFan, Gregory Arkadin, MeekMark, Ken Gallager, Operaman215, Wingman358,
Foxcat, Angelsfreeek, Jac16888, Sh76us, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Perimeter285, Mike Christie, Gogo Dodo, Red Director, Khatru2, Ar-
gus n, Master son, Kacie Jane, HowardSF, PAWiki, Doug Weller, Kozuch, GangstaEB, Daven200520, Brad101, Ansi-boy, Seicer,
Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Kcbaker, O, Wxstorm, Keraunos, Eco84, The Dark Side, Ufwuct, MichaelXXLF~enwiki, Leon7, Jbl1975, Ru-
fus843, Escarbot, LarryHoward, Freddiem, Widefox, Gopherbone, Jayron32, FirefoxRocks, Joe Schmedley, Breni Whelan, Adkatz,
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Tjamro, Nyttend, JPG-GR, Anildash, BilCat, LorenzoB, JMyrleFuller, DerHexer, Nicholas Weiner, Nbeckman, Stephenchou0722, Mar-
tinBot, Alikaalex, LapisQuem, Sdirector, AlexiusHoratius, Nono64, TheGreenFaerae, Lilac Soul, Thirdright, J.delanoy, DandyDan2007,
Bellagio99, Zorach, Highy1, Ginsengbomb, Extransit, Obiwannut, SkipperRipper, Nothingofwater, Dispenser, Stan J Klimas, Abhijit-
sathe, Lilpinoy 82, Plasticup, NewEnglandYankee, Molly-in-md, Antony-22, D.A.Timm, STBotD, Pab1953, WinterSpw, Num1dgen,
Moadeeb, Andy Marchbanks, Banjodog, Funandtrvl, Idarin, Featuresaltlakecity, WeiGreatness, VolkovBot, RingtailedFox, Vansloot, Ssc-
woilmi, Fran Rogers, TXiKiBoT, RockinHobbit, Retaildesigner, Sswonk, Ridernyc, Markus95, Bodo920, Jackal24, HuskyHuskie, PDFbot,
Ilyushka88, Everything counts, Onore Baka Sama, Saturn star, P924 CarreraGTS, Hoot184, PlayStation 69, MatthewStevens, Halfpass4,
Meters, Hanthorn98, Lamro, Orestek, Minimac93, Truthanado, Podunlap, Devz0r, Legoktm, Paperenemy, Quentinisgod, 803original, The-
bisch, SieBot, MuzikJunky, Dough4872, WereSpielChequers, Jpp42, Triadian, Keilana, Awtribute, Latish redone, Kcuello, Grimey109,
Oxymoron83, Avnjay, Android Mouse Bot 3, BIGShorts, Lightmouse, Astrale01, Greybear1701, NameThatWorks, Pharaonic, Arti-
sol2345, Ecthelion83, Bigtz79, Doom2099, Grassre, ScottDJohnson, Tomdobb, Freewayguy, TheCatalyst31, VanishedUser 23asd-
salkaka, Beeblebrox, MBK004, Kloth~enwiki, ClueBot, LAX, Binksternet, Fyyer, The Thing That Should Not Be, Je kuta, Paulspa-
per, Halberstadt~enwiki, Freebullets, Fary321, Frmorrison, CounterVandalismBot, Antiplanner, Trivialist, Ktr101, Excirial, Gnome de
plume, Wiki Phantoms, Rhatsa26X, Time And Motion, Iohannes Animosus, Ferky123, Salon Essahj, Tmehren, JKeck, Xfoxhound80x,
Wikiuser100, WikHead, Elwrucko, NellieBly, Kbdankbot, Addbot, ConCompS, Willking1979, ProjectTux, Betterusername, Morriswa,
CcntMnky, Fieldday-sunday, Roadstaa, Phillies1fan777, Joeeesch, Download, Epicadam, Dfruzzetti, NittyG, Urbanette, Keepcalmandcar-
ryon, West.andrew.g, Jasontz, Lightbot, Hauslp, Swarm, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Cm001, Splat5572, KamikazeBot, Seascic,
Rks13, Synchronism, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, JHvW, AdjustShift, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Ewikdjmco, LilHelpa, Boxstaa,
Xqbot, Quazgaa, Capricorn42, Fmph, Jsharpminor, YBG, Coinfreak90, Tyrol5, GrouchoBot, Mark Schierbecker, Carrite, Molandfreak,
Wilke339, Farzaaaad2000, Doulos Christos, Texasnightowl, RightCowLeftCoast, Omega drh, FrescoBot, JCbot, Lipsquid, Haeinous, HJ
Mitchell, PeterEastern, Ablebakerus, Pinethicket, Abductive, Tom.Reding, VanceCrowe, RedBot, John BaRoss, DReifGalaxyM31, Mrk-
larinet, Admiral capn, Mercy11, Ultimate Roadgeek, Iseek2222, Lotje, FrankDev, Tbhotch, Squirechristopher1934, PhilipDeLaneyWV,
RjwilmsiBot, Dlambe3, InterstatesToTheCities, Steve03Mills, Whywhenwhohow, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, Immunize, Kensternation,
Dewritech, RA0808, Jkirkuslamont, Josve05a, Itonix, Anir1uph, H3llBot, Wikignome0530, Seniortrend, AutoGeek, Rcsprinter123, Jj98,
Mayur, Donner60, Piplup5, Eodcarl, Aikidockd, Freddylovejoy, Neil P. Quinn, Ebehn, Whoop whoop pull up, ClueBot NG, Giggett,
TheConduqtor, Brycecordry, Route11, MontroseGuy, Frietjes, Wittykitty111, Widr, 8squared, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain, Calidum,
Regulov, BG19bot, Krenair, Sprinkler21, TCN7JM, JustSomePics, Mrkcx2, StevenJ81, Aalexand88, MusikAnimal, Kendall-K1, Compf-
reak7, Divega, Kev08rac, Great50, Crh23, Pratyya Ghosh, Njaohnt, Geohem, GenericEditorName, Cyberbot II, Bg860e, BOSSYPIGEON,
Khazar2, Dedner.darryl, Dexbot, OfTheGreen, Listroiderbob, Mogism, Hto9950, Jc86035, Bvictor92, KJGreen920, Shayla.christensen,
JustAMuggle, RicardAnufriev, Mrjiggles666, Epicgenius, I am One of Many, Harlem Baker Hughes, Dairhead, Dcicrc, Comp.arch,
Ginsuloft, Rajaram101, Monkbot, Highway 231, Horseless Headman, Chauhanarjun, HeatIsCool, PointsofNoReturn, Fox563, Thes-
12.2 Images 17

plashofamerica, A Great Catholic Person, Mcclured123, Caliburn, Vivek.sscbs, Needforspeed888, Squidward674, Squidward679, Devin-
horn, Gothita, Porcelanica, Pyrotle, Thesplashofamerica 3, Eolgi = Interstate, Interstate & Eolgi, 64.237.238.l5, 72.50.82.l44, 57.119.173.l,
Eolgi interstate highway, Myeolgies, LG, all of to nigth, 14.573.864.75I, Timothyjosephwood, TheMagikBOT, MusikBot, Ergo Sum,
Karda83097, Dilidor, Cards84664, Imzadi1979 (public), TBear2002, GSS-1987, BRPever, Puppies626, Circuits Breakers, New York
Lnk Smf, Plysonin, Imzadi1978, Cartulinasa, James D. Watson.7, Gene Wilder7, El vacuum del televisor (CRT tvs vacuum), GreenC
bot, Theimnain, Yerenaixint, Cartulina.melasa.english, Ig765us, Iggy757, Imzadi7919, Minmimama, Bender the Bot, HighwayMan2016,
Reynoldsj200 and Anonymous: 754

12.2 Images
File:2014-05-16_13_44_32_View_south_along_Interstate_295_from_the_Sloan_Avenue_(Mercer_County_Route_649)
_overpass_in_Hamilton_Township,_New_Jersey.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/2014-05-16_
13_44_32_View_south_along_Interstate_295_from_the_Sloan_Avenue_%28Mercer_County_Route_649%29_overpass_in_Hamilton_
Township%2C_New_Jersey.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Famartin
File:787NorthEnd.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/787NorthEnd.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: UpstateNYer
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utors: Own work Original artist: User:TwinsMetsFan
File:Business_Loop_80.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Business_Loop_80.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Cadillacsquareexcerpt.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Cadillacsquareexcerpt.ogg License:
Public domain Contributors: Eisenhower Audio Gallery , Transcript excerpt, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Ad-
ministration Original artist: Dwight D. Eisenhower
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower,_White_House_photo_portrait,_February_1959.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/78/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_February_1959.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: Metadata - High res Original artist: Presumably a White House photographer, since it is in the Presidential years collection and
no assertion of copyright is made.
File:Dwight_Eisenhower_Signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Dwight_Eisenhower_
Signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by uploader, traced in Adobe Illustrator from http:
//www.indianautographs.com/prodimages/m_231051aa.jpg Original artist: Connormah, Dwight D. Eisenhower
File:Eisenhower_Interstate_System_sign.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Eisenhower_Interstate_
System_sign.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jan/01.cfm Original artist:
Federal Highway Administration
File:FHWA_Auxiliary_Route_Numbering_Diagram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/FHWA_
Auxiliary_Route_Numbering_Diagram.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Stratosphere
File:FWHA_INS5901095-01.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/FWHA_INS5901095-01.png License:
CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Devinhorn
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sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on File:Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.
svg, which is public domain. Original artist: User:Eubulides
File:Highways1955.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Highways1955.gif License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Needs of the Highway Systems 1955-1984, letter from the Secretary of Commerce to the House Committee on Public Works,
approved May 6, 1954, US Government Printing Oce Original artist: The Secretary of Commerce
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File:I-80.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/I-80.svg License: Public domain Contributors: User-made
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//mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ Own work Original artist: Ltljltlj (talk contribs)
File:Interstate_5_in_the_Central_Valley.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Interstate_5_in_the_
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CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nick Nolte
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main Contributors: Manual on Uniform Trac Control Devices, 2004 ed. Original artist: Federal Highway Administration
File:Map_of_current_Interstates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Map_of_current_Interstates.svg
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18 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg License:

Public domain Contributors: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep10/nhs/maps/pr/pr_puertorico.pdf Original artist: SPUI (talk contribs)
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
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Tkgd2007
File:STEEL_RODS,_MADE_FROM_SHREDDED_AUTOS,_ARE_BEING_USED_FOR_REINFORCEMENT_IN_THIS_
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commons/5/50/STEEL_RODS%2C_MADE_FROM_SHREDDED_AUTOS%2C_ARE_BEING_USED_FOR_REINFORCEMENT_
IN_THIS_SECTION_OF_I-55%2C_NORTH_OF_DURANT._IT..._-_NARA_-_546265.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: U.S.
National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Shrout, Bill, Photographer (NARA record: 8464472)

File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Seal_

of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Extracted from the title page of PDF doc-
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File:Toll376.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Toll376.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Jgera5
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