Energy Laws,

Codes and Standards

including Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Session Objectives

Provide overview of major energy laws with focus on

provisions related to energy management, conservation
and renewable energy
Identify key aspects of Federal Energy Management
Program (FEMP) requirements in laws and Executive
Orders (EO)
Summarize energy-related tax provisions in recent
legislation
Understand building energy standards and related model
codes, Federal and state energy codes
Discuss ASHRAE Standard 62 with regard to IAQ and
related energy impact
D-2
 Energy Management Laws
and Executive Orders
Energy Conservation and Production Act of 1976
National Energy Act of 1978:
Energy Policy Act of 1992
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Executive Order 13423 (2007)
Energy Independence and Security Act of
2007
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009
Executive Order 13514 (10/5/2009)

D3

Energy Conservation and

Production Act of 1976

(PL 94-385)

Established Building Energy Performance

Standards (BEPS)
Foundational law that more recent Energy Policy
Acts (including EPAct 1992 and 2005) revise and
update with regard to building energy efficiency
requirements

D 4
 National Energy Act of 1978
Legislative response to energy crisis, included five
separate statutes; several (with amendments) still
impact energy management today:
- Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA)
(PL 95-617)
- Energy Tax Act (PL 95-618)
- National Energy Conservation Policy Act
(NECPA) (PL 95-619)
- Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act (PL 95-620)
- Natural Gas Policy Act (PL 95-621)

D-5

National Energy Conservation

Policy Act (NECPA)
(PL 95-619)
Required that life cycle cost economic evaluation
methods be used to support design and
procurement of energy systems in Federal facilities
Serves as the underlying authority for Federal
energy management goals and requirements
Gave Federal agencies the authority to enter into
shared-energy savings (SES) contracts with
private-sector energy service companies (ESCOs)
Amended and updated by more recent acts, including
EPAct 1992, EPAct 2005 and EISA 2007
Current fully amended NECPA Federal Energy
Management requirements can be found at
www.eere.energy.gov/femp "Laws & Regulation f1

D 6
 Energy Policy Act 1992
(EPAct 1992)
(PL 102-486)
Revised the Energy Conservation and Production Act by
requiring States to establish more stringent building
energy codes based on current versions of:
- Commercial - ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 Standard
- Residential- CABO Model Energy Code (succeeded
by ICC IECC)
Established minimum efficiency standards for
commercial size HVAC equipment, electric motors and
lamps

D-7

EPAct 1992 (continued)

Required that all Federal facilities have designated and
trained energy managers
Defined "trained energy manager" as "a person who has
demonstrated proficiency, or who has completed a
course of study in the areas of fundamentals of building
energy systems, building energy codes and applicable
professional standards, energy accounting and analysis,
life-cycle cost methodology, fuel supply and pricing, and
instrumentation for energy surveys and audits."
Did not require the CEM, but requirements were based
on subject areas covered by CEM - a CEM fulfills the
reqUirements

D-8
 EPAct 1992 (continued)
Authorized Federal agencies to execute guaranteed
savings energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs)
- Required ESCOs to guarantee savings
- Required measurement and verification (M&V) of
savings
- Set the maximum contract term at 25 years, including
construction period
Required federal facilities to install by January 1, 2005 all
energy and water conservation measures with
(discounted) payback periods less than 10 years

D 9

Energy Policy Act of 2005

(EPAct 2005)

(PL 109-58)

First major piece of national energy legislation

since EPAct 1992. Signed August 8, 2005 by the
President, and effective January 1, 2006
Major thrust of EPAct 2005 is energy production
However, there are many important sections of
EPAct 2005 that help promote energy efficiency
and energy conservation
EPAct 2005 has some significant impacts on
Federal Energy Management, updating NECPA

D 10
 Federal Energy Management Program

www.eere.energy.gov Ifemp

FY 2009 "Year in Review"

u.s.
Federal government is the largest volume buyer of
energy-consuming products in the world
occupies nearly 500,000 buildings and facilities
- operates more than 600,000 vehicles
- employs more than 1.8 million civilians
- purchases more than $500 billion annually in goods and services
Progress toward goals:
Reduced total site energy use per gross square foot by 9.4% in
FY2008 relative to 2003
- Purchased or produced equivalent of 3.4% of total electricity use
of 56,123 gigawatthours in FY2008 from renewable sources

D -11

EPAct 2005
Federal Energy Management
Requirements
Section 102 amends I'JECPA to require that Federal
facilities reduce energy consumption per gross square
foot by 2% per year from FY2006-2015 for a total of
20% relative to a FY2003 baseline (subsequently
increased by Executive Order and EISA 2007)
Section 103 directs that all Federal buildings be metered
"for the purposes of efficient energy use and redijdion
in the cost of electricity used in such buildings" by
October 1, 2012
Section 104 requires that each agency incorporate
energyeffici c : y criteria consistent with ENERGY STAR
~i . FEMP-designated products for "all procurements
involving energy consuming products and syste
D 12
 EPAct 2005

Federal Energy Management

Requirements (continued)

Section 109 directs that new Federal buildings

commercial or residential - be designed 30/0
below ASHRAE standards or the IECC (where
life-cycle cost effective)
Section 203 requires that the Federal
Government's renewable energy consumption
meet or exceed 31o from FY 2007-2009, with
increases to at least 51o in FY 2010-2012 and
7.5/0 in 2013 and thereafter

D - 13

Executive Order 13423

Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy and
Transportation Management
- Signed January 24, 2007; supercedes earlier related EOs
- Set more challenging goals than EPAct 2005
Requires Federal agencies to reduce energy intensity by
3% each year, leading to 30% by the end of FY 2015
compared to an FY 2003 baseline (this goal was given the
weight of law when ratified by EISA 2007)
Requires Federal agencies to reduce water use intensity
(gallons per square foot) by 2% each year through FY 2015
(for a total of 16%) based on a water consumption baseline
in FY 2007

D - 14
 Energy Independence & Securi'ty

Act of 2007 (EISA 2007)

(PL 110-140)
"To move the United States toward greater
energy independence and security, to increase
the production of clean renewable fuels, to
protect consumers, to increase the efficiency of
products, buildings, and vehicles, to promote
research on and deploy greenhouse gas capture
and storage options, and to improve the energy
performance of the Federal Government, and for
other purposes."

D 15

EISA 2007 (continued)

Increased Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
Standards for passenger vehicles and light trucks
Targets improved energy security through increased
production of biO'Fuels
Increased energy savings through improved
standards for some categories of appliances and
lighting products
Accelerated research on renewable energy and
carbon capture and sequestration

D -16
 EISA 2007 (continued)
Amended NECPA/ requiring Federal energy savings of 3% per
year FY2006-2015 relative to a 2003 baseline (ratifying EO
13423)
Requires comprehensive energy and water evaluations of
covered Federal facilities at rate of 25% per year so that
evaluations are conducted at least once every four years
Directs General Services Administration (GSA) to establish a
Federal High-Performance Green Building Office
Extended life cycle cost analysis period for Federal facilities
from 25 to 40 years
Requires metering of natural gas and steam by October 1/
2016
Permanently authorizes ESPCs in Federal facilities and
restricts agencies from limiting duration of ESPCs to less than
25 years .
D - 17

American Recovery and

Reinvestment Act of 2009

(PL 111-5)
"Making supplemental appropriations for job
preservation and creation, infrastructure
investment, energy efficiency and science,
assistance to the unemployed, and State and local
fiscal stabilization, for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 2009, and for other purposes. 1f
Commonly referred to in the media as the "Stimulus
Bill"
For details and progress, see www.recovery.gov
Includes funding for Green Federal Buildings and
Green Jobs Training Programs
D -18
 Executive Order 13514
Federal Leadership in Environmental Energy and Economic
Performance
- Signed October 5, 2009; supercedes earlier related EOs
- Expanded on energy reduction and environmental
performance requirements of EO 13423
Designate Senior Sustainability Officer and prepare targets
for agency-wide reductions in 2020 in greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions
Ensure all new Federal buildings entering design after 2020
are designed to achieve zero net energy by 2030
Improve water efficiency 26% by 2020
Ensure all new construction, major renovations, repair and
alterations of Federal buildings comply with the "Guiding
Principles of Federal Leadership in High Performance and
Sustainable Buildings"

D 19

Tax Provisions for

Energy Efficiency

Energy Policy Act of 2005 enacted home improvement

energy tax credits, available for 2006 and 2007, expired
in 2008
Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, part of
the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (P.L.
110-343) renewed and extended tax credits
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
modified and extended tax credits for 2009 and 2010
Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization
and Job Creation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-312) extended
some tax credits trn:''.1gh 2011, but at levels similar to
2Q06-2007
D 20
 Tax Deduction vs. Tax Credit

Tax Deduction - subtracted from income

before total tax liability is computed
Tax Credit - subtracted directly from the total
tax liability
- a credit can be 3 or more times more advantageous
to the taxpayer than a deduction, depending upon tax
bracket
- For example, a tax credit of $1,000 for someone in
the 28% tax bracket is equivalent to a tax deduction
of $3,571 (Le, $3,571 x 0.28 = $1,000)

D - 21

Tax Provisions as of 2011 for

Conservation and Energy Efficiency

Federal tax credits for energy efficiency include:

(see www.energystar,gov for details)
- Tax Credits for Consumers
- Tax Credits for Efficient Cars
- Tax Deductions for Commercial Buildings

D - 22
 Tax Credits for Consumers
Tax credits at 10% of the cost up to $500 in 2011 (for
existing homes only) for:
Windows and doors (10%, but limited to $200)

- Insulation

- Roofs (Metal and Asphalt)

- HVAC

- Water Heaters (non-solar)

Tax credits at 30% of the cost, with no upper limit through

2016 (for existing homes and new construction) for:
Geothermal Heat Pumps

- Solar Panels

- Solar Water Heaters

Small Wind Energy Systems

Fuel Cells

D - 23

Tax Deductions for

Commercial Buildings

This provision offers business taxpayers a deduction of

$1.80 per square foot for commercial buildings that
achieve a 50% reduction in annual energy cost to the
user, compared to a base building defined by the
industry standard ASHRAEjIESNA 90.1-2001.
Energy costs refer only to (1) lighting, (2) heating,
cooling, ventilation and hot water, and (3) building
envelope, since only these uses are within the scope of
the ASHRAEjIESNA standard and within the control of
the building designer.
Each of the three energy-using systems of the building is
eligible for one third ($0.60 per square foot) of the
incentive if it meets its share of the whole-buildin
savings goal.
D 24
 Energy Codes and

Standards

Energy Codes and Standards

Energy codes - specify how buildings must be
constructed or perform, and are written in mandatory,
enforceable language
- States or local governments adopt and enforce
energy codes for their jurisdictions
- Model codes are produced by the International Code
Council (ICC) to facilitate easy adoption of codes by
government jurisdictions
- Technical basis of model energy codes may be
existing energy standards

D - 26
 Energy Codes and Standards

Energy standards - describe how buildings shou/dbe

constructed to save energy cost-effectively
- published by national technical organizations such as
the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH RAE)
- not mandatory, but serve as national
recommendations, with some variation for regional
climate differences

D 27

Energy Codes and Standards

Organizations

Building Energy Codes Program

U.S. Department of Energy

www.energycodes.gov

International Code Council (ICC)

www.iccsafe.org
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH RAE)
www.ashrae.org
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)
www.ies.org
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
www.ansLorg

D - 28
 International Code Council (ICC)

ICC was formed in 1994 by three existing model

codes organizations:
- Building Officials and Code Administrators

International (BOCA)

- International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)

- Southern Building Code Congress International
(SBCCI)
In January 2003, ICC began consolidated
operations as one combined member service
organization

D 29

Energy Codes and Standards

ANSI!ASHRAE!IES Standard 90.1 _""'_"""'''M,<t.-''''''''''<,....

,....".""""_,Al',"<1.........
"'-=' <~i\'I"""":V_
,c,
\"""''''"''' t_01}
...,..-",,,'>,,"..
- 1989 "Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings
~"'"

Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings"

Energy Standard for
- 1999, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 "Energy Standard Buildings Except
for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential low-Rise Residential
Buildings" Buildings
j.FEcit!,;;;:
ASHRAE Standard 90.2
1989, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 "Energy
Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ICC International Energy Conservation Code
(IECC)
1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, (2012 slated)
Previously known as the Council of American
Building OffiCials (CABO) Model Energy Code
1992, 1993, 1995
10 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 433-435

D - 30
 ANSI!ASHRAE!IESNA Standard 90.1-2010

What does compliance entail?

Standard 90.1 addresses building components and
systems that affect energy usage
The technical sections of the standards specifically
address components of the building envelope, HVAC
systems and equipment, service water heating, power,
lighting, and motors
Each technical section contains general requirements
and mandatory provisions; some sections also include
prescriptive and performance requirements options
Requires minimum performance measures for energy
efficiency of equipment

D 31

ANSI! ASHRAE!IESNA Standard 90.1-2010

Prescriptive thermal requirements
Co-sponsor of 90.1 is the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America (IESNA)
- Requires automatic shut-off of lighting systems
- Specifies maximum allowable Wjft2 for lighting by
building or space type using either the Whole Building
(prescriptive) or the Space-by-Space (performance)
method (see Lighting appendix for example values)
Offers a Simplified Approach Option for HVAC systems
for small buildings (under 25,000 ft2, and two stories or
less)
Energy Cost Budget method (ECB) provides a trade-off
approach option to prescriptive or performance options
by technical section using energy simulation modeling

D 32
 Energy Cost Budget Method

The ECB method permits tradeoffs between building

systems (lighting and fenestration (building envelope)
for example) if the annual energy cost estimated for the
proposed design does not exceed the annual energy cost
of a base design that fulfills the prescriptive
requirements.
- Using the ECB approach requires simulation software
that can analyze energy consumption in buildings and
model the energy features in the proposed design.
Standard 90.1 sets minimum requirements for the
simulation software; suitable programs include DOE's
EnergyPlus, DOE-2 (many variants such as PowerDOE
and EQuest), BLAST, Trane Trace and Carrier HAP.

D 33

ASHRAE 90.1 Compliance

Courtesy Trane Engineers Newsletter

pre,,;;riptl\l
aili':I.P\ltfolmaflll$
.,.fmq\l![Jmll!l1tll
'"to
General .... It

and
,.,..,mandatory
"."
..~"' .....
provisions Energy Cost "".; 11' 90. ,compliant
Budget (ECB) building
method

D34
 How Are ASHRAE Standards

Developed and Revised?

Standards 90.1 and 90.2 (as well as 55, 62.1, 62.2, 135
and others) are developed and revised through voluntary
consensus and public hearing processes that are critical
to widespread support for their adoption.
Standards 90.1 and 90.2 (and others) are on
"continuous maintenance" and are maintained by
separate Standing Standards Project Committees
(SSPCs). Committee membership varies from 10 to 60
voting members.
Committee membership includes representatives from
many groups to ensure balance among all interest
categories.

D - 35

After the cognizant SSPC proposes revisions to

the standard, it undergoes public review and
comment.
When a majority of the parties substantially
agree (this is known as consensus), the revised
standard is submitted for approval to the
ASHRAE Board of Directors.
Standards including 90.1, 90.2, 62.1, 62.2 are
currently re-published every three years based
on all approved interim addenda
Approved interim addenda ( revisions) are posted
on the ASHRAE website and are included in the
next published version - see www.ashrae.org

D - 36
 The International Energy

Conservation Code (IECC)

The International Code Council (ICC) publishes and

maintains the International Energy Conservation Code
(IECC), which is a model energy code that makes
allowances for different climate zones.
Because it is written in mandatory, enforceable
language, state and local jurisdictions can easily adopt
the model as their energy code.
Before adopting the IECC, state and local
governments often make changes to reflect
regional building practices.

D - 37

Federal Building Energy Codes

The requirement for the Federal sector to meet or

exceed ASHRAE 90.1 and 90.2/1CC IECC as
mandatory standards for all new Federal buildings
is specified in 10 CFR parts 433-435.
433 Energy Efficiency Standards for the Design and
Construction of New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family
High-Rise Residential Buildings (design for construction
beginning on or after January 3, 2007) - based on 30% better than
ASHRAE/IESNA"'9\J.i-2004 where life-cycle cost (LCC) effective
434 Energy Code for New Federal Commercial and Multi
Family High-Rise Residential Buildings (design for construction
beginning before January 3, 2007) based on ASHRAE/IESNA
90, 1-1989 ~---~

435 Energy Efficiency Standards for New Federal Low-Rise

Residential Buildings - based on 30% better than ICC IECC 2004
where LCC effective

D - 38
 State Building Codes
Energy Component
In accordance with the Energy Conservation and
Production Act (ECPA) as amended by EPAct 1992 and
2005, most states use the ASHRAEjIES 90.1 Standard as
the basis for the energy component of their commercial
building codes
Most states use the International Code Council (ICC)
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) as the
basis for the energy component of their residential
building energy codes
See www.energycodes.gov for latest determination
status

D 39

Status of Code Adoption: Commercial

Overview of the currently commercial energy code in each state
.S 01 January 5, 2011

Source:
www.energycodes.gov

D 40
 Status of Code Adoption: Residential
Overview of the currently adopted residential energy code In each state
as of January 20 I 'J

D 41

Building Energy Design

Doing Better than Required

ASHRAE Standards are based on minimum standards that

should routinely be life-cycle cost (LCC) effective; in most
cases, buildings can be designed much better and still be
LCC effective.
ASHRAE publishes Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDG)
to provide specific recommendations for achieving 30%
energy savings over the minimum .
Use of the guides provides a prescriptive path to achieving
LEED v2.2 Energy and Atmosphere credits for New
Construction and Major Renovation projects.
AEDGs are available as free downloads at
www.ashrae.org "Technology" and www.ener
D - 42
 Recent Developments
The stated goal of the ASHRAEjIES SSPC 90.1 for the 2010
standard was to reduce energy cost by 30% compared to the
2004 version; initial estimates project 23.4 energy cost
savings and 24.8% energy savings
- expanded scope to include receptacle and process loads (e.g., data
centers) and increased stringency of building envelope, lighting power
densities lowered and most equipment efficiencies higher

The 2012 IECC will include changes approved in Charlotte,

NC in October 2010 that are projected to achieve 30%
energy savings compared to the 2006 version
High-Performance Green Building Standards and Codes are
emerging that include energy efficiency requirements, but
with expanded requirements to include site sustainability,
water use efficiency and indoor environmental qua
D 43

Green Energy Codes and Standards

ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard
189.1
- 2009 "Standard for the Design of High

Performance Green Buildings Except

Low-Rise Residential Buildings"

ICC IGCC
- 2010 "International Green Construction
Code" Public Version 2.0 (Nov 2010)
f----C'7~---, American Institute of Architects
(AlA) is a cooperating sponsor
http://www.iccsafe.org/cs/IGCC/

44
 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
ASHRAE Standard 62.1

Ventilation
for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

What are the issues?

Occupant Health, Comfort and Productivity

Corporate Liability & Risk Management
Compliance with Codes
Impacts on Energy Consumption & Operating
Costs
Property & Asset Value Management
Ability to Deal with Occupant Complaints &
Concerns

D46
 IAQ Concerns
Human occupants produce CO 2 , water vapor, and
contaminants including particulate matter (PIYJ), and
biological aerosols (mold, mildew, viruses)
Using CO2 as an indicator does not eliminate the need
for consideration of other contaminants.
Among these others are formaldehyde, combustion
byproducts, cleaning and maintenance compounds
(VOCs), ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke), aerosols,
emanations from food preparation and others.
Alone or in combinations, these compounds may give
rise to conditions and/or odors that irritates tile eyes,
nose or throat, creating complaints that may be
subjective in nature.
D - 47

IEQ in LEED

Be alert to the LEED Green Buildings' term,

Indoor Environmental Quality, IEQ. Although
IAQ is a fundamental part of IEQ, it includes
other factors such as lighting levels, noise, and
controllability of systems. IEQ is much broader
in scope than IAQ.

D - 48
 ASHRAE Standards Related to IAQ
Accepted "Standard of Care" for Buildings

Standard 55-2010 "Thermal Environmental

Conditions for Human Occupancy"

Standard 62.1-2010 "Ventilation for Acceptable

Air Quality"

Standard 62.2-2010 "Ventilation and Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential

Buildings"

D49

ASHRAE Standard 55-2010

Thermal Environmental Conditions for

Human Occupancy

This covers several environmental parameters

including: temperature, radiation, humidity, and
air movement. The Standard specifies
conditions in which 80 0/0 of the occupants will
find the environment thermally acceptable. This
applies to healthy people in normal indoor
environments for winter and summer conditions.
Adjustment factors are described for various
activity levels and clothing levels.

D- so
 ASHRAE Standard 62.1 -2010
Purpose
To specify minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality
that will be acceptable to human occupants and are
intended to minimize the potential for health effects.

Definition of "Acceptable Indoor Air Quality"

Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful
concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and
with which a substantial majority, 80% or more, of those
exposed do not express dissatisfaction.

D - 51

Scope of ASH RAE 62.1 - 2010

Applies to all indoor or enclosed spaces that people may
occupy, except those within single family house, multi
family structures of three stories or fewer above ~Irade,
vehicles and aircraft
Other applicable standards and requirements may
dictate larger amounts of ventilation than this standard.
Considers chemical, physical, and biological
contaminants that can affect air quality.
Thermal comfort requirements are covered in ASHRAE
Standard 55-2010

D - 52
 Scope of ASHRAE 62.1-2010 (continued)

Acceptable indoor quality may not be achieved in all

buildings meeting the minimum requirements of this
standard for one or more of the following:
- Because of diversity of sources and contaminants in
indoor air
- Because of many other factors that may affect
perception and acceptance including temperature,
humidity, noise, lighting, and psychological stress
- Because of the range of susceptibility in the

population

ASHRAE 62.1-2010

Outdoor Air Quality

Quality of Outdoor Air should be investigated prior to

completion of ventilation system design
1. Regional Air Quality - status of compliance with
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NMQS)
2. Local Air Quality - observational survey only
3. Documentation of above with conclusions
If the outdoor air contaminant levels exceed identified
values, the air should be treated to control the
offending contaminants

D 54
 ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

Three Alternative Procedures

Ventilation Rate Procedure

- Prescriptive procedure in which outdoor air intake
rates are determined based on space
type/application, occupancy, and floor area
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure
- Performance based design approach in which the
building and its ventilation system are designed to
maintain the concentrations of specific contaminants
at or below certain limits
Natural Ventilation Procedure
- SpeCifies reqUirements for buildings using natural
ventilation, including requirement of bacKup
mechanical ventilation if natural ventilation could be
closed during occupancy
D 55

Ventilation Rate Procedure

Human occupants produce bioeffluents including CO 2,
water vapor, particulates, biological aerosols and VOCs
(Volatile Organic Compounds). Comfort (odor) criteria
with respect to human bioeffluents are likely to be
satisfied if the ventilation results in indoor CO2
concentrations less than 700 ppm above the outdoor air
concentration.
Energy Implications:
Use of Outdoor Air to satisfy ventilation requirements can
significantly increase energy costs during periods of cold
or warm, humid weather. One way to reduce the cost
associated with the use of outdoor air is to employ heat
recovery devices which precondition the outdoor make
up air with the exhaust air.
D 56
 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Breathing Zone Rates
Prescriptive procedure in which outdoor air intake
rates are determined based on space
type/application, occupancy, and floor area
(see Table 6.1)

Vbz = Rp X Pz + Ra X Az
where Vbz= breathing zone outdoor airflow (cfm)
Rp = people outdoor air rate (cfm/person)
Pz = zone population (persons)
Ra area outdoor air rate (cfm/ft2)
Az zone floor area (ft2)

D - 57

Example "Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone"

Source: ASHRAE 62.1-2001 and 62.1-2010, Table 6-1

:Educational
C::la~s000sja9.ec c:.
'Classrooms (age ".. ,......;.............................,

:Sdencelaboratories
'Leciureclass room
comput~ri~b
1Hotels,Motels,Resorts, DOrmitories
f3edrooms,Ii'AnQ room .......'......... .
.Lobbiesiprefunction .........
'Mul!ipurPseassembly.
.Office Buildings
Office. space
 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure
This provides an alternative to the Ventilation
Rate Procedure for achieving acceptable air
quality while minimizing energy costs.
The IAQ Procedure provides a direct solution by
restricting the concentration of all known
contaminants of concern to some specified
acceptable levels .
However, in a sense, the IAQ Procedure puts a
"burden of proof" requirement onto the design
team that many are reluctant to accept.

D 59

Sample CEM Test Questions

1. The ASHRAE Energy Standard for commercial buildings
is:
A. 55 B.62.1 C. 90.1 D.90.2

2. New Federal commercial buildings designed today must

meet the requirements of:
A. 10 CFR 433 B. 10 CFR 434 C. 10 CFR 435

3. What is the default prescriptive combined outdoor air

ventilation rate per person in office space in an office
building according to ASHRAE 62.1-20077
A. 15 cfm B. 17 cfm C. 20 cfm D. varies
D 60
4. As of 2007, Federal agencies are expected to reduce
energy intensity in buildings by what percent annually
relative to their 2003 baseline? ,',

i. B. 3% C. 20% D.30% ,. ,
(

A.2%

5. During this tax year, you invest $10,000 in a qualified

geothermal heat pump system. What is your allowable
tax credit?
A. $1,500 B. $2,000 C. $2,500 D. $3,000

D - 61