REFERENCES ‘Air, Tomas, Ls Clavel re Tomas Mele. 1962 Mats. Man Sinigtala Publishers. Durst Wl 296. The ary of piseply. New York: Washington Square Pres ik G5, JE Raven, and M, Scholle 1989. The pret ope New Yor Cambridge Universi Press, Stamp, Samuel Enoch. 199 Socrates to Sate Ahr of spy. New "Yor: MeCeneHl Companies, ne. warner, Rex 1958. the Grek plaphrs Naw York Mentor Boks Yar, gation 1996 try of amine pp. Mana: Sagas Pushers, An Introduction to Medieval Christian Philosophy" “JEREMIAH JOVEN SOLON. Mk, Pr onsecnves a eng ha ap doo exe 2 1 ean arp fa 2 dames pete te pie phy se preset-day bee that reason (pilsophy o clenes and fale I (Ghislogy) are fancabnslly wt edd i something Sat woud ‘alle most medial Christan philosophers. These pllosophees: us Fer eli ht asian and ft hve thle expe sles nour | sequstion of tths, Some of them sa zeason ap tol by which ane ‘ull ame at certain tthe ofthe Christian fh For example, sane ‘medieval thiser thought tht Gs exstenc oul be detonated va philosophical spent others sa that eascn could be ied = wa of wing the constongy of ame Chron deceives, For example, tunel pilsopars thought tat thre Isa way of king gene oF th doctrine ofthe Tiny. Sil ethers sw that rteon coal be edwa ‘arama esa tn this article, we exnin the pilowophical train of medieal tristan piloyply tose ow faith snd reason fk center tage in he Speeaiins ofthe great oovophers of is ps ‘SOME HISTORICAL BACKGROUND “the eet prominence of Christian nthe ath century andthe fl cf the Roman Er nthe sentry marked turning pein ot ly Gh the Hay of te won bu lo he history of pilasophy a wl hers oft ine artedto square th piosphial ides with is of the doctines of hasan Plsophers prior to thi age ware engaged in gurston about the ure and enstenceof at rnp (the very gurtions on the nate Bret) the nature of rly and the nature of goodness Aer heise SE Chri, however, thece questions wee flvored with Christian {bein Phitsopers daring the medieval ers transformed the quaston About fst pines toa question abut te nature and existenc of Cod, (Gutonsreprding the rath became questions about the Word: snd ‘Uitnn repurdng the Good became questions about Divine Providence Ado hear ofthese questions ws the question abou the relationship tec the eas offal and the rho zor The in se a ake a Sethe tus cece fromthe doctrines offal were compe ‘nthe uth ave af by the we ofsatural man reason ans "es imporent to understand tha his transom came at tine of oat ange nthe sco pola] atmosphere ofthe western word The lea eterration ofthe Creco-Romun empire during the sth entry Ets spiral url Thi spel tuo i sur gave ie tothe ‘ats ance of Christy, hich tam made sign changes Fothc mode af unking of th pilvpber ofthat tine. The prevailing Florplial questions a that ine reece change, ‘ruc feature of this tration was the chenge nthe le of philosophy, Nit chia nthe plesphial foray, some thinkers Ehthe doy Were exposed to sme new and qu alien eas and concept featra rage befween to oppasig ples on ensued, On the ont ‘und deste! people of tha time were trained slong the ideas ofthe (els lk Aritte and Plate On the other band. anew ptiesophice (sce chraniy, exposed them the dea thatthe wa, the uth and {he ed cme fo shed ght tothe world. The Apostle Poul eficted this struggle nea ocak nA RASH i While Paul was wing for them in Athons, be wat tres to ee that the cy was al fis, So, he anged inthe sagogue withthe Jove sd the devout pesos and tse tthe marketplace every day with those who happened to be there, Alo ame dearer ond Sia plilbwophers Cote with hi, Some ei “What does this baler want to ay” othere sd, “He Seems o bea proclner af Felgn tvs (Ts es Boot he was lig the god news abut Jeusandtbe rere) Sty ook his and brought hin the Areopagus aed ke him, "May we krow what ts new teaching that yu re preaing? (hes 173625)? With the thst forrevitlaing thei apetualty these hikers and pilopbersaied Pa sbout his bats Paul real cblge: ears, 19 how etal religious you arin every ‘wa. For {went though tothe czy and Tooke carly I the bjs of your warship [found among ther an altar srt te insclon, Toa known god. What theeore Jor wap as unkown thi procain 0 you. Theol who Jade he word and everthing it be who is ard ofhenven i ath, doesnot liven sins sade by human hinds. ‘hough he needed anything sce he hina resto all etl fad beat nal hrs. pc ‘Theseworsspthedarsvohionef thought What ts philesopbers sere worsipplg mes an "nnn go.” Here, ten, rg before thet ‘Gessnessomecne tel them that wt hey were rely weshigping mes ‘oncetherthan the one and only Gol. ‘ivng & name to the “unknown go” however, was not the only thing that Christy fered the Greco-Roman word alo offered the ‘aivstin ofthe world ircugh Christ This Kea was ep rs by {be phlsaphers The questo, “hy shoul the wo be saved” hiked Inthe minds of hoe leaps. The ase oft nd to arse ths: tn the begining wat the Word snd the Wor wat with os entthe Word nar God He was in Hebeginningith Cox. ‘A thing nine nto being troegh hr, and witht him va fve thing came int being hat has come nt sg in Stel fe was the iit of al pope The ih shiesInthe darkest ad the darkness did nt avecome the tro ight. which elites everyone, was coming ito the teri: He wa nthe wed, and the word came int being ‘roughing! the world ed noc krow hin. He cameo what tess own, and hi own people dd nat cept im. at al ‘io receved hi, who lve is name he gave power to become hilden of Ge. And the Word became sh nd Tred among us nd we ve sen hs ory, the lay ws of ¢ father's ony so fille grace ane tat rom iis we ave al eid grace upon rae The law nded was given through Moves, rice atria came trough eas hrs No fc hs ve nen God Goth ly Sn, hoi close the ather'sheu ho has made im sown. ob 1-18) ‘hls salvation ie sahation Grom dale. Darkest 81s her depce our ale oacknowidg the presence of Ged The den ta SSfo tr light ave the world Rs fe, a came into the world inorder {bale real truth fa crcl es or the Christan ath bese the tru lightis Jens hiit-came into the wordt prclithe presence tod True knowledge, hen ental een in Cri. Saaton ven ‘nytt who flow him Ofcourse, nt everyone scoped this ie. or some plosophers, te wars perl constructed thought that had n proof. Thee pisos found several Inonstnciey which hry raed agains theca ats How cud an all poweral God atively intend to crest a weld such tur? Why dda God Gecome mani? How can the sxe Son be hs cw Father alo the same tine? von Chitty came into the western we rouge about nial change Inte sal ay of heat, pilowophers tena Inthe Plone ad Artotlan schools were iatlectly sper to the Chriss, while the fnner ha sophisticated piosphicl system he ater bad epooelyeotstracted metaphysics, Such a case wuld esd to this that Chelan cul ever come into terms with philosophy. ‘Two puns however at importa to note her, Fst, bth Piston and ‘ameelan doctrines are apen to the yssibity of tation wih he rs ath Consider te Leno he ton Good andthe itt every Cate ive were eaten the arunets presented fr thee IAS we could roo he teu of he Christin God, Code ao {he lori dee ofthe Sal end the Arista ea of Substance, Taken {pater they lad ws fo the Chetan doctrine of salstin. Second, gen manic vest cs 7 the post of intgrating pilesphy and hrs ever nesting ieonucl robleme woud eu are, Thee problems distinguish Ratio loopy om ater historical poets of soy. FAITH AND REASON ‘troughout the epochs of madera Christian peopl, there ‘ve ben diferent formations ofthe rlstonship between fat and ae elegy ae plilosphy- hese frnulatiens can be grouped ite [urigpersouteme den madera fieim, moderate rational, and ‘stteme rationals. ‘he Chrck Fathers and the mystis belong tothe st type? Te creck chest Apso Clement of Aesandi, ee ha relonshp between th and reason a flows chance to, phnophy wet, gen tothe Grets dcty are ary tl the Lord should cal the Gress. Flionply, efor wis a preettion, paving the Wy Fernie nha Is perfected in Chet Palsopy.= enecies ‘he mings rouse the ietaligence, and begets sn eau “frewnes, by means of the true poses, which he ‘Ait pons having ford, rather rected fom thetrath sf ona, Bk 1 C5) xtreme dain th ea that isimposle to recon lth and reason inamach as rue knowdge of ngs isconcered. Reason, on the Teen oly exerci the mind and reuse the intlect, Ts would areas apostson or nar knowlege lth onthe ther ind ends {Gras Laowlge for rut carer the ruth elf). ‘Su a espera reaso when izes to knowld. "The second type includes Augustine snd Anselm. nthe Pelion, ‘se formulates he relish between fat nd reason os follows 1 do sot endewor, © Lard, to penetrate thy slimy, fortnno wie do compare my understanding with that but Fwy to udentand in sone gree thy tut, which ay fet bleves ad loves orto nt sed to urderstand tat ny Bleek 1 lave i order understand For i labo Focheve that oles lieved shoal not understend, (eso. ch.odes fei the des ha rston and ft can bo resend inasnch true knowledge of hag bad on faith. Reason futons neste sourceof ve owledgetsater, voice for understanding iri ead nr by faith Fah he bts ofall ur js bei Teason, on the other han, es ue understand move what we aleady nlc, Thus wn ony od reson fo gain an understanding of what we ‘lend belive Henc, Ansel tates tht "unless beeved shoul not Undestad"Resn,eefre snot sede acer some af our bel; ‘wens ean, rather, to wnderstand ut knowledge acquired through ath, ‘the preScholtiy, ike abelrd and Albert the Grex, and the SchlatikeaquinasandDun Seta. are plea of maderteatonalss, ‘Agoins apes that reason and fat are compatible or that wh which the human reason naialy endowed is leary most rns mucho, that ts imposible fore to thi of such rth sf, Nor perinble te ble a ase that which we hold by fat, since hss Confirmed ina way the fz ery divine. Since, thera, ‘oly the les opposed tothe trues impossible tha the teu fut shouldbe oppeed to hose petncpes ha the Iman eso knows natal, (Sima Cons Gets, 1 cha Moderate tional the ie thatthe tra derive ram soe arecompatte withthe tts aquired though fa, agin argument Sls te support ths cli, Water cam never be lt. Ths teats fed ot by oe of reson andthe tah acuied Prog fit are both fram One rath aay compatible with anther-sinze ly what if Isincomatibl with what to, Hence, eh hee ths ae compatible ‘wthene anther “The fourth type fnclades the Latin avers such as sige of abuts nthe ote chaste such ot Willa of Sham, age Bacon, fe Nichola of atrecourt ils of Oca formulates the relationship tefl issuing that every th ncesry for sation 'sthologal Iain thatthe same ape eolegcal fonlsion cannot be prved in thology ard satura Sina, we understand row as tho posesion of ‘jot one Sntson, whee he arta Chose a nemo wc cost TENT 7 bcuseae asmany tnt cognitinsasthereae dint ‘conclone know Hence st astare annoe diferent ct ‘of Kxovledge of one conon, since purty mst ot be ‘sce witou cen els the same onclisin cant be proven diferent aences, (QulibesV,05) xtreme rational is the en that trths aviv at by reson ae inconpatl with trate acqued tough at ven tha they are Independeat fom one another, som that there so longer a nod to ‘eect two Ocansarguert pein shonethi. Tats of reason te arrived at in a different manner fom this rats acqie through fh, No prtculr truth, however, ould be arrived at sing ferent devices Leto devices can never lexd to the sme rth Ths, tats tried at by reason nese independent fom the tee sosiced thre faith Bu ndoperdence of tt ental compat of those truth Hence tats of retson ar cept wit tats oath ‘These ferent formulation arrive at feet steateisin sling dufrentpulsopiclprolens. Buti shoud be noted re that each fortlaton asses tit there ae hs ef fa and tts of reson, Granted tas sumption, each formalin sould keen 8a atop to ate the restoship between these two truths, The phiosopical protles which medieval problens ted to answer existed precisely enue of thelr tempt to recone ith and eason. Coral) tl thes problems would ot ex vachecellaton were nt attempted ‘heft lice, This litter sentiment cident in oth extrema elena ‘vtrome rafal. ‘QUAESTIO, DISPUTATIO, AND THEDRICE Moov] philorpherieuneed by Pato an Arto deelped 4 unigue Send of pileopiealepeslition (here). Phbsply aus tiles ditingished omother ems theoretic specltons and xplontins by te meted snd subject mater. For model piosophes, the primary eet wast expan te poeiity of reconclng fh and | tenon, Pom thie question seerlothe questions coud be parsed. ‘segura to ther metho, mele hlosephers developed te urgue ‘methods of pilosa spesnor ie. quasts and pu ‘Queso can be tanliteted ae “vegan” or “ng” AL © method in plop, quart ke sry vestigation ox nq ts ot titanic uaa sboutamepartclaraibeetmater aypothessthenghentoanswerit Tote his hypotess iret posse sections rerled agen eit passesthe Birt set of objections another se wll i raed: agai, the hypotess pases this then a prebbl concsion ‘wt theoignl quit i aeved a rhs oncusion probable ia the fae thts the course othe gana heres sl romato deny There are two expo yl f the que etd The st type sea pilosphtadslegue, Most medieval phosophersnftuenced by Pts teed dategue stl of expos, Angin’ Ov dh Fr Chaeofthe We [San example ft. The socondepe a pisepial treatise. Medieval [lsopersteflaencedyartoteed stp. Al's Suemaconry ‘Genesis exarpl of hs eother method of apical speciation, andoften acknowledged ssdhernthod ef medieval pilecpinn, lle dtr. Dpto canbe (ateratd “bee” or“ dpute” Ths method traces is hstory fom Ubeards Set Non a aber Sencs pais characte 8 0 ‘nontngot mooppotie Able veronstars than iequer preening {wocontraictorypestionregading« particular scject mater. rguments fereach poten are then gents sppert ech. tach angen! then ‘salad an scraized cede toes evaly and scundnest. Tost the ae legal eosistery lathe ony Factr, lope content postion Urs deeds the oct resonable pstin: and hence he et potion if bth postions are Igeally consistent an ape to scrip ‘rories-bibiel tbls andr the ets and dcr fe Char I poded fo sete th ste, both pstns ae fur wanting In eg Conskzency, the ony recuse to ste the sue [fo ape To the Hey erste and not merely tothe Scriptural autos). rersinee Abels stork brcame setlist pinay tet mst medal posophers who Cae ater him sed hismethodto present tha tee. ‘Aquinas Is often acknowledged as ex enemas ofthe dopuatis ethos version oft arte with general question Gus) which ‘Srvc a the main tpi of the inquiry. It shen vided into severe ce (areal) ach rte i ormulated ina question frm Instead tf anaverng eich ofthese cretly, one proceeds (peedur with 2 {fntatlve anewer contrary 6 what ene Inends to lve ner (ropesite ‘Sntaran). This tentative eneweriethensuppotedby eset ofarguments ‘Sed "objections The whole Inguly then will subely change with ‘Bumterpoln ed conoa) This done usually quinn argument or {proposition made nthe tly Serituresorby an incest authority {tke assole. Ths method Introduces the Intended anever that © being put forward. The whole epument then forthe intended answers een eeneimemimrninn snail = ven (espondenfter showing this argument the ingly proceeds by ering ec of he objecsons Tiss doe by giving reply te0chot the pints ofeach objection Ths ends the espa. ‘some euryedvalpilesopherwadthegusesto meadtopresett theca Buin the cours ofthe history of medeel pilose thedupustiomethod became a ote referred meted forthe itemedieve Fovophers linn of Okhar, ier of Gran, Duns Sets, nd Jean Puke expt WATURAL THEOLOGY, DIVINE THEOLOGY, AMD METAPHYSICS Aough medieval loopy een db as theo centre (Gs ceoteed it seat however, party eanceroed with plc under whit me ow cl a “thecogy?Boecogealy speaking "tho-logs” fe dele tia eon behind God” we flow his cdfntion, we might ty tht ‘aclgy he examination ofthe reasonably of ur de of Ges. "ts heer imjortantonotthathe word "theslogyony atid teaming thvngh ts usage ding the metal pri Some prominent melee planes owe math or onoptonsf theology from eck liloropbers oposite Ths prbaby potato dbs, “though ute onal ow Arto vewed the nature tele, And iso pss tote wl sce bow heared athe, rst ivestigtion concerning hele couldbereconstractel ssfolows i fman belngs by nature desire to row. Desiring oowledge lea fo desiring wom. Nim now i he Sinowedge out cera Bt pines and ulimate caus ‘Tocngng inthe purl won Bt0 engage plac. Hones, sean beings begin to pilesopize because of ths ‘ate man mature Puzaled people often thnkofthensehes tort The pllorphied, the, inorder to cape ach Igrovence Tha they want have knowledge. To seq Row toro he Bs causes his. ‘Ther ar fur sents ofthe werd ‘cause Acanse maybe material case whichavethemserals tha makeup thing, feinay be oral case which are the eset estes of hing ty lo be a eet eu, which heath ar of sane particule hig nay even be a ial case, ‘nich the prpseofsome artical tineoonledge of the fit cases of hing make pssble rel Joowledg Buti herehad ben an inte number ofeasses, then el kowiedge woud have been pss Hence it vee have rel Srowledge, the causa of tings are nether an Infinite serie nor Ife vrou. ‘Weare seking the piles andthe canes of higs that are. We cad ek hem thesgh natural since, which fee concerned wit act of he word mathemati, which i ‘onaemedwthformaltrasiand helo, hichisconcerned ‘wthwutie divin and beyond ature. heels no substance ‘he: than tho which ae formed by ature, naturel scioee ‘le the fet scenc, bat ifthee san movable structure, the since ofthe mst be ror and tbe fist piso, te univers he way bear est Ait wl belong {bite conser being being, There such animmovae ‘ruure. Thesfore, fst pilesophy, which concerned ‘ete prncpe andthe case of ins ext ‘ThisAes philosophy saitwanieterprstedby medieval philosopher, soting el but theology, Sine a ra piosophy dels wit question ke "Wy there someting arn noting?” sens that for medieval Phiouophars theology ought to answer sch question 2 wel ‘Tesogy, peoperly understood, ha wo senses Fit, thology undenoedesaboryofivinly evened nowde givngan planation or trering Thee ae eas eee that ebviwsy need sone clarion, ‘ae vnl teed” and explanation or everthing” What smear ky vine evenee canbe seni elation wth the deaf od. Knowledge divinely reveled inething more han age comingety romcod, Se. the seme of theology here ing desaibed that God dey gave ws owed, ad such kntwledge the exanatin for everthing But how Ado weundertand the den "explanation fr everything"? nexlanaton fo tversthing sone cher than God hima, fect what is eee "slg trying to polit out ether that we have know of God (evpliston fr everthing fom God bine vnely reveled. This tow what called divine theology. Ti however, sar s athom nc ‘ecay ast how such knowledge tbe arved st Divine theloy speaks of tooth sure than ath Trt tated hreagh Goa revelation And thistrathca be tale only by ith, Cod, ho reveled ims to sis talon usa bas idea, We no longer ned fo pro the existence of Cod. Aad the doctor ocr) wu ths What i piloep hilly A NECTION To LEBEL CHET PONCE ™ Untresting here, however, se ede alosophers ofthe moderate Ades pe hel tat knowedge dow God se to ental prado problema Thee lncade the connec ofteibatingto Ga the propery UebetngAl-cood and Al-Knowing, undentanding the Holy Tit, and tredertening fhe Ides of crestin ax mh. These problems woud te Cmvetined by the medial piesopbers, and ater would produce the tape cab pieropielthoolog.” ‘The socond way eCurdestandng clog scald natura theclegy. ove conamporry piatpherdscbes tia lows Natural Teslgy isthe etergrie of pong support fee religions ality sartng rom premises hat nether are or presupove rigs bei, We begin fom the exisince Of the world or withthe deinen cf he concept “od and tee ty tshow tha when we thnk trough he implsion (rearla torsopiete stance fod (Aon (199,28) ‘theology need not support any religious doctrine seks toanmer te fundamental phlosopied questions bythe we o unaided man rea nhs sense, aural holy a fo what Aistte Pictures i fit pilsophy, where reason He sure of knowledge and Fea egunets ae ued to prove some fundamental fac. The de of Cod snot akon ask istesaanatrl censequnce of pisophical ingaty. ‘he iference between natural telogy and dvine thology les tele n thei starting pointe regedng the knowlege of God. Divine hoolagy eam be seen ass to-down phosopha enterpi. That Starts wth the Hen of God an fom here all things follow. On te ther hand natural heslogy canbe ee at bottom-yophciophial enterprise “Tati starts with he we ko waded by ah, and dade rom there nbatever cecil fallow wich sual ice Tis erence ‘hinto the dlferncebtwonnmederate els and modesto. est medival philzohars ar found nthe de ofthe spectrum cf fath and reason (oder Ries and mederate rationale), These ‘lovopors are either engaged in seeing the piasopical implicates itor ath («poop theology) o whether reason can prodce a hldby faith naturel theology By contrat ee opps ends ofthe pecouref hand reson exter Bdsm andextremecaionlsm) ae ot once with her rlem.MEMPHYSICAL PROBLEMS IN MEDIEWL CHRISTAN PHILOSOPHY ‘the medieval projet of recoclng fat and reaten profuced several phlorphieal problems. Wht is of goat Interest wh these problems however concernateiveryextence,Thefalowig problems tule ave eon red there wer no nitnce to recone tnd eaeon, ‘the probleme presented here ae metaphysical insmuch os they se concerned with the iplztlons ef reconclng faith and reson on the question of he ulate explanation of things. On ofthe probes Drotented here tof the natural tholegesl sore vie Gods extence {The other problems are proms im pllosephical theolgy cation ‘ted etety rwll atdGos Foren aod the Preble of Ev ‘Another rable the problem of nversi which sa peur madteval ‘netnpiyseal problem. This protien, suppose, came about because of ‘epetlef endanger at Ty nth me Jas ches. ‘GOU'S EXISTENCE Foe moderate fides, Gots existence i no longer a problem. The problem, however ls in understanding what hs lis for eveyhing fle tat we Know. As Agusine puts “They (pepe) donot yet Understndhon things were ade wach cane tobe through you rd) and in you” (Cefn, Be, Sx x5, we can att moderato fies isnot intrested to provide wny pao for Go's extnee rll, hey tant provide an undertandig of what hs ental. As Ansel his ut i'l donotscekto understand tat may beleve, but bleve inorder 0 tideratand” Graig ch. 1), One ltt prove Gods existence in onder for ono bllove Cod rather, ne alenly Bleves in God andes to tides hat ts ipl ‘There however, 2 curlus facet of understanding the concept of. Godacerdngts Ansel: Well, theo, Lard, You who give understanding to fait, rant me that may inderstand a mich as You ee that ow eit as we love, and that You are what we belive ‘Youitobe. Now webeliove tha Youre something than which thing gresar canbe thought Or can be chat ing of fuch anstre doesnot et snc "the Fel has si ins anon eM CST RHE 6 er ther sot Go” (PX i 27 Buk surely when this same Foo hears what 1am speaking abou, ral, "Something than-ubichnhing grater-can-bethought” he eratnds what he hers ané what e understands inh “ind evenife doesnot understand hat tcl exis For Tes thing for an abject to ext nthe mind and anther thing to understand that an objec actualy exits. Even the Teak then is free to agre tat. something char otng gear catbe-thowght ets inthe mind since he “nderstnds this when be hers, an whotoerisuensocd ‘Sin the mind Ad srl hat-than-which-a-grestercamet- ‘pethought canntexetin thera alone. For Eten ely isthe mind ever, tea be tought to est in realty a8, tele renter then thatthe whic-a-reater-annt-e ‘honght evs inthe mind alone th same that-than- which irenerceanot be thought that than-whichagrestrcan= thought But sis abv impossible. Therefore there {cbc no dou tha something thane arma bethoogit ents both im Ce nd adn ely. (ry. 2) ‘sel ges an understanding of what the concep fed eta tt eal sorthing-than-which nothing greate-an-be-theught or Ee Iwch shina be restr, Andthsl what we cl od: ods extence Ipoota mer concep oxtnce or sence nthe mind aloe) but an etal exsence ore exces) sce real extence fete than a enceptal ont and since Goi the grestest being. ‘Seer sjactions have ben tale aginst Anseln's agumert, ‘avoale ofthis caun’s To that exstenein the ind ental ‘rotensin the acta! word falc since we could rink or caneie Sa perfect thing auch ae lot nd that does ot actualy exit. esc, Goffenstencelsas such, the hisexitence cot be ony concepts one fndatan ata ane (nha ofthe el. ‘Arselm replies that sch os sland Is not something that-wich- ating ater zabe thot shar Geuz'seaogy mise the pt ‘alist rests boing Andon to cod coulé west pertction the moderate rationals ve ater take on te problem of a's xen For oe, ins prover that God's enstence sn eevident lene moderate dln clas, ater, tsa derive es, Derived that {strom what actualy exits and bythe use of our natura human ee,i aru we sre on “This swat a commonly known ae cosmlopcl way arguing or Gods guinness fv raf for the exltence of ad Theft tree shave tae spines form ach sth nlyoneexisirg eng oul be the sours of erence inthe worl which we cal God. The fourth argent cars that perfection comes in dgres the highest of ‘wich is Cod. And the A argument clans thatthe wile universe has 2 Jrepore ora gretdesgn, anf there weresuch purpose thee mus bea ‘eager which wemight cllGod "| ‘The fist argument the soled First Mover argument tars vin the ela Eat somethings ate word ae In moins evident Ut these things are put int mation smeting ther than sel such tree tho case then eveything in mtlor mest have been pret ton Uyromething ater than Rs. ute pote for tha srs things ‘orcruse something else to move and thing tat are moved something ‘het g int nity, snc no movement would be posible. Theor, ‘here mus bone hing tat not moved by Something ee aa yet uses somathgls to move and ths what we call ‘This argusnent show it evry create hing derives its capac to move rom something other ale Thay we were to hae erie of things being moved andthings that moe ther then we ould ave a one mover was ot move yay ter thing and yt eeausing moves ebeequet ll hig An hiss od In te history of medial pong, hare bave been attempts to show the Invalidity of is agua. One example is Fom Nichols of butrecur. He clams tha there no real conneton between wha Is Cause ond the agent of cae, That thee no necesary coors between cats and elects I eet, the counerrgument simple. One ‘ann deduce the exitenceetheist cause ofall movements inthe world Simply ron the at hat something ved" ‘he fithargarent of Aquinas ical the Angument Grom sig. “Tere are thlg inthe wr! hat ck intlgence ae yet acta thovgh they bre nelignce That i they ac towards sre end or pupae Fence, hese things are designed nach a way a thy obtain sch ends ‘rpurpote, ut they ac toward some en, then something a soneene must have designed them todo arsech, Athi what we al od. “hs argument ees no pesupos tht God crested the wor, only umes hal hing tht ck eeligence ses toc popes. om this the argument onlades ha thre mst es dase te things May entcprarypilosopherssee ts asthe ronget fll Aqua argumets. ETON He MEN CON PHD ™ However, wean pont ate weakness Th asumtin thatthe world ‘roves ppl lacs mach jutfcaton light have een the case that “ngs ln the world ely do ot move purple ks asi they do ‘ther medieval piltophers were concerned n ether proving or undertancng Ga enisence, Augustine ols out that Gols the ‘are of truth And necantot know he truth Without owing od Da Sotur follows Anselm's move that God is that-wkicothing- greater famvbe thought to understand what the eancept ental Some other Sosepers try to show that we ean nether prove nr ndertand God's {xine since triply beyond human comprehension. Piosophers Such au Nichols of Cuer and Neltr Ecard this view, Preset day thinters may take different way i tying to adres the problem of Gos oxstence, tits gute amoxingt ik that tee cften neglected ‘iadivlpilatplers haley paved te wen or making sons ofthe problem isl, ‘CREATION AND ETERNITY “he ea at od cretd the werd ia preblenatic one pci vee sce ts phlospbialinplstins. Augutine’s formation wil help ws Understand! wate piowopal problem. He Coes, B31, (7) aes thisar lows How di you (60d) make heaven and eat, and what nacho dd oa ute for vista apeaton? Yeu mere nt lhe scion ho malar ne phys objet ou ofanather ‘byomort of personal choke nhs md, which hs the power to pss the fon whic by an iner eye ca se within "le Tas copii has only bese you have made, 18s bard to fathom why God crested the word. But, me could Appreciate the proble f creation by seing in fret ight. Taking ‘gunn’ cue could herby ask "Where was God before he crest ‘he world?" ashe doing the” "when dd od ceate the word” “These questions are eal tricky snc we have ananswer for he, then we coll ay tht God did ot rely exeae the wor ater he Inthe world tha fe wae somewhore sometime But at ths woud un emtary tothe docs fat, whch clearly state that Cod createdm one Hc son om the wos. was he tik of christian Phlesepbers ofthe meal period tov see ofthis seeming contrdtion. ‘austin’ alter 1 adress the question made hie ask the ction. wht ine” etude sane or Bi tay hat be ew what {nis when noone aed im abut but when some dds be could fo Tonge deacibe In th Confions, Augustine tres fo answer the {Guenton, "hen did Gd rete the word” is answer apioxophe’ ‘Sven the question doesnot mal sense, To ask the gueston “when i tosuppose that odin Bet ads ouside ime Time only eases the dretion of ereated things, and since Go snot prt of creation, he [snot in ine te fe stenaly present Tne started when God created the work Tine wil end alter the wer is gone. In fet, Agustin Ingenious solution ls simply to make the question rela. Theres no Dot in dbting whether Cos cing something before he crested the ford since ding someting implies duration. And teense duration ‘honot roperybe tebute to Ged since els teal. then the question doesnot make sexs. -ugustine'ssluion tate prblemef creation and eer boca landmark ipmelovalapealaton, Many phiesopers, such es Aina and Peter Abelard follow the Angustinan tend of thought crus tohink that hs simple question rely perponed many endivalpiesphers it ‘nae becuse they speculated how to ecole Ged with plsophicl esnire [FREEWILL AND GOO'S FOREKNOWLEDGE ‘The peblom ofthe Fedo ofthe wilcan be stated inte words of gastine (nhe ee Choo he, Bk Ch 3 Suey this the question thet roubles and pepenes yous how ean te following wo propositions, that 1) God hss Fereknowledge ofall future vere and that (2) we do notin ty necanty bt by fre wl be mado consistent wth eich ter? i God foreows tht man wilsin” you may sy," ‘Snecesiay that ma "tan mus sin is sin isn the ‘esuofthe ils che, bts nsted a ied and netble Ices. You fur now tha hia reasoning eels ithe in {he blsiemous deal of G's foreknowledge, i we deny this the istion at we sinby necessity, nt y wl ‘ovemanacn enc CaN PMP nm iow do we reconcile thee that Gad knows eveything that wit -rpoen tous, nd the sete, we ve fredom of chls? 1 God [nromething that wl agpen, he knows it fora Src hens then can we rely havey oxox thing woul inevibly be? ‘hare az thre edevlolations that wih consider er. But teat wih fo all you astoy i the bo abet the sheep an he fro Inthe endef tine, Gd wiljudgethow who wil gota herenand who ‘ib punished in ls the tory oute sheep wil goo heaven, wale the gost wil burnin el. Questo: Are youa gosto ashnp? you were tera gant, cud you suddenly turn ito ashegp? Or if you were bors 3 ‘howp cul yoube ured ito agate iscbvious tat in nether ase pois thatyoucan suddenly trnitasoncthing ha yousrenot Hance ay tht al aeady tows who ou ae even before you were bors aya Gd reed dete our are “hls problem has a age being on our next problen which the problema ei sinc we cannot befrae in determining actos the Aagealyfllonstht we cat never fend God. Toofend Geist freely do ret contrary fo Gt’ dnine wl Andsincewecanot do this ferme “root ee ton we cannes Now since we arent res, erent = nnot offend Go Henee wecnnot coma, patie has away aroun hl probler. tr his Oe Caice of the vl tt ch, 6 St, he sts har theres ch thing san er frac or aconcience ha woul tel eter todo ornot to optic thing Tas lea akin tothe Geek ies of damon. This conscience, Inch the vole of tls what we shoulda But we cud choose Wher toed or not to heed ur comicioee’s mandate, nse the mere fact that we con op tin sa fic that proves the existence ef barre wil Bt hs does not mea that Gad des nx know wha we will opt 4.18 fly shows that God doc ot Intervene nour decisions He gave w the lc tcither do whats good or bat ecntrry to. Tha why weare fal hel ible for oration. ‘noula'stake on the mtr sighy diferent Hssluton ound nis Suna ll, Par 1,01 At 3-H wees 4 contingent thing (at beng) canbe considered ine way Fit el far fe lend Bac and In his sense is ne considered a fare, But preset Inanothe way. a contnget ting can be consider ints use, td inthis way ts ose ste a8 entingont hing nat et determined Toone New Go knowsw cen ms nsmoecmunuccicmenarmere ow wasac wl ose fel fromanathereasethan the god, what case therefor elng besa the ood? How isthereevf theres providence How does eu cometobeat {I Why sient destroyed? Fnaly hw does any being dese instandofthe god all contingent things not only a thay are in tele cuss, Tata seach one of thn actly a el Hee, is mann thet contingent things are infaliby known by Godin as they ar sujet to the din sig nthe presetaliyg abd yet tay ae fire contingent things Felton to intr own cases, rar "es Augustine's sation othe problem of el that has besa the standard snone otis problem, Amot all ther medial ilesorbers Few Augustine’ lead. soit isnot only delve is sluion Augustine nhs Cy of 6 Book concer wth he profi, of ev intern lt prove tit ts by our owe fe choice that we erm in, Bt we donot realy dese to fe know that what we {redoing teal, then, for Agustin, we wll no op forts since we are | Svaysguiretoware the god. Soitolows that eveythag realy good uthow can theebe evi ‘ul st something that exits in Hel Nothing contrary to the gue ens Tha evi not cent By God. Coy god Uns ext. However, at Aogatine points ot ther «gradation of goodness. Tha Isthere ae things where lve f goodness 8 highar than the hings. ‘Aen suguine'# view ls that everything crete bya Ged who ill ‘oad goo, Bst each thing’ goodness is diferent rm seme ther tng. ence there are grado of gndnes To dtrate thst usta example fmalinge hice between ta good ectons First isobeying your pars, le the second isconslinga end. However fou choos to ebey ou" Parents, then oa cannet console yor Ese since they've asked yu Pot {oleae the hee, You have us et yur rend cow, whieh ota goed thing Ifyou choose to conzle your lend, then dsb yoor pars | this a not ged thing here a whre eu ction of el acorngto Augustine comes il dvs wt ent tony exits because fa defect ora lack hat Isbrought aout by the chale that we make. 1 ike, to use Augustin’ _nalogy a ond. Awound someting that det not neces ex. ‘sistsonlyaalackfeome skin inanates hat should hevebad asin. This ology serve is purpoe tosh tht we se el ely asthe privatin of tome good Cong bak ou example tov, Ife ake ether alternative, nen ay get hart ad crning sich aut ive Augustine has a dsintionbetnoe bw kinds of ex. Coe eld © ature Tht thing that canoe be hepod. An example ofthis "Kind fei aypehape be tral clits that we may experience We ‘nat conte these Ching, Thay are el only inasmuch as they destroy ‘Wecam interpre ths tet ying that Gx knows et that which tsa confinget (oes) thing and that which Ise ecesary actu thing Bt te sy that God knows them dos nat mean that he ls wht vel apps totem Thai ver hough Gos kowledge complete and {sole iw ot follow tate wl or tobe the cve. So, eft, ‘ears fe, ‘thie take nthe problem of free wl found in lism of Cock n is Prfernaon Gls oreo, and Future Contngres I arguos tat eur ideas of predestination (estined to eternal bs) “nd repretition(estiond to eternal darnation) are poory thought of We ‘vit hold content tht we ae ahr predestined or rorebstedsince ithas ot come yet. Neca oly kao whether hiss the casts ome tops Now, ev if Gd now who are predestined o reprobate, dos fst mean that we cul ver knw i Tht ven fou ves ae alealy tired towacts sme determined en and ths ed i eady known © ‘God but since me dont hve acces otis knowlege, hen i would nat {low tit God deteraines us Hence, Weare ie ‘The roblamoffreedor an dates has many forms. evaves to be a protien of recondling the determining condltons of our ations ied the foecom that we suppezey kav in ding tose actions, Laer Philwophers eile thir intrest inthis pecblem. Ard preset, one {dain tha horse hs the oret answer tots problem. PROBLEM OF EVIL ‘The pecblem of ils ane thot plop problems that ust sould net gay. Agutne wt the Bestmcval phioseper to come {o terme wth this problem. However, ts Peudo-Dlonysas' frelon ‘hate wise noe to understand th probe. He (The De Names, hea 1) atest stows In general wht From what source dot sb? tn which beng is? How de he good wl to produce 2 fessa mg ere something val, Ancthee Kind of cad mera ev Moral els ‘ethos thing tt we intentional doo bers. Perhapstheactof ling nd stealing canbe exapler ofthis ind. I saying thet evil does mat ex, Angie already disposes of the dietary tak of reconciling Rs exstonce with Gots existence. In ‘ec he ingen shiny fom the controversy of proving that there ie nathing wrong claiming hit God all geod an a the sme tie, tui eit, nthe Inportan contusion of Augustine answer tthe problem of eiliss manner flocking diferent phloecpia robles. seems that we can bve an anne to diferent psopicalproBlems tly we ca ce her in acres ight And is Augustinian egy i Sst evident in oda’ palsophical nurs UNIVERSALS AND PARTICULARS ‘The peoblen of universe ie sen depicted as the problem of inedleval metapyics, The other problems tht we have scsted 5 far a be recived by an apea to the truths of ath. Ths pee problem, Foweves is not ay remedied sing uch recourse, ‘owt’ aceunt ofthe polit of univer aplyelucats the problem, Send Eton fhe Corrares che gee oy, Be Tiojstates tata “othe mind, whatever i understands, ether consives by understanding and decrbes to fae by reson (ings that exit), or else depits to sl n vacant imagnation (those that do no exit) It que therefore of which sort the derstanding of genus an of the rest i whether we understand wpecis and genera as we understand things snhick (ens) and rom which we darveatrucunderstandin, tewhsther me deceive ourselves since we formforourseles, ty empycotation ofthe snd, things which do ot ei), But even il should be eeblsbed tha they (ext) and if tne shoul sty thatthe understanding them is canceled ftom things stich are, thes another greater, and more ticle question would ocasion douteFor ance Te is ‘pcosary tat eveything whic exits) be eter nrporeal tr incorporea; gens and speci wl ave to bei one of thee OF what sr then wl at whic scaled genus be, ‘orporel or incorporel- uteven when this question has oN OL TO EEL CRANES WT teen rsalved all ambiguity wil act be ave. For there remains something wach, should geners and species be Called incorporea bests the undertanding and detain, ernaring tht tbe recede, whether the subs tecies themselves or whether they seem tobe itcorporesl ssbsitences beyond bodies ad persis Inher nerperealty {spasted frm Dodie, 8 God nnd soul. Or hey have ‘en separated fam boda, they in no manner continue to (ext. “he problem cn be locked at as pci poblrin og thor. | ould tg inte dtl onth see the top hl tcl What ‘Shall do however expe what the problem al about “epee of univers concer the exstnce of things tha we callaniveras, Arcunivertalsexiting hung? But before we got at we ‘ould fist rae what nivel ar. Ueversals re coneps that pein tocllecionsor groups othings ofthe tare Kind. Thesord “aura being” Iseuniversl insu eeperenetoal thing thtare human belags. To tndestand he problem we ced psa several knowns, We ow that "lat ea Han being” aad “Soe ea una bag” ae both tow statements But what maker hen us? They ae eve because bath Plato and Sorter sre ned hana bets. But what males he human tring? The question shows where he enusion eres ‘some medieval phbsephars, tke Wiliam of Carpe belle that th sorte and at saresomethng a commen vithoe enter. Thi ‘omen feture isonet tr Independent of he beth of then But tu of them sare Ths common fates blag 3 human beng Beng ‘numa being ess independently of Both Pat and Scraes sae we ‘annotsy thal ony Hato and Socrates ae ura brings This postion own seam. Relt bee tha univer lia "ednee "bing = hr” and hele ent independent of thing that ae vedo things that irechoir We now tat ach partic hing red er aca inasmich thay paripst nthe wives redar ca. Some other medal pilose, Ike scl, would say that unversl ae pothing but rds, We abe hing sng Geel werd a treo group them ngther Bu thee werds dont ext independent. We mae thee words, Wht exist tha are pata thegs. They tit independent ofthe wards we inal ofthe If fe example ee 3 puta thingright in font ead cal tachar,"hen i ote the word chat lust someting that ext ther use tho word iii iiiwe ‘rm ne ee tolabel someting ight in rot of me, his psn scaled pominlsn Nominal belive thet vera are athng more but wards. They do he corespendt anything but re mere words thar human beings make ln ‘rer tone ferent partclr things til cher concemed with solving the problem ofthe existence of ness woul sty a universal are eanepts tht ext nour mds. uttheyarenot mere concepts we make bin oréer or them toheve sy Aortic worth they most have something tht makes them capable of {Eserbing someting athe word Tis thing what makes each overs tenceptattchsel othe ceerbalng deeb. Inlet, was this means te tha universal encepts are concepts that metite between parca thingend the human id This potion wt scaled moderate realm for concptualam,Coneptualts, lke Peter Abelard, fly bleve that {osy that universal ether exist only inthe mind or ome otherwerdly Spaces puting the mater ut ares) The fats ore completed an tat We de not ll something a che Reus west want to label ita such, There must be someting tha makes a ca, a common feature tht all chars ve But neler can you say that hee exists he timate chai hich very other hae corespod oor parties in ‘The concepts offer ale gra. Aca clr becase such encept apps to vch thing Such appli sungue to, Wecanot allay particle things cha since thee are hing that are not cha “hat a al concepts would apy to some things. Some concept pay ‘only to some parila ting. “Te bate onthe existence funerals asa beringan the debate cancer the concept of he bly tay, the divine and human nate ‘ijn hee and tn doctrine of the traoubantiatin of the rend and ‘nite tthe boy and od of Cris. mma, how do we interpre the Felina between od the Father Go the Son, and Godthe Holy pit Tlf han ar atone, then ow ea ater be, a he sue tne is tou? criss relly bth human snd vine how poses those tro itery contrary mrs (univer characterises) exist none bei? Does the brad change es uty ef beng «bread when uns int the badly of Chris? How i that posble? These questions are questions In ilsopical helo andes them woldtake macht our ited Space: Reelest to sy, the importance of the problem of universal fx ‘medevl plopizingnotonly ede dere: aprecstionofchrsian Akctrnes, bu ab to great changer i Tole! tory end metaphyseal speculation aswell ‘contusion bythe ate teeth a early fortenth enturs, the medieval project of roconeling faith reson be saan, or waar Fagen. There are two ree fo his Th fests hel by proponent of entree fdr, wae the second i eld by proponents Of exrem= ‘ison Extrem flan tack gant ee mdeval projec simply that Inunsan rasan an never enapelte rir acquired by fh Mats stows ou ofthis persion Nt suchas Nicoasof Cues and Meier eth epcteany tempera ust any tthe fae Fath lone can gear, nothing mre nthing less. Extreme ational tack guest the medlral project cones the incapciy af mela ghlosphers to ehsk slntealy out evesay matters Roger Bacon propenertof extreme rationalism agus thot Asotl’s doctrines ae en arived at Via deuce reasoning bit {scene conn of the word ought tobe pedaced by Inductive Tenoring. Experts, and oly experience, can tll us what the ese s Gd what he cau nt Jeen Buran, ster extene atonal args farter hat uy aterp toes nytt whasnever should not ely ‘pon doctrines acrpedUzough ah or by arguments, ates, sey mat ‘evwellenpermented thes. The ise fh aturasclences ve he fia Hows the dele a the medieval projet, ‘Todays scholarship on medieval phiwopty however, woul et siressthepotve contbttone thatthe edivallsophers fer athe plilsopic! gourmet. These comelbutions range from opin lope topics polls and ei If we were to Yeread the elas of mele pMtlovopy we tal ee tht thelr phnepiclspclation iat the ame rs bafter dan, tay’ piesoplcl endeavors Nees toy tedivlpeculstonpverthe way ferunversty ilasophers to haves proven, “The medieval metaphyseal problems are ave and wel in current slope! dacssors The problems fei andtee wll ae to othe foot though-povekng probs tht philosopher ever aed fad we ave to thank the medieval loops polating them cut tous. The problem of odsexetenceand cretion may noteclve tie same atesen “That medi! plosphers gave oem, bt we canbe sured that hse ‘qustlonear being asad ibe dscusions of feehinkirg Christians “The madera projec ofreconcing ith and reson may 2a be os Sashonale tvs age.utbeingshionbelsnt what matte.esieval pilesophy has ven and wl oon to give philosophically Interesting iden 0 long a= we continue renewing our intrest thet ‘pecltlons eninge. No mater now ado entiguated an en there {ie people who wil fake ine to understand thor, they my sl none ‘rey orancther, ge us ome ite plotphiclsrpls. ‘OUCSMONS AND ACTS FOR REFLECT 1. conser again the diferent formulations ofthe relationship between faith and ean, there ay ote way formulating? 1. Review the problem of vine foreknowledge, Which ston do you {hinds oeontsfor 7 4. ove the dscuslon about natura and vine theology. Mae is {tcinston doctrines that fll urder natural thclogy alist for ‘etre it fall under dvi thology arpa the to Ets How othe der wows » ke pimary source usted hercamefrom two antiooger Kanan {nd Bate (190 and Sapiro (1984 Where aps all als i the ote work are ie 2 The Faly Church Fathers also Include the Christan Apologist here Inve been we-aown apologists fom the Greek and tain erations (Gee clon 192, arts {and 2) Theater dial oro entre the Jae of condone of mary Crista inthe power of reason to acount Foe tet faith Thr was ete by the mystics sich as Nichols of es Bonaventure ard Walter Eckhart * tan averoits, leo known asthe Integral Aistotlins, became & Plosopical fore by the Ite 1th century. They hold tha thee are fre tats tas of aon and tithe of lth The ater ae for those oar ineletully inferior, whe the former are for those who are Intl superior. «see Adland vat Donon (1972, 280288) and Meaney (1969) + The fllowing ae taken om Arista’ phy 688-026 + retzmann wil be our guide in ditngihing between the two sees tf the word “theology vi. Divine Taslgy and Natural Thesogy ‘See reetemann(9e7, 30) (19, 129) base aim i that stra Thos tect pslowophical dpe while divine tela is propery pat oftheslogy as we understand the tem. Thee ia det, Fonover, concen the stars of natrd teolgy a phisepical cline For mor information sou! ts, soe Kretemana (987, 12), ‘an wage 195-0) and Matthews 960 | Gesch (190 and van tragen (95) deeb he philosophic apect vine (reeves) helo. They both undertake a pisepical bjs of the poblens in phleophcl theology. Examples ofthese are “int, Insertion and Resurrection, + ee aguiay, uma hele at 2. * See Agulsaspt ("Prt 0.2 At "eto lckof pce abl ony ge the summarized form ofthe frst and Ah ergamess. ‘The modern phlowopher, Dav Hume, also makes + sine countarargumet FERENCE Aston Willan 191 Prceving Gd The pitenolayofrelgcs emer, ler, Mortimer and vin Dore, Charles. 1972 How tre bk Now Yr ‘Simonand Shuster. oraman, james, aber, Keith aod George, Pappas. 192. Piles! ‘elon nd arumente An inroicttndana: Hack Publishing ‘Company. Dor: a5, hepa of set tland Publeaton. vs. 6.29, Popa by neil ops London: Rote roma, e195, The pele: Boon: Houghton aiflin Costar Geach, 7194, Glande Sou Bisel, Eland Thoemmes ress. sn, Enns 95, Asn of sin pisopy in the mie ages NY "rantomtfouse Auta, Walter ard orrest Bal, 0451934, Meda! py. New ery Prentiell. rtcana, Norman, 199. Th metapyns of cate Aguas roa they Sunn conta Ges NY Oxford Univer Pres 1997 The nyse fT: Aas’ hoy “amar Gentes NYO Univers Pes.ca 1988, The Coie ry of ater met! ib. ‘ania Cambridge Unversity Press Matthews, Cae 3. 1964, Theology and Natural Thesogy ema of ‘hip, vol 603. Moka, Richard, 195, The Orgs of Moder Dict. oma of th Tsay of es ol. 2 Pape, Joel. 1964. Scat: Resonate: and probes of relia psy. Men York Mei Book Company Plating Ain. 3990, Godan her mins Asay ofthe anal ucatin (fe lin ca hae: Comal vers Pest ast, feral. 1972. A hry of eter plesopy, 2nd eon. Penguin Boos. stapes, Henman, ed 3964, Moa psp: Sect eng fom ‘Agustin Brian New Yor andor Hous, ‘van nwgen Peter, 1995, Gad owe and toy By pin hx, New York Carsell Unies Pres. Wiliams, Berard 199, Descartes The ret of pare enquy. New Yok: Penguin Hooks. Internat Sources rein, Aied 199%, oskium on filth and senon, hinge radeon papers. (Aceseds March 208, spade, aul Vincent. 200. Medieval plosophy.hp/planstaoelu/ tenia pisopy. (screed 12 May 2087 ‘onJecaves ve tg chp eee paced 2 1, erie wel lune of he tel Sea ‘tempi bn ewe he exept ‘Seep asennpy, eco orth tepid ae ‘rena pcr sed ad Cure undenring_ fhe fit ‘antariepeedon hen ngs oe ren elope er ln plage OB eer en eee Bet ac retincwnc atta eee a