SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BOOKLET

MARCH 2017
BY:JAMIE V.
CANAUAY
MA-PSYCHOLOGY
TO: DR . HAZEL
MARTINEZ

TABLE
OF

CONTENTS
I.INTRODUCTION
II. PREJUDICE
DEFINITION
CONSEQUENCES
DISCRIMINATION
III. EXAMPLES OF PREJUDICE AND
DISCRIMINATION
IV. SOCIAL CAUSES OF PREJUDICE
V. SOLUTIONS TO PREJUDICE
VI. ACTIVITY I
VII. ACTIVITY II
VIII. REFERENCES

Introduction
Throughout human history, conflict in human relations has
resulted in persecution, crimes against one another, segregation,
war and other atrocities like genocide. In ancient times,
Egyptians, Romans and Greeks took Jews and other groups that
are not one of their own, as slaves. The extermination of Native
Americans since the 15th century which left their number at
merely 250,000 by the 19th century. African-Americans were the
recipient of maltreatment and atrociousness from white colonists,
they were assumed to be animals and not humans. Filipinos
suffered oppression from the many colonists that occupied the
Philippines, from the Spaniards, to Americans and to the
Japanese Empire. In the 19th century, Suffragists fought for
womens right to vote. During the 1800s to the 1940s,
homosexuality is a crime and is punishable by imprisonment,
castration or death.
 These human conflicts exists even in present day. And
although in recent years, there has been a decline there are still
problems in human relations. These conflicts are often said to
arise from prejudice and discrimination. According to Merriam
Webster, prejudice is defined as a, preconceived judgment or
opinion or an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just
grounds or before sufficient knowledge. Also, in Gordon Allports
The Nature of Prejudice, he defined prejudice as, an aversive or
hostile attitude toward a person who belongs to a group, simply
because he belongs to that group, and is therefore presumed to
have objectionable qualities ascribed to the group. While
prejudice is a preconceived thought about a group and avoidance
of a particular group, discrimination as defined in Merriam
Webster is a, prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or
treatment.
Through the efforts of Social Psychologists, we have found
the determinants on why prejudice exists. And by knowing these
factors, we have ways to lessen, or if not, eliminate prejudice
through education of the masses.
This booklet aims to help the reader have a better
understanding of prejudice; its history, issues and solutions to
decrease negative perception and discrimination in society.

What is Prejudice?
According to David Myers, prejudice is, A preconceived
negative judgment of a group and its individual members. It is
often a generalized negative perception of a certain group in a
society. Prejudice is an attitude, and it highly influences an
individuals interaction with certain groups of people. When
people have prejudicial thoughts and attitudes, they most often
think that anyone who fits the description of a certain type of
group is the same as the rest. People who are prejudiced tend to
generalize.
One example of such
generalizations Prejudice a preconceived would be the
opinion that is not based on
Stereotype ideas that people
ideation that
reason drug addicts are
have about what someone or or actual experience.
all the same,
something is like. they are evil people that has no
capability to change for the better.
Most of prejudiced notions are the result of stereotype.
Stereotype is a preconceived notion, especially about a group of
people. Human beings cannot avoid stereotyping as categorizing
is a normal human thinking process. Gordon Allport said, The
human mind must think with the aid of categories Once
formed, categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. We
can't possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends upon it.
As a result of these categorizations, prejudice comes in
different forms. Racism, sexism, homophobia, classism, and
nationalism to name a few. These types of prejudice can cause
many kinds of unfavorable actions and behaviors towards a
person or a group of people.

Consequences of Prejudice
If prejudice exists, it can cause serious negative
consequences such as displacement of people, eugenics,
genocide, hate crimes, stigma, and discrimination.

Genocide. A deliberate destruction of a

Displaced persons. People forced to leave
political or cultural human group. Native
their homes, and move to a safer place. In war
Hate Crime.
Americans were Amass
violentmurdered
attack against
duringa
torn places, people flee from danger and to
the person or group of
colonialization because of their
America. race,
Bounties
escape persecution.
Stigma. A feeling
Eugenics. ofwere
A setof shame ethnicity,
or
beliefs religion,
putofonlesser
their
and socialor value
heads. gender.
than The KKK
others.
This is due
practices thatto aims has ofbeen
categorization
at improving theresponsible
people for inlynching
that results of
labelling.
People who
genetic fit a criteria
quality of the numerous
become African-Americans.
victims
human of prejudiced people or
ostracize themselves for being part of a certain group.
population.
 Discrimination. Treating some Examples of
people differently than others or
Prejudice and
favoring one social group over
another based on prejudices.
Discrimination
Racism. It is defined as the belief that physical
characteristics determine cultural traits, and that racial
characteristics
make some
groups superior.
During the
1950s to the
1960s, Black
Americans
struggled for
racial equality,
they were thought of being inferior to White Americans and are
uncivilized compare to the latter. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr.
the leader of the Civil Rights Movement marched alongside
250,000 people, including thousands of White Americans, to
Lincoln Memorial Park and delivered I have a dream his famous
speech. Protests continued and changes as how Blacks were
made. Racial and ethnic discrimination is a result of racism.
The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enforcing racial
segregation in the Southern United States.
Another type of prejudice is, Sexism or gender
discrimination is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's
sex or gender. Typically directed to women as they are
stereotyped as the weaker sex. Sex discrimination may be
direct or indirect. Direct sex discrimination is when an
employee is treating unfavorably because of their sex. Indirect
sex discrimination can occur if employers or managers hold
assumptions about what sort of work women and men are
capable, or not capable, of doing. During the late 19th and early
20th centuries, Suffragettes advocated women's right to vote in
public elections in Britain. Notable figures during this protest were
Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst. The tactics that they
used were violent and upon arrest they went on hunger strikes. In
1918, women in Britain that are over 30 were allowed to vote,
and in 1928, it was changed to women over 21.
Negative attitudes and
feelings toward homosexuality
or people who are identified or
perceived as being lesbian,
gay, bisexual or transgender
(LGBT) is
called
homophobia. People who think being
homosexuality is an illness or a mental
disease are homophobic. Homophobia
generates sexual orientation
discrimination, and/or hate towards the
LGBT community. In 2016, the Orlando
nightclub shooting happened. It was
regarded both as a terrorist attack and a
hate crime against the LGBT community.
Aside from bullying and physical attacks,
there is a high suicide rate amongst LGBT youth.
Classism is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of
social class. It includes
individual attitudes, Suffragette is a woman behaviors,
systems of policies, seeking the right to vote and practices
that are set up to through organized protest. benefit the
upper class at the expense of the
lower class. The belief of the
upper-class that poor people are just lazy can be classified as
classism. During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, the
Insulares, or the Spaniards born in the Philippines started the first
Filipino Nationalism movement. While being Spanish blood they
were considered inferior by the Peninsulares, or the pure
Spaniards born in Spain. They advocated for economy,
education, and secularization of churches. Ilustrados, the
educated class of the Philippines of the 19 th century, continued
the movement, but instead of advocating for independency from
Spain they opted for legal equality with the Peninsulares. Luis
Rodrguez Varela, called El Conde Filipino, a creole and ilustrado
as well as Jos Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce,
members of the Ilistrados as well, were
prominent figures of Filipino
Nationalism.
When people sees an older
person and thinks of them as citizens
"unable to pull their own weight" that's
called ageism. Ageism is stereotyping and
discriminating against individuals or groups
on the basis of their age. Being rejected
because a person is deemed too old for employment is age
discrimination.

What are the Social Causes of

Prejudice?
Social scientists have also identified some common social
factors that may contribute to the presence of prejudice and
discrimination:

Group seem
Socialization. Many prejudices closure
to is
bethe process whereby groups keep
passed
along from parents to children. The mediaincluding themselves and others.
clear boundaries between
Refusing to marry
television, movies, and advertisingalso outside an ethnic group is an
perpetuate
example of how group closure is accomplished.
demeaning images and stereotypes about assorted
groups, such as ethnic minorities, women,
Authoritarian gays and In response to early
personality.
lesbians, the disabled, andsocialization,
the elderly. some
Ethnocentrism is the tendency
people to evaluateprone
are especially others'
to
cultures by one's
stereotypical own cultural
thinking norms andbased
and projection values.onIt
Conflict theory. Under conflict
also
unconscious
Conforming behaviors. Prejudices theory,
includes a in
mayfears. order
suspicion to of outsiders. Most
People with an authoritarian
bring support cultures
hold onto their distinctive
from significant others, so social
have status,
theirrigidly
rejecting
personality power,
ethnocentric
prejudices
conform,and
maytendencies, which
submit without usually
question to
possessions, privileged groups
lead to losing social support. involveare invested
stereotypical
The pressures
their superiors, in seeing
thinking.
reject those to they consider to be
that no competition
conform to the viewsfor resources
of arises
families, from minority
friends, and
inferiors, and express intolerant sexual and religious
groups. Thecan
associates powerful may Economic
be formidable.even be ready to resort to studies have confirmed
opinions. Thebenefits. Social
authoritarian personality may have its
extreme acts of violence that against others
prejudice to protect
especially rises when groups
roots in parents who are unloving and are in
aloof
their interests. As adirect result, members
competition for of
jobs.
underprivileged groups may disciplinarians.
retaliate withThe child
violence thenThis
in
maytohelp
learns to explain
control his or
why prejudice increases dramatically during times of
an attempt to improve theirher anxieties via rigid attitudes.
circumstances.
economic and social stress.
What are the Solutions to prejudice?
Selfesteem hypothesis. When people have an appropriate
education and higher selfesteem, their prejudices will go away.
According to Abraham Maslow, self-esteem is a persons own
feelings of worth and confidence. The more the person fulfills his
or her needs for
achievements, competence and
respect, the more he or she
will have healthy social
interactions.
Contact
hypothesis. States that the
best answer to prejudice is to
bring together members of
different groups so they can
learn to appreciate their
common experiences and
backgrounds. This brings
people together, promotes both
sensitivity and awareness of another groups culture.
Cooperation hypothesis.
Holds that conflicting
groups need to cooperate by
laying aside their individual
interests and learning to work
together for shared goals.
Legal hypothesis. States prejudice can be eliminated by
enforcing laws against discriminative behavior. Sen. Bam Aquino
filed the Senate Bill No. 2122 or
the Anti-Discrimination Act of
2014, which seeks to combat
discrimination of any forms.
Cooperative learning.
Learning that involves
collaborative interactions
between students, while surely of positive value to students
Cooperation is usually too limited and too brief to surmount all
the influences in a person's life.

These theories are not 100% sure to eliminate the

threat of prejudice, and/or, cannot assure reduction of
hostility between conflicting groups. However, they are
used to start a better social relationship with one
another.

Activity I
Complete the crossword puzzle below:

Across
1. A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group.
Down
1. It is a kind of prejudice that is due to difference in ethnic background.
2. A generalization, usually exaggerated or oversimplified and often offensive, that
is used to describe or distinguish a group.
3. A violent attack on a person or people that are from a specific group
4. A kind of personality that makes a person rigid to conform.
5. It is the extermination of a group.
6. An unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
 Activity II

Complete the sentences.

1. ___________ is thoughts about a specific group while
___________ is acting on those thoughts.
2. Caleb and his family are from Syria, they are now living in a
refugee camp in Germany. They are __________.
3. People who are ________ believe that homosexuality is an
illness.
4. The __________ theory says, more the person fulfills his or her
needs for achievements, competence and respect, the more he
or she will have healthy social interactions.
5. During the Nazi regime, they sterilized 400,000 people against their
will and 70,000 were euthanized. Respectively, these are examples
_________ and ________.

References
DAVID G. MYERS (2009). S OCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 10TH
EDITION. NEW YORK, USA: MCG RAW -HILL.
CHARLES CARVER AND MICHAEL SCHEIER
(2011).PERSPECTIVES ON PERSONALITY (7TH
INTERNATIONAL EDITION ). NEW JERSEY, USA: PRENTICE
HALL.
RODRIGO DELA PAZ T OMAS , MARIVIC SANCHEZ, ET AL
(2013). BASICS OF PSYCHOLOGY. MALABON, PH: MUTYA
PUBLISHING HOUSE .
UNITED TO END G ENOCIDE. ATROCITIES AGAINST NATIVE
AMERICANS. http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-
genocides/native-americans/
T RICIA CUBILLAS (2016). ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT STILL
PENDING , LGBT CIRCLE CLINGS TO HOPE .
https://trishlapuz.wordpress.com/2016/01/30/anti-
discrimination-act-still-pending-lgbt-circle-clings-to-
hope/
KIRBY ARAULLO (2011). THE I LUSTRADOS.
http://kirbyaraullo.tumblr.com/post/4049745466/the-
ilustrados-or-the-filipino-educated-class