Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 1521

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Properties of pervious concrete containing recycled concrete block

aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate
Yuwadee Zaetang a, Vanchai Sata b, Ampol Wongsa b, Prinya Chindaprasirt b,
a
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakonnakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon
47000, Thailand
b
Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand

h i g h l i g h t s

We studied pervious concretes containing recycled concrete block aggregate (RBA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA).

Replacement of natural aggregate with RBA and RCA increased compressive strengths.

For RCA, surface abrasion resistance was improved for all replacement levels.

For RBA, surface abrasion resistance was improved with up to 20% replacement level.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The properties of pervious concretes containing two types of recycled aggregates viz., recycled concrete
Received 8 October 2015 block aggregate (RBA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) were studied. They were incorporated in
Received in revised form 17 December 2015 pervious concretes by replacing natural aggregate at the levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by
Accepted 17 February 2016
weight. Compressive strength, density, total void, water permeability, thermal conductivity and surface
Available online 21 February 2016
abrasion resistance of pervious concrete containing the aggregates were determined. Both RBA and RCA
increased the compressive strengths of pervious concretes except at the high replacement level of 100%.
Keywords:
The incorporation of RCA at all replacement levels increased the surface abrasion resistance of pervious
Pervious concrete
Recycled aggregate
concrete. For RBA, the improvement in surface abrasion resistance was obtained with only up to 20%
Total void replacement level. Although the recycled aggregates were weaker than natural aggregate, the improve-
Compressive strength ments in strength and abrasion resistance were achieved as a result of a better bonding between recycled
Surface abrasion aggregate and cement paste due to increased surface porosity and roughness of recycled aggregates. The
improvements in strength and surface abrasion resistance are important for the utilization of pervious
concrete.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction in density and abrasion resistance, and high in absorption and

Huge quantities of construction and demolition wastes are pro-
duced every year [13]. In Thailand, these waste materials are usu-
ally sent to landfills or dumped illegally. The disposal of these
wastes is a severe social and environmental problem. Recycling
of construction and demolition wastes for use as aggregates to pro-
duce new concrete can reduce the problem of waste storage and
preserve natural aggregate resources [4].
A number of studies on recycled aggregate in concrete indicate
that the strength of concrete decreases as the amount of recycled
aggregate increases. These recycled aggregates are normally low
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: prinya@kku.ac.th (P. Chindaprasirt).
porosity due to the attachment of cement paste and mortar on
the aggregate surface [1,57]. Due to its low compressive strength
and a high degree of variation, recycled aggregate concrete is rec-
ommended for non-structural concrete or pavement applications
[2,8,9].
Pervious concrete is a special concrete with relatively high void
content and high water permeability compared to the conventional
concrete. It is an environmentally friendly material and is used for
a number of civil engineering and architectural applications such
as in park areas, areas with light traffic, pedestrian walkways and
tennis courts [10,11]. In addition, the interconnected voids of
pervious concrete allow water to pass through and thus it can be
used to reduce storm water runoff rate and in other applications
such as water purification, acoustic absorption and thermal

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.060
0950-0618/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
16 Y. Zaetang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 1521
insulation [1214]. Typically, pervious concrete has connected
pores ranging in size from 2 to 8 mm and void contents from
18% to 35%. Due to the high void content, its compressive strength
is relatively low ranging from 2.8 to 28.0 MPa [15]. The cement
paste binder layer of pervious concrete is very thin. Thus, the
strength of pervious concrete depends primarily on the strength
of thin binder paste [11]. The strength of aggregate is normally
much higher than those of cement paste and the interface between
cement pastes and aggregate. For this reason, it should be possible
to use recycled aggregate as coarse aggregate in pervious concrete
and achieve similar properties to those made with natural
aggregates.
Therefore, pervious concretes made from natural coarse aggre-
gate replaced with coarse aggregate from recycled concrete block
and recycled concrete aggregate at the levels of 0%, 20%, 40%,
60%, 80%, and 100% by weight of aggregate were studied. The
effects of replacement level of natural aggregate with recycled
aggregates on total void, water permeability coefficient, compres-
sive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and sur-
face abrasion resistance were evaluated. The obtained data
should provide a concrete foundation for the use of recycled aggre-
gates in pervious concrete.
2. Experimental details
2.1. Material
Portland cement Type 1, superplasticizer Type F (SP), natural limestone aggre-
gate (NA), and two types of recycled aggregates viz., recycled concrete block aggre-
gate (RBA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) were the materials used in this
experiment. The concrete block was made of low strength dry mortar and the con-
crete was structural concrete made with limestone aggregate. Their appearances
are shown in Fig. 1. They were crushed and sieved to obtain 4.759.50 mm particles
for use as recycled coarse aggregates. Fig. 2 shows the particle shape and texture of
natural and recycled coarse aggregates. Their properties are shown in Table 1. The
fineness modulus values of the three aggregates were approximately the same at
5.835.97. The dry-rodded densities of NA, RBA, and RCA were 1440, 1240, and
1340 kg/m3, respectively with corresponding specific gravities of 2.70, 2.49, and
2.53. The water absorptions of RBA and RCA were approximately ten times higher
than that of NA. The Los Angeles abrasion losses of NA, RBA, and RCA were 30.2%,
52.0%, and 43.3%, respectively. The low density, high water absorption and high
Los Angeles abrasion loss of the recycled aggregate were due to the high porosity
of adhered cement mortar on the recycled aggregate as indicated by previous
researchers [16,17].
2.2. Mix proportions of pervious concrete
The coarse aggregates were prepared to a saturated surface dry (SSD) condition
before mixing. Constant water to cement ratio of 0.24, cement to aggregate ratio of
0.22, and SP dosage of 0.75% by weight of cement were used. The control pervious
concrete (NA100) consisted of 316 kg of Portland cement type I, 76 kg of water,
2.4 kg of SP, and 1435 kg of NA for 1 m3 of concrete. NA was replaced with RBA
and RCA at the levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by weight of coarse
aggregate. Table 2 gives the summary of pervious concrete mix proportions. The
(a) RBA
Fig. 1. RBA and RCA before crushing and sieving.
pervious concretes were denoted by aggregate type and percentage content. For
example, RBA60 concrete was pervious concrete with replacement of NA by 60%
RBA.
2.3. Mixing and preparation of specimens
Cement paste was mixed in a pan-type mixer for 5 min. The coarse aggregates
were added to the mixture and mixed for another 3 min. After mixing, three sizes of
concrete specimens were cast. The cylindrical specimen with 100 mm diameter and
200 mm height was used for the measurements of compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength, water permeability, and total void. The 200  400  70 mm prism
specimen was used for flexural strength test. The 150 mm cube specimen was used
for the measurements of surface abrasion resistance and thermal conductivity. The
fresh mixture was placed into the mold in two layers. Each layer was rodded 25
times with 10 mm diameter tamping rod. After rodding, the specimens were placed
on a vibrating table and a 1.5 kg loading plate was placed on the top surface of spec-
imen. The compaction vibration was then applied for 10 s using vibrating table at
vibrating frequency of 2860 per minute and amplitude of 0.30.6 mm. All samples
were demolded at the age of 24 h and stored in a moist room until testing age.
2.4. Testing detail
2.4.1. Total void and water permeability
The total void of pervious concrete was determined in accordance with ASTM
C1754 [22]. Water permeability of the pervious concrete was measured using the
constant head method [15,23]. To protect from the water leakage between sample
and test device, the cylindrical specimen was wrapped with a rubber tube and
tightened by circular clamps. Water was allowed into the specimen to obtain a
steady state flow. The time in seconds (t) required for a certain quantity of water
in cubic centimeters (Q ) to pass was measured. The coefficient of water permeabil-
ity (k) in term of centimeters per second (cm/s) was calculated using Darcys Law as
shown in Eq. (1).
QL
k 1
HAt
where L is length of specimen (cm), H is water head (cm), and A is cross sectional
area of specimen (cm2).
2.4.2. Compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths
The compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths were determined at
the age of 28 days. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths were carried
out on cylindrical samples in accordance with ASTM C39 [24] and ASTM C496
[25], respectively. For compressive strength, the samples were capped at both ends
with sulfur capping compound to level the loading surface before testing. The flex-
ural strength was investigated in accordance with ASTM C293 [26] using prism
specimens. The reported result was the average of three samples.
2.4.3. Surface abrasion resistance
The surface abrasion resistance of pervious concrete surface was tested at
28 days using rotating-cutter method in accordance with ASTM C944 [27]. The
specimen was left to air dry for one day before testing (air-dry condition). The nor-
mal load of 98 N (22 lbs) was applied through rotating-cutter dressing wheels in
contact with the specimen surface for 2 min. Fig. 3 shows the test set-up of surface
abrasion resistance. The surface abrasion resistance was determined on two oppo-
site flat sides and presented as average weight loss in grams (g) of three specimens.
(b) RCA
 Y. Zaetang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 1521 17

(a) NA

(b) RBA (c) RCA

Fig. 2. Particle shape and texture of NA, RBA, and RCA.

Table 1
Properties of coarse aggregates.

Properties NA RBA RCA Standard for testing

Fineness modulus 5.95 5.83 5.97 ASTM C136 [18]
Dry-rodded density (kg/m3) 1440 1240 1340 ASTM C29 [19]
Specific gravity 2.70 2.49 2.53 ASTM C127 [20]
Absorption (%) 0.46 5.18 4.58 ASTM C127 [20]
Los Angeles abrasion loss (%) 30.2 52.0 43.3 ASTM C131 [21]

2.4.4. Thermal conductivity

The thermal conductivity coefficients of pervious concrete were measured at
the age of 28 days using a hand-held measuring instrument (ISOMET2114, Applied
Precision Ltd.) for direct measurement of heat transfer properties. The reported
results were the average of three samples.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Density, total void and water permeability

Table 3 shows the test results of density, total void, and water
permeability of pervious concrete. As expected, the density of per- Fig. 3. Testing of surface abrasion resistance.
vious concrete reduced with the increase in recycled aggregate

Table 2
Mix proportions of pervious concretes.

Concretes Cement (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) SP (kg/m3) Coarse aggregate (kg/m3)

NA RBA or RCA
NA100 316 76 2.4 1435
RBA20 or RCA20 316 76 2.4 1150 285
RBA40 or RCA40 316 76 2.4 860 575
RBA60 or RCA60 316 76 2.4 575 860
RBA80 or RCA80 316 76 2.4 285 1150
RBA100 or RCA100 316 76 2.4 1435
18 Y. Zaetang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 1521

Table 3 Eq. (2) with an R2 value of 0.917. This exponential equation is con-
Density, total void, and water permeability coefficient of pervious concretes. sistent with the previous published results [2830].
Concretes Density (kg/m3) Total void (%) Water permeability
coefficient (cm/s)
K 0:0446e0:129V 2
NA100 1920 25 1.01 where k is the coefficient of water permeability (cm/s) and V is the
RBA20 1910 23 0.79 total void (%).
RBA40 1980 20 0.80
RBA60 1940 19 0.56 3.2. Compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths
RBA80 1960 17 0.36
RBA100 2000 13 0.22
The results of compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile
RCA20 1900 24 0.95
strengths of pervious concretes at the age of 28 days are shown
RCA40 1860 24 0.98
RCA60 1820 24 0.89 in Figs. 5 and 6. The strength of pervious concrete is one of the
RCA80 1800 25 0.91 most important parameters of pervious concrete. The use of recy-
RCA100 1830 23 1.01 cled aggregate should provide pervious concrete with sufficient
strength. The compressive strength of control concrete (NA100)
was sufficiently high at 13.4 MPa. The incorporation of recycled
content. The reduction was more with the use of RBA as its specific aggregates resulted in the improvement of pervious concrete
gravity (2.49) was slightly lower than that of RCA (2.53). The speci- strength. This is unexpected as the incorporation of recycled aggre-
fic gravities of both recycled aggregates were substantially lower gate normally reduced the strength of concrete [3133]. For RBA,
than that of NA (2.70). For the mixes with RCA, the total voids of the optimum strength of 17.0 MPa was obtained at 50% recycled
all mixes were very similar at 2325% and not different to the aggregate replacement level. For RCA, the optimum strength of
value of 25% of control concrete. It should be noted here that all 15.0 MPa was obtained at a slightly higher replacement level of
mixtures had the same mix proportion. This confirmed that the 60%. The increases in recycled aggregates content beyond the opti-
replacement of NA with RCA had no effect on the void of pervious mum levels resulted in the decline of pervious concrete compres-
concrete. However, the density of pervious concretes tended to sive strength. The 100% replacement level for both recycled
decrease slightly and the water permeability coefficient tended aggregates reduced the compressive strength to the values similar
to increase slightly as the RCA replacement level increased. This to that of pervious concrete with NA. The increase in compressive
resulted from the low bulk density of RCA associated with the strength was due to an increase in bonding between the rough and
adhered mortar which was less solid and contained more voids porous surfaces of recycled aggregates and cement paste compared
than NA. to normal aggregate [34,35]. As mentioned, the cement paste layer
For the mixes with RBA, the total void reduced with increasing in pervious concrete was quite thin. In addition, the interface
replacement level of recycled aggregate despite that fact these between cement paste and aggregate is weaker than the strength
mixes had the same mix proportion and the aggregate sizes were of aggregate, thus pervious concrete normally fails at the interface
approximately the same. The RBA was made of dry mortar and thus or the binder layer between the aggregate [11,29,36]. The improve-
its strength was low as indicated by the highest Los Angeles abra- ment in the bond between aggregate and cement paste thus
sion loss value of 52.0%. During mixing, the RBA particles were important to the enhancement of pervious concrete strength.
under abrasion force and a substantial loss from the abrasion of Increases in compressive strength were significantly higher in
surface and crushing of particles occurred. This led to an increase pervious concretes containing RBA than those containing RCA. In
in the paste content of pervious concrete. With increasing RBA con- addition to the good bond between the recycled aggregate and
tent, the increased amount of paste filled the voids and thus pervi- cement paste, the increase in paste content due to the surface abra-
ous concrete with low void content was obtained. sion and crushing of RBA particles during mixing reduced the void
With the range of void content of pervious concrete containing content of concrete. This made concrete denser and contributed to
RBA, a relationship between total void and water permeability the increase in compressive strength of pervious concrete [30,37].
coefficient of pervious concretes containing RBA could be estab- A large improvement in compressive strength of pervious concrete
lished as shown in Fig. 4. The relationship is best described by with RBA was obtained compared to that with RCA.
For flexural and splitting tensile strengths, test results as shown
in Figs. 5 and 6 indicated that the influences of recycled aggregates

Fig. 4. Density, total void, and water permeability coefficient of pervious concrete
replacing NA with RBA. Fig. 5. Strengths at 28 days of pervious concretes containing RBA.
 Y. Zaetang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 1521
Fig. 6. Strengths at 28 days of pervious concretes containing RCA.
were small. The flexural and splitting tensile strengths of pervious
concretes containing RBA were approximately the same. For RCA,
there were tendencies for these strengths to reduce slightly with
the high replacement levels. For example, the splitting tensile
strength of RCA100 was 2.8 MPa compared to 4.1 MPa of the con-
trol concrete. Again at the low replacement levels, the increased in
the bond between the recycled aggregate and cement paste played
an important role and offset the effect of recycled aggregate weak-
ness. At high replacement level, the strengths slightly dropped due
to the weakness of recycled aggregate. The ratios of splitting ten-
sile strength to compressive strength ranged between 10.5% and
15.6% with an average of 13.1%. These ratios were slightly higher
than 10% for conventional concrete, but were comparable to
914% of pervious concrete containing normal aggregate and
waste aggregates [38,39].
The increase in compressive strength with the incorporations of
both RBA and RCA are very important characteristic. However at
high level of replacement with recycled aggregate, the reduction
of tensile strength is evident and this should be taken into consid-
eration. The proper amount of recycled aggregate could thus be
used to increase the strength of pervious concrete in the real
application.
3.3. Surface abrasion resistance
The results of surface abrasion resistance are presented in Fig. 7.
The surface abrasion resistance is perhaps the most important fac-
tor to have good and long service life of pervious concrete. The
weight loss of control pervious concrete (NA100) was 8.2 g. The
Fig. 7. Average weight loss from surface abrasion testing.
19
results showed that the surface abrasion resistance of RBA pervi-
ous concrete increased with up to 20% replacement level. The
improvement was due to the increased strength of pervious con-
crete resulting from the increased bond between recycled aggre-
gate and cement pate and the increased paste content of
pervious concrete. However, when the RBA content was increased
beyond 20%, the weakness of RBA became a dominant factor and
the surface abrasion resistance reduced with increasing RBA con-
tent. The Los Angeles abrasion loss of RBA was 52.0% which was
slightly higher than 50% allowed for concrete aggregate according
to ASTM C33 [40]. As the RBA was significantly weaker than NA,
the increase in RBA content thus had a large adverse effect on
the surface abrasion resistance of pervious concrete.
For RCA, the results showed that the surface abrasion resistance
of pervious concrete increased with all replacement levels. The
optimum replacement level of 40% RCA resulted in the lowest
weight loss of 5.3 g which was significantly lower than 8.2 g of
control concrete. The weight losses of RCA60, RCA80, and
RCA100 concretes were relatively low at 5.7, 6.6 and 7.6 g, respec-
tively. Again, beyond the optimum level of replacement, the weak-
ness of recycled concrete started to play a significant role. In this
case, although RCA was weaker than NA, the rate of increase in
weight loss was still not large as RCA contained a substantial por-
tion of hard limestone aggregate. However, the weight loss of per-
vious concrete with 100% RCA was still lower than that with NA.
This is an important aspect as the surface abrasion resistance is
the major obstacle of the use of pervious concrete. The use of
RCA thus gave pervious concrete with better surface abrasion resis-
tance than that with NA and the strengths were also slightly
improved.
3.4. Thermal conductivity
Table 4 shows the results of thermal conductivity of pervious
concretes. All pervious concretes had low thermal conductivity
compared to that of normal strength concrete. The thermal con-
ductivity coefficient of control concrete was 0.78 W/mK while
those of RBA and RCA concretes varied in a narrow range between
0.78 and 0.91 W/mK, and between 0.79 and 0.99 W/mK, respec-
tively. The thermal conductivity of normal strength concretes ran-
ged between 0.98 and 1.46 W/mK [41,42]. However, their thermal
conductivities were higher than those of concretes containing
lightweight aggregates, which ranged from 0.14 to 0.80 W/mK
[4345]. The plot of thermal conductivities of pervious concretes
in this study with density values are compared with those of nor-
mal and lightweight concretes as shown in Fig. 8. The thermal con-
ductivity of pervious concrete containing recycled aggregate
followed the same trend line as those of normal concrete.
From the obtained results, it is clear that recycled aggregates
viz., RBA and RCA could be used to advantageous in producing
Table 4
Thermal conductivity coefficient of pervious concretes.
Concretes Thermal conductivity coefficient (W/m K)
NA100 0.78
RBA20 0.85
RBA40 0.86
RBA60 0.91
RBA80 0.84
RBA100 0.78
RCA20 0.87
RCA40 0.79
RCA60 0.99
RCA80 0.86
RCA100 0.82
20 Y. Zaetang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 1521
Fig. 8. Comparing thermal conductivity of pervious concrete with normal and
lightweight concretes.
pervious concrete. With proper recycled aggregate content, pervi-
ous concrete with increased strength and surface abrasion resis-
tance; and comparable thermal conductivity are obtained.
4. Conclusions
The properties of pervious concretes containing natural lime-
stone aggregate replaced with recycled concrete block aggregate
(RBA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) were studied. Based
on the obtained data, the following conclusions can be drawn.
1. The use of RBA resulted in significant improvement of compres-
sive strength of pervious concrete. The RBA replacement level of
40% was optimum with compressive strength of 17.0 MPa com-
pared to 13.4 MPa of pervious concrete containing NA. The
improvement was due to the good bonding between RBA and
cement paste, and the increased paste content as a result of
abrasion and crushing of RBA particles during mixing. The sur-
face abrasion resistance increased with up to RBA replacement
level of 20%. Beyond this replacement level, the surface abrasion
resistance dropped significantly due to the increased amount of
weak recycled aggregate.
2. The use of RCA also resulted in improvement of compressive
strength of pervious concrete but to a lesser extent. The RCA
replacement level of 60% was optimum with compressive
strength of 15.0 MPa. In this case, the improvement was due
to the good bonding between RCA and cement paste. The sur-
face abrasion resistance increased with all RCA replacement
levels. The optimum replacement level of 40% RCA resulted in
the lowest weight loss of 5.3 g which was significantly lower
than 8.2 g of control concrete. For practical purpose, the
replacement level could be raised as the 60% RCA concrete still
had low weight loss of 5.7 g.
3. The influence of recycled aggregate on the splitting tensile
strength and flexural strength of pervious concrete was small.
The flexural and splitting tensile strengths of pervious concretes
containing RBA remained approximately the same as those with
NA. For RCA, there were tendencies for these strengths to drop
at high replacement levels. The pervious concrete with recycled
aggregate had low thermal conductivity between 0.78 and
0.99 W/mK,
4. Both RBA and RCA could be advantageously used in pervious
concrete. For good surface abrasion resistance and strength,
the RBA and RCA replacement levels should be 20% and
4060%, respectively.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the Higher Education
Research Promotion and National Research University Project of
Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission, through
the Advanced Functional Materials Cluster of Khon Kaen Univer-
sity, and Khon Kaen University and the Thailand Research Fund
(TRF) under the TRF Senior Research Scholar Contract No.
RTA5780004.
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