Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
( )
, .
1)
2)
3)
. ).
.
( . ).
.
.
.(
).
.
null-subject .
( . . / . He is running).
.
, .
+
,
( . ). . ( )
.
.
.
=
( , )
26/3
.
) ( )
.
.
. .
.
. .
,
. .
1. . ( ),
2. .
.
.
3. . ,
.
. ?
- ( , )
4. . , .
.
. ?
-
5. .
.
.
6. .
, .
.
.
2/4
. .
. .
, .
.
(aspect)
. .
( ) . .
, ( .
) . ,
, .
Aspect = , ( , )
Aktionsart = ( , )
(modality)
(mood) ( )
.
.
( . ),
.
( , , ).
.
( )
.( , , . .)
.
.
.
.
, . ,
( .
).
( ) .
.
.
. .
.
(clause typing)
-
Clause typing
.
.
( )
,
.
max.
max
max .
.
I. (precedence)
. . .
II. (dominance)
.
III. (c command) 1)
, 2) 3)
.
. ( )
(
)
V. 1 (
), 2) , 3)
(
)
a)
b)
c)
.
9/4
( )
.( , )
[ ]
, ,
.
A.
.
.
B.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 1
, .
( )
15/4
+ ).
. .
( .
).
.
1) 2)
. .
.
,
)
(
, , )
, ( ).
,
)
.
1 2
I.
, , ( ) .
II.
( . ) .
III.
, ,
.
.( ).
( )
1
2
3 ( )
4
.
( )
( )
.
, .
. ( .
, ).
23/4
.
.
.
, .
, .
=
.
, .
.
.
1) . .
.
.
.
2)
. .
, . .
(= )
(= )
( , ).
.
.
.
) John kissed Mary
B) Did John kissed Mary?
) .
.
( )
(= )
(Q)
Did
John
+
Kiss ary
(Q)
( )
.
.
14/5
( )
.
.
.
( , ).
( ).
( ).
. [ , ]
[_ , ]
[_ ]
[_ ]
[_ ]( )
[_ ]
.
I. . [_]
II. [_ ]
[_ ]
[_ ]
[ ]
[_ ]
[_ ]
.
[_ , ]
[_ , ]
[_ , ]
[ , ]
1) .
, .
2) .
.
3) , ,
.
.
4) , ,
( ).
( . ).
( . .
).
, .
.
5) .
. ( ).
. ).
6) , ,
. .
1 2
.
.
.
1 2
A. .(
).
B. .
1) , .
1 2
2)
1 2 3
3) . , (
, ).
, ) . , , , .
4) .
. ,
1
1 2
.
. , , .
, ,
.
.
21/5
.
. 1)
2) .
.
.
.
.
, .
( , ), ( )
, ).
3) ( , focus)
4) , ( , topic).
3) 4) . 3) 4)
. ,
.
,
.
(projection principle)
( )
.
. 1)
1 2
, .
.
.
(phi - features). , ,
. .
.
, . .
( )
.
( ).
.
, .
, ,
.
, . it rains.
It rains
It snows
It is cold It
It is hot
it , , .
.
seem . , 8)
, 7) it
.
.
.
. pro.
. !
1)
.
(trigger) .
(goal).
.1
.
.
+
. .
2)
, . .
.
.
.
(t).
, .
( . ,
).
+
.
. .
( )
1 .
[- ]
[ .]
o
.
o
o .
1 .
[- ]
[ .]
o .
A.
B.
28/5
?
. .
.
( )
[+ ]
[ ]
1 2 .
[+ ]
[ ]
.
( )
( )
1 2
[+ ]
[ ]
[+ ]
[ ]
(+ )
,
.
.
, . .
( )
( )
( ) .
1 2
[+ ]
[ ]
[+ ]
[ ]
The boys like Mary
/like
.
1 2
M
Mary
the boys
The boys
[- ]
[ ]
The boys
Like
Mary
[- ]
[ ]