The Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The

American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems

((AIA/CES).) Credit(s)
( ) earned on completion
p of this p
program
g will be
reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for
both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
High Load Diaphragm Design or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any
f Panelized
for P li d R
Roofs
f material
t i l off construction
t ti or any methodth d or manner off handling,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
h dli using,
i

A Cost Effective Solution for Large Low Slope Roofs

Lisa Podesto, PE Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be
Technical Director addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Learning Objectives

Copyright Materials
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
This presentation is protected by US and
International Copyright laws
laws. Reproduction
Reproduction, 1 Highlight
1. Hi hli ht iimportant
t t hi
high
h lload
d di
diaphragm
h d ti li
detialing
distribution, display and use of the presentation
2. Explore sub diaphragm design techniques
without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
prohibited 3. Introduce the collective chord modification theoryy
4. Discover high load effects on diaphragm deflection

The Wood Products Council 2010

 Overview Rigid vs. Flexible Wood Diaphragms

CCalculation
l l ti Methods
M th d
Rigid vs. Flexible
High Load Diaphragm Table
Sub-diaphragms
Collective Chord design
Diaphragm Deflection
Diaphragm Design Example

Flexible, Rigid and Semi-Rigid Diaphragms Diaphragm (Plan View)

w
Flexible
Diaphragm load is distributed to shear walls by
tributary area
Rigid
Diaphragm load is distributed to shear walls by wall
stiffness and torsion
Semi-rigid
Between flexible and rigid,
rigid dependent on stiffness

L/2 L/2
 Flexible Diaphragm Rigid All walls Identical

w w

sw sw

Rigid (no .333wL .333wL .333wL

Flexible .25wL .50wL .25wL Torsion)

di

L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2

Flexible vs. Rigid Flexible, Rigid or Semi-Rigid

Which do you have?

Stiffness 2K K 2K Prescribed flexible
Calculated flexible
Flexible .25wL .50wL .25wL
Prescribed rigid
Rigid (no .40wL
Torsion)
.20wL .40wL
Else, semi-rigid

L/2 L/2
 Prescribed Flexible Diaphragm Prescribed Flexible Diaphragm

In many cases wood diaphragms are permitted CBC 2007 Sec. 1613.6.1
to be idealized as flexible Diaphragms constructed of wood structural panels.
Shall also be permitted to be idealized as flexible,
provided all of the following conditions are met:
ASCE 7-05 Sec. 12.3.1.1 exempts one- and two-family
dwellings from rigid diaphragm analysis.
analysis

CBC 2007 Sec 1613.6.1 adds following text to the

ASCE provisions.

Prescribed Flexible Diaphragm Calculated Flexible Diaphragm

1 C
1. Concrete
t topping
t i isi non-structural
t t l and d is
i lless th
than 1
1.5
5 ASCE 7-05 Sec. 12.3.1.3
in.
Diaphragms are permitted to be idealized as
2 Each line of vertical elements of LFRS complies with
2. fl ibl when:
flexible h
allowable story drift of ASCE7-05 Table 12.12-1
The diaphragm deflection is more than two times the
3 Vertical elements of LFRS are light framed walls
3. average story drift of adjoining shear walls
sheathed with wood structural panels or steel sheets

DIAPHRAGM 2 x SHEARWALLS
4. Cantilever portions of the diaphragm designed in
accordance with Sec. 2305.2.5
 Calculated Flexible Diaphragm Prescribed Rigid Wood Diaphragms (CBC 2305.2.5)

(Average Deflection)

Open front
SHEARWALLS

DIAPHRAGM
Cantilevered diaphragms
g

The longer the

diaphragm the more
likely it is to calculate as
flexible

Semi-Rigid Diaphragm Deflections (4-term eqns)

Shear Wall (IBC 2305.3.2)

Semi-rigid results in force distribution
8vh3 vh h
somewhere between rigid and flexible 0.75hen da
EAb Gv tv b
Thus, an envelope approach can be used
where the both rigid and flexible models Diaphragm (IBC 2305.2.2)
are used and the highest forces from each

5vL 3

vL
0.188 Len
( X )
c
are selected 8 EAb 4Gv tv 2b

APA L350 (www.apawood.org) has comprehensive

li ti off input
listing i t parameters
t and
d examples
l
 Deflections (4-term equations) Deflections (4-term equations)

Shear Wall (CBC 2305.3.2)

Diaphragm (CBC 2305.2.2) Total
b v n a
Total b v n c bendingshearnailslipanchorageslip
bendingshearnailslipchordconnectionslip 8vh3 vh h
0.75hen da

5vL 3

vL
0.188 Len
( X ) c EAb Gv tv b
8 EAb 4Gv tv 2b
v h SPDWS
SDPWS
SDPWS 1000Ga
0.25 v L unblocked
APA L350 (www.apawood.org) has comprehensive
and
1000Ga listing
g of input
p p parameters and examples
p
bl k d
blocked

Deflection (3-term eqn.) Diaphragms and Shear Walls

Deflection of Unblocked Diaphragms is 2.5 times the deflection of

Diaphragm
Diaphragm (SDPWS 4.2.2) p g
blocked diaphragm.

If framing members are spaced more than 24o.c., testing indicates

5vL 3

0.25vL

( c X ) further deflection increase of about 20%
20%, or 3 times the deflection of
a comparable blocked diaphragm. (This is based on limited testing
8EAW 1000Ga 2W of the diaphragm by APA)

Ga values for blocked and unblocked diaphragms

 How to design for lateral loads
Large & High Load Diaphragms
High Load Diaphragm Design
Table 4.2B in SDPWS referenced in 2009 IBC
Based on APA full scale testing
APA report 138
ES 1952 now incorporated in code
3x normal diaphragm shear values
1800 plf ASD for seismic
2520 plf - ASD for wind
40% increase for wind loads
All edges are blocked
8-10 panel width with purlins at each end
Utilizes multiple rows of nails

Fastener Pattern Figure 4C in 2008 SDPWS

for use with High-Load Diaphragm Table

4 nominal three lines

3 nominal two lines

 Avoid Nail Splitting 4.2.7.1 notes
High-Load
High Load Diaphragm Table

Loads were limited by lumber splitting

splitting.

2x4

2X4 3X4
Slide provided by John Lawson, S.E., Kramer and Lawson

Clarification to High Load Diaphragm Table Notes to High Load Diaphragm Table

Intermediate Nailing Th
The shear
h values
l in
i the
th table
t bl are for
f cases 1 andd
Maximum spacing 12 o.c. 2
Exception: 6
6 o.c
o c for spans greater than The shear values are applicable to cases 3
3,4,5
45
32 o.c. and 6 provided fasteners at all continuous edges
are spaced in accordance with the boundary
Intermediate Member Size fastener spacing
2x framing allowed at intermediate framing
members where fasteners are 12
12 or 6
6 o.c.
oc
 Diaphragm Layout Cases Clarification to High Load Diaphragm Table

Load Perpendicular to Cont. Edge

Boundary, edge and intermediate nailing

Continuous Panel Edge Nailing
(case 1 and 2) (Panel Edge Nailing- for case 1, 2
Boundary Nailing - for case
3,4,5 and 6)

Boundary
N ili
Nailing

Intermediate
Nailing

Note: Framing omitted

Panel Edge for clarity
Nailing
g

Load Parallel to Cont. Edge

Clarification to High Load Diaphragm Table Seismic Diaphragm-to-Wall Anchorage Forces

B
Boundary,
d edge
d and
d intermediate
i t di t nailing
ili
(case 3,4,5,6)

Edge Nailing
Boundary (use boundary nailing at
Nailing continuous
ti edge
d per note t
d.)
Field
Nailing

Note: Framing omitted

for clarity
 Sub-diaphragm Concept Advantages

Eliminates the need for long-span

Sub-diaphragm is a portion of a larger wood
diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local
forces to primary diaphragm struts and main
diaphragm
p g ((2006 IBC 2302.1))
long span design of walls for
out-of-plane bending
Transfers anchorage forces to main members, thus
reducing the number of connections required to fulfill
continuous cross tie requirements.
Members used as cross-ties are typically better
suited for accommodating the necessary connections
Reduces cost the larger the roof the greater are the
savings provided by the use of sub-diaphragms.

How to design for lateral loads How to design for lateral loads

Normal Diaphragm Design Sub-Diaphragm Design

Connections required for T i l load
Typical l d transfer
t f
each line of sub-purlins

Lateral
Lateral
Load
Load
= 1800 = 102
connections connections

Aspect ratio 2.5:1 max.

 How to design for lateral loads

Normal Diaphragm Design

Typical Load Transfer

Lateral Subdiaphragm
Load
(Typical) max aspect
Connections required for
each
h line
li off purlins
li ratio = 2.5:1
2 5:1

Subdiaphragm is designed the same as a diaphragm

Sub-diaphragm Summary Reference

Use off the

h the
h subdiaphragm
bd h concept often
f Examples:
reduces number of connections Sub-diaphragms
Reduces
R d costt off wood
d roofs
f Continuous cross-ties
APA document (Z350) provides connection Anchorage details
details and has tables to aid the designer

APA Publication Z350

 Reference How to design for lateral loads

Traditional Chord Design

Examples:
Diaphragms Design Works
W k wellll on smallll and
d moderate
d t size
i b
buildings
ildi

Sub-diaphragm Design
Deflection Calculations
APA Publication L350
Lateral Load

How to design for lateral loads How to design for lateral loads

Collective Chord Design Traditional Chord vs. Collective Chord

Based on 8 oc tie spacing
More
M economical
i l on llarge b
buildings
ildi
Realistic way to model chord action X Y Traditional Collective

6.2
6 2 kips
120 160 19 kips
X max
4.5 kips
400 400 40 kips
max
Lateral Load
9.0 kips
750 1100 211 kips
max
Y

Results of Example done by Kramer and Lawson

 How to design for lateral loads

Multiple Nailing Zones

Economizes
E i on material
t i l and
d titime
Less nails
Less nailing time
1

4 3

How to design for lateral loads

Diaphragm Deflection Calculations

Two
T Equations
E ti to
t choose
h from
f
2006 IBC traditional equation
2005 AF&PA NDS simplified equation **suggested
suggested you
use this equation**
Collective Chord Modification
Reduces diaphragm deflection calculations
Complicates equation for moment of inertia
See John Lawsons
Lawson s paper for resulting equation
Multiple nailing zones
More accurate deflections when taken into account
Using virtual work method, equation is derived for you in
John Lawsons paper
 How to design for lateral loads High Load Diaphragm Design Example

Calculation Methods Resources/Examples

Design Criteria
Hi h L
High Load
d Di
Diaphragm
h CBC table
bl 2306
2306.3.2
32&
Diaphragms and Shear Walls 192 x 120 tilt-up building
Design/Construction Guide -APA form L350A
Sub-Diaphragm Diaphragms and Shear Walls Panelized Roof System
Design/Construction Guide -APA form L350A 8 30 ft high wall with 4 ft parapet
Lateral Load Connections for Low-Slope
R f Di
Roof Diaphragms
h APA F
Form N No. Z350A Check for seismic load only
Collective Chord Thinking Outside the Box: New approaches Importance Factor 1.0
to very large flexible diaphragm by John
Lawson Seismic Category D (SS = 1.68,
1 68 S1 = 0.6)
0 6)
Diaphragm Deflection Thinking Outside the Box: New approaches
to very large flexible diaphragm by John NOTE: The example is simplified to illustrate specific points and
Lawson d
does nott iinclude
l d allll lload
d combinations
bi ti and
d allll d
design
i checks
h k
otherwise required.

Design Process Diaphragm Loads

Vertical Loads W ROOF= 192 x 120 x 10 = 230,400 lbs (16.3%)

DL Roof = 10 psf W WALL = (30/2+4) x 100 x 2 x (192 +120) = 1,185,600 lbs (83.7%)
Part A. Diaphragm Design LL Roof = 30 p
psf W TOTAL = 230,400
, + 1,185,600
, , = 1,416,000
, , lbs

Diaphragm Loads (Seismic only)
DL Wall = 100 psf
V TOTAL = 0.28 x 1,416,000 = 396,480 lbs

Seismic Loads
V TRANSVERSE = (120 x 10 + 19 x 100 x 2) x 0.28 = 1,400 lbs (plf)
Diaphragm Analysis (Transverse) CS = SDS/(R/I)
V LONGITUDINAL = (192 x 10 + 19 x 100 x 2) x 0.28 = 1,600 lbs (plf)

CS max = SD1/T(R/I)
Structural Panel and Fastener Pattern CS min = 0.5S1/T(R/I)
SDS = 1.12
S l ti (T
Selection (Transverse)) SD1 = 0.6

Diaphragm Analysis (Longitudinal)
R = 4, I = 1

SDC Category D

Structural Panel and Fastener Pattern CS =1.12/(4/1) = 0.28 > 0.01

Selection ((Longitudinal)
g ) CS max =0.6/.3(4/1)
( ) = 0.50>0.28 V = CS W
W=0.28W
0.28W
CS min =0.5x0.6/(4/1) = 0.075<0.28
 Diaphragm Loads (Transverse) Diaphragm Layout Cases

case 4
w = 1,400 plf
case 2

A B C D E
192
48
48 48
48 48
48 48
48
1 Sub-purlin

Purlin

Girder
3

N
4

Diaphragm Analysis (Transverse)

(Case 4)
w = 1400 plf
Load w:

x
192

CASE 4
Shear V:
CASE 2

V max = 1,400
1 400 x 192 /2 = 134
134,400
400 lb
lbs v max = 1
1,120
120 plf
v max = 134,400 / 120 = 1,120 plf
v 40 = (134,400 40x1,400)/120 = 653 plf v 40 = 653 plf
v 72 = ((134,400
, 72x1,400)/120
, ) = 280 plf
p
v 72 = 280 plf
 1,120 plf 653 plf @ 40 280 plf @ 72 High Load Diaphragm Table
(Case 4)
v = 1,120plf
1 120 lf ((case 4)

A B C D E
192
48 48 48 48

2
2640/2=1320
A D C D A

3
N

High Load Diaphragm Table (2306.3.2) Panel and Nailing Pattern Selection

v = 653 plflf (case

( 4)
A v max = 134,400 / 120 = 1,120 plf v max = 1,120 plf < 1320 plf
case 2 and 4 19/32 R
Rated
t d Sh
Sheathing
thi E Exposure 1
4x Framing
3 rows of 10d Common Nails
@ 4, 4, 12

B v 40 = (134,400 40x1,400)/120 = 653 plf v 40 = 653 plf > 670 plf

1340/2 = 670 case 2
19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
3x Framing
D adjust edge spacing to 4 o.c. 2 rows of 10d Common Nails
case 4 @ 4, 6, 12 (adjusted 4,4,12 )

C v 72 = (134,400 72x1,400)/120 = 280 plf v 72 = 280 plf < 320 plf

The table gives shear values for Case 1 and 2. For case 2 and 4
19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
cases 3,4,5,6 values are applicable providing fasteners 2x Framing
at all continuous edges are spaced in accordance with 1 row of 10d Common Nails
@ 6, 6, 12
boundary fastening spacing.
 Panel and Nailing Pattern Selection (Transverse) Diaphragm Loading (Longitudinal)
N

case 2
A B C D E
A B C D E
192
192
48 48 48 48
48 48 48 48 W= 1,600 plf
1
1
A D C D A

mon Nails

mon Nails
2 rowss of 10d @ 4, 4, 12

2 rowss of 10d @ 4, 4, 12
2
2

1 rows of 10d @ 6, 6, 12
3 rows of 10d Comm

3 rows of 10d Comm

4, 12

4, 12
3
aming

aming
ming

ming
3
N
4x Fram

4x Fram
2x Framingg
@ 4, 4

@ 4, 4
3x Fra

3x Fra
4
4

Capacity 1,290 plf 650 plf 320 plf 650 plf 1,290 plf

Diaphragm Analysis (Longitudinal) Panel & Fastener Pattern Selection

w = 1600 plf
B v max = 96,000 / 192 = 500 plf v max = 500 < 650 < 1,290 plf
Load w:
19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
3x Framing
x 2 rows of 10d Common Nails
120 @ 4, 6, 12

C v 32 = (96,000 32x1,600)/192 = 233 plf v 72 = 233 plf < 320 plf

Shear V:
19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
2 F
2x Framing
i
1 row of 10d Common Nails
@ 6, 6, 12

V max = 1,600 x 120 /2 = 96,000 lbs v max = 500 plf

v max = 96,000 / 192 = 500 plf
v 32 = (96,000
(96 000 32x1,600)/192
32 1 600)/192 = 233 plf
lf v 32 = 233 plf
 Panel & Fastener Pattern Selection Panel & Fastener Pattern Selection (Combined)

A B C D E
192 A B C D E
48 48 48 48 192
48 48 48 48
1
B 1
3 F
3x Framing
i 3x Framing
2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12 2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12

n Nails
3 rows of 10d Common Nails
2

2 rows of 10d @ 4, 4, 12
C 2

10d Common
D C D
2x Framing
1 rows of 10d @ 6, 6, 12 2x Framing
1 rows of 10d @ 6, 6, 12

@ 4, 4, 12v
3

2v
@ 4, 4, 12

4x Framingg
3 rows of 1
3x Framingg
4x Framingg
3
3x Framing
2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12 3x Framing
B N 2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12 N
A B A
4
Capacity 4
320 plf 650 plf

High Load Diaphragm Fastener Pattern High Load Diaphragm Fastener Pattern

D B
4 or 6
4 6

3 nominal two lines A

Boundaries

Intermediate
4
Other edges
4 nominal three lines
 Design Example (Continued) Wall Anchorage Force

FP= 0.8 I SDS wp (ASCE 7-05 equation 12.11-1 )

Part B. Wall to Diaphragm Anchorage

Anchorage Forces (Seismic only) FP= 0.80 x 1.0 x 1.12 x wp = .90 wp = 100 x 34 x 17/30 = 1,927plf

FP= 0.90 x (100 x 19) = 1,734 plf > 400x1.12 > 280 plf
Sub-diaphragm
Sub diaphragm Analysis and Design (E (E- Sub-diaphragm Depth

W) L SUB E-W = 1,734 x 20/1290 = 27 ft

Wall
W ll anchorage
h tto S
Sub-purlin
b li (E
(E-W)
W) L SUB E-W = 1,734 x 8/1290= 11 ft
L SUB E-W = 1,734 x 4/1290= 5.4 ft

Cross-tie Load Transfer (E-W) L SUB N-S = 1,734 x 8/650 = 22 ft < 40 ft (girder spacing)

Cross-tie Load Transfer (N-S) E-W USE: 32 ft wide sub-diaphragm

F TIE = 1,734x
, 4 = 6,940
, lbs
F TIE = 1,734 x 8 = 13,872 lbs
F TIE = 1,734 x 40 = 69,360 lbs

Sub-diaphragm Design (E-W) Sub-diaphragm Design (E-W)

w = 1,734
1 734 plf

w = 1,734 plf
1
Wallll load
l d for
f anchorage
h force
f = 1, 734 plf
lf

2 Length-to-width
Length to width = 40/32 = 1.25 < 2 (o.k.)

Subdiaphragm Shear 1,084 plf < 1,290 plf

3
(v=(wl/2)/width =1,734x20/32 = 1,084) main diaphragm
sheathing/nailing is adequate for subdiaphragm

Maximum chord force = 10,834 lb

4

48 48 48 48
192
N
E
(T = wl2/8x32 = 1,734 x 402/(8x32), important to check
A B C D
combined tension-bending)
 Wall Subpurlin Anchorage (E-W) Continuous Cross Ties

Subpurlins
b l @ 2 oc, use every other
h subpurlin
b l to
2
transfer wall forces into the sub-diaphragm (wall Large number of

needd nott b
be checked
h k d forf bending
b di between
b t connections are
required for just one

anchors)
line of sub-purlins
3

Fewer connections
6,940
F TIElb= per
1,734xsubpurlin
4 = 6,940 lbsanchor
are required for one
line of purlins.

48 48 48 48

192

A B C D E

Sub-diaphragm Load Transfer (E-W) Sub-diaphragm Load Transfer (E-W)

6,940 lbs
Continuity Ties

1,734x18/32=976 plf

1,734 pllf
Typical Sub-diaphragm

40'
Subdiaphragm
1

(Case 2 E
E-W
W direction)

6,940 lbs
48 48 48 48

192
32'
A B C D E
 Sub-diaphragm Load Transfer (E-W) Wall-to-Subpurlin Connection (Design for 7,000 lbs)

Ties at 4-0 o.c. APA wood structural

panel sheathing Tack weld hanger or
provide Pneutek pins.

Subpurlin

Diaphragm to wall anchorage

using embedded straps shall be
Sub-purlin to Sub-purlin to Sub-purlin

Conccrete or
attached to or hooked around the Add steel box to hanger

CMU wall
Wall connection reinforcing steel or terminated so for compressive stress
as to directly transfer force to the
Connection reinforcing steel. (ASCE 7-05 Steel channel
12.11.2.2.5)

Anchorage Element Design Subpurlin-to-Subpurlin Continuity Tie Connection

Strength design forces for steel elements

Strap installed over Purlin
of the wall anchorage system shall be 1.4 sheathing (not shown)
times the force otherwise required by this Subpurlin
section

(ASCE 7
7-05
05 12.11.2.2.2)
Plan
 Anchorage (E-W) Wall-to-Girder Wall-to-Girder Connection
Design for 7
7,000
000 lbs
Ledger/diaphragm
chord (shown behind)

4 tributary area, same force as wall-to-

APA wood structural
panel sheathing

subpurlin connection
6,940 lb per subpurlin anchor

Concrete or
CMU wallll

Girder
(glulam shown)

Wall-to-Girder Connection Continuous Girder Ties (E-W)

Design for 7
7,000
000 lbs
Continuity Ties
APA Wood Structural
Panel Sheathing

Typical Sub-diaphragm

48 48 48 48

Top mounted
T t d Girder 192
hanger (glulam shown)
A B C D E
 Continuous Girder Ties (E-W) Continuous Girder Ties (E-W)

6,940 lbs 976 plf

69,400 lbs

1,734x18/24=976 plf
As lload
A d iis ttransferred
f d iinto
t th
the girder
i d ffrom th
the
subdiaphragm, the axial load in the girder increase from
6,940
, lb to 69,400
, lb
1,734 plff

The girder-to-girder connection must resist 69,400 lb

40'

Subdiaphragm 976 x 32 = 27,360

,
(Case 2 E-W direction) 6,940 lb 69,400 lb

976
9 6x3
32 = 27,360
,360
69,400 lbs

6,940 lbs 976 plf 69,400 lb

6,940
, lb
32'

Girder-to-Girder Connection Continuous Purlin Ties (N-S)

Design for 70,000 lbs 8 typical N-S continuity ties located at

each purlin line (Typ.)

Wood structural panel sheathing not Girder (glulam

shown for clarity beam shown)

Hanger

Tension ties on both

sides of girder

50,000 lbs. Use (10) 3/4" diameter bolts

75,000 lbs. Use (12) 1" diameter bolts 13,900 lb 1,734x8 =13,872 lb
 Wall-to-Purlin Connection Purlin-to-Purlin Continuity Tie Connection

Design for 14,000 lbs

APA wood structural
panel sheathing

6" wide tension tie APA wood

Inserts to embossed to go structural
provide over hanger panel sheathing
approx.
12K
Purlin (Typ.)
Elevation

Top-mount
g
hanger Glulam p
purlin
Full length steel
channel
Plan Wood structural panel sheathing not
Elevation shown for clarity

Course Evaluations
In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access
the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and
clicking
li ki on th
the Course
C E
Evaluation
l ti link
li k on the
th left
l ft side
id off th
the page.
Were here to answer your
y
questions.
This concludes The American
Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems Course

WoodWorks!
Lisa Podesto, P.E.
Office: 530.596.4031
Cell: 530.520.7966
lisa@woodworks.org
www woodworks org
www.woodworks.org