Study of Supervised

Learning for IOT Analytics

Paper Presentation by -
Ankit Gupta
Shaurya Shubham
Samyak Dutt Gupta

Under the guidance of Prof Kumar Padmanabh

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Internet of things
1.2 Machine Learning
1.2.1 What is Supervised/ Unsupervised Learning, Reinforcement learning ?
1.2.2 Importance of Supervised Learning algorithms.
1.2.3 Algorithms Used for supervised learning (How it works?) (brief code and procedures of
different algorithms)
1.3 Why Supervised Learning in IOT ?

2. Usability in Various Fields?

2.1 In industry
2.2 In steel manufacturing
2.3 In modern manufacturing

3. Case studies.
3.1 in energy
3.2 in routing
3.3 in living

4. Revolution in IOT analytics from supervised learning Compared to other

technologies.
4.1 Sensor fusion
4.2 Real time processing

6. Advantages and disadvantages and future challenges.

6.1 Device management
6.2 Device diversity and interoperability
6.3 Scale, data volume, and performance.

7. What can we infer with this advancement of technology?

Introduction
In recent times, the trend of internet of Things(IOT) is not only growing apace but is also gaining
a lot of acknowledgement, numerous applications came out from the community and research
societies. The concept of Machine learning algorithms can even facilitate machines, countless
machines, get along to grasp what people need from the information created by people at large.
Moreover, machine learning algorithms and techniques plays a vital role in IOT facet to handle
the massive quantity of date generated by those machines. Machine learning offers IoT and the
produced machines a brain to assume and understand, that is termed "embedded intelligence"
by the researchers and scholars of various fields. This coursework can chiefly specialize in
those intelligent supervised machine learning applications.

Internet Of Things
IOT has taken off because of mobile, Kickstarter, health apps.
Stage 1: early innovation 1999-2007
regulatory innovation-net neutrality - Device innovation-operator innovation (pricing,
bundling, content innovation(SMS),
Stage 2 innovation- social innovation-platform innovation-community innovation-
application innovation.
Stage 3: market consolidation - platform innovation and consolidation, security
innovation, app innovation.
Stage 4: three dimension
Horizontal apps (I phone and Android) Vertical (across the stack)-hardware, security,
Data Network-5G and Pricing.

Taking an example, readings and calculations from smart meters developed through IOT can be
accustomed higher predictions and a well amount of balanced power consumption in smart
grids; analyzing the mixture of traffic, pollution, weather and congestion , sensory knowledge
records will give higher traffic and town management; observance and process sensory devices
hooked up to patients or aged will give higher remote health care. This knowledge
transformation method is higher illustrated usage of the well-known "hierarchical Knowledge".
We tend to adapt the understandings of the layers to the purview of IOT and linguistics (Figure

1).
Machine Learning

Machine learning is a system to extract information or insight from the statistics. It includes
some amount of automation as opposed to looking to insights from data by way of strains of
code. We follow algorithm to the facts the usage of the pc, in order that algorithm can help us to
find the pattern or insights within the facts. Tom M. Mitchell provided an extra formal definition:
A pc application is said to study from revel in E with recognize to some elegance of
responsibilities T and performance degree P if its performance at obligations in T, as measured
by using P, improves with E. The second purpose of machine learning is generalization that our
algorithm can predict on new, unseen statistics in preference to simplest the statistics we
educate our model. There are types of machine learning to know:

1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning

Underfitting and Overfitting

As we stated that the primary goal of machine learning is to provide generalize result but from
time to time, our model faces the hassle of overfitting and underfitting. For making our version
we divide our dataset into commonly elements i.e. training set and test set. We teach our model
in training set and check the results/predictions of that version in test set. So, from time to time
our machine learning model plays thoroughly in look at records because can be test dataset is
very common to educate dataset but in real global this can now not constantly be proper that
our train and test dataset is commonplace. In that case, may be our model which suggests top
accuracy in training dataset indicates bad accuracy in test dataset.
If we build greater complex model that it captures all the points of train dataset, then it results in
overfitting and if we preserve our model so simple that it even performs bad in training set then
it results in underfitting. Therefore, we continually need to maintain our version in between of
them that we name a finding a sweet spot in among of them that results us to provide an extra
generalize result.

Supervised Learning
Supervised mastering is a kind of machine learning wherein we teach our model at the set of
datasets wherein for each input features our desired output is given. In other phrases, we can
say that we can used supervised gaining knowledge of on every occasion we want to predict the
certain sort of outputs.
Two Steps Process:
Learning (training): Learn a model using the training data
Testing: Test the model using unseen test data to assess the model accuracy

Accuracy = Number of correct classifications / Total Number of test cases.

Training Data Learning Algorithm modelTest DataAccuracy

Let us understand Supervised Learning through an example

An emergency room in a hospital measures some variables (e.g., blood pressure, age, etc) of
newly admitted patients.
A decision is needed: whether to put a new patient in an intensive-care unit.
Due to the high cost of ICU, those patients who may survive less than a month are given higher
priority.
Problem: to predict high-risk patients and discriminate them from low-risk patients.

Supervised learning is likewise divided into types:

Classification: The output label is discrete for instance; the given Tumor size is
malignant or not malignant".
Regression: The output label is continuous as an example, to predict the price of the
house from the set of features.

Supervised Learning Algorithms:

K-nearest neighbors: It's far the best algorithm in which we choose nearest k neighbors to a
new information factor for which we're doing prediction. After selecting k neighbors, we do
voting to assign the label of output to that information point.

Advantage:
it is quite simple to use, without doing such a lot of hyper parameter settings.
It usually works well with the values of k like 3,4 or 5.
Weakness:
If the number of samples or the number of features is large in training set, then the
prediction by our model can be slow.
It additionally performs awful, if we have a sparse dataset.

Linear Models:

1. Linear Regression:
It is a regression version, whose well-known prediction formula is y = W1X1 + W2X2 + W3X3
+.......+ WmXm + b, in which m is the number of features; X1, X2, . Xm are the value of
features; W1, W2, . Wm are the weights of respective features and b is referred to as bias.
The above components are much like y=mx + c.
In this we train the model in such a way we can find the best line or plane corresponding to our
train dataset by finding the value of W and b.

2. Logistic Regression:It's a regression version for classification. The overall method for
logistic regression is much like Linear regression, the only distinction here is if the value of y >
0, then we are able to predict 1 and if y < 0, we predict 0. Also in linear regression, we find
the best line to our dataset but right here we find the best boundary for classifying our dataset.

Advantages of Linear model:

It is simple to recognize and really speedy to train and predict.
It could be used on large datasets.

Weakness of Linear model:

Prone to overfit.
Sometimes it can't capture complex relationships.

Decision Tree:
it is very simple algorithm based totally on the if else kind situation like if this appear then it is
going to be options by this way we classify the input but it's far more prone to overfitting for that
we may additionally observe distinct strategies like pruning the tree from bottom or by identifying
the minimal range of leaves to decide the prediction.
Why Supervised Learning/ Machine Learning in IOT?
The real key to creating the internet of Things function is the information as generated every
billions of sensors situate in distinctive areas. However, its not all one need to merely collect
that data; The big Companies want to track and figure meaning out of it, understand
patterns which will be used for fulfilling their purposes. Thats where machine learning will
play a robust role. Machine learning usually suggests that having specialized algorithms that
promote computers learn without essentially having unwavering programming. Without the
Help of Supervised Learning Algorithms, the Internet of Things would be a bit restrictive in
what it will do.

BASIC IDEA OF MACHINE LEARNING is to Build a mathematical model based on training

data (learning stage) - predicts results for new data (prediction stage) and tweak the model
based on new conditions
What should be the type of model?

IOT and Supervised Learning on one hand creates a lot of contextual data which complements
existing processes and on the other hand the sheer scale of IOT calls for unique solutions

Types of Problems associated to this

Apply existing Machine Learning algorithms to IOT data
Use IOT data to complement existing process.
Use the scale of IOT data to gain new insights.
Consider some unique characteristics of IOT data (ex streaming)

With the help of machine learning algorithms, various organizations can deal with a lot of
obstacles that derive utilizing the internet of Things tough. One such challenge is that the
quantity of information being generated. This approach is often substantial, usually getting in
the terabyte range, and as bigger sensors become wired to the IoT, the degree of
information is simply expected to achieve larger (think exabytes of data). attempting to seek
and realize visible patterns to act on among such a lot data is substantially not possible
using traditional data gathering and qualifying methods. the large variety of data are often a
notable drawback as well. Once sensors are engaged to a lot of areas, data will come from
pretty much anything, from to traffic patterns health statistics to social media status updates.
Machine learning takes the wide network of information and learns from it, working out
trends and patterns for organizations to use.

Application of Supervised learning for IOT analytics

The existence of Internet of Things has created a havoc in the control-management systems
that we frequently meet. However, use of IOT has some distinct advantages, which shall be
scrutinized in the following discussion, that can greatly pull up the efficacy of certain systems
employed by us.
Industrial and Production Line Application

Various firms and regime use IOT and supervised machine learning algorithms for medicine
purposes, clinical usage and conveyance methods. Etc. With the trillions of data that congregate
from the machines and sensors, such type of resourceful applications is highly valued and have
greater market value as well

Industry Solution or Sensors/devic Analytics Interface outcome

service e

Utilities real time Energy, water or historical Can be used on Consumes linked to
(energy, series of gas meters utilization any internet those clever networks
water, gas) usage data analysis, connected device have visible substantial
utilization cost and useful resource
savings..
prediction,
demand-
supply
prediction

Manufacturin far-flung Supervisory Anomaly Mainly on control Decreased subject

g monitoring and control and detection in console assist expenses,
diagnostics statistics equipment decrease
acquisition utilization and Can connect to breakdowns,
manufacturin structures function specialists on their improved operational
g automation cell terminals for
Programmable Predictive remote
performance, stepped
logic maintenance consultation forward exceptional
controllers(PLCs and decrease energy
) Automatic costs
quality
Controllers or monitoring in
gateway production
line
IoT gadgets
embedded in
machines

Healthcare Remote expert Wearable and Anomaly Remote Less cost of care
doctor personal medical detection in teleconsultation on
consultation/ gadgets recorded medical super Improved affected
monitoring clinical specialist mobile person outcomes
Cellphones statistics terminals with the
Chromic aid of clinical Real-time disease
ailment control Historical decision support management
correlation systems
Aged Care
Stepped forward quality
of life for patients
 Insurance Collection of Sensors that Usage Mobile apps Renewal of insurance
user data shows the pattern value added models such as dynamic
condition/ usage detection usage-based auto pricing based on
Prediction of of the insured insurance condition of property
properly body Anomaly applications which
damage detection calculates the
premiums that
Automated depends on usage
assessments and behavior of
driver

Consumer Accurate Sensors that Context aided Suggestions and Creation of novel value-
goods and actual-time capture end user real time user recommendations brought application for
retail expertise of the and inventory profiling from user devices the consumer, like
customers context: for ex: indicators on expiry
context RFID, location Analytics to Centered dates, avatars to check
sensors extract classified ads in products surely
Monitoring of context from the end user's
supply chain raw sensor cellphones
inventory data

Transportatio Real-time On board vehicle Visualization Real-time alerts to Imported service levels
n tracking and gateway devices prediction, drivers/operators
optimization of optimization, Less costs and less
vehicle for and selection carbon footprint
logistics and RFID tags support Dashboards/
public systems for control panels in
transportation related command and
systems Sensors transportation control centers
structures
Public
Asset displays/signage
management
and tracking
Web-based
queries and
reviews

The table which we made shows, the IoT usage that includes utilities, producing, healthcare,
indemnification, retail, conveyance etc. A ton of those applications need supervised machine
learning algorithms to convert the data to one thing facile-to-visually understand.
In order to obtain the data for utilities, we tend to opiate to preserve the energy by
soothsaying the use and dynamic allocation of resources. After reaching to this point, we might
operate many ways to do this,
However, we are not able to show the client with actual data and energy preserved.
with all those perspicacious meters to the gas, electronics, and dihydrogen oxide, we
can retrieve the history of utilization of machines. Moreover, we can
create load equalization and dynamic allocation.
In the field of producing, there are several human resources may be preserved by an IOT
setup with video cameras, PLC controllers. If the system detects any anomalous operation
done, it
will alert initially, and will decide the suggested actions to it. Moreover, it will soothsay one thing
like, this field may go inaccurate at the bound time, so take actions before that
transpires. Doing the interpretation in this fashion, factories will preserve several resources
obviating the fault by prognostication it.
Now, if we see healthcare, the difficulty is the customized health history tracking of users. If
the
patient has many wearable contrivances that track those knowledge, medicos will
have additional precise analysis reports to the patients. Strikingly this can be way more scotch
to trace everyone's health condition than hiring a private nurse.
In indemnification, the industry contemplates and analyzes the property within the monetary
papers. But now, we can utilize the data amass from personal contrivances. By
amassing and analyzing those data, we are able to offer personal indemnification
that matches personal things.
In description, we tend to optate to soothsay once can our client be, what he
desires get and the way abundant he can buy. The sensors may be placed
within the store, and therefore the knowledge may be accumulated from the cyber
world, such like searching apps. it is a thanks to let customers purchase what they
optate and purchase additional.
In conveyance, we are able to utilize the information of the flow the kith and kin
moreover, because the conveyances. If the availability of conveyances meets the
requirement of conveyance, it's associate degree economical allocation to those
buses temporal order, subways temporal order. With the dynamic arrangement of the
forced resources, we are able to lower the price of operation once loafing or
enhance the accommodation level once diligent operating.

In Steel producing

Many fashions utilized in metallic Operations -e.g.

Blast Furnace - Distribution of burden version
Rudimental atomic number 8 chamber -Steel bathtub & dross models
Sinter plant -Ore bed distribution in mildew Plant

Steel Manufacturing
Metallic manufactures utilize the date to evaluation the but the machine work. Utilizing the
unstructured expertise such hyperlink texts, pix to make up the overall established information
like the satisfactory of the merchandise, the system will forecast the but can the products be in
some way

In modern-day production
A company referred to as beholding Machine to examine the material by utilizing the
setup shown in Figure. A corporation known as beholding device to examine the material through
making use of the system determine following:

Modern Manufacturing

Figure suggests the manufactures to make use of supervised machine learning utility in IoT.
With the control of high-quality and operation, the manufacturing gadget can have a excessive-
level automation. This magnification can automatically expedite the running patterns in trade
and producing and might increment the potency to a most reliable level

Neural Network as Superset to Supervised Learning

Fog clouding at this point Neural Network which is also referred to be a part of deep learning is
somehow. The edge devices shown in the figure, node at edges can have extra capability to
compute locally.
 Deep Learning

Some Case Studies

Case Study of Energy Efficiency

Startups in IOT utilize Arduino MEGA to cut back the energy price of an occasional espresso
machine. Typically, this can be often a facile implementation of the Machine Learning rule to
IOT. however, we'll certainly implement various stuff like lights fans and air
conditioners into this sort of Internet of Things. In details (of the taken example from a research
paper IOT implementation of Supervised Learning for reducing energy consumption), we tend to
incline to manage the occasional machine into 2 states, off and in-use. Typically, this can be
often a tricky tactics which can be ameliorated by providing supplemental state, so as that the
performance and implementation of the energy conserving could also be even higher.
On the antithesis hand, we tend to believe these methodologies of energy modeling works
somehow, on the other hand, it cannot cope up with the emergency power utilization under one
machine. If we'll enlarge the dimensions to the total installation, it's going to work much better
because of the sizably voluminous selection theory.

Case study of traffic routing.

The increase in the merging of sensors and supervised machine learning algorithms, traffic
routing could also be associate degree sharp field to implement the Philomaths in
metropolis implement a system utilizing the LarKC platform. As shown in Figure,
thereupon cognizance from traffic and climate, the complete system can counsel several
routes to the destination
 Routing

Figure : LarKC routing

This setup uses RESTful API to propagate the request and respond packets.
within the system, there are 2 workflows that run authentic-time, that are path-
finding and traffic prognostication. Data concerned are the mapping information and
therefore, the traffic flow, moreover because the atmospheric condition and
therefore, the calendar.

Such reasonable system is kind of mundane today, applications like Google Maps and
alternative GPS enabled in-car system. This can be referred as a mature system, and
ML, further as IOT,
is to ameliorate the precisions of such reasonably system. With the detector to the
streets, we can amass authentic-time traffic conditions. The supervised learning
algorithms develops an honest model astern the information, and ergo utilizing
it to presage the long run, in minutes or perhaps seconds.

The importance of the setup is facile to optically distinguish, however the price of
the sensors of each street arent a second range. An affordable manner would be
utilizing the photos, net information regarding the traffic to reinforce the
exactness rate and cut back the price.
In Daily Lifestyle

Living

Revolution in IOT Analytics in Supervised Learning:

The period that we live in takes IOT to such limits that an edge of network generates a massive
quantity of statistics by way of the so known as things. most of these statistics streams via
constantly with the feature of factor to factor topology. moreover, a heap of unstructured and
semi-dependent statistics, inside the form of textual content, photographs, motion pictures and
many others. which gushes frequently in a path (supply to records lakes), in a batch or
streaming waft.

Sensor Fusion Sensor fusion is the combining of sensory data or data derived from
sensory data from disparate sources such that the resulting information is in some sense better
than would be possible when these sources were used individually. The data sources for a
fusion process are not specified to originate from identical sensors. Sensor fusion is a term that
covers several methods and algorithms, including: Central Limit Theorem, Kalman filter,
Bayesian networks, Dempster-Shafer Example: http://www.camgian.com/

http://www.egburt.com/

Moores regulation has dramatically decreased the price of computation and garage. Processing
huge data includes computing. For this reason, the industry advanced a map/reduce paradigm,
where statistics is sliced across exceptional compute devices. Map undertaking entails parallel
processing on various pieces personally and then combining the results(reduce).
Notwithstanding, map reduce works in admirably for responsibilities which include processing of
streaming information, graph computing and people which require information at one go. using
specialized software consisting of SAS, over open gear like R, has been used as an approach
to those troubles. during the last few years, Microsoft's Unrest R offers an advanced rendition of
R that exploits several strings in a processor resolving the problems to a few diplomas. There
are other R bundles that offer assist for operating with sizeable datasets for unique kinds of
prescient demonstrating, e.g. big memory.

Real Time Processing (also known as stream processing)

Beyond Hadoop
A data management analogy: counting cars in a garage.
Implementation of Internet of Things is going to be an incredible future for the web
world, however still there exists some tasks and challenges yet to overcome for
developing IoT technology for researchers who haven't handled numerous devices
which involves a lot of information.

Unbiased Management of Devices: The quantity of sensors and devices is going to be

very large. And there will be chances when they will be going to communicate with one
another and the servers will be located over massive geographical areas. Now, because
these IOT devices (mostly the sensors) might not be all connected with one another,
many data linking problems should be managed expeditiously. For instance, you wish to
try an experiment to open the outside door of the house wirelessly, however through the
light in front of the door the command may get transmitted guaranteeing that each
one devices can be organized in elastic topology so that the entire internal wireless
communication is sleek.

Interoperability of Devices and the diverse variation of sensors: There are

numerous corporations who have inculcated their services, products in one single
domain. For instance, in smart grid systems, there are several varieties of sensors in
the system that meters and keep a check at the power consumptions from totally
different organizations and corporations in an exceedingly different standard. In order to
keep those devices work along could be a huge challenge.

Data Integration from more than one sources: When we develop and deploy an IoT
application, To create the connection between the data which
can generate immense values we'll gather exuberant relative information from several
different sources like sensors, discourse data from mobile device information, thus
network feeds and so on.

Performance, Scale and Data Volume : If someone is trying to prepare some business
to manage the data volume and the scale, and rate of IoT applications they will want to
produce the products to all the globe so that the information generated is big. This is a
standard big data downside to be controlled. For IoT, we want it to be a virtually real-
time processing to contemplate and analyze the information.
What can we infer from this advancement in technology?

In conclusion, it should be appreciated that IoT incorporations will greatly facilitate in aiding
the potency of a system utilized by a venture. this may be done through making a link
between the human resources and the machine resources. IoT creates this link through
pragmatic data storage and relay. Storage of knowledge ends up in a higher prophetic
analysis of results and a scope to more improve the system.

The recognition and awareness of Internet of Things depends on having the ability to
achieve the acumen hidden within the immense and rapidly increasing seas of information
offered. Since current access dont scale to IoT volumes, the longer-term recognition and
awareness of IoTs promise relies on supervised machine learning algorithms to search
out the patterns, correlations, and inconsistency that have the potential of sanctioning
enhancements in nearly each aspect of our lives.

Its time to let the machines denote wherever the opportunities really area unit.

https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/machine-learning.html

https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.05101 (Big Data Analytics in Bioinformatics: A Machine Learning Perspective)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB1reY6IX-o

http://www.cs.wustl.edu

https://blogs.microsoft.com/iot/tag/machine-learning/

https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/11/iot-wont-work-without-artificial-intelligence/
http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/White-Papers/Internet-of-Things-Platform-Approach-
0614-1.pdf

Images and figures and charts Credits

All the images are extracted from free google images and that has no copyrights.

KEYWORDS
Supervised Learning

Machine Learning

Internet of Things

Embedded intelligence