CH1-1

CH1-2

1
 (Duty cycle, d)

(PFC)

(SPWM)

PE field: process electrical power using electronic devices

key element: switching converter (power process, conversion & control)
CH1-3

Electric Power

Converter 1 Converter 2 Converter n

Load 1 Load 2 Load n

Point of Load (POL)

PE converts electric power from one form
into another for different loads
CH1-4

2
 (Duty cycle)

an integral part of any

power processing system

Through control will produce a well-regulated output in the

presence of variations in input voltage and load current CH1-5

0.5

1. power loss is converted into heat

2. lead to large & expensive cooling system, increase cost, reduce reliability
3. more high efficiency, more output powers
CH1-6

3
 little or no power loss

Very high efficiency leading to little power loss, converter elements can be
packaged with high density small size & weight, low temperature rise

CH1-7

CH1-8

4
Efficiency is not primary concern, large size magnetic devices
are difficulty to incorporate them into integrated circuits
CH1-9

Ideally, C & magnetic devices do not consume power

CH1-10

5
In practice, real switches include switching losses &
conduction loss CH1-11

CH1-12

6
 No feedback control mechanism
Low efficiency CH1-13

Linear regulator

Linear region

With feedback control to gain well-regulated output

Low EMI
Low efficiency for high-power applications, big bulk & weight
CH1-14

7
SPDT: single pole double throw

1
Ts
Vg DTs 0 (1 D)Ts
DVg
CH1-15

Switching-Mode VS. Linear-Mode

Realization

Both with feedback control & well-regulated

output
SM: High efficiency, small bulk & light weight
SM with higher EMI than linear regulator
SMs controller design is more complicated
than linear regulator

CH1-16

8
In addition to the dc component, switch output voltage also
contains undesirable harmonics of switching frequency
CH1-17

CH1-18

9
 1 1
0 f0
LC 2 LC
1 1 1 L C
LC Q R
Q 0 Q R L
CH1-19

CH1-20

10
 R

1. output voltage V=f(vg, R, D)

2. control system can vary D to cause output voltage to follow a given reference
3. SPDT switch is realized using switched-mode semiconductor devices
CH1-21

CCM operation
V > Vg
dc conversion ratio
M(D)=1/(1-D)

CH1-22

11
 vs(t) contains low-frequency sinusoidal component
Select L-C filter cutoff freq. to pass desired component, but
attenuate switching freq. harmonics CH1-23

Fast-Growing Reasons

Advance in semiconductor technology

Advance in control chip & control
technique
Development in materials & heat
transfer

CH1-24

12
 (HVDC)
~MW levels for renewable energy conversion applications
CH1-25

POL

Universal ac line range

1. off-line power supply application; 2. office and lab equipment

3. UPS; 4. electronic ballast CH1-26

13
 Converter switching freq.: several hundred kHz, lead
to substantial reduction in size and weight of reactive
parts
Powermanagement control sleep (green) mode to
reduce power consumption and extend battery life
CH1-27

(Distributed Power)


(point-of-load, POL)

(rectifier+PFC)
(IEC61000-3-2 Class ABCD)

48V

DC-DC

CH1-28

14
 (Distributed Power)
POL

Switching converters are high-power-density dc-dc converters

that produce locally-regulated low voltages
CH1-29

AC Line Filter

Common-mode noise consists of current in the line and

neutral conductors that are in phase and return through
ground
Differential-mode noise
consists of high-frequency current
that are 1800
out of phase in the line and neutral conductors,
which means that current enters from line and returns in the
neutral
CH1-30

15
(Distributed Power)

VRM

CH1-31

(Distributed Power)

CH1-32

16
 Maximum
Power Point
Tracker

PE in aerospace applications include power system of

aircraft, spacecraft, and aerospace vehicles
CH1-33

CH1-34

17
 CH1-35

1. motor control application

2. transportation application
3. motion control
other applications
1. battery charger
2. inverter for renewable energy generation
3. utility power system: HVDC, static VAR compensators CH1-36

18
 Practice of PE requires many electrical engineering background
High-freq. switching makes understanding of SM converters not easy
Modeling is central to the study of PE
CH1-37

Derive averaged equivalent circuit model of

converters operating in steady state CH1-38

19
 CH1-39

()

CH1-40

20
 Control system design requires models of converter dynamics
Extend averaging technique to describe low-freq variation of waveforms
Develop small-signal equivalent circuit model CH1-41

(x)

(x) ?
CH1-42

21
(x)

CH1-43

(x)

CH1-44

22
()

CH1-45

()

CH1-46

23
(x)

CH1-47

(x)

CH1-48

24
CH1-49

25