DIPLOMA IN PHYSIOTHERAPY

HDP 112
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
JAN 2017
1. Please read these instructions carefully before answering the questions. You are not allowed to open the
question paper until you are informed to.
2. Candidates are not allowed to bring into the Examination Hall/Room any reference books, dictionaries of any
kind, diagrams or pieces of paper or any written materials.

1. Sila baca arahan dengan teliti sebelum menjawab soalan. Pelajar tidak dibenarkan membuka kertas soalan sehingga
diberitahu.

2. Para pelajar tidak dibenarkan membawa masuk sebarang bentuk buku rujukan, kamus, diagram atau helaian kertas atau
bahan bertulis ke dalam Dewan/Bilik Peperiksaan.

1. This paper contains of THREE (3) sections A, B and C.

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi TIGA 3) bahagian A ,B dan C.

2. Write your I/C NO. / PASSPORT NO, STUDENT ID, CLASS CODE and LECTURERS NAME in the section
provided.

Tulis NO. K/P atau NO. PASSPORT, ID PELAJAR, KOD KELAS dan NAMA PENSYARAH di dalam bahagian yang
disediakan.

3. Write the answer on the provided answering sheet. Use new page for the new question or new section.

Jawab di dalam kertas jawapan yang disediakan. Sila mulakan di muka surat baru bagi soalan atau bahagian yang berlainan.

4. Use only BLACK or BLUE PEN.

Gunakan PEN BIRU atau HITAM sahaja.

5. Attach this FRONT COVER to your answer sheet.

Kepilkan bahagian MUKA SURAT HADAPAN ini beserta dengan jawapan anda.

I/C No / PASSPORT No CLASS CODE

STUDENT ID LECTURER

-------------------------------------------------------------------- To Be Filled By the Examiner Only -----------------------------------------------------

MARKS REMARKS EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2

SECTION A 10 TOTAL (50 m)
SECTION B 20
SECTION C 20
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 NAME TOTAL (10%)
BRANCH

SECTION - A

Answer all the multiple choice questions given below: 10 x 1mark = 10 marks
Shade your answer in the shading sheet provided

1. Blood from the left ventricle is pumped out into the _________.
A Left atrium
B Pulmonary artery
C Aorta
D Inferior vena cava

2. The impulse for cardiac contraction ends at___________.

A SA node
B AV node
C Bundle of his
D Purkinje fiber

3 The junction where the trachea and the two primary bronchi branch is
reinforced by a cartilage plate called the _______.
A Tracheal cartilage
B Corniculate cartilage
C Ventricular cartilage
D Carina

4 Total number of spinal nerves in the body are:

A 12 pairs
B 22 pairs
C 31 pairs
D 33 pairs

5 Tidal volume is air ________.

A remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
B exchanged during normal breathing
C inhaled after normal inspiration
D forcibly expelled after normal expiration

6 Processes that carry nerve impulses away from the cell body are called

A dendrites.
B axons.
C synapses.
D myelin sheaths

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 7. What is function of the oligodendrocytes?
A. create myelin layer
B. clean up cellular debris
C. supply blood and nutrients
D. alert the body to an infection

8 The point where trachea divides into left and right main bronchus is called
____________.
A tracheocrico junction
B oropharynx
C carina
D Thyroid cartilage

9 Area of air which is inhaled but does not take part in gas exchange is
_________.
A cyanosis
B carboxia
C cyanosis
D Dead space

10 Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

A medulla and pons
B midbrain and medulla
C pons and midbrain
D upper spinal cord and medulla

SECTION - B

Answer ALL of the following SHORT questions: 4 x 5 marks = 20 marks

1. Write a note on cranial nerve and its functions. (5 marks)

2 (a) What is ECG? (2 marks)

(b) Write on normal ECG waveform. (3 marks)

3. Describe in details on hypoxia. (5 marks)

4. With the help of a labeled diagram, explain in details the different part of (5 marks)
neuron.

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SECTION - C

Answer ANY ONE of the following ESSAY questions: 1 x 20marks = 20 marks

1 Describe the structure of the heart under the following headings:

(a) Chambers and valves of the heart (9 marks)

(b) Layers of heart (6 marks)
(c) Coronary circulation (5 marks)

(2) (a) Explain in details on movement of rib cage during mechanism of (5 marks)
breathing.

(b) Name TWO (2) muscle of respiration and its function. (12 marks)

(c) What is pleura? (3 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS

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 KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
HDP 112 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
SOLUTION

Q.No Solution SubMarks Total

marks
Question A1 (c ) Aorta 1 marks 1 marks
Question A2 (d) Purkinje fiber 1 marks 1 marks
Question A3 (d) carina 1 marks 1 marks
Question A4 (c) 31 pairs 1 marks 1 marks
Question A5 ( b) exchanged during normal breathing 1marks 1 marks
Question A6 (b) axons. 1 marks 1 marks
Question A7 (a) create myelin layer 1 marks 1 marks
Question A8 (d) Carina 1 marks 1 marks
Question A9 (d) dead space 1 marks 1 marks
Question A10 (a) pons and medulla 1 marks 1 marks
Question B1

5 marks 5 marks

Question B2
Electrocardiogram: 2marks

(a) Definition:
An electrocardiogram is a non-invasive procedure for
recording of the electrical signal produced by heart
muscle fibers during each heartbeat,

5 marks

(b) ECG Normal waveform 3 marks

- P wave represent atrial depolarization.
- QRS complex represent ventricular depolarization
- T wave represent ventricular repolarization

Question B3
Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body
as a whole or a region of the body does not receive
adequate oxygen supply.
If the body is affected as a whole it is called
5
 generalized hypoxia 5 marks 5 marks
If the part of the body is affected it is called tissue
hypoxia.

Clinical features
Depressed mental activity, sometimes
culminating in coma, and
reduced work capacity of the muscles
headaches,
fatigue,
shortness of breath
Nausea
Death(if severe hypoxia
Question B4 (a) 1 marks
.

5 marks

Q.No. Solution SubMarks TotalMarks

(a) The heart is a hollow muscular organ in the
thoracic cavity
Question C1
Chambers of the heart: The heart has 4
chambers.
o The two chambers on the right side are
called right atrium and right ventricle
o The two chambers on the left side are
known as the left atrium and left ventricle
o The left and right atria are smaller in size,
the upper chambers of the heart. The atria
are separated by interatrial septum.
o The left and right ventricles are larger in
size, the lower chambers of the heart. The
two ventricles are separated by 9 marks
interventricular septum.

Valves of the heart: The heart has 4 valves.

o The opening between the right atrium and
the right ventricle is guarded by the
tricuspid valve - right atrioventricular
(AV) valve.
o The opening between the left atrium and
the left ventricle is guarded by the 20 marks
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 bicuspid valve -- Mitral valve - left
atrioventricular (AV) valve
o The opening between right ventricle and
pulmonary artery is guarded by the
Pulmonary valve.
o The opening between the left ventricle
and the aorta is guarded by the Aortic
valve.

(b)

Layers of the heart: The heart has 3 layers

o The innermost layer is called
endocardium
o The middle layer is made of cardiac
muscles called myocardium
o The outermost layer is called the 6 marks
pericardium
o The pericardium is divided further as the
fibrous pericardium and the serous
pericardium
o The serous pericardium is further divided
into visceral and parietal pericardium
o The pericardial fluid is present between
these two layers

(c)

Coronary circulation: The heart receives

blood supply through the right and left
coronary arteries. They are the first branches 5 marks
of aorta.
o Main branches of Right coronary
artery:
- Posterior interventricular branch
- Marginal artery
o Main branches of left coronary artery:
- Anterior interventricular branch
- Circumflex artery

Venous blood of heart is collected by the coronary

sinus. It opens directly into the right atrium.

Veins draining into coronary sinus are:

Great cardiac vein

Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

Question C2 (a)
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The chest wall is formed by 12 pairs of ribs,
strernum, costal cartilage and the 12 thoracic
vertebrae.

1st rib- during inspiration the 1st rib elevates and

moves superiorly and posteriorly at costovetebral
joints and pushes the manubrium superiorly. This
increases the vertical diameter of the rib cage.

2nd rib-6th rib During inspiration, the upper half of

ribs moves superiorly and anteriorly increasing the
anterio-posterior diameter of the thorax(Pump
handle movement). 12 marks

7th-10th ribs- during inspiration the lower half of the

ribs moves superiorly and laterally increasing the
lateral diameter of the thorax (Bucket handle
movement)

11-12th ribs they can move in any direction

because they dont have any attachment with
sternum. 20 marks

(b) the pleura is the outer covering of the lung

It consists of two layers 3 marks
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura

Pleural space
- Between the parietal and visceral pleura there
is a space called as pleural cavity.
- The pleural cavity contains pleural fluid.
- The pleural fluid prevents between the two
pleural during breathing movement.
Intercostal muscle
5 marks
Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles
that run between the ribs, and help form and
move the chest wall.
the external intercostal muscles, which aid in
quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on
ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-
12. The external intercostals are responsible
for the elevation of the ribs.
Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles that
run between the ribs, and help form and move
the chest wall.
the external intercostal muscles, which aid in
quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on
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 ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-
12. The external intercostals are responsible
for the elevation of the ribs.

d) diaphragm
The diaphragm is a sheet of internal muscle that
extends across the bottom of the rib cage.
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart,
lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity and
performs an important function in respiration

Origin :
- Sternal: back of the xiphoid process
- Costal: the inner surfaces of the lower six ribs
on either side
- Lumbar: the lumbar vertebrae
Insertion:
- Central tendon
Nerve supply:
- Phrenic nerve