3.

6 Graphs of Functions (3-51) 171

80. Printing costs. To determine the cost of printing a book, a
printer uses a linear function of the number of pages. If the
cost is $8.60 for a 400-page book and $12.20 for a 580 page
book, then what is the linear function that is used?
C  0.02p  0.60
81. Depreciating Beretta. A Chevrolet Beretta that sold new
for $11,640 in 1990 sold used for $3,590 in 1998
(Edmunds Used Car Prices, www.edmunds.com). Find the
average rate of change of the value of this car over the time
interval [1990, 1998].
$1,006.25 per year
84. Total construction. For May 1996 the rate for total value
of construction put in place was $580 billion per year. For
May 1998 the rate was $634 billion per year (U.S. Census
Bureau, www.census.gov). Find the average rate of change
of the rate for this 24-month period, [0, 24].
$2.25 billion per year per month
Total Construction
Put in Place
680

(in billions of dollars)

640

Annual rate
82. More depreciation. A Porsche 928S that sold new for $634
600
$69,680 in 1988 sold used for $16,550 in 1998 (Edmunds
Used Car Prices, www.edmunds.com). Find the average 560 $580
rate of change of the value of this car over the time interval
[1988, 1998]. May 96 May 97 May 98
$5,313 per year
FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 84
83. Fast cat. The 1999 Mercury Cougar had a base price of
$17,095 and could go from 0 to 60 mph in 8.0 seconds GET TING MORE INVOLVED
(Fortune, June 26, 1998, www.pathfinder.com). Find the
average rate of change of the velocity of this car over the 85. Exploration. In Example 7 we found that the stunt man
time interval [0, 8.0]. traveled 128 feet in 2 seconds for an average velocity of
7.5 mph per second 64 ft/sec over the interval [1, 3]. His velocity actually
starts out at 0 ft/sec and keeps increasing as he falls. Find
the average rate of change of his height, or his average
60 velocity, over the time intervals [2.8, 3], [2.9, 3], and
Speed (miles per hour)

[2.99, 3].
92.8 ft/sec, 94.4 ft/sec, 95.84 ft/sec
40
86. Exploration. In Exercise 85 we found the stunt mans av-
erage velocity for some time intervals right before he hits
20 the water. His velocity at the moment he hits the water is his
instantaneous velocity at t  3. Find the average velocity
0 over the time intervals [2.999, 3] and [2.9999, 3]. What do
0 2 4 6 8 you think his instantaneous velocity is at time t  3?
Time (seconds)
Explain your answer.
FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 83 95.984 ft/sec, 95.9984, 96 ft/sec

In this 3.6 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

section Earlier in this chapter we used graphs to visualize the solution sets to linear equa-
tions. In this section we will use graphs to visualize various types of functions.
Linear and Constant
Functions
Linear and Constant Functions
Absolute Value Functions
Quadratic Functions Linear Function
Square-Root Functions
A linear function is a function of the form
Graphs of Relations
Vertical-Line Test f (x)  mx  b,
Applications where m and b are real numbers with m  0.
 172 (3-52) Chapter 3 Graphs and Functions in the Cartesian Coordinate System

The graph of the linear function f(x)  mx  b is exactly the same as the graph
of the linear equation y  mx  b. If m  0, then we get f (x)  b, which is called
a constant function. If m  1 and b  0, then we get the function f (x) 
x, which is called the identity function. When we graph a function given in f-
notation, we usually label the vertical axis as f(x) rather than y.

E X A M P L E 1 Graphing a constant function

f(x) Graph f (x)  3 and state the domain and range.

5 Solution
f(x) = 3 4 The graph of f (x)  3 is the same as the graph of y  3, which is the horizontal line
in Fig. 3.37. Since any real number can be used for x in f (x)  3 and since the line
in Fig. 3.37 extends without bounds to the left and right, the domain is the set of all
Domain (, )
real numbers, (, ). Since the only y-coordinate for f (x)  3 is 3, the range is
3.
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x
1
2 The domain and range of a function can be determined from the formula or the
graph. However, the graph is usually very helpful for understanding domain and
FIGURE 3.37 range.

E X A M P L E 2 Graphing a linear function

Graph the function f (x)  3x  4 and state the domain and range.
Solution
The y-intercept is (0, 4) and the slope of the line is 3. We can use the y-intercept
and the slope to draw the graph in Fig. 3.38. Since any real number can be used
for x in f(x)  3x  4, and since the line in Fig. 3.38 extends without bounds to
the left and right, the domain is the set of all real numbers, (, ). Since the graph
extends without bounds upward and downward, the range is the set of all real num-
bers, (, ).
f (x)

5
4
Range (, )

3
2
1 f (x) = 3 x 4

3 2 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2
3
4

Domain (, )

FIGURE 3.38

Absolute Value Functions

The equation y   x  defines a function because every value of x determines a
unique value of y. We call this function the absolute value function.
 3.6 Graphs of Functions (3-53) 173

Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is the function defined by
f (x)   x .

To graph the absolute value function, we simply plot enough ordered pairs of the
function to see what the graph looks like.

E X A M P L E 3 The absolute value function

Graph f (x)   x  and state the domain and range.
Solution
To graph this function, we find points that satisfy the equation f (x)   x .
x 2 1 0 1 2
f (x)   x  2 1 0 1 2
Plotting these points, we see that they lie along the V-shaped graph shown in
helpful hint Fig. 3.39. Since any real number can be used for x in f (x)   x  and since the
The most important feature of graph extends without bounds to the left and right, the domain is (, ). Because
an absolute value function is the graph does not go below the x-axis and because  x  is never negative, the range
its V-shape. If we had plotted is the set of nonnegative real numbers, [0, ).
only points in the first quad-
f (x)
rant, we would not have seen
the V-shape. So for an ab- 5
solute value function we al- f (x) = x
4
ways plot enough points to
3

Range [0, )
see the V-shape.
2
1

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x
Domain (, )

FIGURE 3.39
Many functions involving absolute value have graphs that are V-shaped, as in
Fig. 3.39. To graph functions involving absolute value, we must choose points that
determine the correct shape and location of the V-shaped graph.

E X A M P L E 4 Other functions involving absolute value

Graph each function and state the domain and range.
a) f (x)   x   2 b) g(x)   2x  6 
Solution
a) Choose values for x and find f (x).
x 2 1 0 1 2
f (x)   x   2 0 1 2 1 0
Plot these points and draw a V-shaped graph through them as shown in Fig. 3.40
on the next page. The domain is (, ), and the range is [2, ).
174 (3-54) Chapter 3 Graphs and Functions in the Cartesian Coordinate System

f (x) g(x)
calculator Domain (, )
5 5
4 4
close-up 3 3

Range [0, )
2 g(x) = 2x 6
To check Example 4(a) set

Range [2, )
1 1
y1  abs(x)  2
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x
and then press GRAPH. 1 1
f (x) = x 2
2 2 Domain (, )
10

FIGURE 3.40 FIGURE 3.41

10 10
b) Make a table of values for x and g(x).
x 1 2 3 4 5
10
g(x)   2x  6  4 2 0 2 4
To check Example 4(b) set
y2  abs(2x  6) Draw the graph as shown in Fig. 3.41. The domain is (, ), and the range is
and then press GRAPH. [0, ).
10
Quadratic Functions

10 10 Quadratic Function

A quadratic function is a function of the form
10 f(x)  ax2  bx  c,
where a, b, and c are real numbers, with a  0.

Without the term ax2 this function would be a linear function, which is why we
specify a  0.

E X A M P L E 5 The simplest quadratic function

Graph the function h(x)  x2 and state the domain and range.
Solution
Make a table of values for x and h(x):
calculator x 2 1 0 1 2
h(x)  x 2
4 1 0 1 4
See Fig. 3.42 for the graph. The domain is (, ). From the graph we see that the
close-up smallest y-coordinate of the function is 0. So the range is [0, ).
This close-up view of y  x2 h(x)
shows how rounded it is at
5
(0, 0), unlike the absolute value
4
function. h(x) = x 2
3
Range [0, )

4
2
1
2 2 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
Domain (, )
2
1

FIGURE 3.42
 3.6 Graphs of Functions (3-55) 175

The graph of any quadratic function is called a parabola. All parabolas are sim-
ilar in shape to the one in Fig. 3.42. This parabola opens upward. The lowest point
on a parabola that opens upward is the vertex. The y-coordinate of the vertex is the
minimum value of the function. So for h(x)  x2 the vertex is (0, 0) and the mini-
mum value of the function is 0. The parabola in the next example opens downward.

E X A M P L E 6 A quadratic function
Graph the function g(x)  4  x2 and state the domain and range.
Solution
We plot enough points to get the correct shape of the graph.
calculator
x 2 1 0 1 2
g(x)  4  x 2 0 3 4 3 0
close-up
See Fig. 3.43 for the graph. The domain is (, ). From the graph we see that the
You can find the vertex of a largest y-coordinate is 4. So the range is (, 4].
parabola with a calculator. For
example, graph g(x)
y  x2  x  2. Domain (, )
5
Then use the maximum fea- g(x) = 4 x 2
ture, which is found in the
Range (, 4]

CALC menu. For the left 3

bound pick a point to the left 2
of the vertex; for the right 1
bound pick a point to the right
4 3 1 1 3 4 x
of the vertex; and for the 1
guess pick a point near the 2
vertex. 3
4 4
5

4 6
FIGURE 3.43
The parabola in Fig. 3.43 opens downward. The highest point on a parabola
6
that opens downward is the vertex and the y-coordinate of the vertex is the maxi-
mum value of the function. For g(x)  4  x2 the vertex is (0, 4) and the maxi-
mum function value is 4. Parabolas will be discussed further when we study conic
sections later in this text.

Square-Root Functions
Functions involving square roots typically have graphs that look like half a parabola.

Square-Root Function
The square-root function is the function defined by
f(x)  x.

E X A M P L E 7 Square-root functions
Graph each equation and state the domain and range.
a) y  x b) y  x 
3
176 (3-56) Chapter 3 Graphs and Functions in the Cartesian Coordinate System

Solution
a) The graph of the equation y  x and the graph of the function f (x)  x are
the same. Because x is a real number only if x  0, the domain of this func-
tion is the set of nonnegative real numbers. The following ordered pairs are on
the graph:
x 0 1 4 9
y  x 0 1 2 3
The graph goes through these ordered pairs as shown in Fig. 3.44. Note that x is
chosen from the nonnegative numbers. The domain is [0, ) and the range is
[0, ).
b) Note that x 3 is a real number only if x  3  0, or x  3. So we make
a table of ordered pairs in which x  3:
x 3 2 1 6
y  x
3 0 1 2 3
The graph goes through these ordered pairs as shown in Fig. 3.45. The domain
is [3, ) and the range is [0, ).

y
y
4
y=x
3 3
Range [0, )

Range [0, )
2 2
1 1

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1
Domain [0, ) Domain [3, )
2

FIGURE 3.44 FIGURE 3.45

Graphs of Relations
In the next example we graph a relation by simply finding enough points to see the
shape of the graph.

E X A M P L E 8 The graph of a relation

Graph x  y2 and state the domain and range.
Solution
The set of ordered pairs that satisfy x  y2 is not a function. The equation
x  y2 does not express y as a function of x. However, we can still make a table of
ordered pairs and sketch the graph. Because the equation x  y2 expresses x in
terms of y, it is easier to choose the y-coordinate first and then find the x-coordinate.
x  y2 4 1 0 1 4
y 2 1 0 1 2
Figure 3.46 on the next page shows the graph. The domain is [0, ) and the range is
(, ).
 3.6 Graphs of Functions (3-57) 177

4
x = y2
3
2

Range (, )
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
1
2
3
4
Domain [0, )

FIGURE 3.46

Vertical-Line Test
The relation x  y2 from Example 8 does not define y as a function of x. A relation
is not a function if there are two ordered pairs with the same first coordinate and dif-
ferent second coordinates. Whether a relation has such ordered pairs can be deter-
mined by a simple visual test called the vertical-line test.

Vertical-Line Test
If it is possible to draw a vertical line that crosses the graph of a relation two
or more times, then the graph is not the graph of a function.

If there is a vertical line that crosses a graph twice (or more), then we have two
points (or more) with the same x-coordinate and different y-coordinates, and so the
graph is not the graph of a function. If you mentally consider every possible verti-
cal line and none of them crosses the graph more than once, then you can conclude
that the graph is the graph of a function.

E X A M P L E 9 Using the vertical-line test

Which of the following graphs are graphs of functions?
a) b) c)
y y y

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

4 3 2 1 1 3 4 x 2 1 1 3 4 x 1 1 2 4 x
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4

Solution
Neither (a) nor (c) is the graph of a function, since we can draw vertical lines that
cross these graphs twice. The graph (b) is the graph of a function, since no vertical
line crosses it twice.
 178 (3-58) Chapter 3 Graphs and Functions in the Cartesian Coordinate System

Applications
We can determine much about a function by examining its graph. In the next exam-
ple we find the maximum altitude reached by a projectile by examining a graph. The
maximum and minimum values of quadratic functions will be discussed in more de-
tail when we study conic sections later in this text.

E X A M P L E 1 0 Projectile motion
A flare is fired upward from the surface of the earth with an initial velocity of 96 feet
h(t) per second. The altitude (in feet) of the flare t seconds after it is fired is given by the
h(t) = 16t 2 + 96t function h(t)  16t2  96t.
150
120 a) Graph the function for 0  t  6.
90 b) For what value of t does the flare reach its maximum altitude?
60 c) What is the maximum altitude of the flare?
30
Solution
2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
30 a) Make a table of values for t between 0 and 6:
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
FIGURE 3.47
h(t)  16t2  96t 0 80 128 144 128 80 0
Now sketch the graph as shown in Fig. 3.47.
b) From the graph it appears that the flare reaches its maximum altitude when
t  3 seconds.
c) Since h(3)  144, the maximum altitude reached by the flare is 144 feet.

WARM-UPS
True or false? Explain your answer.
1. The graph of a function is a picture of all ordered pairs of the function.
True
2. The graph of every linear function is a straight line. True
3. The absolute value function has a V-shaped graph. True
4. The domain of f (x)  1 is (, ). False
x
5. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. True
6. The range of any quadratic function is (, ). False
7. The y-axis and the f (x)-axis are the same. True
8. The vertical-line test is used to determine whether a relation is a function.
True
9. The domain of f (x)  x 1 is (1, ). False
10. The domain of any quadratic function is (, ). True

3. 6 EXERCISES
Reading and Writing After reading this section, write out the
answers to these questions. Use complete sentences.
1. What is a linear function?
A linear function is a function of the form f(x)  mx  b,
where m and b are real numbers with m  0.
2. What is a constant function?
A constant function is a function of the form f(x)  k, where
k is a real number.
3. What is the graph of a constant function?
The graph of a constant function is a horizontal line.
 3.6 Graphs of Functions (3-59) 179

4. What shape is the graph of an absolute value function? 15. y  0.3x  6.5 R, R 16. y  0.25x  0.5 R, R
The absolute value function has a V-shaped graph.
5. What is the graph of quadratic function called?
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
6. How can you tell at a glance if a graph is the graph of a
function?
If there is a vertical line that crosses a graph more than
once, the graph is not the graph of a function.
Graph each function and state its domain and range. See
Examples 1 and 2.
Graph each absolute value function and state its domain and
7. h(x)  2 8. f(x)  4
range. See Examples 3 and 4.
R, 2 R, 4
17. f(x)   x   1 18. g(x)   x   3
(, ), [1, ) (, ), [3, )

9. f(x)  2x  1 10. g(x)  x  2

R, R R, R
19. h(x)   x  1  20. f(x)   x  2 
(, ), [0, ) (, ), [0, )

1 2
11. g(x)  x  2 12. h(x)  x  4
2 3 21. g(x)   3x  22. h(x)   2x 
R, R R, R (, ), [0, ) (, ), [0, )

2 3
13. y   x  3 14. y   x  4 23. f(x)   2x  1  24. y   2x  3 
3 4 (, ), [0, ) (, ), [0, )
R, R R, R
180 (3-60) Chapter 3 Graphs and Functions in the Cartesian Coordinate System

25. f(x)   x  2   1 26. y   x  1   2 33. y  x 2  2x  1 34. y  x 2  4x  1

(, ), [1, ) (, ), [2, ) (, ), (, 2] (, ), [3, )

Graph each quadratic function and state its domain and range.
See Examples 5 and 6.
27. g(x)  x 2  2 28. f(x)  x 2  4 35. f(x)  x 2  4x  3 36. f(x)  x 2  4x  3
(, ), [2, ) (, ), [4, ) (, ), [1, ) (, ), (, 1]

29. f(x)  2x 2 30. h(x)  3x 2 Graph each square-root function and state its domain and
(, ), [0, ) (, ), (, 0] range. See Example 7.

37. g(x)  2x 38. g(x)  x  1

[0, ), [0, ) [0, ), [1, )

31. y  6  x 2 32. y  2x 2  3

(, ), (, 6] (, ), (, 3] 39. f(x)  x 1 40. f(x)  x 1
[1, ), [0, ) [1, ), [0, )
 3.6 Graphs of Functions (3-61) 181

41. h(x)  x 42. h(x)  x 1 49. x  5 50. x  3

[0, ), (, 0] [1, ), (. 0] 5, (, ) 3, (, )

43. y  x  2 44. y  2x  1

[0, ), [2, ) [0, ), [1, )
51. x  9  y2 52. x  3   y 
[9, ), (, ) [3, ), (, )

Graph each relation and state its domain and range. See Exam-
ple 8.
45. x   y  46. x   y 
[0, ), (, ) (, 0], (, )
53. x  y 54. x  y
[0, ), [0, ) (, 0], [0, )

47. x  y2 48. x  1  y2 55. x  (y  1)2 56. x  (y  2)2

(, 0], (, ) (, 1], (, ) [0, ), (, ) [0, ), (, )
182 (3-62) Chapter 3 Graphs and Functions in the Cartesian Coordinate System

Use the vertical-line test to determine which of the graphs are 65. y  (x  3)2  1 66. y  x2  2x  3
graphs of functions. See Example 9. (, ), [1, ) (, ), [4, )
57. 58.
y y

3 3
2 2
1

3 2 1 1 2 3 x 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
1
2 2
67. y   x  3   1 68. f(x)  2x  4
3 3
(, ), [1, ) (, ), (, )
No No

59. 60.
y y

3 3
2 2
1 1

3 2 2 3 x 3 2 1 2 3 x 69. y  x  3 70. y  2  x 

1 1 [0, ), [3, ) (, ), [0, )
2 2
3 3

Yes Yes

61. 62.
y y

3 3
71. y  3x  5 72. g(x)  (x  2)2
2 2
(, ), (, ) (, ), [0, )
1 1

3 1 1 2 3 x 2 1 1 3 x
1
2 2
3 3

No Yes

Graph each function and state the domain and range.

63. f(x)  1   x  64. h(x)  x 3 73. y  x2  4x  4 74. y  2  x  1   4
(, ), (, 1] [3, ), [0, ) (, ), (, 0] (, ), (, 4]
 3.6 Graphs of Functions (3-63) 183

Solve each problem. See Example 10. prisoners n, where

75. Maximum height. If an object is projected upward with an C(n)  0.015n2  4.5n  400.
initial velocity of 64 feet per second, then its height is a
function of time, given by h(t)  16t2  64t. Graph this a) Graph this function for 0  n  300.
function for 0  t  4. What is the maximum height b) Use the graph to estimate the number of prisoners for
reached by this object? 64 feet which the cost is at a minimum.
c) What is the minimum cost per day per prisoner?
b) 150
c) $62.50

76. Maximum height. If a soccer ball is kicked straight up

with an initial velocity of 32 feet per second, then its height
above the earth is a function of time given by
h(t)  16t2  32t. Graph this function for 0  t  2. Solve each problem.
What is the maximum height reached by this ball? 16 feet 79. Thinning eggshells. Acid rain is causing the thinning of
song thrush shells in Britain (New Scientist, April 1998).
Scientists use the function
S(t)  0.000133t  0.24
to model the shell thickness in the year 1850  t, where
S(t) is in milligrams per square millimeters (mg/mm2).
a) If this trend continues, then what will be the thickness of
song thrush shells in 2050?
77. Air pollution. The amount of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pres- b) In what year was the shell thickness 0.23 mg/mm2?
ent in the air in the city of Springfield on a certain day in a) 0.2134 mg/mm2
July is shown in the accompanying figure. b) 1925
a) Use the graph to estimate the time of day when the NO2
level was at its maximum. 2 p.m.
0.3
b) The equation for the graph is
A(t)  2t2  32t  42,
Thickness (mg/mm2)

0.2
where t is the number of hours after 6:00 a.m. Use this
function to determine the maximum level of NO2 on
that day. 170 parts per million 0.1

200
Amount of nitrogen dioxide

0 50 100 150 200

(in parts per million)

150
Years since 1850

100 FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 79

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 t
80. Radius of a circle. The function r(A) 
A gives the

Hours after 6:00 A.M.

radius of a circle as a function of its area A. Find the radius
of a circle that has area 500 square centimeters (cm2).
FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 77 Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a centimeter
78. Prisoner cost. The sheriff has determined that the cost (cm). Find the area of a circle that has a radius of 30 feet.
in dollars per day per prisoner for housing prisoners in Round the answer to the nearest tenth of a square foot.
the Macon County jail is a function of the number of 12.6 cm, 2,827.4 ft2
184 (3-64) Chapter 3 Graphs and Functions in the Cartesian Coordinate System
GR APHING C ALCUL ATOR
EXERCISES
81. Graph the function f(x)  x2 and explain what this graph
0 and
illustrates.
The graph of f(x)  x2 is the same as the graph of
f(x)   x .
1
82. Graph the function f(x)  and state the domain and
x
range. (, 0)  (0, ), (, 0)  (0, )
1
83. Graph y  x2, y  x2, and y  2x2 on the same coordi-
2
nate system. What can you say about the graph of y  kx2?
For large values of k the graph gets narrower and for
smaller values of k the graph gets broader.
84. Graph y  x2, y  x2  2, and y  x2  3 on the same
0.
screen. What can you say about the position of y  x2  k
relative to y  x2.
The graph of y  x2  k moves upward for k
0 and
downward for k  0.
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES
Parallel and Perpendicular Explorations
Part I: One person in your pair will do the graphing (G
Grapher) while the other one is answering the questions (A
Answerer). Discuss your answers so that you both know how to
find them. Use either graph paper or a graphing calculator so
that your graphs will be accurate.
1. G: Graph the line through the points (2, 3) and (1, 4). We
will call this line S. A: Find the equation for line S.
2. G: Plot points three units up (positive y-direction) from
each of the points given on line S and draw a line through
the new points. We will call this line P. A: What are the
new points? Find the equation for line P.
3. G: On the same graph, plot points five units to the left (neg-
ative x-direction) from each of the points given on
line S and draw a line through the new points. We will call
this line L. A: What are the new points? Find the equation
for line L.
4. G, A: Looking only at your graph, state how these three
lines are the same and how they are different. Make sure
your equations are in slope-intercept form. State how the
equations are the same and how they are different.
5. G, A: Find another line parallel to line S. Graph it and state
its equation.
85. Graph y  x2, y  (x  5)2, and y  (x  2)2 on the
same screen. What can you say about the position of
y  (x  k)2 relative to y  x2.
The graph of y  (x  k)2 moves to the right for k
to the left for k  0.
86. You can graph the relation x  y2 by graphing the two
functions y  x and y  x. Try it and explain why
this works.
The equation x  y2 is equivalent to y  x or y  x.
87. Graph y  (x  3)2, y   x  3 , and y  x 3 on
the same coordinate system. How does the graph of
y  f(x  k) compare to the graph of y  f(x)?
The graph of y  f(x  k) lies to the right of the graph
of y  f(x) when k
Grouping: Two students per group
Topic: Parallel and perpendicular lines
Part II: Switch roles and get a new sheet of graph paper or
clear the graph on your calculator.
6. G: Graph the line through the points (3, 1) and (1, 2).
We will call this line T. A: Find the equation for line T.
7. G: Plot one point four units down (negative y-direction)
and three units to the right (positive x-direction) of the point
(3, 1). Draw the line connecting (3, 1) and your new point.
Call this line Q. A: What is this point? Find the equation for
line Q. Explain how the direction and number of units you
moved from (3, 1) relate to the slope of your new equation.
8. G: Plot the point (4, 2) and draw a line from the point
(1, 2) to this new point. Call this line M. A: Find the
equation for line M.
9. G, A: Looking at the graph, state how the three lines are re-
lated. State how their equations compare.
10. G, A: Starting from any point on line Q, how many units left
or right (negative or positive x-direction) and how many
units up or down (positive or negative y-direction) would
you need to move to get to a point that would be on a line per-
pendicular to line Q? Find a line perpendicular to line Q.
Graph it and state its equation. How does it compare to
line T ?