Chapter 3 Unit Operations Problems

1. Manometer with liquid hydrocarbon

Specific gravity 0.74
Pressure below atmospheric by 83cm
(a) Vacuum in the evaporator
Density of liquid hydrocarbon = 0.74 x 1000 kgm-3
Z = 83cm = 0.83 m
Z = P/g
0.83 = P/(0.74 x 1000 x 9.81)
P = (0.83 x 0.74 x 1000 x 9.81) [m x kg m-3 x ms-2]
-1 -2
= 6025 kg m s
= 6025 Pa
= 6.025 kPa
And this is the pressure below atmospheric so is equal to the vacuum.
The absolute pressure =101.3 6.025
= 95.3kPa
= 95kPa

(b) Boiling Temperature of water at 95kPa

From Appendix 8 steam tables:
Pressure Temperature
80kPa 93.5oC
100kPa 99.6oC
Interpolating linearly:
Therefore
95kPa 98.1oC

2. Temperature of milk = 20 oC
From Appendix 4, for milk,
Density = 1030 kg m-3
Viscosity = 2.12 x 10-3 Nsm-2 = 2.12 x 10-3 kg s-1 m-1
Diameter = 4cm = 0.04m
Length = 130m
Area = D2/4 = 3.14 (0.04)2 /2 = 1.26 x 10-3m2
Velocity = 2.7 ms-1

Mass rate of flow = Av

= 1.26 x 10-3x 2.7 x 1030 [m2 x ms-1 x kg m-3]
-1
= 3.49 kgs
Ec = v2/2 = (2.7)2/2= 3.65 J kg-1
Power to provide kinetic energy
= Ec x Mass rate of flow
= 3.65 x 3.49
= 12.74 J s-1
For friction energy:
(Re) = (Dv/)
= (0.04 x 2.7 x 1030)/ (2.12 x 10-3)
= 52,470
 Therefore the flow is turbulent.
From Figure 3.8, the roughness factor, f = 0.006
Power to provide friction energy = (4fv2/2)(L/D)
= (4 x 0.006 x (2.7)2/2)(130/0.04)
= 284.31 J s-1
Total power needed = 12.74 + 284.31
= 297.05 J s-1
1 horse power = 7.46 x 102 J s-1
Required power = 0.40 hp

3. 22% sodium chloride at 10oC

Density = 1160 kg m-3
Z = 40m
D = 0.015m
Area = 1.77 x 10-4 m2
Rate = 8.1 m3h-1 = 2.25 x 10-3 m3s-1
Mass rate = 2.25 x 10-3 x 1160 kg s-1 = 2.61 kg s-1

(a) Velocity = (2.25 x 10-3m3s-1)/ (1.77 x 10-4 m2) = 12.7ms-1

Velocity head = v2 /2g = (12.7)2 /(2 x 9.81)
= 8.2m

(b) Potential head = Z = 40m

Total head = 48.2m

Ec = Zg
= 48.2 x 9.81 [m x ms-2] [1Nm =1J]
-1
= 472.84Jkg
(Can also be calculated from Ec = Zg + v2 /2)
Total power = Ec x Mass rate of flow
= 472.84 x 2.61
= 1234 J s-1
1 horsepower = 7.46 x 102 J s-1
Required power = 1.65 hp
Efficiency = 68%
Pump power = 2.42hp

4. Milk Cooler
Diameter = 4 cm = 0.04m
-1
Mass = 10,000kgh = 2.8 kgs-1
Density = 1030kgm-3
Viscosity = 2.12x10-3 Nsm-2 = 2.12x10-3 kg s-1 m-1

(Re) = (Dv / )
(4000) = (0.04 x v x 1030)/(2.12 x 10-3) [ m x ms-1x kgm-3/kgs-1m-1]
Velocity v = 0.21 ms-1

Overall volume flow rate = mass /(density x time)

= 2.8/1030 m3 s-1
= 2.7 x 10-3 m3 s-1
Pipe x-section = D2/4
= 0.042/4
= 1.256 x 103 m2
Volume flow rate in one tube = Axv
= 1.256 x103 m2 x 0.21 ms-1
= 0.26 x103 m3 s-1
Number of tubes in parallel = 2.7 x10-3 / 0.26 x103
= 10.38
= 11

5. Soya Bean Oil

From Appendix 4.
Viscosity = 40x10-3 Nsm-2 = 40 kg s-1 m-1
Density = 910 kgm-3
Length = 148 m
Diameter = 0.05m
6 RH bends, 2 gate valves, 1 globe valve
Equivalent Z = 3m
Mass = 20 tonnes per hour = 20x1000/60x60 = 5.56kgs-1

V = m/
= (20 x 1000)/910
= 21.98 m3 h-1
= 6.10 x 10-3 m3 s-1
v = V/A
= (6.10 x 10-3) /( 0.052/4)
= 3.11ms-1
(Re) = (Dv/ )
= (0.05 x 3.11x 910)/(40 x 10-3)
= 3.53 x 103
= 3530
Therefore flow is transitional and can take f = 0.15
Ef = (2f v2)(L/D) + 6 k1 v2 /2 + 2k2 v2 /2+ 1k3 v2 /2
= v2{ 2f((L/D) + 6 k1 /2 + 2k2 /2+ 1k3 /2}
= 3.112 (2x 0.15 x 148/0.05 + 6 x 0.74/2 + 2 x 0.13/2 + 1 x 6 /2)
= 9.67 (888 + 2.22 + 0.13 + 3)
= 8638.7 Jkg-1
But fall is Z = 3m
P = Zg
= 3 x 9.81
Power in potential energy = Zg
= 3 x 9.81 x 910
= 26.78 x103Js-1
Power in total frictional energy = mass x Ef
= 5.56 x 8639
= 48.03 x 103 Js-1
Theoretical power needed = 48.03x103 26.78 x 103
= 21.25 x 103Js-1
Efficiency = 70%
Therefore actual power needed = 21.25 x 103/ 0.7
= 30.35 x 103Js-1
= 30.35 x 103 /7.46 x 102
= 41 hp

6. Air dryer at 80oC

Volume = 100 m3min-1 = 100/60 = 1.67 m3s-1
Rectangular cross section area = 0.6m x 1.4m = 0.84 m2
For 4 right angle bends of long radius:
Pressure drop = 0.25 x 4 = 1.0 velocity heads
Pressure drop in bed = 4 velocity heads
Pressure drop in heater coils = 1.2 velocity heads
Total pressure drop = 6.2 velocity heads
Velocity = 1.67/0.84 = 1.99 ms-1
2
Velocity head = v /2g
= 1.992/(2 x 9.81)
= 0.20m
Total pressure drop = 6.2 x 0.20
= 1.24m

Zair air = Zwater water

Zwater = Zair air/water
= 1.24 x 1 / 1,000
= 0.00124m
= 0.124cm
Therefor the fan will work in this circuit.