RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Genetics with title Drosophila melanogasters Life

Cycle Observation which made by:
Name : Bertha Tandi
ID : 1414442010
Class : ICP B
Group : I1 (Two)

has been checked by Assistant and Assistant coordinator, so this report is

accepted.

Makassar, January 5th 2017

Coordinator Assistant, Assistant,

Ferry Irawan, S.Pd. Ferry Irawan, S.Pd.

Known by,
The Lecturer of Lab

Hartati,S.Si,M.Si, Ph.D
NIP.19740405 20000 3 200
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Index finger length is affected by dominant genes depends on the sex of
the individual. If we put the right hand or left hand us on a piece of paper
which contained a horizontal line such that the tip of the ring finger touching
the line, then we can know whether we index fingers are longer or shorter than
the ring finger. In most people, the tip of the index finger will not reach the
line, it means that the index finger shorter than the ring finger. The index
finger shorter than the ring finger is caused by a dominant gene.
Fingerprint formula is one way of identification. In the world of the
police, finger formula is used as a way to identify someone. Because the
fingerprint is a unique and different for each person, then the formula
fingerprints would be different in each person. Formulation of fingerprints
(classification formula ) the affixing on each column fingerprint card that
shows the interpretation of the basic shape , the number of number of lines,
forms a loop, and the course outline.
If we put our right hand or left on a device where there is a horizontal
line such that the tip of the ring finger touching the line, then we can know
whether our index finger will be longer or shorter than the ring finger. In most
people, the tip of the index finger will not reach the line, meaning that the
index finger shorter than the ring finger. Short index finger is caused by a
dominant gene in the male and recessive in females. Except for the sex
chromosome genes strung gene is also known genes that are influenced by the
sex genes and genes that are restricted sex genes. Then we will recognize
something that is caused by a gene trait genes that influenced sex
Here, as for genes that dominance depends on the sex of the individual.
One of them is the length of the index finger. If we put our right hand or left
on a pedestal where there horizontal line such that the tip of the ring finger
touching the line, then we can know whether our index finger will be longer or
 shorter than the ring finger . The dominant gene usually shows the influence
on the individual male or male and female or female. In the state of
homozigotik recessive, dominant influence it will not appear in the phenotype.
Based on the above, to find out more about the dominant gene or
genotype of everyone including myself is necessary to do a practicum.
B. Purpose
Try set the genotype itself based on the size of the fingers and know the
frequency of phenotypes and genotype the length of the index finger.
C. Benefit
Set the genotype itself based on the size of the fingers and know the
frequency of phenotypes and genotype the length of the index finger.

CHAPTER II
 LITERATURE PREVIEW

Sex chromosomes house the sex-determining genes responsible for

activating the developmental cascade that directs embryonic development to a
male or a female fate [19]. The techniques needed to detect sex chromosomes
depend in part on the evolutionary history of the sex chromosome pair. Sex
chromosomes originate when a sex-determining mutation arises in a pair of
autosomes [12, 20]. This initial step is followed by the accumulation of additional
mutations conferring some sex-specific advantage and by decreased
recombination, sometimes involving chromosomal inversions or rearrangements
[11, 12, 21]. This process may lead to the formation of two morphologically
distinct sex chromosomes, exhibiting different patterns of heterochromatin
accumulation and deletions, and to the degeneration of the nonrecombining
heterogametic sex chromosome (Y or W) due to its higher mutation accumulation
rate and ineffective selection [12, 22, 23]. In such cases, the detection of this
heteromorphic pair of sex chromosomes can be carried out using classical
cytogenetic techniques. For instance, a simple Giemsa-stained karyotype will
reveal sex chromosome heteromorphisms due to differences in size while banding
techniques (e.g., G-, C-, replication banding, DAPI banding, etc.) will reveal
heteromorphic heterochromatin patterns (Janes, 2011).
Mammalian females have two X chromosomes, while males have only one
X plus a Y chromosome. In order to balance X-linked gene dosage between the
sexes, one X chromosome undergoes inactivation during development of female
embryos. This process has been termed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI).
Inactivation of the single X chromosome also occurs in the male, but is transient
and is confined to the late stages of first meiotic prophase during spermatogenesis.
This phenomenon has been termed meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI).
A substantial portion (~1525%) of X-linked mRNA-encoding genes escapes XCI
in female somatic cells. While no mRNA genes are known to escape MSCI in
males, ~80% of X-linked mRNA genes have been shown to escape this process.
Recent results have led to the proposal that the RNA interference mechanism may
be involved in regulating XCI in female cells. We suggest that some MSCI-
escaping miRNAs may play a similar role in regulating MSCI in male germ cells
(Yan, 2009).
However, sex chromosomes need not be grossly heteromorphi in size or
banding pattern as the degeneration of the Y or W sex chromosome is not
ubiquitous (e.g., [24] reviewed in [19]). This may be the case for sex chromosome
systems at their early stages of evolution [11, 23, 25 28] or at an evolutionary
stable state in some ancient sex chromosome systems (e.g., [2931]; reviewed in
[19]) Homomorphic sex chromosomes may therefore be cryptic and their
detection may require molecular cytogenetic techniques such as comparative
genome hybridization method (CGH; [32]) that can reveal more subtle differences
in DNA content. Recent examples of cryptic sex chromosomes in amniotes
revealed by CGH include microchromosome systems in the dragon lizard (Pogona
vitticeps) [33], the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) [34], and the
Australian snake-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis) [35], as well as a
macrochromosome system in the Macquarie turtle (Emydura maquarii) [36].
Using CGH, differences in DN content between the sexes are revealed by the
differential hybridization pattern on chromosomal spreads of male and female
genomic DNA previously labeled with two different fluorochromes (Janes, 2011).
Based on a manual assessment of all publicly available human expressed
sequences and genes from other organisms, we have annotated 1,098 genes (7.1
genes per Mb) across four different categories (see Methods): known genes (699),
novel coding sequences (132), novel transcripts (166), and putative transcripts.
We have also identified 700 pseudogenes in the sequence (4.6 pseudogenes per
Mb), of which 644 are classified as processed and 56 as non-processed. The gene
density (excluding pseudogenes) on the X chromosome is among the lowest for
the chromosomes that have been annotated to date. This might simply reflect a
low gene density on the ancestral autosomes. Alternatively, selection may have
favoured transposition of particular classes of gene from the X chromosome to the
autosomes during mammalian evolution. These could include developmental
genes for which the protein products are required in double dose in males (or in
females after XCI has occurred), or genes for which mutation in male somatic
tissues is lethal (Nature,2005).

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / Date : Wednesday, December 21st 2016
 Time : at 10.50 am until 12.30 pm
Place : Biology Laboratory 2rd Floor of the east, Faculty of
Mathematic and Sience, state University of Makassar.
B. Tools and Materials
Tools
a. Pen
b. Ruler
Materials
a. Paper
C. Work Procedure
As for how the work done in this lab are as follows:
1. Create a clear horizontal lines on a page of the book itself.

2. Placing the right hand or left hand on the paper.

3. Put the sign where the trail end of the index finger by using a pencil or pen.

4. Take note of the observations.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Results
Female
No Name Genotype Phenotype
 1 Mikhe tt Same long
2 Rahma Tt Unequal long
3 Riska TT Long
4 Qory Tt Unequal long
5 Dian Tt Unequal long
6 Tini Tt Unequal long
7 Vivi Tt Unequal long
8 Piyo Tt Unequal long
9 Basliah Tt Unequal long
10 Intan Tt Unequal long

B. Data Analysis
Known:
- Total number of data = 10
- Female with same long forefinger = 1
- Female with Unequal long forefinger =8
- Female with long forefinger =1
-
a. Phenotype percentage (%)
1. Female ()
short forefinger
- Long forefinger (TT) = data 100%

1
= 10 100%

= 0,1 100% = 10%

long forefinger
- Unequal Long forefinger (Tt) = data 100%

0.8
= 10 100%

= 0,8 100%= 80%

long forefinger
- Same Long forefinger (tt) = data

100%
1
= 1 0 100%

= 0,1 100% = 10%

b. Genotype percentage (%)
Note : Dominant homozygote = TT = p2
Heterozygote = 2Tt = 2pq
Resesif heterozygote = tt = q2
 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, for p+q=1
1. Female ()
short forefinger
2
a) Allele frequency, p =

p= short forefinger

p= 1
10 = 0.1 = 0,316

So, p + q = 1
q = 1 0,316
q = 0, 683

b) Genotype frequency
TT = p2= 0,3162 = 0,09
Tt = 2pq = 2 (0,316 0,683) = 0,11
tt = q2 = 0,6832 = 0,46
c) % Female genotype
TT = p2 100%
= 0,09 100% = 9%
Tt = 2pq 100%
= 0,11 100% = 11%
tt = q2 100%
= 0,46 100% = 46 %
C. Discussion
Based on obeservation of the praticum of genetic, we know about how to
determine the different of every human in this class as the simple subject of
the affect of gen by sexs. We know that every human has a different for the
some things on their body like when we do the observation out of the body
like the shape of the finger, some of short and some of long that depent on the
gen on their parent, and also that we know with this observation we can know
the reason why we watch other has different of the other human.
There are 10 probandus in our class which 10 females and get the result 1
females with same long forefinger, 1 long forefinger and 8 females with
unequal long forefinger. Based on the ordinance that genotype of female with
short forefinger is TT, female with same long forefinger is tt, male with same
long forelinger is tt, and male with unequal long forefinger is Tt.
 Based on observation we get the phenotype and genotype precentages.
Phenotype precentage for female with long forefinger is 10% and phenotype
precentage for female with same long forefinger is same 10% because each 8
females have unequal long forefinger is 80%. While the genotype precentage
for female with short forefinger (TT) is 10% with the frequency 0,09. The
genotype precentage for female with long forefinger heterozigotic (Tt) is 80%
with the frequency 0,11, and genotype for female with same long forefinger
homozigotic (tt) is 10% with frequency 0,46 .

CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Conclusion from the lab can be concluded that genotype from ourself can
know from phenotype or the characteristic that we can seem and the genotype
from anyone was different based on their parents genotype. The genotype
frequency for female with short forefinger (TT) is 0,5. The genotype
frequency for female with long forefinger heterozigotic (Tt) is 0,414, and
genotype for female with long forefinger homozigotic (tt) is 8,85. And for
male the genotipe based on phenotype frequency just for male with long
forefinger is 1.
B. Suggestion
Better set well the schedule for the practicum and always accompany the
student to the practice, so all the mistake will not happen.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Janes Daniel E., Nicole Valenzuela. 2011 . Sex Chromosome Evolution in

Amniotes: Applications for Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Libraries:
Harvard University
Yan, Wei. John R. McCarrey. 2009. Sex chromosome inactivation in the male.
Epigenetics. Vol. 4 [452].
Nature Publishing Group. 2005. The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.
Nature. Vol. 434 [325].