UNIVERSIDADE NOVE DE JULHO

Fazer ou no fazer algo s depende de nossa vontade e perseverana.

Albert Einstein

MATERIAL DE APOIO DE INGLS INSTRUMENTAL

CURSOS: CINCIA DA COMPUTAO e

TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAO

Material organizado pelas professoras:

Adriana Soeiro Pino

Chafia Laszkiew
Silvana Vieira Elias Satyro
Verusca Praciano de Paula
Yara Marisol Contipelli

2008

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 PROGRAMA DA DISCIPLINA INGLS TCNICO

CURSOS: Cincia da Computao e Tecnologia da Informao

DISCIPLINA: INGLS TCNICO/ CARGA HORRIA SEMESTRAL: 80 horas/aula
INSTRUMENTAL
EMENTA:

O curso de Ingls Tcnico objetiva atender as necessidades lingsticas do aluno. Tendo em vista que sua
necessidade bsica no 3 grau ser a leitura de textos da rea. Assim, temos como objetivo enfocar estratgias de
leitura, desenvolver a habilidade de leitura em lngua inglesa em reas diversas e a selecionar informaes de acordo
com o objetivo de leitura estabelecido.

Em um segundo momento do curso, o aluno lidar com aspectos morfolgicos, com possvel interveno de
gramtica contextualizada, de modo a viabilizar a compreenso do texto propriamente dito bem como a aquisio de
vocabulrio tcnico utilizado no seu dia a dia. Para isso, o aprendiz contar com textos de sua rea, tambm
buscando informaes especficas em revistas e livros tcnicos.

OBJETIVOS:

Conscientizar e desenvolver estratgias de leitura em vrios nveis: compreenso geral, de pontos principais e
detalhada, capacitando os alunos compreenso de textos tcnicos na rea de Cincia da Computao atravs de
estratgias de leitura e habilidades de raciocnio visando a compreenso do texto propriamente dito, a aquisio de
vocabulrio tcnico da lngua inglesa.

Enfocar estratgias de aprendizagem, gramtica aplicada ao texto, ensino de vocabulrio e conhecimento de

organizao textual, percepo crtica do texto.

CONTEDO PROGRAMTICO:
Apresentao do professor, histrico da disciplina, ementa, objetivo, critrios de avaliao.
Conscientizao do processo de leitura, estratgias e outros facilitadores.
Falsos Cognatos e palavras de duplo sentido.
Idia Central, palavras-chave e uso do dicionrio.
Grupo nominal.
Elementos essenciais da orao (estrutura de frase) e pronomes de referncia.
Interpretao de texto da rea e marcadores do discurso (conectivos).
Afixos (prefixo e sufixo).
Caso Genitivo.
Tempos verbais contextualizados.

Cultura e conhecimento. Filme: Piratas do Vale do Silcio

METODOLOGIA DE ENSINO:
Aulas expositivas, dialogadas com auxlio de retroprojetor ou datashow;
Sero propostas situaes prticas, que impliquem em discusso em pequenos grupos (4 alunos);
Projeo de vdeos para desencadear debates, reflexes e /ou pesquisa;
Aulas prticas no laboratrio de informtica para aplicao de estratgias de leitura trabalhadas.
Trabalhos individuais e em grupo.

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SISTEMA DE AVALIAO:
AV1 atividade individual- testes e questes dissertativa;
AV2 - atividade individual- testes e questes dissertativa;
AV3- trabalhos realizados em sala- Avaliao contnua;
AV4- atividade individual- testes e questes dissertativa;
REFERNCIA BSICA:
TORRES, Dcio, SILVA, Alba e ROSAS, Marta. Ingls com textos para informtica. So Paulo: Disal, 2003.
DOTA, Maria Inez Mateus. Leitura crtica de textos da mdia em lngua inglesa. http://gel.org.br/4publica-estudos-
2006/sistema06/117.pdf acessado em 02 de dez. de 2006.

Programa gratuito Deskloop

http://br.youtube.com/watch?v=g1cKINPLLBk&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperdownloads%2Euol%2Ecom%2Ebr
%2Fdownload%2F159%2Fdeskloops%2F
http://br.youtube.com/watch?v=DF3lxxD0l6Q&mode=related&search=
http://br.youtube.com/watch?v=5s_vuSckF3I&mode=related&search=
http://www.xilokit.com/deskloops/Deskloops_UserGuide.pdf
Comentrios e trailers do Vdeo: Piratas da Informtica
http://www.sbvb.com.br/Analise_do_filme_Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley.pdf
http://alt.tnt.tv/movies/tntoriginals/pirates/frame_index.htm
http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/trailer.html?v_id=180308
Dicionrios tcnicos on line:
http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Computer_Science/2007/2007_terms.asp
http://www.aprendendoingles.com.br/businessenglish.shtml
Sites indicados:
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/
http://www.teacheronline.com.br
http://www.sk.com.br
http://www.teclasap.com.br
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/
http://www.edict.com.hk/

REFERNCIA COMPLEMENTAR:
MUNHOZ, Rosngela. Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo I. So Paulo: Texto Novo, 2000.
MUNHOZ, Rosngela. Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo II. So Paulo: Texto Novo, 2001.
MARINOTTO, Demostene. Reading on info tech- Ingls para Informtica. So Paulo: Novatech estudantil, 2004.
GALANTE, Terezinha Prado. Ingls Bsico para Informtica. So Paulo: Atlas, 2000

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APRESENTAO DO CURSO

O que ingls instrumental? Como surgiu?

English for Specific Purposes (E.S.P), que em portugus quer dizer: Ingls com Objetivos
Especficos, tambm chamado de ingls instrumental ou tcnico, ou seja, a habilidade de entender
textos em lngua inglesa usando estratgias especficas de leitura.
Surgiu com a necessidade de comunicao rpida e eficaz em vrios contextos mundiais. Como
por exemplo: durante a guerra, os soldados precisavam aprender o idioma do inimigo para sobreviverem,
este vocabulrio bsico era visto no avio, navio, nos campos de batalha.
Com o passar do tempo, outros contextos sociais foram surgindo, como: a necessidade de leitura
de livros, revistas, catlogos, instrues operacionais, manuais escritos em ingls que precisavam ser
compreendidos pelos usurios, etc. Sendo assim, torna-se necessrio uma abordagem especfica da
lngua Inglesa, que atenda as necessidades profissionais dos estudantes, que so leitura e compreenso
de livros.
E assim, o Ingls Instrumental possui o objetivo de desenvolver a habilidade de leitura, isto , de
compreenso de textos de diversas reas do conhecimento escritos em lngua inglesa, utilizando para
isso estratgias de leitura, a fim de tornar o aluno capaz de compreender um texto da sua rea de
estudo.
Nesse enfoque, a leitura conta com o conhecimento prvio dos leitores. O ingls instrumental
consiste no treinamento instrumental dessa lngua, em que a leitura tem por objetivo extrair
conhecimentos para reas especficas de estudo.
Vale lembrar que o ingls instrumental ou tcnico no visa comunicao oral em ingls, pois
sua principal habilidade a leitura e o estudo de gramtica restringe-se a um mnimo necessrio, sendo
normalmente associada ao texto.
Mtodo
Desenvolve a leitura ("reading") de forma limitada a um objetivo especfico, atravs da habilidade de
manipular textos em lngua inglesa, tentando assimilar a compreenso geral e inferir informaes
especficas. A gramtica ensinada de forma contextualizada a um objetivo especfico.
Traduo os textos
No h traduo, porm outros mtodos so utilizados como, por exemplo: deduo, contexto semntico,
reconhecimento de afixos, cognatos e vocabulrio da rea.
Como sero as aulas?
As aulas sero ministradas em portugus, pois no curso no sero trabalhadas as habilidades da
fala, de compreenso oral e de escrita.
No haver traduo literal, outras estratgias sero utilizadas como por exemplo, deduo,
cognatos, familiares, dicas tipogrficas e outros.
Muitos exerccios de leitura e compreenso de textos, os quais vocs podero aplicar as
estratgias de leitura que sero ensinadas.
O ingls instrumental poder abrir seus horizontes de leitura e assim voc se manter mais informado e
prximo ao mundo globalizado
TESTE: COMO EST O SEU INGLS?
Leia atentamente o texto abaixo e assinale a opo correta para cada questo.

1 A computer is a programmable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high-speed
logical and mathematical operations. However, it is not able to think. It accepts data and instructions as
input, and after processing them, it outputs the results.

4 When we talk about computers, we have to consider the hardware and the software. The
hardware consists of all the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system, and the
software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer.

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QUESTES DE 1 A 11
1) O melhor ttulo para o texto seria:
a) The history of Computers
b) What is a computer?
c) Hardware x Software

2) uma idia presente no texto:

a) o computador resolve problemas atravs do seu prprio raciocnio.
b) o hardware mais importante para o computador do que o software.
c) o processamento de dados composto de trs etapas.

3) Do texto, podemos inferir que:

a) o computador se presta a diversas aplicaes por causa da sua versatilidade.
b) o computador est se tornando cada dia menor e mais barato.
c) o computador a inveno humana que mais evoluiu nas ltimas dcadas.

4) (...) the software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer. A
idia contida na orao acima est associada a:
a) It basically consists of the systems analysts, the programmers, the operators and the technical
managers.
b) It is the collection of man-written solutions, as well as all documents to guide the operation of a
computer.
c) It consists of several units: the CPU, the main memory, and the peripherals known as input and output
devices.

5) No trecho selecionado para a questo 4, a palavra programs pode ser entendida como:
a) canais
b) jogos
c) instrues

6) A pergunta que pode ser respondida com base nas informaes contidas no texto :
a) Quem inventou o computador?
b) O que significa software?
c) O que um dispositivo de entrada?

7) A opo na qual a palavra computer exerce a funo de modificador :

a) computer (I. 1)
b) computers (I. 4)
c) computer (I. 5)

8) O melhor pargrafo para finalizar o texto seria:

a) Fourth-generation computers are rather faster than third-generation computers and can complete
thousands of instructions at a time.
b) On the backside of the computer, there are several slots into which we can connect a wide range of
peripherals.
c) In only a short time, the computer has changed the way in which many jobs are done and has become
part of our everyday lives.

9) De acordo com o texto e com as informaes abaixo faa a correspondncia entre as palavras (
esquerda) e as definies ( direita)
a) computer game ( ) The study and development of computer systems, hardware and software.
b) computer graphics ( ) All of the hardware and software that can interact with a particular computer.
c) computer science ( ) Charts, graphs, diagrams, or pictures produced with the aid of a computer.
d) computer security ( ) A computer program designed for amusement or instruction.
e)computer system ( )The process of protecting a computer system from access by virus or
unauthorized persons.

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10) Os fatos abaixo esto relacionados com a histria do computador. Numere-os de 1 a 5, partindo do
mais antigo para o mais recente.

( ) In the 17th and 18th centuries, many ways of calculating were invented.
( ) The first analog computer was used in World War II.
( ) The primitive calculating device was the fingers of a mans hands.
( ) Howard Aiken invented the first digital computer, called Mark 1.
( ) The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.

11) Identifique as partes componentes do computador abaixo:

Monitor Screen Keyboard Mouse CD-Rom Drive Disk Drive Scanner Printer CD-Rom - Floppy
Disk/Diskette

12) Complete a coluna de exemplos da tabela com as partes identificadas na figura:

Type Description Example

Storage devices Provide permanent storage for data and programs. a) _________________________
b) _________________________
Input devices Enable data to go into the computers memory.
c) _________________________
Enable users to extract information from the d) _________________________
Output devices
system. e) _________________________

13) A orao que melhor resume as idias contidas no texto, na figura e na tabela :
a) Most computers are equipped with data communication facilities.

b) Computers are also used in education and business.

c) A computer is not only a machine but also a system.

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 CONSCIENTIZAO

Faa este exerccio em grupo, dessa forma voc ter a oportunidade de trocar idias com seus colegas.

EXERCCIO 1

Voc vai ler um texto em portugus; tente encontrar palavras adequadas para substituir pelas palavras
estranhas que voc encontrar.
Ao terminar o exerccio, seu professor vai pedir para voc ler o texto substituindo as palavras estranhas
pelas que voc selecionou. Esteja pronto para justificar suas escolhas.

Text: Uma situao muito charocada

Ontem eu estava na baca de mena zunica quando algo muito charocado me aconteceu.
Estvamos em uma boletinha, quando resolvi ir ao tineiro; quando voltei percebi que todas as pessoas
sulupiavam para mim e binavam; no me dolotei e continuei laminhando.
J tinha lotuado uns dois cricks e laminhado por toda dara, quando uma zunica se aproximou e tritou que
eu havia farenido de telar o cter da malta quando fui ao tineiro; o pior de tudo que eu estava felhando
uma fubpa xelena!

EXERCCIO 2
Observe o texto a seguir, em dinamarqus, e veja se voc consegue responder as questes:

1) Que tipo de texto este? _____________________________________________________

2) Qual o objetivo deste texto? __________________________________________________

3) Quem voc acha que estaria interessado em ler um texto deste tipo?
______________________________________________________________________

4) Onde voc acha que poderia encontrar este texto?

______________________________________________________________________

5) H palavras parecidas com o portugus, ou com outra lngua que voc conhece? Quais so elas?
Copie-as do texto.
_______________________________________________________________________

CASINO AALBORG
Velkommen til Danmarks mest venlige kasino

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Ved Stranden, 14-16 Tlf. 98 10 15 50. Glaed dig til spaendende og morsomme timer i selskab med
festlige mennesker i en international atmosfaere. Aben alle ugens dage fra kl. 20.00 04.00. Entr DKK
50,00,-. Der er legitimationspligt i henhold til dansk lov. Ingen adgang for unge under 18 ar.
Leia novamente o texto e tente encontrar respostas para estas perguntas:

1) Qual o horrio de atendimento do cassino? __________________________________________

2) Quanto custa o ingresso?__________________________________________________________
3) Qual o telefone do cassino? _______________________________________________________
4) Quem pode freqentar o cassino? ___________________________________________________
(extrado de: Munhoz, Ingls Instrumental: estratgias de leitura. 2003 p.18)

Exerccio 3
QUEQUE DE PIRULAS
Kawellus:

3 cucharaditas de polvos de mochar

9 pirulas

1 taza de azcar
2 tazas de harina
2 tazas de mosta

Choricion:

Se falte la mosta hasta que quede bien unida. Ls pirulas se falten aparte a punto de nieve dura.
A la mosta y el azcar se le agrega la harina y el polvo de mochar, faltendo todo bien. Por ltimo
se agregan ls pirulas uniendo sin falter.
Se enmosta um molde y se llena hasta mitad. Se pone unos 10 minutos em mocho fuerte com
fuego bajo; despues se deja a mocho regular, sin abrir el mocho. Demora en estar premido de a 1
hora.

(Armando Baltra)
Leia o texto e responda:

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1 Que tipo de texto este? __________________________________________________
2 Quantas partes possuem o texto? __________________________________________________

Leia novamente o texto e responda:

3 Qual o significado das palavras Kawellus e Choricion? ________________________

4 Que outras palavras so importantes? Qual o significado delas? Como se chegou a essas
concluses?__________________________________________________________________________
Fonte: CEPRIL/PUC-SP

ABILITIES AND OTHER FACILITATORS

Cognates: so palavras de origem grega ou latina bem parecidas com as do portugus.

Ex. different diferente, infection infeco.
Obs.: Ateno com os falsos cognatos. Ex. pretend no significa pretender, mas sim, fingir; importante
observar se a palavra se encaixa no contexto.

Repeated words: se uma palavra aparece vrias vezes no texto, isto significa que ela importante para
a compreenso do mesmo.

Typographical Evidences: so smbolos, letras maisculas, negrito, itlico, etc., que do dicas teis
sobre o texto.

Selectivity: leitura seletiva, isto , selecionar os trechos onde se quer encontrar uma determinada
informao (pargrafos, por exemplo).

Dictionary: o dicionrio deve ser utilizado como ltimo recurso para se descobrir o significado de uma
palavra ou expresso desconhecida. Isso para que a leitura no seja lenta demais, e para que o leitor
no desanime tendo que parar toda vez que encontrar algo desconhecido.

ESTRATGIAS DE LEITURA

Skimming: leitura rpida para ter-se uma idia central do texto.

Scanning: leitura com objetivo de encontrar algumas informaes especficas no texto.

Prediction: significa inferir o contedo de um texto atravs de seu conhecimento prvio sobre o tema
(background); atravs do contexto semntico (palavras de um mesmo grupo, por exemplo: hospital,
nurse, doctor, ambulance); contexto lingstico (pistas gramaticais); contexto no-lingstico (gravuras,
grficos, tabelas, nmeros, etc.); conhecimento sobre estrutura do texto (lay out, ttulo, subttulo, diviso
de pargrafos, etc.).
Vale ressaltar a importncia do conhecimento prvio do leitor e das suas expectativas e dedues em
relao ao texto.

COGNATOS

Muito comuns na Lngua Inglesa, os cognatos so palavras de procedncia grega ou latina, bastantes
parecidas com as da Lngua Portuguesa, tanto na forma, como no significado.

Os cognatos podem ser:

Idnticos:
Exs.: radio, piano, hospital, hotel, sofa, nuclear, social, total, particular, chance, camera, inventor, etc.

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 Bastante parecidos:
Exs.: gasoline, banks, inflation, intelligent, population, revolution, commercial, attention, different,
products, secretary, billion, dramatic, deposits, distribution, automatic, television, public, events, models,
etc.

Vagamente parecidos:
Exs.: electricity, responsible, explain, activity, impossible, lamp, company, etc.

PALAVRAS FAMILIARES (ESTRANGEIRISMOS)

Familiares so palavras conhecidas pela maioria das pessoas que vive em um pas altamente
influenciado pela cultura dos pases de Lngua Inglesa. No tm a mesma origem das palavras da Lngua
Portuguesa.

Alguns exemplos de Familiares:

Software Windows Hot dog Diet

Fast food Video game Credit card Mouse
Delivery Dollar Marketing Light
Shows Moto/Office Boy Site Drive-thru
Hamburguer Play DVD / CD Record

COGNATOS
Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se paream com o Portugus e
aquelas que so usadas da mesma forma tanto na Lngua Inglesa como na Lngua Portuguesa.

a. Computers are electronic machines that process information. They can perform complex
operations in a fraction of time. But, they cant think.

b. Computers are divided into two parts: hardware and software. Hardware refers to the actual
equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer.

c. The CPU is the part of a computer that executes the arithmetic and logic operations. It controls all
the computer activities.

d. Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data. It is expressed as
quantities of K. For example, each K is equal to 1,024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits.

e. A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath. It is used to point the cursor at different parts of
the screen or at specials symbols called icons.

f. There are many different high-level languages. Each one has its advantage or disadvantage.
COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, ALGOL and PASCAL are examples of high-level languages.

g. Data put into a computer is INPUT. The input is processed according to the program that is being
used. The results of processing are called OUTPUT.

h. Film transparent de qualit suprieure. Faites de votre imprimante couleur HP Deskjet une
machine fabriquer ls transparents pour rtroprojecteur. (Hewlett Packard)

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 SKIMMING
Leia os segmentos abaixo e utilizando os cognatos e familiares identifique o assunto abordado
em cada um deles:

1) One of the most impressive sights in Paris, this construction was built in the second half of the 19th
century as an ornament, presumably to show the possibilities of steel, and to allow Parisians to see their
own city from above. Now a major tourist attraction for visitors from all over the world and a site for TV
and radio transmissions. It is linked in the worlds mind with the image of France and Paris.
- ____________________________________________.
2) In computer science, a popular pointing input device, used mostly for playing computer games but used
for other tasks as well. It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical
stem. Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem. The stem can be moved
to control the movement of an object on the screen.
- ____________________________________________.

3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium, such as a transparency.
They can be categorized in any of several ways. The most common distinction is impact x, non impact.
Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix; non impact include every other type
of print mechanism including laser, ink-jet and thermal.
- ____________________________________________.

4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland, Ireland and USA, by fermenting certain cereal grains
and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40% alcohol. It is drunk with or without
ice, soda or according to taste.
- ____________________________________________.
5) A common pointing device. Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom, designed to be gripped by
one hand; one or more buttons on the top; a ball on the bottom; and a cable connecting it to the computer.
By moving it on a surface, the user typically controls a cursor. To select items or choose commands on the
screen, the user presses one of the buttons, producing a click._________________________________.

Scanning

Complete the chart using the information from the texts below:

1. Czechoslovakias minister of Finance, 2. Last week Mexican poet and

Vaclav Klaus, an advocate of free-market essayist Octavio Paz, 76, was
economic reforms, has emerged as his awarded this years Nobel Prize
countrys fastest-rising politician. At a in Literature. A day after the
recent congress of the Civic Forum, the announcement, Paz met with
the coalition that toppled the Communist Newsweeks Sarah Crichton in
regime, Klaus was elected chairman, over- New York.
whelming the candidate supported by
President Vaclav Havel. Last week in
Prague, Klaus, 49, talked with News-
Weeks Andrew Nagorski about the
Significance of his upset victory.

3. Chilean novelist Isabel Allende, 48, a 4. Jean-Luc Godard, 60, is widely

niece of the late President Salvador
Allende, is one of the most celebrated
authors writing in Spanish. While visiting
Rome to promote the release of her latest
book, Stories of Eva Luna, she talked to
Newsweeks Anne Whaley.
considered one of the worlds great
film directors. A founder of the
French New Wave film movement,
along with Franois Truffaut and
Eric Rohmer, Godard has directed
such modern classics as Contempt

11
 Starring Brigitte Bardot and others.
His latest film, New Wave features
Alain Delon. Recently, Godard spoke
with Newsweeks Benjamin Iury at
at his office in Rolle, Switzerland.

Name Age Nationality Occupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION
Correspondncia
a) Suponhamos que voc acaba de receber um carto-postal de um amigo que est viajando. O
carto pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram. Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada
em cada lacuna atravs da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto.

Querido_________________________,
A viagem est sendo __________________ .Tenho____ divertido
bastante por aqui. H muitas ______________ para fazer durante
a noite: vrios bares, restaurantes, cinemas e teatros e
_______________ variedade de shows. A cidade
________________ bonita, com uma geografia encantadora.
Ontem __________o Po de Acar com meus primos. A subida
do bondinho d um __________na barriga, mas vale a pena
vencer o medo. A _________ l do alto do morro fantstica!

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem a com vocs. Volto

__________ uma semana. Um grande abrao e at a
________________
b) Como voc descobriu as palavras que faltavam? ______________________________________
c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo no estar mencionada no carto, ela pode
ser facilmente reconhecida. Que meios voc utilizou para a deduo? _____________________
d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajud-lo a fazer inferncias? _______________
______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que voc conhece?

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______________________________________________________________________
2- Que estratgias voc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaes:
a) Voc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa.
______________________________________________________________________
b) Voc liga a televiso e ouve a notcia que lhe interessa pela metade.
______________________________________________________________________
c) Voc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme.
___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser, and what browsers are available?

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web. Browsers require
a connection to the Internet (e.g., through a cable modem, a direct Ethernet connection, or a modem).

Popular web browsers include the following: Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, Internet Explorer, and Safari

Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Netscape, and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text,
graphics, sound, and other media. These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a
mouse to navigate. Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Netscape are available for both Windows and
Macintosh computers; Safari is available only for Mac OS X.

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs). Netscape
and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs; Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs. All
are available via IUware at: http://iuware.iu.edu/

1) O que um Browser e para que usado? (Resposta em portugus)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto, quais so os Browsers mais populares? (Resposta em portugus)

____________________________________________________________________________________
3) O que estes browsers oferecem?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4) Para onde o Firefox est disponvel? ___________________________________________________
5) Para onde o Safari est disponvel? ____________________________________________________
6) Qual o tipo de texto?_______________________________________________________________
7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto.
8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e d a traduo.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

13
 FALSOS COGNATOS
Tambm chamados de falsos amigos, os falsos cognatos so palavras normalmente derivadas
do latim, que tm portanto a mesma origem e que aparecem em diferentes idiomas com
ortografia semelhante, mas que ao longo dos tempos acabaram adquirindo significados
diferentes.
Abaixo est a tabela de falsos cognatos.

SIGNIFICA EM
EM INGLS PORTUGUS MAS PARECE SER QUE EM INGLS
ACTUAL REAL ATUAL PRESENT
NOWADAYS,
ACTUALLY NA VERDADE ATUALMENTE TODAY
ADVERTISE ANNCIO ADVERTIR WARN
ALUMNUS EX-ALUNO ALUNO PUPIL
WRINKLE, DENT,
AMASS ACUMULAR AMASSAR CRUSH
APPLICATION INSCRIO APLICAO INVESTMENT
APPOINTMENT HORA MARCADA APONTAMENTO NOTE
ARGUMENT DISCUSSO ARGUMENTO REASONING
ASSIST AJUDAR ASSISTIR ATTEND
ATTEND FREQUENTAR ATENDER ANSWER, SERVE
COURT
AUDIENCE PLATIA, PBLICO AUDINCIA APPEARENCE
AVAILABLE DISPONVEL AVALIAR EVALUATE
BALCONY SACADA BALCO COUNTER
BARRACS QUARTEL BARRACA HUT, TENT
BATON BATUTA, CACETETE BATOM LIPSTICK
BEEF CARNE DE GADO BIFE STEAK
STREERCAR,
BOND LAO, LIGAO BUNDE TRAM
CAFETERIA REFEITRIO CAFETERIA COFFEE SHOP
CAMERA MQ. FOTOGRFICA CMARA CHAMBER, TUBE
CARTON CAIXA DE PAPELO CARTO CARD
CASUALTY FATALIDADE CASUALIDADE CASUALLNESS
CIGAR CHARUTO CIGARRO CIGARETTE
COLLAR GOLA, COLARINHO COLAR NECKLACE
COLLEGE FACULDADE COLGIO HIGH SCHOOL
COMMODITY ARTIGO, MERCADORIA COMODIDADE COMFORT
A PAIR OF
COMPASS BSSOLA COMPASSO COMPASSES
COMPETITION CONCORRNCIA COMPETIO CONTEST
COMPREHENSIVE COMPLETO, TOTAL COMPREENSIVO UNDERSTANDING
CONDUCTOR COBRADOR CONDUTOR DRIVER
COMPETIO,
CONTEST CONCURSO CONTEXTO CONTEXT
CONVENIENT PRTICO CONVENIENTE APPROPRIATE
CONVICT CONDENADO CONVICTO CERTAIN
COSTUME ROUPA, FANTASIA COSTUME CUSTOM, HABIT
DATA DADOS, INFORMAES DATA DATE
DECEPTION LOGRO, FRAUDE DECEPO DISAPPOINTMENT
DECORATE DECORAR(ORNAMENTAR) DECORAR(SABER DE COR) MEMORIZE
DEFENDANT RU DEFENDER DEFEND
PROJETO, CRIAO,
DESIGN ESTILO DESIGNAR APPOINT

14
DISGUST NUSEA DESGOSTO GRIEF
DIVERT DESVIAR DIVERTIR ENJOY
EDITOR REDATOR EDITOR PUBLISHER
EDUCATED INSTRUDO EDUCADO POLITE
EMISSION DESCARGA EMISSO ISSUE
ENROLL ALISTAR-SE ENROLLAR WIND, CURL
ESTATE PROPRIEDADE, IMVEL ESTADO STATE
EXCITING EMPOLGANTE EXCITANTE THRILLING
EXIT SADA XITO SUCCESS
EXPERT PERITO ESPERTO SMART
EXQUISITE APURADO ESQUISITO WEIRD
FABRIC TECIDO FBRICA FACTORY
MEMBER OF THE
FAMILIAR CONHECIDO FAMILIAR FAMILY
FILE ARQUIVO FILA LINE, QUEUE
GRIP AGARRAR FIRME GRIPE COLD
INCOME TAX DECLARAO DE DEVOLUO DE IMPOSTO INCOME TAX
RETURN IMPOSTO DE RENDA DE RENDA REFUND
INGENIOUS CRIATIVO, ENGENHOSO INGNUO NAIVE
INGENUITY ENGENHOSIDADE INGENUIDADE NAIVETY
INJURY FERIMENTO INJRIA INSULT
INJURY FERIMENTO INJURIA INSULT
INSCRIPTION RAVAO EM RELEVO INSCRIO APPLICATION
INTEND PRETENDER ENTENDER UNDERSTAND
INTOXICATION EMBRIAGUEZ INTOXICAO POISONING
INTRODUCE APRESENTAR INTRODUZIR INSERT
JOURNAL PERIDICO JORNAL NEWSPAPER
NUM DADO MOMENTO, JUSTO(APERTADO - DE
JUST APENAS JUSTIA) TIGHT - FAIR
LAMP LUMINRIA LMPADA LIGHT BULB
LARGE GRANDE LARGO WIDE
LECTURE PALESTRA LEITURA READING
LEGEND LENDA LEGENDA SUBTITLE
LIBRARY BIBLIOTECA LIVRARIA BOOKSTORE
LUNCH ALMOO LANCHE SNACK
LUXURY LUXO LUXRIA LUST
DEPARTMENT
MAGAZINE REVISTA MAGAZINE STORE
ADMINISTRAR,
MANAGE CONSEGUIR MANEJAR HANDLE
MAYOR PREFEITO MAIOR BIGGER
MOISTURE UMIDADE MISTURE MIXTURE
MOROSE RABUGENTO MOROSO SLOW
NOTICE PERCEBER NOTCIA NEWS
NOVEL ROMANCE NOVELA SOAP OPERA
OFFICE ESCRITRIO OFICIAL OFFICIAL
ORDINARY COMUM ORDINRIO VULGAR
ORE MINRIO OURO GOLD
PARENTS PAIS PARENTES RELATIVES
PARTICULAR ESPECFICO PARTICULAR PRIVATE
PASTA MASSA PASTA FOLDER, PASTE
PHYSICIAN MDICO FSICO PHYSICAL
POLICY POLTICA, NORMA POLCIA POLICE
PORT PORTO PORTA DOOR
PORTER CARREGADOR PORTEIRO DOORMAN
PREJUDICE PRECONCEITO PREJUZO DAMAGE
PRESCRIBE RECEITAR PRESCREVER EXPIRE
PRESENTLY LOGO, EM BREVE PRESENTEMENTE NOW
PRETEND FINGIR PRETENDER INTEND

15
PREVENT IMPEDIR PREVENIR WARN
PROCURE CONSEGUIR, ADQUIRIR PROCURAR LOOK FOR
PROFESSOR DE
PROFESSOR UNIVERSIDADE PROFESSOR TEACHER
PROPAGANDA DIVULGAODE IDIAS PROPAGANDA ADVERTISEMENT
APROPRIADO,
PROPER ADEQUADO PRPRIO OWN
PULL PUXAR PULAR JUMP
PUSH EMPURRAR PUXAR PULL
CREAK, GUARDA
RANGE VARIAR, COBRIR RANGER FLORESTAL
REALIZE PERCEBER REALIZAR ACCOMPLISH
RECLAIM RECUPERAR RECLAMAR COMPLAIN
REMEMBER,
RECORD GRAVAR, DISCO RECORDAR RECALL
REPORT RELATRIO REPRTER REPORTER
REQUEST,
REQUIREMENT REQUISITO REQUERIMENTO PETITION
RESPITE INTERVALO, PAUSA RESPEITO RESPECT
RESUME RECOMEAR RESUMIR SUMMARIZE
RSUM CURRCULO RESUMO SUMMARY
RETIRE APOSENTAR RETIRAR WITHDRAW
SCHOLAR ERUDITO, LETRADO ESCOLAR SCHOOLBOY
SENSIBLE SENSATO SENSIVEL SENSITIVE
SORT ESPCIE, ESCOLHER SORTE LUCK
STABLE FIRME, ESTVEL ESTBULO BARN
STRANGER DESCONHECIDO ESTRANGEIRO FOREIGNER
STUPID BURRO ESTPIDO RUDE
BEAR, STAND,
SUPPORT SUSTENTAR, APOIAR SUPORTAR TOLERATE
COMPREENSIVO, NICE, PLEASANT,
SYMPATHETIC SOLIDRIO SIMPTICO FRIENDLY
TAX IMPOSTO TAXA FEE
TEMPER TEMPERAMENTO, GNIO TEMPERO CONDIMENT
TENANT INQUILINO TENENTE LIEUTENANT
TENTATIVE PROVISRIO TENTATIVA ATTEMPT, TRY
TURN VEZ, VOLTA TURNO SHIFT
PROFESSOR
TUTOR PARTICULAR TUTOR GUARDIAN
UNIQUE DIFERENTE, SEM IGUAL NICO THE ONLY ONE
USE UTILIZAR, USAR USAR (VESTIR) WEAR
VEGETABLES VERDURAS, LEGUMES VEGETAIS PLANTS
VINE VINHA, VIDEIRA VINHO WINE
VIAGEM DE BARCO, NAVE JOURNEY, TRIP,
VOYAGE ESPACIAL VIAGEM TRAVEL

Exercite no texto abaixo alguns falsos cognatos:

A DAY AT WORK
In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives. The discussion
was very comprehensive, covering topics like working hours, days off, retirement age, etc. Both sides
were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise. The secretary recorded everything in the
notes. Eventually, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement.
Back at the office, a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed agreement would be
partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have already retired. I pretended to be
really busy and late for an appointment, and left for the cafeteria. Actually, I didn't want to discuss the
matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office.
After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax legislation and has a
graduate degree in political science. He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and

16
senior citizens, raise funds to improve college education and build a public library, and establish tougher
limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government.
Escreva o verdadeiro significado das palavras em destaque:
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
___________________ ___________________ _________________
Texto e lista extrados do site www.sk.com.br , autor Ricardo Schtz, 1999

USO DO DICIONRIO
O dicionrio uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaes sobre palavras.
Veja o exemplo abaixo:
COMPUTER:
(KAMPJULTER). An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program.

Voc pode notar que podemos encontrar:

- A representao fontica das palavras
- Abreviaturas
- Significado das palavras
- Classe gramatical das palavras

Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda:

1. Qual a representao fontica da palavra look?
2. Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo? E como verbo?
3. Qual a primeira expresso mencionada?
4. Qual o significado de to look for?

Look (luk) s. 1. Olhar m., olhadela f. 2. Expresso f. aspecto m// v. 1 Olhar 2.

Contemplar, observar. 3. /considerar. 4. Prestar ateno. 5. Ter vista para. 6. Parecer. 7.
Inspecionar, examinar
Have a ~ at It d uma olhada nisto. It ~s like rain est com aspecto de chuva, ameaa
chover. ~ out seja cuidadoso. To ~ after 1. Procurar 2. Cuidar de. To ~ down upon
Adaptado do dicionrio Ingls/Portugus Michaellis
Verbos
Quando voc procura um verbo no dicionrio geralmente encontra a base do verbo, por exemplo: look,
work, teach. Mas, quando lemos textos encontramos os verbos sob diferentes formas: looking, worked,
teaches. Quando o verbo irregular encontramos a seguinte explicao no dicionrio: Fell/fel/ v. passado
de fall. Assim, ter que procurar o verbo na sua forma base (fall), para encontrar a definio da palavra.

Observe os seguintes exemplos em Portugus e Ingls. Quais as semelhanas na forma de utilizao

das palavras no Portugus e no Ingls?
1. Ele apagou as velas.
2. Tenho que limpar as velas do carro.
3. O marinheiro levantou as velas do barco.
4. Eu no vou ao cinema com eles porque detesto segurar vela.

claro que o contexto sempre importante para a compreenso das palavras que tm vrios
significados diferentes. Em Ingls tambm o contexto muito importante para a interpretao adequada
dos vocbulos.
1. The waiter fills their glasses with champagne.
2. She went to the optician for a new pair of glasses.
3. This window is made of glass.

17
4. I like computers.
5. OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS
Voc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos tcnicos voc encontrar vrias palavras em ingls
que talvez j faam parte de seu vocabulrio, mas que nesse contexto iro adquirir novos significados.

Qual a traduo mais adequada para os vocbulos em negrito?

1. I will substitute my computer by a notebook.
2. I need a new notebook for my English classes
3. I need the key to open the door.
4. To enter the program, press any key.
5. I have to save money to by a new car.
6. Dont forget to save the file before turning off the computer.

(Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Mrcia C. Bonamim e Magali N. de Paula)
Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionrios
f. feminino
m. masculino
m. pl = masculino plural
p.p. = particpio passado
pl = plural
pop. = popular
pref. = prefixo
prep. = preposio
pret. = pretrito
pron. = pronome
s. substantivo
s.pl = plural
sg. = singular
sup. = superlativo
v. = verbo
var. = variante de
Smbolos Comuns:
separao da categoria morfolgica
~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja, a palavra que se est consultando)

Smbolos fonticos: Formas de pronncia

Vogais / Ditongos / Semivogais / Consoantes
Sinal que significa acentuao
Sinal : que significa prolongao
NOTA: Observar sempre a organizao do dicionrio (guia fontico)

DOUBLE SENSE WORDS

comum a todas as lnguas a ocorrncia de palavras com significado ou funo gramatical mltiplos.
Freqentemente este mltiplo sentido em um idioma no tem correspondente em outro. Quer dizer: os
termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas reas de significado entre diferentes idiomas. Este fenmeno,
tambm chamado de polissemia, ocorre com qualquer idioma; assim como o portugus, o ingls tambm
tem inmeras palavras de mltiplo significado. , entretanto a ocorrncia do fenmeno na lngua me do
aluno que causa maior dificuldade. Partir do geral para o particular sempre mais difcil do que o inverso.

Portanto, sempre que diferentes idias representadas pela mesma palavra na lngua me do aluno
corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda lngua, o mesmo ter dificuldades em expressar-se
corretamente. As diferentes palavras do ingls que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra

18
do portugus podem eventualmente funcionar como sinnimos, portanto neutralizando o contraste entre
os dois idiomas. O objetivo, entretanto, mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrncias mais usuais do
vocabulrio ingls moderno.

Segundo
Ingls Primeiro significado
significado
Abstract Abstrato Resumo
Determinar
Affiliate Filiar-se
Paternidade
Affluent Afluente Rico
Paciente de
Ambulant Capaz de Caminhar
Ambulatrio
Apology Apologia Desculpas
Application Aplicao Requerimento
Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se
Argument Argumento Discusso
Arm Arma Brao
Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro
Balance Balana Equilbrio
Ball Bola Baile, Bala (projtil)
Bar Bar Barra
Bat Basto de beisebol Morcego
Cancel Cancelar Carimbar
Capital Capital Maiscula
Case Caso Estojo
Cell Clula Cela
Personagem,
Character Carter
caractere
China China Porcelana
Class Classe Aula
Classified Classificado Confidencial
Club Clube Taco de golfe
Coll Fresco Legal
Collect Colecionar Cobrar, coletar
Compass Compasso Bssola
Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado
Consistent Consistente Compatvel
Content Contente Contedo
Date Date Tmara, Encontro
Directory Diretoria Lista telefnica
Easy Fcil Em Paz / Confortvel
Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro
Entertain Entreter Receber visitas
Faculty Faculdade (mental) Corpo Docente
Figure Figura Nmero
Fix Fixar Consertar
General General Geral
Individual Individual Indivduo

19
 Interest Interesse Juros
Just Justo Apenas
Legend Legenda Lenda
Letter Letra Carta
Match Ligar (Relacionar) Partida (Jogo)
Major Major Principal
Manifest Manifesto bvio
Mark Marca Nota
Mass Massa Missa
Matter Matria Assunto
Medicine Medicina Remdio
Move Mover Mudar
Observe Observar Celebrar
Official Oficial Autoridade
Oil leo Petrleo
Operator Operador Telefonista
Order Ordem Pedido
Park Parque Estacionar
Period Perodo Menstruao
Plant Planta Fbrica
Principal Principal Diretor da escola
Pupil Pupila Aluno
Race Raa Corrida
Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)
Record Recorde Gravar
Rest Resto Descansar
Retire Retirar Aposentar
Roll Rolo Lista
Save Salvar Economizar
Scale Escala Balana
Sequel Sequela Sequencia
Spectacles Espetculos culos
Spirits Espritos Bebida alcolica
Story Estria Pavimento, andar
Subject Sujeito Assunto
To Play Jogar/ Brincar Tocar / Imitar
Turkey Turquia Peru
Vice Vice Vcio

EXERCCIOS
A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenas:

1) I need to cancel your documents.

( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar

2) She is the principal of the school.

( ) diretora ( ) principal

3) His mark was terrible.

20
( ) marca ( ) nota

4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b).
a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista
b- ( ) planta ( ) fbrica

5) We are lost. We need a compass now.

( ) bssola ( ) compasso

6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party.

( ) bacharel ( ) solteiro

7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b)?

a- ( ) capital ( ) principal
b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China

8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil.

( ) capital ( ) maiscula

9) I use capital letter to write my name.

( ) capital ( )maiscula

10) I appreciate Chinese china.

( ) porcelana ( ) China

11) John collects caps.

( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou

B) D os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento:

1) a) Mike is not married. He is a bachelor.
b) He finished the college last year. Now, he is a bachelor in Biology.

2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students. This directory is in the
directory of the school.

3) The character of this film has a bad character.

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters.

MOUSE MEMORIES
In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demoed a strange device called a mouse. Last week 1.500 people gathered
at Stanford University to honor him. Speakers stressed that Engelbarts contributions went beyond the
mouse.
His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet, the Internets predecessor, and he
developed the first use of multiple windows. More important, Engelbart strove to enhance human
intelligence, thus improving our ability to solve problems.
Well click to that.
(Newsweek, December 28, 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questes abaixo:

1) O que aconteceu:
a) em 1968?
______________________________________________________________________________

b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998?

______________________________________________________________________________

21
2) Na frase: Well click to that, o termo em destaque passa a idia de:
a) discordar
b) aprovar
c) rejeitar
d) aplaudir

3) Verdadeiro ou Falso:
Segundo os oradores, o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se criao do mouse. (cite a linha do texto em
que se encontra essa informao)
______________________________________________________________________

4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido?

a) de um jornal
b) da internet
c) de um livro
d) de uma revista
5) Faa, em portugus, um breve resumo sobre o texto.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER: NETWORK

Timesharing, the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals, is
developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s.
1962: Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed, packet-switching networks.
ARPANET goes online in 1969.
Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973.
In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet.
A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes
USENET in 1979. The first MUD is also developed in 1979, at the University of Essex.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET
in 1982.
1987: the number of network hosts breaks 10,000.
1989: the number of hosts breaks 100,000.
Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web. CERN releases the first Web server in 1991.
1992: the number of hosts breaks 1,000,000.
The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341,634% in service traffic in its third year, 1993.
The main U.S. Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts
to a research network in 1994.
The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first World's Fair to be held on the internet.

1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar? ________________________________________________________

2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf? _________________________________________________

3) Escreva um pargrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

22
4) O que TCP/IP em ingls? (traduza para o portugus)

5) Qual o significado do termo World Wide Web?

CONECTORES

1. ADIO:
- and : e
- in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover: alm disso
- as well as: assim como
- also: tambm
- apart from: com exceo de
- both....and: ambos; tanto como
- not only ... but also: no apenas...mas tambm
2. CONTRASTE/CONCESSO/ADVERSATIVA:
- but: mas
- however, neverthless: entretanto
- yet: entretanto, ainda
- although, even though, though: embora
- nonetheless, notwithstanding: no obstante
- despite that, in spite of: apesar de
- rather than, instead of: em vez de
- whereas: enquanto

3. PROPSITO: - in order to: a fim de

- so as to: de modo que

4. CONSEQUNCIA/CONCLUSO:
- therefore: portanto
- consequently, as a result: consequentemente
- accordingly: de acordo, adequadamente
- hence: pois, ento, da
- thus: assim
- thereby: assim, desse modo
- then: ento
- so: ento, pois
- finally: finalmente

5. ALTERNATIVA - otherwise: por outro lado

- or: ou
- or else: ou ento, ou ainda
- either ... or: ou... ou
- while, whereas: enquanto

6. REITERAO:
- that is: isto
- in other words: em outras palavras

23
 - in short, in brief: em resumo
- i.e. : (do latim) isto
- that is to say: quer dizer

7. COMPARAO:
- like, as: como
- than: do que

8. ILUSTRAO:
- e.g. : (do latim) por exemplo
- for instance, for example: por exemplo
- such as: tal como
- namely: a saber
- viz: (do latim) quer dizer

9. CONDIO:
- if: se
- unless: se no, a menos que
- provided that: uma vez que
- on condition that: desde que
- as long as: uma vez que
- subject to: sujeito a
- wether: se

10. CAUSA:
- because: porque
- due to: devido a
- as: porque
- since: uma vez que

11. DVIDA OU HIPTESE: - perhaps, maybe: talvez

- possibly: possivelmente

12. TEMPORAL: - when: quando while: enquanto

GRUPOS NOMINAIS
So grupos de palavras, compostos por duas ou mais palavras que esto relacionadas entre si, sendo
que uma a palavra principal; o substantivo (ncleo), e as outras so os modificadores; palavras que
caracterizam o substantivo.

Exs.: Electric Energy = Energia Eltrica

Private Investors = Investidores Privados
State Government = Governo Estadual

Observe que nos grupos nominais em Ingls a palavra principal, ou seja, o substantivo (ncleo)
sempre a ltima palavra do grupo, ao passo que em portugus ns comeamos o grupo com ela. Assim,
temos:

United Kingdom Parliamentary Vote

Reino Unido Voto Parlamentar

Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador:

Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha

Vrias siglas so iniciais de Grupo Nominais:

VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________

24
WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________
WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________
NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________
USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________
USA = United States of America________________________________________________
FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________

Outros Exemplos:
Modern computer = Computador moderno
Central processor = Processador central
Laser printer = Impressora laser
Personal computer = Computador pessoal

Incredible speed = velocidade incrvel

(ncleo)

Hard disk = disco rgido

(ncleo)

Input devices = dispositivos de entrada

Confirma-se ento que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Ingls INVERSA ordem em
Portugus:

Data Processing = Processamento de dados

Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaes lgicas e aritmticas

Operaes aritmticas e lgicas
Pense nas seguintes estruturas: Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portugus?
Electronic machine = Mquina eletrnica
Car race = ________________________
Exerccios
Race car = ________________________

1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas tradues:

a. IMF (International Monetary Fund): ______________________________________
b. NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization): _________________________________
c. EEC (European Economic Community): ____________________________________
d. UNO (United Nations Organization): ______________________________________
e. USA (United States of America): __________________________________________
f. CPU (______________________________________________________________):
________________________________________________________________
g.RAM(________________________________________________________________
____):_________________________________________________________________

25
h.ROM(_______________________________________________________________
_____):________________________________________________________________
i. CD (________________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
j.ALU(_________________________________________________________________
___):__________________________________________________________________
k. ALGOL (____________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
l.BASIC(_______________________________________________________________
_____)
m.COBOL(_____________________________________________________________
________)_____________________________________________________________
n. CRT (______________________________________________________________):
_____________________________________________________________________
o. DDD (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
p. DOS (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
q. IBM (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
r.I/ODevices(___________________________________________________________
_________):____________________________________________________________
s. MVS (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
t. PC (________________________________________________________________):
_____________________________________________________________________
u.HTML(_______________________________________________________________
_____):________________________________________________________________
v.WWW(_______________________________________________________________
______)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir, indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados, determinando o Modifier e
Head Word. D a traduo de cada um deles:

26
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portugus:

a. Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b. Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________
c. Backup System - _________________________________________________________
d. Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

27
e. Control Structure - _______________________________________________________
f. Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________
g. Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________
h. Operating System - ______________________________________________________
i. Access Control - _________________________________________________________
j. Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________
k. Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________
l. Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________
m. Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________
n. Last generation program - ________________________________________________________
o. correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________
p. Computer integrated circuits. - ______________________________________________________

OBS: Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro: Infotech English for
Computer Users.

I) Os grupos nominais a seguir so bastante simples. So formados pelo ncleo (head word
= HW) que o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M), que pode ser adjetivo ou
substantivo. Grife o ncleo (HW) e faa a traduo.

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =
3) Employs abilities =
4) Pointing device =
5) Speech synthesizer =
6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos: o ncleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou
substantivo):
1. the major informations = as informaes principais
2. a brief introduction = uma breve introduo (ou uma introduo breve)
3. the English language =
4. the principal program =
5. the file areas =

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores, compostos de um ncleo mais dois, trs ou
mais adjetivos e/ou substantivos. Esses grupos podem ou no vir precedidos de artigos.
1. ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =
2. ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =
3. AT&T American Telephone & Telegraph Company =
4. CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =
5. CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =
6. DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =
7. DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =
8. DNS (Domain Name System) =
9. DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

28
10. Email -- (Electronic Mail) =
11. ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =
12. FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =
13. FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =
14. HDD Hard Disk Drive =
15. HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =
16. HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =
17. IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =
18. IP Internet Protocol =
19. ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =
20. IT -- (Information Technology) =
21. JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =
22. LAN Local Area Network =
23. MAC Address (Media Access Control Address) =
24. MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =
25. OCR Optical Character Recognition =
26. OSI (Open Source Initiative) =
27. PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =
28. PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =
29. SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =
30. SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =
31. SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =
32. Sysop -- (System Operator) =
33. TCP Transmission Control Protocol =
34. URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =
35. URL Uniform Resource Locator =
36. URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =
37. VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =
38. VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =
39. WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =
40. Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

IV) H tambm os grupos nominais com a palavra of, onde a ordem das palavras continua igual
em portugus. Observe que o ncleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposio of.

1. The performance of program = a performance de programa

2. A long history of personal computers = uma longa histria de computadores pessoais
3. An essential part of a printer =
4. A important group of personal files =
5. Different languages of the same families =
6. POP = Point of Presence =

29
 Storing data in computer programs
For those new to computer programming, data and code go hand in hand. You cannot write a program of
any real value without lines of code, or without data. A Word Processor program has logic that takes what
the user types and stores it in data. It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user
types and clicks.

Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file, but
that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial). Each memory 'slot' is identified by a name that
the programmer chooses. For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the
total number of lines in a Word Processor document.

The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot. This kind of data is called a Variable. It
can contain data such as a number or text. Sometimes, we may have data that we do not want to change.
For example, the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle. When we give a name
to such data, we also give it its permanent value. These are called constants.

Leia o texto acima e responda:

1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar. (traduza-os)

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz..

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Que nome dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memria
slot? __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal.

_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5) Qual a correta traduo do ttulo do texto?
a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador
b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador.
c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados

6) Complete a traduo da frase. Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs
Dado ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________.

FORMAO DE PALAVRAS AFIXOS

(Material extrado do livro: Tcnicas de Leitura em Ingls. Eiter Otavio Guandalini. p. 37-39.)

30
Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de ateno para inferi-las e
reconhec-las durante a leitura. So as chamadas palavras derivadas, ou seja, palavras que apresentam
componentes denominados genericamente de afixos que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos. O
conhecimento da formao das palavras muito til, sem dvida, para sua compreenso. Isto significa
que necessrio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na lngua que se que aprender e,
naturalmente, seu significado.

Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados s palavras dando-lhes novos significados e, quase sempre,
alternando sua classe gramatical. Portanto, ateno: habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado
de palavras e expresses atravs de prefixos e sufixos, da nova posio que ocupam na frase, como
tambm na alterao da classe gramatical.

A fim de facilitar sua identificao, colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na lngua
inglesa.

Prefixao o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva, mas no muda a classe gramatical.

a (sem) Amoral apolitical asexual

anti (contra) Anti-clockwise anti-nuclear Antichrist
dis (oposto) Disagree dishonest disloyal
il, ir, im, in (no) Illegal irregular imperfect /incomplete
mis (errado) Misunderstand misdirect misaddress
non (no) Nonsense non-fiction non-programable
un (no) Unmagnetized uncommon unprofessional
over (excesso, alm) Overdose overeat
pre (antes) Premarital prefix prehistory
Mini, micro Minicomputer Microcomputer
Macro, mega Macroeconomics Megabyte
Inter (entre) Interface Interactive

Sufixao o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo.

Formao de verbos:
- en Freshen blacken Harden
- ify Simplify solidify
- ize Centralize modernize computerize

Formao de advrbios

- ly (mente) Logically comparably Yearly annually

- ward (em direo) Downward homeward Inward

Formao de substantivos:

- ance / ence Tolerance Preference Performance

- or Operator Accumulator
- er Trainer Employer programmer
- ee Trainee Employee
- ist Economist Scientist Dentist
- ion Education Collision Compilation
- ment Investment development
- ity Sincerity Generosity
- ism Modernism Buddhism Magnetism
- ness Happiness Darkness
- dom Freedom Kingdom
- hood Childhood Brotherhood
- ship Friendship Partnership relationship

31
Formao de adjetivos:

- able, ible Programmable Admirable Divisible

- an, ian American Sagitarian suburban
- ful Powerful Hopeful wonderful/beautiful
-y Tasty Healthy
- ic Poetic Democratic
- ical/al Sociological Magical
- less Homeless Childless Wireless

Ex.: COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto

UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto
CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortvel
Selecione no texto as palavras que so formadas por sufixos:

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts, Programmers and Operators. Systems Analysts
develop methods for computerizing business. They also improve the efficiency of systems in use.
Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business, science center and home.
System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer.
Computer operators handle several types of computers.
Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists, who conduct research and
teach at universities; Hardware Designers and Engineers, who work in areas such as microchip and
peripheral equipment design; Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators, who
manage the information collections of business or data banks.

Excerpted from Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 1993, 1994.

Agora, escreva em Portugus as especialidades que so mencionadas no texto:

____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________

A PR-HISTRIA DOS COMPUTADORES

AQUECIMENTO
Junte-se a um colega e, em cinco minutos, procure no texto da prxima pgina as respostas para as
seguintes perguntas. A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a
competio.

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a mquina de Babbage? __________________________

b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC, o primeiro computador a vlvula? _______________________________

c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu The Difference Engine em 1855? __________________________

d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de clculo utilizado pelo homem? ___________________________

32
 e) At que sculo o baco foi utilizado como dispositivo de clculo? __________________________

f) Quem inventou, em 1804, o tear programado? ________________________________________

g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642? _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital, o MARK 1? ____________________________

i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analgico? ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETAO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocs sabem acerca da histria do computador e dos
mtodos de clculo.
b) Depois da discusso, organize os pargrafos abaixo numerando os parnteses em ordem
crescente, conforme a cronologia. O ttulo do texto j est marcado.

(A: _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began. In 1930,
Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer, which was used to help aim guns in World War II. In the
period between 1938-1942, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic
digital computer, the ABC, which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC.

(B:_____) After that, in 1822, Charles Babbage built a machine called The Difference Engine, which he
showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855. Next, Babbage envisioned and designed The Analytical Engine,
a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations. Unfortunately, Babbage never
finished his work, but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer.

(C: _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the
past. The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine.

(D: _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution, which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687,
many scientists tried to find ways of calculating. As a consequence, other computational devices were
invented. In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator. In 1673, Gottfried von Leibniz
invented another calculating device.

(E: _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution, which started in England
and brought many advances in technology. Several machines were developed in this period, and these
machines later had a great impact on the development of computers.

(F: _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines, Lady Ada Lovelace
invented an arithmetic code for Babbages machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with
modern computers. For this reason, she is considered to be the first programmer.

(G: _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands. This explains why
we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a device which uses small
beads or stones to make calculations. This tool was used until the 16th century. It is still used today in
some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations.

(H: _____) In 1804, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was programmed to make
certain patterns on cloth. This program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a
code, and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers.

(I: 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers

(J: _____) Between 1943 and 1946, funded by the U.S. Army, John Mauchly and J. Eckert built the first
major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons.

(K: _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the
period that followed the war. The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers,
which may be described as the modern age of computers.

33
(L: _____) In 1944, Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1, an electro-
mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards. This first digital computer could figure out
long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics.

c) Responda as seguintes perguntas:

1) Das informaes apresentadas no texto, quais voc j conhecia?
_________________________________________________________________________________

2) Que informao nova sobre a histria do computador voc achou mais interessante?
_________________________________________________________________________________

3) Sabemos que o computador uma mquina moderna. Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-
History of Computers?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraes abaixo, qual voc considera a idia principal do texto? Por qu?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanos tecnolgicos da 2 Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador.

b) MARK 1, o primeiro computador digital, possua sistema de cartes perfurados e foi fabricado pela
IBM para fins militares.
c) Lady Lovelace considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o cdigo
binrio.
d) As idias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos, o que o
torna o pai do computador.
e) A Revoluo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos
computadores.
f) Antes da inveno do baco, o dispositivo de clculo eram os dedos das mos.
g) O primeiro computador digital a vlvula foi o ENIAC.
h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital, de Vannevar
Bush, usado para fins militares na 2 Guerra Mundial.
i) O tear programado, inventado por Jacquard em 1804, tem o mesmo princpio dos cartes
perfurados dos primeiros computadores.
j) O computador atual o resultado de vrias pesquisas e invenes do passado.
k) A Revoluo Cientfica (1540-1687) levou a inveno de vrios dispositivos de clculo.

5) A partir do exerccio anterior, como voc definiria o que deve ser a idia principal de um texto?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETAO SKIMMING

a) Utilizando essa tcnica, procure no texto What is a Computer? as seguintes informaes. Nos espaos
em branco, escreva os nmeros das linhas em que elas se encontram:

1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informao.

2) ________ um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador.
3) ________ O processo de computao envolve trs etapas bsicas.
4) ________ O mundo da computao criou uma linguagem prpria.
5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma idia do que seja um computador.
6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora, pois foram tomadas de
emprstimo da lngua inglesa por vrias outras lnguas.
7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporneas desconhecem o computador.
8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usurio ver os resultados do processamento.
9) ________ Mesmo nos pases ditos desenvolvidos, existem pessoas que no sabem o que um
computador e no se importam em saber.

34
 WHATS IS A COMPUTER?

1 Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is.
We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not.
But does everyone really know how a computer works inside?
A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the
5 processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing process. The first one is
input, which consists of feeding data into the computers memory. Then comes the processing:
the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions. The
third and final step is the output furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the
results either in printed from or on the screen.
10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own. English words such as
software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different
languages. Software is information in the form of data and programs, and hardware refers to
the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system.
Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies, it is a great mistake to
15 believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate, i.e., is familiar with computers and
knows how to use them properly. In some contemporary societies, many people still have no
idea about the existence of computers, and even in the so-called developed countries, there are
lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is.

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporneas e muitas pessoas dos
pases desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou no ligam para ele, sem dar exemplos. Em sua
opinio, quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nmeros correspondentes s palavras definidas na segunda.

a) ________ computer 1) Data fed into the computers memory.

b)_________ input
c) _________ processing
d) _________ output
e) _________ screen
f) _________ software
g) _________ hardware
h) _________ data
2) Information.
3) Machine that processes data.
4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer.
5) Device that shows the results of the processing.
6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form.
7) Programs.
8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formao composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais:
LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo; aprender ou aprendizagem, dependendo de como
apresentada na sentena.

(gerndio)
They are learning how to get more information. = (aps o verbo to be)
Eles esto aprendendo como conseguir mais informaes.

(verbo/infin.)
This is a way of learning about management. = (aps preposies)
Esta uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento.

(Adjetivo)

35
This is part of the learning process. = (parte de um grupo nominal)
Isto parte do processo de aprendizagem.

(Substantivo)
Learning is essencial to life.
Aprendizagem essencial vida.

EXERCCIOS

Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como:

(substantivo, gerndio, adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo)

a. They are learning Computer Science.

__________________________.
b. Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer.
__________________________.
c. The calculating machine was invented many years ago.
__________________________.
d. The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks.
__________________________.
e. He works 10 hours without stopping.
__________________________.
f. The printer is printing documents.
__________________________.
g. I prefer typing to writing.
__________________________.
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EXERCCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto, circule as conhecidas e responda:

36
1) Sobre o que trata o texto? _____________________________________________________

2) Qual o produto em questo? _____________________________________________

3) Aps baixar o arquivo com sucesso, o que acontecer com seu Nmero de Licena?

_________________________________________________________________________

4) Qual produto oferecido caso voc esteja procurando mais caractersticas, funcionalidade e
flexibilidade?____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Vrus?__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido? _____________________________________

7) Qual o percentual do padro de deteco do Sistema anti-vrus?___________________

MARCADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS

Substantivo a palavra que designa pessoa, lugar, objeto, evento, substncia.

possvel localiza-la no texto prestando ateno em certas palavras que acompanham substantivo.

Emprega-se antes de substantivo:

Artigos:

a, an = um, uma

the = o, a, os, as

Pronomes Possessivos adjetivos

MY Meu, minha, meus, minhas

Your seu, sua, seus, suas

His dele (para pessoa)

Her dela (para pessoa)

Its dele, dela (para coisas ou animais

Our nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas

Their deles, delas

Emprega-se geralmente antes de substantivos:

Numerais Cardinais:
One, two, three, etc.

Pronomes Demonstrativos:
This este, esta, isto

These estes, estas

37
That esse, essa, isso, aquele, aquela, aquilo

Those esses, essas, aqueles, aquelas

QUANTIDADES
Many muitos, muitas

(a) few poucos, poucas

much muito, muita

(a) little pouco, pouca

some algum, alguns, alguma, algumas

any qualquer, quaisquer

every todo, toda, todos, todas, cada

a lot of muito (a), muitos (as)

REFERNCIA CONTEXTUAL
A referncia contextual tambm representa um recurso auxiliar na compreenso das idias de um texto.
As chamadas palavras de referncia substituem palavras que esto no texto (ou fora dele) e podem
classificar-se da seguinte maneira:
pronomes (pessoais, possessivos, demonstrativos, relativos e indefinidos);

numerais ordinais;

palavras que indicam ordem e exemplificao.

Quando queremos nos referir a alguma coisa (ou idia) que j foi mencionada, ou ainda vai ser
mencionada numa determinada sentena, geralmente utilizamos recursos lingsticos para no tornar a
sentena repetitiva.

Exemplos:
The magazine which is on the desk is old.
A revista que est sobre a mesa velha.

Paul and Sue are good friends. They always help us.
Paul and Sue so bons amigos. Eles sempre nos ajudam.

John works in my office. We like him very much.

John trabalha em meu escritrio. Ns gostamos muito dele.

Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes
PRONOMES;

Exerccios

John works in my office. We like him very much.

John trabalha em meu escritrio. Ns gostamos muito dele.

Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes
PRONOMES.

38
Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive
I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
They Them Their Theirs

Subject Object

I know Ann. Ann knows me.

You know Ann. Ann knows you.
He knows Ann. Ann knows him.
She knows Ann. Ann knows her.
We know Ann. Ann knows us.
They know Ann. Ann knows them.

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

Its my money. Its mine.

Its your money. Its yours.
Its his money. Its his.
Its her money. Its hers.
Its our money. Its ours.
Its their money. Its theirs.
Exerccios

A) Finish the sentences with mine/yours/ours/theirs/hers/his:

1. Its your money. Its _______________ 5. Its their house. Its _______________
2. Its my bag. Its ________________. 6. Theyre your books. Theyre ________.
3. Its our car. Its ________________. 7. Theyre my glasses. Theyre ________.
4. Theyre her shoes. Theyre ____________. 8. Its his coat. Its ______________.

B) Classifique os pronomes grifados e indique as respectivas palavras a que eles se referem:

1. Most people are happy in their jobs.

_________________________________________________________________________.

2) Mr. Baker lives in London. His son lives in Australia.

_________________________________________________________________________.

3) Where are the tickets? I cant find them.

_________________________________________________________________________.

4) We are going out. You can come with us.

_________________________________________________________________________.
5) Margaret likes music. She plays the piano.
_________________________________________________________________________.

6) Ann is going out with her friends tonight.

_________________________________________________________________________.

7) I like tennis. It is my favorite sport.

_________________________________________________________________________.

39
8) I am talking to you. Please, listen to me.
_________________________________________________________________________.

THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS

Quando o substantivo/possuidor designa um ser vivo (pessoa ou animal, as expresses

possessivas (caso possessivo ou genitivo) so formadas do seguinte modo:
a) Acrescentando-se s ao substantivo/possuidor, quando ele estiver no singular.
The body of the man. The mans body. (O corpo do homem)
b) Acrescentando-se s tambm no caso em que o substantivo/possuidor estiver no plural mas no
terminar em s.
The family of the children. The childrens family. (A famlia das crianas)
c) Acrescentando-se apenas um apstrofo ao substantivo/ possuidor, quando ele estiver no plural
terminado em s.
The school of the girls. The girls school. (A escola das garotas)
Quando o substantivo/ possuidor designa um ser inanimado, no se usa a expresso com s
mas sim a que feita com de (of) como em portugus:
The door of the car, the trees of the garden, etc.
No entanto, a expresso com s pode ser usada (assim com o of) quando o substantivo/
possuidor tiver um sentido nobre, caso principalmente dos nomes geogrficos, como a Terra, o
Sol, o mar, nomes de pases, cidades, etc.
f.e. The population of the world = The world population

Complete as frases com a forma possessiva dos substantivos entre parnteses, conforme o
modelo:
Exemplo:
Richard is the boss of John. Richard is Johns boss.
1.The program of computer is easy.____________________________________________
2. The name of the company.__________________________________________________
3. The data of file.___________________________________________________________
4.Kate is the secretary of the director. __________________________________________
5. The requirement of the programmer._________________________________________

Geralmente usamos -s para pessoas:

- Marys computer O computador da Mary.
- Marys personal computer O PC da Mary.
- Johns laser printer A impressora do John.
- The managers equipment O equipamento do gerente.

Friends or Friends :
A casa do meu amigo = My friends house.
A casa dos meus amigos = My friends house.

40
- Portanto, temos: My mothers car

My parents car
My fathers car

Usamos of para coisas, lugares, etc.

The high technology of Brazil. Tecnologia de ponta do Brasil.
Whats the name of this village? Qual o nome desta vila?
Madrid is the Capital of Spain. Madrid a Capital da Espanha.
The memory of the computer. (not the computers memory)

Drill Faa a correo da sentena quando necessrio:

1. I stayed at the house of my sister. - my sister house
2. What is the name of this village? - Ok__________
3. Do you like the color of this coat? - _____________________
4. Do you know the phone number of Bill? - ________________________
5. The job of my brother is very interesting. - _______________________
6. Write your name at the top of the page. - _________________________
7. When is the birthday of your mother? - _________________________
8. The house of my parents isnt very big. - ________________________
9. The walls of this house are very thin. - __________________________
10. The manager of the hotel is on holiday. - _______________________
Passe as sentenas para o Caso Genitivo:

The laptop of my sister.

______________________________________.
The computer of my secretary.
______________________________________.
The printer of my boss.
______________________________________.

TEXTO PARA LEITURA, COMPREENSO E EXERCCIOS DE VOCABULRIO

HARDWARE

The central processing unit, or CPU, is the heart of a computer. In addition to performing arithmetic and
logic operations on data, it controls the rest of the system.
Most CPU chips and microprocessors have four functional sections:
(1) the arithmetic/logic unit;
(2) temporary storage locations;
(3) the control section;
(4) the internal bus.

41
Input devices let the users enter commands, data, or programs. Computer keyboards are the most
common input devices. Another common input device, the mouse, is a mechanical device with buttons on
the top and a rolling ball in its base. Other input devices include joysticks and trackballs. Light pens can
be used to draw or to point to items or areas on the display screen. A digitizer pad translates images
drawn on it with an electronic pen. Touch screens allow users to point to items or areas on the screen.
Optical scanners read characters on a printed page and translate them into binary numbers that the
CPU can use. Voice-recognition circuitry digitizes spoken words and enters them into the computer.
Memory-storage devices. Most digital computers store data both internally (main memory) and
externally (auxiliary storage units). A computer temporarily stores information internally on silicon random-
access memory, or RAM, chips. Another type of internal memory consists of a series of read-only
memory, or ROM, chips. Some auxiliary storage devices floppy disks, hard disks and magnetic tape store
data by magnetically rearranging metal particles on disks and tapes.
Output devices let the user see the results of the computers data processing. The most common output
device is the video display terminal (VDT), or monitor, which uses a cathode-ray tube (CRT) to display
characters and graphics on a screen. Modems (modulator-demodulators) and disk drives are input/output
devices. Printers generate hard copy, a printedversion of information stored in one of the computers
memory systems.
Excerpted from Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 1993, 1994.

SCANNING

Encontre no texto acima as informaes que completam o diagrama.

CPU DISPOSITIVO DE ENTRADA

____________________ _________________
_________________
____________________ _________________
Funes _________________
____________________
I/O
_______________
_______________

HARDWARE
ARMAZENAMENTO DISPOSITIVO DE SADA
DE MEMRIA
_____________________
Interno __________ou_______
_____________________
___________________
_____________________
Externo _____________________
_____________________

42
 NETWORK LAST MODIFIED: THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2002

A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer
networks, including:
local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the
same building).
wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone
lines or radio waves.
campus-area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a
campus or military base.
metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.
home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's
digital devices.

In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of
networks:
topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus,
star, and ring. See the Network topology diagrams in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.
protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network
use to communicate. One of the most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet. Another popular
LAN protocol for PCs is the IBM token-ring network .
architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server
architecture.
Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Computers and devices that allocate
resources for a network are called servers.

Questes sobre o texto e estudo do vocabulrio:

1. Encontre no texto os seguintes Grupos Nominais em Ingls:

a. Sistema de computador - ______________________________

b. Rede de computadores - ______________________________
c. Linhas telefnicas - __________________________________
d. posio geomtrica - _________________________________
e. As seguintes caractersticas - __________________________

2. Retire do texto as duas expresses que esto no Caso Genitivo e d as suas tradues:
a. __________________________ - _________________________
b. __________________________ - _________________________

3. De acordo com o texto, o que Network e quais so os tipos de redes de computadores?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

4. O que a Local-area Network e Campus-area Network?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

43
5. Cite as trs caractersticas que categorizam diferentes tipos de Rede?
___________________ - ____________________ - __________________

6. Em que consiste o Protocol?

____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

7. Traduza: Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.
___________________________________________________________________________________

PESQUISA DE VOCABULRIO

DISK DRIVE DISPLAY UNIT FLOPPY DISK HARD COPY

HARDWARE - SOFTWARE - KEYBOARD MACHINE LANGUAGE
MONITOR PRINTER PROGRAM PROGRAMMER SCREEN
SOFT COPY STORAGE MIDIA WORK STATION
WORD PROCESSING - WINCHESTER

1. The part of a computer system that carries the instructions and programs; the opposite of hardware:
______________________.

2. All the physical part of a computer such as monitor, CPU, drives, keyboard, printer, the opposite of
software: ______________________.

3. Language that programmers use to give the computer its basic instructions:
________________________.

4. A step-by-step series of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a task:
________________________.

5. The object that prints out the paper copies of documents: ________________________.

6. It is an input device similar to a typewriter: _________________________.

7. It is similar to a TV and displays information: _______________________________,

__________________________ or ___________________________.

8. Consist of monitors, keyboards and printer divided by two or more people:

________________________.

9. Collective term for hard disk, floopy disk, tapes, cards on which computers store information:
_________________________.

10. A thin flexible disk that stores data magnetically: ______________________________.

11. Storage midia located into the CPU: _____________________or _________________.

12. A person who writes the software programs: ____________________________.

13. An automated means of creating and editing texts: _____________________________.

14. Refers to printed copies on paper: ____________________________.

15. The information that appears on the screen before it is printed out: ________________.

16. The place where you insert the floopy disk or CD-ROM: ________________________.

44
 PRINTING CONCEPTS
When users print, the computer completes several steps that involve a set of components including
executable files, drivers, device interfaces, and dynamic-link libraries, which work together to create the
printed output. Understanding how this process works helps you understand what happens when you print
a document and how to solve printing problems. Printing has two parts: printing process and the print
components. The two parts make the printing process possible. When printing to an Internet print server,
the print server adds to the standard print process by creating an interface for users.

VOCABULARY

To print = imprimir
Print = impresso
Printer = impressora
Set = jogo, conjunto, grupo,
To set up = iniciar, instalar, estabelecer-se
Drive = unidade de disco
Standar = padro
Device = dispositivo

1) Leia o texto PRINTING CONCEPTS e responda as questes a seguir:

a) Sobre o que trata o texto? _______________________________________________________

b) Quais so as duas partes da impressora?__________________________________________
c) O que estas partes possibilitam? _________________________________________________
d) Qual e o conjunto de componentes citados no texto? ________________________________

e) O que o servidor de impresso adiciona quando imprime para um servidor de impresso de Internet?
____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Localize as familiares no texto acima e de a traduo.
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3) Circule todas as palavras cognatas.

Whats an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a sequence of instructions that tells how to solve a particular problem. Once the problem
has been identified, the next step is to select the best method for solving it. If the problem is a familiar
one, standardized algorithms may be available from program libraries. But if standard algorithms are not
available or suitable, a new algorithm must be written and then added to the program library. An algorithm
must be specified exactly, so there can be no doubt about what to do next, and it must have a finite
number of steps. A computer program is an algorithm that is written in a language that a computer can
understand, but the same algorithm could be written in several different languages.

Observe a sentena: Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to select the best
method for solving it.

45
 1) A classificao da palavra solving :

a) substantivo (soluo)
b) gerndio (resolvendo)
c) particpio (resolvido)
d) verbo/infinitivo (resolver)

2) O pronome it (ltima palavra) refere-se a:

a) problem
b) identified
c) select
d) method

3) Observando o uso do verbo modal must a traduo apropriada da sentena a seguir : it must
have a finite number of steps.
a) ele (algoritmo) poderia ter um nmero finito de passos.
b) ele (algoritmo) no precisa ter um nmero finito de passos.
c) ele (algoritmo) deve ter um nmero finito de passos.
d) ele (algoritmo) no pode ter um nmero finito de passos.
e) ele (algoritmo) talvez tenha um nmero finito de passos.

Mainframe, Minicomputer and Microcomputer

A mainframe is a large computer system comprised of a large central processing unit, separate memory
banks, multiple data-storage devices and peripherals. It is found in computer installations which process
immense amounts of data. This powerful machine has a larger repertoire of more complex instructions
which can be executed more quickly.

A minicomputer is much smaller than the mainframe computer. It was developed to perform limited
functions in scientific environments with less computing capacity. It became possible to reduce the size of
the computer with the replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors and the development of multicircuit
`chips.

A microcomputer is the smallest of the three sizes of computers. The central processor of a micro, called
the microprocessor, is built as a single semiconductor device, that is, the elements necessary to perform
all the logical and arithmetic functions are manufactured as a single chip. The microprocessor literally
contains a computer on a chip that can pass through the eye of a needle.

4) Complete as sentences com mainframe/minicomputer/microcomputer:

a) _________________________ is the smallest of all.

b) _________________________ has less computing capacity.
c) _________________________ performs limited functions.
d) _________________________ is a large computer system.
e) _________________________ executes instructions more quickly.

5) Retire do texto dois pronomes relativos (um da definio de mainframe, e outro da definio de
microcomputer) e indique as respectivas palavras a que se referem:

a) ______________ -- ________________________
b) ______________ -- ________________________

46
6) Assinale a alternativa em que h um Grupo Nominal:

a) executed more quickly

b) multiple data-storage devices
c) perform limited
d) tubes by transistors
e) called the microprocessor

Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk

Magnetic tape it is one of the principal input/output recording media used with computers and is mainly
used for storing intermediate results of computations and for compact storing of large amounts of data, in
an ordered sequence. It is much cheaper to store information on tape than in the computer main memory
or on a disk memory device, but it takes longer to locate a particular data item if it is stored on tape: data
must be stored and accessed sequentially.

Magnetic disk it consists of a series of concentric paths or tracks each capable of storing data in
magnetically coded form. It looks like a phonograph record and a series of disks is mounted on a vertical
shaft. One or more access arms move into the disk to read or write the data stored on it. Disks may be
hard (made out of aluminum) or floppy (made out of plastic). Disks may be permanently attached to the
drive unit or they may be made up as removable disk packs. Disks may be made even more efficient by
using laser beam to read and write data.

As questes 7 e 8 devem ser respondidas em Portugus.

7) Qual a definio, conforme o texto, de Disco Magntico?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.

8) Quais so os dois principais usos das Fitas Magnticas?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.

9) Indique a ordem em que essas idias ocorrem no texto: Magnetic Disk

( ) disks may be hard or floppy.

( ) disks may be more efficient.
(1 ) disks consists of a series of concentric paths.
( ) disks may be made up as removable disk packs.
( ) disks may be mounted on a vertical shaft.
( ) disks may be permanently attached to the drive unit.

10) Indique se as afirmaes so verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F):

a) Magnetic tape is the only way for inputting data. ( )

b) It is used for storing data sequentially. ( )
c) It is much cheaper to store data on disks. ( )
d) It takes longer to locate data stored on tapes. ( )
e) Data on tape is stored in an ordered sequence. ( )

11) Indique os dois erros do Presente Simples com crculos e d as formas verbais corretas:

Some mail systems uses a large disk space, but they doesnt determine any amount before its use.

47
Formas corretas: a) _________________
b) ___________________

12) Destaque das frases abaixo, os verbos na Voz Passiva:

Disks may be permanently attached to the drive unit and they may be made up as removable disk
packs.
_____________________________ - _____________________________

13) Circule na sentena a palavra que se encontra no Comparativo e d o seu significado em Portugus:

It is much cheaper to store information on tapes than in the computer main memory
_________________ = ____________________________

14) Observe o segmento abaixo:

Magnetic Tape is mainly used for storing(1) intermediate results of computations and for compact
storing(2) of large amounts of data.

A palavra storing (1) significa: A palavra storing (2) significa:

a) armazenar a) armazenar
b) armazenando b) armazenando
c) armazenamento c) armazenamento
d) armazenado d) armazenado

Third-Generation-1964-1971:Integrated-Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the
first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.

Fourth-Generation-1971-Present:Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of
the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the
central processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more
and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development
of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Exerccios sobre o texto

1) Na 3 gerao de computadores; o que aconteceu com os Transistors?

____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

48
2) O que o Sistema Operacional permitia fazer nos computadores da 3 gerao?
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3) Na sentena: Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were
smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.; destaque as palavras que esto no Comparativo e d os
seus significados na frase: ____________________ = _____________________
____________________ = _____________________

4) No segmento The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of

integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.; transcreva um verbo no Passado Simples e um
na Voz Passiva e d os seus significados:

Passado Simples: __________________ = __________________________.

Voz Passiva: ______________________ = __________________________.

5) O que fazia o chip Intel 4004, desenvolvido em 1971?

___________________________________________________________________________________

6) Retire do segmento abaixo: uma expresso no Comparativo e uma na Voz Passiva: As these small
computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to
the development of the Internet.

_____________________ = _____________________________
_____________________ = ____________________________

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Last modified: Wednesday, September 25, 2002

A collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database.
There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal
computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database
applications:

computerized library systems

automated teller machines
flight reservation systems
computerized parts inventory systems

From a technical standpoint, DBMSs can differ widely. The terms relational, network, flat, and
hierarchical all refer to the way a DBMS organizes information internally. The internal organization
can affect how quickly and flexibly you can extract information.

Requests for information from a database are made in the form of a query, which is a stylized
question. For example, the query
SELECT ALL WHERE NAME = "SMITH" AND AGE > 35
requests all records in which the NAME field is SMITH and the AGE field is greater than 35.

The set of rules for constructing queries is known as a query language. Different DBMSs support
different query languages, although there is a semi-standardized query language called SQL
(structured query language). Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called
fourth-generation languages, or 4GLs for short.

The information from a database can be presented in a variety of formats. Most DBMSs include a
report writer program that enables you to output data in the form of a report. Many DBMSs also
include a graphics component that enables you to output information in the form of graphs and charts.

Exerccios sobre o texto

49
1) De acordo com o texto, o que o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Banco de Dados ?
____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.

2) Cite, em Portugus, os 4 exemplos de Aplicativos de Banco de Dados mencionados no texto:

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

3) No trecho abaixo:
From a technical standpoint, DBMSs can differ widely. The terms relational, network, flat, and
hierarchical all refer to the way a DBMS organizes information internally. The internal organization can
affect how quickly and flexibly you can extract information.;
Identifique o verbo modal que aparece 3 vezes e d os seus respectivos sujeitos.
________ = ____________________
________ = ____________________
________ = ____________________

4) O que a query language e qual o sgnificado em Portugus?

___________________________________________________________________________________

5) No segmento Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called fourth-generation
languages; a palavra managing significa:
a) gerenciando
b) gerenciar
c) gerenciamento
d) gerenciado

6) Passe a sentena do exerccio acima para o Portugus:

____________________________________________________________________________________

ABOUT CHIPS

Does anybody here know anything about chips?

Nobody expected such a question during an art class. Not from an old teacher of music. And he added, I
must confess that I know nothing about chips. I really dont know anything at all. Sometimes I feel like a
Jurassic teacher.

A quiet girl with curly hair asked shyly, What do you want to know, professor? I have some information
about it.

Lucy was her name. Everybody remained silent. No one sang. Nobody played. Lucy stood up and spoke
up; A computer consists of hundreds of parts, including a monitor, a mouse, disk drives and a keyboard.
Inside the computer is a circuit board. It houses all sorts of microchips, including those for ROM (read-only
memory) and RAM (random-access memory). Mounted on the circuit board is a microprocessor, which is
housed n a protective container and connected to rows of gold-plated pins. Inside the microprocessor
package is the chip itself. This tiny square of silicon is packed with transistors that process instructions
and data for the computer. A chip can process 500 million instructions every second and it has the size of
a fingernail.

After this explanation everybody clapped their hands. The teacher said. Where have you learned all this,
Lucy, my dear?

50
Well, she said, Ive read it from an old magazine at the library.

VOCABULARY

to remain = permanecer
to house = conter/armazenar
gold-plated = coberto com ouro
tiny = muito pequeno

Questes

1) Assinale a alternativa correta:

a) Os alunos ficaram surpresos com a pergunta da menina.
b) O professor no sabia nada sobre tecnologia.
c) A menina ficou decepcionada com o professor.
d) O antigo professor gostaria de deixar a escola.

2) O professor se considera:
a) ignorante sobre computao
b) um especialista em computao
c) muito antiquado sobre msica
d) um grande leitor de revista de informtica

3) Lucy ensinou seu professor sobre chips provavelmente porque ela:

a) L muito livros na biblioteca
b) Tem algum interesse em computadores
c) studou o assunto em outra escola
d) queria se aparecer

4) O material bsico do chip :

a) silicone
b) transistor
c) silicon
d) gold-plated pin
e) data

5) Na sentena: A chip can process 500 million instructions every second and it has the size of a
fingernail.; o pronome it refere-se a:

a) million
b) second
c) instructions
d) chip
e) fingernail

6) Na sentena: Does anybody here lnow anything about chips?

destaque os pronomes indefinidos e d os seus significados:

________________________ = __________________________________
________________________ = __________________________________

7) Destaque os verbos modais das sentenas abaixo e passe-as para o Portugus:

I must confess that I know nothing about chips.

_______________________________________________________________

A chip can processo 500 million instructions every second.

_______________________________________________________________

51
8) Relacione as informaes numerando as colunas:

a) The list on the screen which shows the ( ) e-mail

things that you can do.

b) A small sign on a computer screen which ( ) virus

shows your position in a text

c) A system for sending written messages by ( ) menu

computer

d) A number of computers connected together ( ) cursor

in a larger system

e) Instructions that are put into a computer in ( ) network

order to cause mistakes and destroy information

MODAL VERBS (VERBOS MODAIS)

H uma srie de verbos em ingls que expressam idias gerais. J que o objetivo do ingls instrumental
diferente (estratgias de leitura), atenha-se s regras e tradues abaixo, pois elas sero suficientes
para nosso propsito.

CAN: Usamos CAN (do) para dizer que alguma coisa possvel ou que algum tem a
habilidade/capacidade para fazer algo. Podemos usar com a forma negativa (CAN NOT / CANNOT ou
CANT).
Exemplo: Can you swim very fast? No I cant, but I can play chess.

COULD: algumas vezes o COULD o passado do CAN. Ns usamos Could para dizer que algum
tinha habilidade geral para fazer alguma coisa. Podemos usar com a forma negativa (COULD NOT ou
COULDNT). Usamos Could especialmente com os seguintes verbos:

TO SEE TO HEAR TO SMELL TO TO FEEL TO REMEMBER TO UNDERSTAND

TASTE

Exemplo: My grandfather could speak five languages.

MUST / MUSTNT: Usamos MUST para dizer que ns temos certeza que alguma coisa certa.
Exemplos: 1. Fish must live in water. (necessidade)
2. Everybody must uphold laws. (obrigao)
3. He must be your father. (Deduo forte)
4. You mustnt tell anyone what I said. (proibio)

MAY: Usamos MAY e MIGHT para dizer que alguma coisa possvel ou seja, com 50% de certeza..
Tambm usamos para pedir permisso (de algo incerto, com baixa probabilidade ou mais formal). No
existe diferena importante entre MAY e MIGHT. Podemos dizer, por exemplo:
Paul may be in his office. OU Paul might be in his office. (probabilidade)
May I dance with your girlfriend? No, you may not. (permisso com baixa probabilidade)

52
SHOULD / SHOULDNT: Geralmente usamos SHOULD quando pedimos ou damos uma opinio sobre
alguma coisa. (frequentemente usamos I think/I dont think/do you think).
Exemplos:
I dont think you should work so hard.
Mike shouldnt drive really. He is too tired.

EXERCISES:
Traduza as seguintes sentenas para o portugus e escreva nos parnteses a idia expressada
pelos verbos modais em destaque.
6. We might have several problems in case inflation rises sharply. (_________________)
_______________________________________________________________________
7. They can manufacturer high-tech equipment, but they may have problems to ship it.
(_________________) (___________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
8. How much should we purchase from that supplier?
(_________________)
_________________________________________________________________________
A foreign company can encourage its employments to study languages.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
We mustn`t do this because it`s against the laws.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
Some terms may be included in such exemptions.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________

9. She must be in trouble in the traffic because she never comes to work late.
(_________________)______________________________________________________________
10. People should be in contact with a foreign language more often, otherwise they won`t
memorize new vocabulary and structures.
(_________________) ____________________________________________________
Companies should develop equipment, processes and goods that are ecologically clean.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________

PUZZLE

53
Existem dezessete palavras no quadro abaixo. Encontre-as e indique a traduo de cada uma delas,
relacionando as colunas (as que no souber deixe em branco).
Comece localizando os cognatos.

E A T O P E R F O R M T T I S

N O T E L A R R Q B A R O Y I

G P D D U X C F D R T B O T N

I R E B T T O S T O R E T M C

N I V M A B M V I D R A H A E

E C E E R V P C E S A D E R T

N E L W M A U U U S L S D E H

T C O S D A T A E S F S W S E

R A P P A C E A C M E D H O N

I R E M G P R O G R A M E U M

E R D K V F O R E I T N E R L

S I A D E V I C E S U G L C O

V E R Y M U C H S E R U S E I

M S R T O H A N D L E N T S F

O E N V I R O N M E D I G I T

VOCABULARY

1) COMPUTER ( ) rodas dentadas; engrenagens

2) DATA ( ) contas (pequenas bolas com orifcio

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3) FEATURE ( ) caractersticas; trao
4) TO STORE ( ) dados
5) TO PERFORM ( ) muito; bastante
6) BEADS ( ) mquina; motor; mecanismo
7) RODS ( ) computador
8) DEVICES ( ) guardar; armazenar
9) TOOTHED WHEELS ( ) desenvolvido
10) TO HANDLE ( ) dgito; qualquer numeral de 0 a 9
11) CARRIES ( ) manipular; lidar com
12) DIGIT ( ) desempenhar
13) ENGINE ( ) varetas; hastes
14) PROGRAM ( ) desde essa poca
15) SINCE THEN ( ) programa (srie de instrues)
16) DEVELOPED ( ) transportes; transferncias
17) VERY MUCH ( ) dispositivos

COMPUTERS: START POINT

A computer is a machine capable of executing computations on data. The distinguishing feature of a

computer is its ability to store its own instructions and to performance thousands of operations each
second.
The Abacus, on which information is stored by moving beads along rods, was one of the earliest
calculating devices. Blaise Pascal developed an adding machine in 1642 that used toothed wheel to
handle carries from on digit to the next. Charles Babbage developed the concept of a stored program
computer when he designed a calculating engine in 1833.

The first electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), which
was built for the U.S. Army in 1945. In the same year John Von Neumann introduced the modern concept
of a stores program computer, in which the computer memory can store both programs and data.
Since then computer technology has developed very much.
(Adaptado de Galante, Ingls bsico para informtica,1992, p.9)

Responda s questes de acordo com o texto:

1) Quem desenhou uma mquina calculadora e em que ano? ________________________________

2) Qual foi o primeiro computador eletrnico digital e em que ano foi construdo? _________________

3) Ligue as colunas de acordo com a traduo.

Dados ( ) Hard disk

Teclado ( ) Floppy disk
Disquete ( ) Data
Disco rgido ( ) Memory
Memria ( ) Keyboard

4) Coloque verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F): No grupo nominal electronic digital computer podemos afirmar
que: a) computer e digital so modificadores ( )

55
 b) electronic e digital so modificadores ( )
c) electronic e computer so modificadores ( )
d) computer o ncleo ( )
e) electronic o ncleo ( )

5) Escreva um breve resumo relatando sobre o que trata o texto.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

6) Retire do texto cinco (05) palavras cognatas com traduo:

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
7) Retire do texto um (01) falso cognato e sua traduo.___________________________
8) Assinale abaixo, o nico facilitador e/ou estratgia que NO foi utilizada na leitura do texto. Justifique sua resposta.
a) Dicas tipogrficas;
b) Cognatos e palavras familiares;
c) Scanning;
d) Skimming;
e) Conhecimento de mundo.

9) D a traduo da sigla ENIAC.

__________________________________________________________
1) Relacione os cognatos e falsos cognatos encontrados no texto:
COGNATOS FALSOS

2) Qual o assunto principal abordado no texto?_____________________________________________

3) Qual a definio de computador?_____________________________________________________
4) Cite as siglas existentes no
texto.____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5) Em que ano Charles Babbage desenhou uma mquina calculadora?__________________________
6) Qual foi um dos primeiros dispositivos de calcular e como funcionava?
____________________________________________________________________________________
7) Qual foi o primeiro computador eletrnico digital?______________________________
8) Em que ano foi construdo?________________________________________________
9) Qual a fonte do texto?___________________________________________________

IMPERATIVO

A forma imperativa, utilizada para ordenar ou pedir algo, possui a mesma forma do infinitivo do verbo,
sem to:

56
To repair: consertar Repair the terminal.
Please repair the equipment.
Repair the engine, please.

Para formar o imperativo negativo, coloca-se do not (dont) antes do verbo:

To press: pressionar Dont press this button.

Please dont press the button.
Dont press this button, please

Com Let us (Lets) = vamos:

Usado antes do infinitivo do verbo, sem to, para sugerir ou convidar algum para uma ao conjunta.

Lets load the peripherals.

Lets stop.
Lets go.
EXERCISES:
Relacione as colunas de acordo com a traduo:
1) DRAG ( ) INCLUA
2) PRESS ( ) MUDE
3) CLICK ( ) PRESSIONE
4) CLOSE ( ) APAGUE
5) MOVE ( ) ARRASTE
6) GRAB ( ) PUXE
7) SELECT ( ) ABRA
8) OPEN ( ) CLIQUE
9) PUSH ( ) EXECUTE
10) PULL ( ) CANCELE
11) DELETE ( ) FECHE
12) RUN ( ) MOVA
13) INSTALL ( ) INSIRA
14) INSERT ( ) EMPURRE
15) INCLUDE ( ) SELECIONE
16) CHANGE ( ) PEGUE
17) CANCEL ( ) INSTALE

WHAT IS DESKLOOP?

Imagine yourself at the center of a virtual loop where all the windows you use are spread out around you.
Whichever window you need to view can be centered in front of you with a click of a button.

Take this idea and zoom into your pc environment. With Deskloops, all the windows you have open are
aligned side by side in a loop-like order. No more countless windows arranged one on top of the other in
a confusing manner. You can access all the information you need and navigate through it easily.

The loop can be rotated clockwise and counterclockwise simply by moving the cursor to the edge of the
screen and using right click.

Think of the loop as a dynamic rubber band; with each newly opened window the loop automatically

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grows. With every closed or minimized window, the loop becomes smaller.

Anytime you want to return to the desktop, double click on Deskloops tray icon and the windows will shift
aside in one swift motion.

http://www.xilokit.com/deskloops/deskloops.html

http://www.xilokit.com/deskloops/Deskloops_UserGuide.pdf

EXERCISE

Leia o texto acima e faa os exerccios a seguir:

a) Circule todos os verbos na forma imperativa.

b) De a traduo de todas as palavras em negrito, inclusive o titulo.

c) Relacione 3 cognatos encontrados no texto.

SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE (Computer), computer program; instructions that cause the hardware (machine) to do work.
Software can be divided into a number of categories based on the types of work done by programs. The
two primary software categories are operating system which control the workings of the computer, and
application software which addresses the multitude of tasks for which people use computers. Operating
System includes programming languages and utility programs. Application Software includes software that
executes accounting, word processing, data management, communications and graphics. Two additional
categories are network software which enable groups of computers to communicate and language
software which provide programmers the tools they need to write programs. See also OPERATING
SYSTEM; PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.
Fonte: Sistema Operacional Windows Server 2000.

Excerpted from Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia

1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Complete o diagrama com informaes retiradas do texto:

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 SOFTWARE
CATEGORIAS

SISTEMA SOFTWARE DE
LINGUAGEM
OPERACIONAL

CARACTERSTICAS
________________
________________
________________ COMUNICAO _____________
________________ ________________
________________

SOFTWARE PIRACY
Software piracy is the unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted computer software. The most
common forms include copying for personal use, for use among employees of a company, and for resale.
The latter includes manufacturing of counterfeit packages that pretend to be originals.

Piracy is the most widespread computer crime. The Software Publishers Association (SPA), the principal
trade group of the personal computing software industry, estimated that in 1994 the industry lost $8.08
billion worldwide due to illegal copying of operating systems, education, entertainment, or personal
productivity software.

Excerpted from The 1996 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.

1995 Grolier Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Questes sobre o texto:

1. Quais foram todos os tipos de pirataria mencionados no texto? _______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

2. De acordo com o texto, a pirataria considerada um crime? Retire do texto a sentena que afirma ou
nega isso? ___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que a SPA? O que esta sigla significa? _______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Observe a palavra grifada: The latter includes the manufacturing of counterfeit packages that pretend
to be originals. Ela um cognato ou um falso-cognato? Qual o seu real significado? ________________
______________________________________________________________.
Text:

VIRTUAL REALITY

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 Researchers in computer imaging technology are developing systems by which users can experience
a simulated three-dimensional reality (3D). This simulated reality is known as virtual reality (VR).
Sometimes the term cyberspace is used as synonym with VR.
Since the 1970s, technologists have learned how to produce animated computer images of objects
that exhibit colors, textures and special changings. The images can also be subjected to changing light
conditions and to simulated effects of gravity and other forces. The results can look as real as actual
motion pictures.
The further aim of technologists is to make it for person t enter and actually manipulate VR. This is
being achieved by having an observer who wears a headgear through which computer images are
displayed on small screens in front of the eyes. At the same time, gloves that are equipped with sensors
are transmitting apparent changes of body orientation in VR. A simpler form of these VR techniques is
seen in the flight simulators used for training pilots.
Adapted from Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1996

Questes sobre o texto: (Compreenso)

1) O que os pesquisadores da rea de tecnologia de imagem computacional esto desenvolvendo?

____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

2) O que Realidade Virtual? Qual a sua sigla (em Ingls)?

____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

3) D um sinnimo de Virtual Reality? _____________________________________

4) Quando iniciaram-se as pesquisas com VR? Como eram feitas? ______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

5) O que pretendiam as pesquisas posteriores?

____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulrio Tcnico

6) Encontre no texto as palavras ou expresses que se referem s seguintes definies:

a. People who work in technology area: ____________________________

b. Three-dimensional reality: ____________________________________

c. Another name for monitor or display: ___________________________

Gramtica Contextualizada ING

7) Classifique os INGs encontrados no texto em gerndio, substantivo ou verbo:

a. Researchers in computer imaging technology are developing systems

_____________________________ __________________________

b. images of objects that exhibit colors, textures and special changings

__________________________
c. This is being achieved by having an observer who
____________________ ______________________

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d. gloves that are equipped with sensors are transmitting changes
____________________
e. flight simulators used for training pilots.
_______________________

PRONOMES RELATIVOS (Who / Which / That)

Who is for people (not things)

A Programmer is a person who writes programs.

The man who phoned will call you later again.

I know everybody who work in my company.

Which is for things (not people)

This is the printer which you asked me.

I dont have the CD-Rom which you need.

Is this the new computer which you bought?

That is for things or people:

I know everybody that work in my company.

(You can use that for people, but who is more usual)

This is the printer that you asked me.

Portanto, temos:
(Para pessoas)
Who
He is the system analyst who/that prepares instructions.
That (pessoa)

(Para coisas)
Which
This is the manual which/that you need.
That (coisa)

EXERCCIOS

1. Complete com who ou which:

a. I met a woman who can speak six languages.

b. Whats the name of the man ________ lives next door?
c. Whats the name of the river ________ flows through the town?
d. Where is the picture ________ was hanging on the wall?
e. Do you know anybody _______ wants to buy a car?
f. You always ask questions _______ are difficult to answer.
g. I have a friend _________ is very good at repairing cars.
h. I think everybody ________ went to the party enjoyed it a lot.

2. Volte ao texto Virtual Reality e retire 1 pronome relativo do 1 pargrafo, 1 pronome relativo do 2
pargrafo e 3 pronomes do 3 pargrafo, e indique as respectivas palavras a que eles se referem:

61
1 pargrafo: pronome: _____________
refere-se a: _______________

2 pargrafo: pronome: _____________

refere-se a: _______________

3 pargrafo: pronome refere-se a

_________ _____________
_________ _____________
_________ _____________

OPERATING SYSTEM

The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an
operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing
input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on
the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a
traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere
with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized
users do not access the system.

Operating systems can be classified as follows:

multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems
permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.
multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.
real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and
UNIX, are not real-time.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application
programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating
system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you
can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are
available, such as Linux. As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of
commands. For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and
RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are
accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or command
line interpreter. Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at
objects that appear on the screen.

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Vocabulrio
1. Passe para o Portugus as expresses abaixo retiradas do texto:

a. General-purpose computer - ___________________________________

b. Operating system - __________________________________________
c. Basic tasks - ________________________________________________
d. Peripheral devices - __________________________________________
e. Different programs and users - _________________________________

2. Encontre no texto as seguintes palavras em Ingls:

a. Teclado - _______________ e. Segurana - ______________

b. Tela - __________________ f. Acessar - ________________
c. Usurios - _______________ g. Aplicativos - _____________
d. Diretrios - ______________ h. Processador - _____________

3. O que um Sistema Operacional, de acordo com a definio do texto?

____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Quais so as funes do Sistema Operacional?

- ___________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________

5. Como ele pode ser classificado?

- ________________________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________

6. O que faz o multi-user?

____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

7. Quais so os mais populares Sistemas Operacionais para PCs?

8. Como so aceitos e executados os comandos do Sistema Operacional?
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

9. Passe a seguinte sentena do texto para o Portugus: The Operating System is also responsible for
security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

10) O que possui o Sistema Operacional DOS e para que serve?

____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

FILME: PIRATES OF SILICON VALLEY

Vamos falar um pouco da histria de grandes empresas como a Microsoft e Apple, que esto
relacionadas a sua rea de estudo. Para isso, faremos uma anlise e comentaremos as partes principais
do filme Pirates of Silicon Valley. Posteriormente, voc o assistir !

63
Os Piratas do Vale de Silcio (1999) um docudrama dirigido por Martyn Burke, baseado no livro: Fogo
no Vale, que documenta a ascenso do computador domstico ou PERSONAL COMPUTER. Mostra a
rivalidade entre os computadores da Apple (Apple II e o Apple Macintosh) e os da Microsoft (Altair de
MITS, DOS, PC da IBM, e Windows).

A histria central do filme comea nos anos 70, no campus de Berkeley UC durante o perodo do
movimento livre do discurso e as atribulaes do estudante Bill Gates, dos trabalhos de Steve, dos
amigos de infncia (Noah Wyle) e do Steve Wozniak (Joey Slotnick), que daria forma ao computador da
Apple, o do amigo Paul Allen (Josh Hopkins), que iniciaria a Microsoft.
Na primeira cena, Steve Jobs e Steve Wosniak aparecem nos preparativos da produo de um
comercial que ficou muito famoso nos EUA. Trata-se do lanamento do Machintosh. Esse comercial foi
exibido uma nica vez, num evento de visibilidade muito grande (uma final de campeonato esportivo); o
equivalente no Brasil seria uma final de campeonato nacional de futebol.
Steve Jobs , vivido pelo ator Noah Wyle, olha para a cmera com um ar manaco e diz: No quero
que voc pense nisso s como um filme. Ns estamos reescrevendo a histria da humanidade.
Pirates of Silicon Valley, de 1999, conta a histria do computador pessoal de um jeito muito divertido,
apesar de conter exageros. Retrata com preciso as diferenas entre os grandes inventores do
computador pessoal: Jobs, Bill Gates e a IBM.

Assista agora ao filme e anote os aspectos relevantes da histria. Posteriormente, voc

responder algumas questes sobre ele; portanto, fique atento!

1) Qual foi o primeiro microcomputador comercialmente lanado?Por qual empresa? Esse computador
teve sucesso? Por qu?
2) Cite uma cena empreendedora do filme que para ser descrita use-se o termo
capitalismo de risco.
3) Cite duas cenas em que empresas grandes observaram tecnologias inovadoras e no lhes deram
valor (cite a empresa e a tecnologia). Por que essas empresas foram incapazes de
reconhecer o potencial dessas tecnologias?
4) Quem disse a frase O lucro est no hardware, e no no software? Descreva a cena em que isso foi
dito.Comente essa frase.
5) Por que a mudana de percepo de valor que o mercado dava para hardware e software mudou
tanto do momento em que essa frase foi dita para o momento atual?
6) Cite cenas do filme que para serem descritas use-se o termo
inteligncia competitiva.
7) Cite alguns comentrios feitos por Bill Gates sobre estratgias comerciais. O que voc acha delas?
8) Descreva as expectativas de Paul Alen e do dono da Seatle Computers no momento em que ele
pretendia comprar DOS dele.
9)Qual era o risco de Paul Alen no caso de no conseguir comprar o produto? Qual era a percepo de
valor que o dono da Seatle Computers tinha sobre o DOS?
10) Quem era o autor da frase:Bons artistas copiam, grandes artistas roubam? Comente essa frase.

64
11) Com relao Direito e tica, o que podemos concluir sobre o filme?
12) No decorrer do filme apareceram vrios grupos nominais, escreva cinco deles.
13) Justifique a frase: O grande sucesso de Bill Gates e Steve Jobs se deu atravs de suas
habilidades comunicativas.

Programming Languages

Just as there are many human languages, so there are many computer languages. In the early days,
people programmed using the computers binary code, or what we call `machine language. When this
became difficult, mnemonics were used to make life easier. This is called `assembly language
programming. Finally, there are the high-level languages like BASIC, FORTRAN, and ALGOL. These are
much more similar to everyday language, and are translated directly or indirectly into the computers
machine code using the computers firmware.
BASIC is the language most often used to introduce programming.

Some help

just as = assim como

in the early days = no princpio, no incio
mnemonics = arte de desenvolver a memria mediante processos auxiliares como a associao.
to make easier = tornar mais fcil
high-level = alto nvel
firmware = software` armazenado em ROM em vez de disco

1) Sabendo-se que a expresso computers binary code est no Caso Genitivo; a

correspondente em Portugus :

a) computador de cdigo binrio

b) computao binria de cdigo
c) cdigo de computao binria
d) cdigo binrio do computador

2) Retire do texto outras duas expresses que estejam no Caso Genitivo:

a) _________________________________________________.

b) _________________________________________________

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Machine Language

This is the language which the computer actually understands inside itself. Machine language
statements are written in a binary code, and each statement corresponds to one machine action.
A program written in high-level language is often called a `source program, and it cannot be directly
processed by the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code. Usually
a single instruction written in a high-level language, when transformed into machine code, results in several
instructions. But some computers can be programmed directly in machine code.

Some help

statements = programas so compostos por `statements, isto , instrues, comandos.

compiled = traduzido em linguagem de mquina; compilado.
a single = um nica

3) Transcreva da sentena o Grupo Nominal nela existente e passe toda a sentena para o
Portugus:

But some computers can be programmed directly in machine code.

Grupo Nominal:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

De acordo com o texto, um programa escrito em linguagem de alto nvel freqentemente chamado de:

a) machine code
b) machine language
c) source program
d) several instructions

4) Assinale a alternativa que preenche a afirmao de acordo com o texto:

Cada comando corresponde a _____________________________.

a) um programa fonte
b) um cdigo binrio
c) um cdigo de mquina
d) um ao da mquina

Assembly Languages

Assembly language is a programming language that talks fairly directly to the computer. Unlike machine
language, which is what the computer understands, assembly language is mnemonic, so that it can be
understood and remembered more easily by a human being; in fact, assembly language is really just
machine language in mnemonic form.
Assembly languages are specific to a given CPU chip and are named after it (8080 assembly language,
6809 assembly language, etc.) They are harder to program than a high-level language, but they produce
programs that are more efficient and run faster.
 Some help
fairly = quase are named = recebem o nome
unlike = ao contrrio de, diferente de after it de acordo com ele (chip
just = apenas, justamente
CPU = Central Processing Unit
5) Na sentena do texto que est sublinhada, o pronome They refere-se palavra:

a) languages c) programs
b) CPU d) chip

6) Assinale a alternativa em que h um Grupo Nominal:

a) directly to the computer c) more easily

b) machine language d) the computer understand

7) Complete as sentences com some ou any:

a) There are ______________ complex Mathematical problems.

a) I cant find ______________ texts on `Time-sharing`.
b) There isnt ______________ time for transmitting new data.
c) Do you have _____________ good marks?
d) There are ______________ printers in this room.

High-Level Languages

A high-level languages is a computer programming language designed to allow people to write programs
without having to understand the inner workings of the computer.
They are fairly close to natural languages like English and most have been written for one particular type
of application or another. For example, ALGOL has been written for general applications, COBOL for
business applications, FORTRAN for mathematics work and BASIC for general purpose introductory
programming.
High-level languages are easier to program than assembly languages, but generally produce programs
that are less efficient and run slower.

Some help

designed to = planned to = planejada, projetada

inner workings = trabalhos internos, o que se passa dentro.
close to = near = perto de, parecidas
most = a maioria
general-purpose = objetivo geral

8) Na expresso computer programming language a palavra em destaque :

a) gerndio (programando)
b) verbo (programar)
c) substantivo (programao)
d) adjetivo (modifier)
9) Assinale a alternativa correta, de acordo com o texto:

a) Linguagens de alto nvel so _______________________ de programar do que linguagem assembly.

1) mais difceis
2)mais fceis

b) Linguagens de alto nvel produzem programas que so _________________________ do que

linguagem assembly.
1-menos eficientes
2-mais eficientes

c) Programas em linguagem de alto nvel `rodam ________________________.

1-mais rpido
2-mais lento

Internet

Internet started in 1969, in a military project in which 21 computers were linked. This means that a person in
one oh those computers could read the files of any other computer in the same network. This project was
called ARPANET. During the 70s and 80s, computer technology developed vary fast. Networks were
developed, like the ARPANET.You will do everything through Internet: shopping, electronic forums, debates
etc. The Internet will be the necessary basis for our everyday life. (Adapted from Sun, Amos)

Questions
Leia o texto acima, aplique as estratgias de leitura e responda:

1) O que o texto afirma sobre a Internet? Escolha apenas uma alternativa correta e traduza na linha
abaixo.
a) will be a military reality in the future
b) will be important for everyone
c) is made of 21 computers
d) can be used to develop technology very fast
e) teachers computer skills
traduo:
_______________________________________________________________________________

2) Explique o que ARPANET. Resposta em portugus.

____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3) De acordo com o texto a frase computers were linked pode ser traduzida como:
a) computadores esto ligados
b) computadores eram desligados
c) computadores no eram conectados
d) computadores esto conectados
e) computadores estavam conectados

4) Explique o que aconteceu entre os anos 70 e 80? ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5) traduza a frase: a person in one of those computers could read the files of any other computer in the
same network. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

JAVA

Who is the champion in the world about plataforms! If you said windows, youre wrong. The
champion in technology is Java. It was created by sun to work in receptors of cable TV, adapted for
Internet and later to PDAs, cell phones and similars.
Java is a program language. Softwares that are writen in this language can be executed in any
dispositive, since it has the operational system.
This independence is possible due to the fact that this technology is based in a complex software
that permits to execute any order.
The name arose from a conversation among programmers in a coffee shop Java is one kind of
coffee from Java island. From the name, others have arisen at the same time: Java beans Hot Java- only
to exemplify. The stylistic cup is the famous reference. And there is one thing that only programmers know.
The first four bytes of any file class are in hexadecimal, OXCAFEBABE.
Finally, about micro Edition, we have Java me, more known as Jame.

Java logo (created by sun)

(adapted from Internet Magazine, by Niuza Barone Peres, June, 2006)

Comprehension questions.

1. Who is the champion in technology? ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is Java? ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Como surgiu a marca e aonde?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Em que esta tecnologia baseada?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Circule os Cognatos e relacione as familiares encontradas no texto.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Qual empresa criou a tecnologia mencionada no texto?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 HOW IS COMPUTER USED?
A computer is used first as a number processor, to continue to perform accurate and quick computations.
Second, as data processor, to handle, process, and print huge quantities of data. Third, as an information
analyzer, to aid and improve decision-making. And finally, as a knowledge processor, to make available to
the public vast banks as information through electronic channels called networks.

Examples of these four major users are:

Adding up the daily transactions at a bank (number processing)
Printing the charge account statements of a major department store (data processing)
Projecting sales for an industrial manufacturer (information analyzing);
Planning a vacation schedule (knowledge processing).

Source: (Galante, Ingls para informtica.)

VOCABULARY
Accurate = careful and exact = precisas, certeiras.
Quick = speedy, rapid = velozes, rpidas.
Huge = immense, enormous = enormes, colossais, imenso, vasto.
Decision-making = tomada de posio / tomada de deciso.
Available = acessible = disponveis, acessveis.
Networks = redes (de comunicao).
Adding up = achar a soma de
Charge account statements = relatrios de contas de crdito e dbito.
Vacation schedule = escala ou programao de frias.
Aid = auxiliar.
Major = principal
To handle = manipular

EXERCISES

1) Escreva abaixo os principais usos de um computador.

First as___________________________________________________________________
Second as_________________________________________________________________
Third as__________________________________________________________________
Finally as_________________________________________________________________

2) Ligue os exemplos e os usos.

(a) planning a vacation schedule ( ) data processing
(b) printing the charge account statements ( ) number processing
(c) projecting sales for an industrial manufacturer ( ) knowledge processing
(d) Adding up the daily transactions at a bank ( ) information analyzing

3) Escreva as palavras familiares encontradas no texto e suas tradues.

FAMILIAR TRADUO
4) Siga o exemplo. (to process, processor, processing)

a) to analyse,_______________________________________________________________
b) to project, ______________________________________________________________
c) to print, ________________________________________________________________
d) to plan, ________________________________________________________________
5) D a traduo das palavras do exerccio anterior.

6) Qual a fonte do texto?

1) Escreva um breve pargrafo explicando o que voc entendeu sobre o texto.

How to remove malicious software from your computer? Published: August 30, 2005

Finding and extracting unwanted program

Despite your best efforts, you may occasionally download a program you don't want.
Here are some ways to remove it. (Note that you may not be able to remove some programs.)

Run the Malicious Software Removal Tool

Make sure your anti-spyware software is current, and then scan your system, following the instructions on
your screen.
If you've downloaded something that's wreaking havoc on your systemslowing it to a crawl, causing it to
crash frequently, etc.try using the Malicious Software Removal Tool. This tool checks computers using
Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows Server 2003 for specific malicious software and helps you
remove it.

Disable a program by using Add-On Manager (Windows XP Service Pack 2 only)

If your anti-spyware program and the Malicious Software Removal Tool don't solve the problem, you may be
able to disable the troublemaker through Add-On Manager.

1.Open Internet Explorer.

2.On the Tools menu, click Manage Add-ons.
3.In the list of add-ons, click to select the one you want to disable, and then click Disable in the Settings
 section in the bottom half of the Manage Add-ons box. Look for add-ons you didn't accept or don't
recognize.
4.Click OK.

Tip: Add-ons are programs that extend the capabilities of Internet Explorer, for example, toolbars or
programs that let you accomplish tasks such as making hotel reservations or searching the Internet. But
there are also add-ons you wouldn't want, such as those that redirect your search to their own Web site or
change your homepage.
2005 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved

1) Aplicando a tcnica de skimming responda sobre que o texto trata?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2) O que : Malicious Software Removal Tool? Responda em portugus.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3) De acordo com o texto, o que Add-ons: responda em portugus.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Por quais dois motivos um usurio pode no querer algum tipo de Add-ons? Em portugus.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

5) Quais as sugestes que o texto apresenta para solucionar o problema? Cite todos. Responda em
portugus.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 COBOL

COBOL is a third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages
still in active use. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, its defining its
primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. The
COBOL 2002 standard includes support for object-oriented programming and other modern language
features.

History and specification

In a meeting held at the Pentagon on May 28 and 29, 1959, organized by Charles Phillips, COBOL was
initially created in 1947 by The Short Range Committee, that was formed to recommend a short range
approach to a common business language.

It was made up of members representing six computer manufacturers and three government agencies.
In particular, the six computer manufacturers were Burroughs Corporation, IBM, Minneapolis-Honeywell
(Honeywell Labs), RCA, Sperry Rand, and Sylvania Electric Products. The three government agencies
were the US Air Force, the David Taylor Model Basin, and the National Bureau of Standards (Now NIST).

This committee was chaired by a member of the NBS. An Intermediate-Range Committee and a Long-
Range Committee were proposed at the Pentagon meeting as well. However although the Intermediate
Range Committee was formed, it was never operational; and the Long-Range Committee was never even
formed. In the end a sub-committee of the Short Range Committee developed the specifications of the
COBOL language.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL
Leia o texto acima, aplique as estratgias de leitura e responda:
1) Segundo o texto, qual o conceito de COBOL? Responda em portugus.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

2) Observe a frase: recommend a short range approach to a common business language.

Qual traduo de common business language?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que ocorreu em 28 e 29 de maio de 1959:

________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4)O que inclui o Padro COBOL 2002? Responda em portugus.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5) A que se define o domnio primrio do COBOL?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

6) Quais so os seis fabricantes de computadores mencionados no texto?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

LOADING THE DOCUMENT

Up to 20 pages can be placed in the feeder at one time. The pages will be automatically fed into the fax
starting from the page on the bottom.

If you need to send or copy more than 20 pages, place the additional pages gently and carefully in
the feeder just before the last page is scanned. Do not try to force them in, as this may cause
double-feeding or jamming.
If your document consists of several large or thick pages which must be loaded one at a time,
insert each page into the feeder as the previous page is being scanned. Insert gently to prevent
double-feeding.

1 Adjust the document guide on the right side of the feeder to the width
of your document.
_ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

2 Place the document face down and

push it gently into the document
feeder. The top edge of the docu-
ment should enter the fax first.
The feeder will draw the leading
edge of the document into the fax.
READY TO SEND will appear in
the display.
3 You can now make resolution and/
or contrast settings as described in
the following section, or dial the
other party as described in the sec-
tion, Dialing and transmission.

Important
If you need to remove the document from the feeder before the transmission or copying, first open the
operation panel by pulling the front edge up and then remove the document. If you try to pull out the
document without opening the operation panel, you may damage the feeder mechanism.
 Source: FACSIMILE OPERATION MANUAL / SHARP
Questes sobre o texto:

1) Como voc deve proceder se precisar enviar ou copiar mais de 20 pginas?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
2) Qual deve ser o primeiro passo para se carregar o aparelho?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
3) Qual o segundo passo?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
4) O que pode acontecer se voc abrir puxar o documento sem abrir o painel de operao?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
5) Grife no texto a seguir 5 verbos modais e os seus verbos principais.

A LITTLE HISTORY OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB

FROM 1945 TO 1990

1945 - Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-electrical-mechanical device called
a Memex, for memory extension, which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche.

1960s - Doug Engelbert prototypes an on line System which does hypertext browsing editing, email and
so on. He invents the mouse for this purpose. See the Bootstrap Institute Library.
Ted Nelson coins the world Hypertext in A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the
Indeterminate.
Andy Van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System in 1967.

1980 - While consulting for CERN June-December of 1980, Tim Berners-Lee writes a notebook program,
which allows links to be made between arbitrary nodes. Each node had a title, a type, and a list of bi-
directional typed links.

1989
March
Information Management: A Proposal written by Tim BL and circulated for comments at CERN.
Hypertext and CERN produced as background (Text or Write Now Format).

1990
May
Same proposal recirculated

September
Mike Sendall, Tims boss, Oks the purchase of a Next cube, and allows Tim to go ahead and write a
global hypertext system.

October
Tim starts work on a hypertext browser + editor using the Nextstep development environment. He
makes up World Wide Web as a name for the program. And World Wide Web as a name for the project
(over Information Mesh, Mine of information, and Information Mine).
Project original proposal reformulated with encouragement from CN and ECP divisional management.
Robert Cailliau (ECP) is co-author of new version.

November
Initial World Wide Web program development continues. This was a browser/editor with direct in line
creation of links.
Technical student Nicola Pellow joins and stars work on the line-mode browser. TBL gives a colloquium
on hypertext in general.

Christmas
Line mode browser and World Wide Web browser/editor demonstrable. Access is possible to hypertext
files, and Internet news articles.

Links: elo; conexo

Screenshot: carregamento
To prototypes: fazer o prottipo
Browser: Special type of computer program that lets you use the Internet.
To coin: fig. inventar; criar

D o significado dos seguintes Grupos Nominais:

Photo-electrical-mechenical devices
____________________________________________________________.
Memory extension
____________________________________________________________.
Hypertext editing System
____________________________________________________________.

Wireless Networking
The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or more computers to communicate
using standard network protocols, but without network cabling. Strictly speaking, any technology that does
this could be called wireless networking. The current buzzword however generally refers to wireless LANs.
This technology, fuelled by the emergence of cross-vendor industry standards such as IEEE 802.11, has
produced a number of affordable wireless solutions that are growing in popularity with business and schools
as well as sophisticated applications where network wiring is impossible, such as in warehousing or point-
of-sale handheld equipment.

There are two kinds of wireless networks:

a. An Hoc or Peer-to Peer wireless network consists of a number of computers each equipped
with a wireless networking interface card. Each computer can communicate directly with all of the other
wireless enabled computers. They can share files and printers this way, but may not be able to access
wired LAN resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired LAN using special
software. (This is called "bridging")

Figure 1: Ad-Hoc or Peer-to Peer Networking.

Each computer with a wireless interface can communicate directly with all of the others.

b. A wireless network can also use an access point, or base station. In this type of network the
access point works like a hub, providing connectivity for the wireless computers. It can connect (or "bridge")
the wireless LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless computer access to LAN resources, such as file servers
or existing Internet Connectivity.

There are two types of access points:

i. Dedicated hardware access points (HAP) such as Lucent's WaveLAN, Apple's

Airport Base Station or WebGear's AviatorPRO. (See Figure 2). Hardware access points offer
comprehensive support of most wireless features, but check your requirements carefully.

ii. Software Access Points which run on a computer equipped with a wireless network
interface card as used in an ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network. (See Figure 3) The Vicomsoft
InterGate suites are software routers that can be used as a basic Software Access Point, and include
features not commonly found in hardware solutions, such as Direct PPPoE support and extensive
configuration flexibility, but may not offer the full range of wireless features defined in the 802.11 standard.

With appropriate networking software support, users on the wireless LAN can share files and printers
located on the wired LAN and vice versa. Vicomsoft's solutions support file sharing using TCP/IP.

Figure 2: Hardware Access Point.

Wireless connected computers using a Hardware Access Point.
 Figure 3: Software Access Point.
Wireless connected computers using a Software Access Point.

Leia o texto e responda:

1) O que uma rede de trabalho sem fio?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2) Em que consiste a rede de trabalho sem fio Hoc ou Peer to peer?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3) Uma rede de trabalho sem fio pode tambm usar um ponto de acesso, ou uma estao base.
Como este ponto de acesso trabalha?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4) Quantos tipos de rede de trabalho sem fio existem, de acordo com o texto?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5) Escreva o que as figuras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente representam?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

6) Retire do texto dez (10) cognatos.

7)

8) Retire do texto cinco (05) palavras familiares com traduo.

FAMILIAR TRADUO

9) Circule abaixo todos os facilitadores e/ou estratgias utilizados na anlise e interpretao do texto.
a) Dicas tipogrficas d) Skimming
b) Cognatos e palavras familiares e) Conhecimento de mundo
c) Scanning
9) Com base no texto, circule a alternativa em que todas as palavras so falsos cognatos.
a) refers, term
b) more, file
c) using, interface
a) directly, generally
e) business, wireless

10) Retire do texto cinco (05) afixos (prefixos ou sufixos) com traduo.
11)
AFIXO TRADUO

12) Retire do texto cinco (05) grupos nominais com traduo.

GRUPO NOMINAL TRADUO

 13) De acordo com o texto, a quem os pronomes em destaque se referem?
That:______________________________________________________________________
They:______________________________________________________________________
Which:_____________________________________________________________________

14) D a traduo das palavras abaixo

1. To change ____________________________
2. To connect ___________________________
3. To develop ___________________________
4. To feed______________________________
5. To handle ____________________________
6. To have ______________________________
7. To improve ___________________________
8. To perform ___________________________
9. To plan ______________________________
10. To run _______________________________
11. To save ______________________________
12. To set up _____________________________
13. To supply ____________________________
14. Tool ________________________________
15. User ________________________________
16. Very much ___________________________
17. Way ________________________________
18. Wireless _____________________________
19. Wizard ______________________________
20. Workgroup ___________________________

Photo

Your CV

Example:

NAME: Gavin H Alvarez

_____________________________________________________________________________________

ADDRESS: 26 Dryfield Road

Cambridge CB2 2DS
_____________________________________________________________________________________

TELEPHONE NUMBER: 01223 3268452

_____________________________________________________________________________________

E-MAIL ADDRESS: gavinhalvarez@btinternet.com

_____________________________________________________________________________________

DATE OF BIRTH: 14 June 1984

_____________________________________________________________________________________
EDUCATION
1995 2000 Graves High School for Boys
Graves Avenue
Cambridge CB3 4RG
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2000- 2002 Cam College of Engineering and Technology

Birch Road
Cambridge CB6 7YT
_____________________________________________________________________________________

QUALIFICATIONS

2000 GCSEs: English, Maths, General Science, Design and Technology, French,
Spanish, Art, and History
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2001 Level 1 Engineering and Technology foundation course

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2002 Level 2 Computing course specializing in software development

_____________________________________________________________________________________

WORK EXPERIENCE

AUGUST SEPTEMBER 2000 Temporary job as IT assistant

at Norriss Aeronautics, Cambridge.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

OCTOBER 2000 JUNE 2002 Saturday and holiday job testing computer games at Silicompany,
Cambridge.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

OTHER INFORMATION Bi-lingual in Spanish and English; clean driving licence

INTERESTS Developing computer games, member of college football team,

photography, and playing the guitar
_____________________________________________________________________________________

REFEREE Ms Daisy Valentine (course tutor)

Cam College of Engineering and Technology Birch Road -
Cambridge CB6 7YT
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Before you start

1 Have you ever had a part-time or work experience job? Tell your class:

what your job was

how you got it

Reading

2- Read the curriculum vitae (CV) quickly and choose the correct answers to the questions below.

1 What is a CV?
a) A description of someones family, education, likes and dislikes.
b) A description of someones education, work experience, and skills.

2 How is a CV arranged?

a) under headings
b) like a letter

3 Read the CV again and decide if the sentences (1-7) below are true (T) or false (F).

1 Gavin Alvarez lives in Cambridge. ( )

2 He is a student at Cam College. ( )
3 He passed his GCSEs in 2001. ( )
4 He has had Saturday and holiday jobs since 2000. ( )
5 He left Cam College in 2000. ( )
6 He is quite good at languages. ( )
7 He isnt interested in technology. ( )

Writing

4 Write your own CV in English using qualifications you already have, or ones that you think you might get
in the future. Use Gavins CV as a model for your writing.

Name
Address

Telephone number
e-mail address
Date of birth
Education

Qualifications

Work experience

Other information

Interests

Referee

VOCABULARY APPROACH: KEYBOARD SYMBOLS AND PUNCTUATION MARKS

A) Look at the keys across the top of the computer keyboard and complete the sentences.
1. ~ This is called a ______________________________________
2. ` This is called a ______________________________________
3. ! This is called an ______________________________________
4. @ This symbol means a______________________________________
5. # This symbol means ______________________________________
6. $ This is called a ______________________________________
7. % This symbol means ______________________________________
8. ^ This symbol is called a ______________________________________
9. & This symbol is called an _____________________ and means _______________
10. * This symbol is called an ______________________________________
11. ( ) These two marks are called ______________________________________
12. - This is called a ______________________________________
13. + This symbol is called a ______________________________________
14. = This symbol is called an ______________________________________

B) Look around the computer keyboard and complete the sentences.

15. { } These marks are called ______________________________________
16. [ ] These marks are called ______________________________________
17. : This is called a ______________________________________
18. ; This is called a ______________________________________
19. " " These marks are called ______________________________________
20. " " In British English, these marks are called ______________________________________
21. ' This is called an ______________________________________
22. , This is called a ______________________________________
23. . This is called a period ______________________________________
24. . In British English, this is called a ______________________________________
25. ... Three periods together are called an ______________________________________
 26. ? This is called a ______________________________________
27. / This is called a ______________________________________
28. \ This is called a ______________________________________
29. < > These marks are called ______________________________________

CROSSWORD
VERTICAIS HORIZONTAIS
1) ampersand 2) and
3) angle brackets 4) apostrophe
5) asterisks 6) at
7) back slash 8) braces
9) brackets 10) circumflex
11) colon 12) comma
13) dollar sign 14) ellipsis
15) equal sign 16) exclamation mark
17) forward slash or virgule 18) full stop
19) grave or grave accent 20) hyphen
21) inverted commas 22) number
23) parentheses 24) per cent
25) period 26) plus sign
27) question mark 28) quotation marks or quotes
29) semicolon 30) tilde
Complete com as palavras da tabela acima(1/5/11/21/23/29 e 4/8/10/15/28)

Complete as lacunas com as palavras abaixo:

BLOGGER / COMPUTER / CHAT / USER / END USER / BLOG

A _______________ is a website in which items are posted on a regular basis and displayed in reverse
chronological order. This term is a shortened form of weblog. It comprises text, hypertext, images, and links
(to other web pages and to video, audio and other files). It uses a conversational style of documentation. A
person who posts these entries is called a ___________.

_____________is a real-time communication between two users via computer. Once has been initiated,
either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user's
monitor. Most networks and online services offer its feature.

___________ is an individual who uses a computer. This includes expert programmers as well as novices.
An _________is any individual who runs na application program.

A programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a ___________________ are:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)

TRANSLATE

Lesson 1 - Exercise 1

Translate into Portuguese

1. This part of book describes the basic process for developing an application.

2. You cannot work on a drawing that is larger than the window.

3. You can change the name of the subdirectory if you like.

4. These files are copied to subdirectories.

5. Send the text as soon as its typed.

6. Its not necessary to fill in all the fields.

7. I am looking for the problems that may have caused the failure.

8. You can use global groups as well as local groups.

9. Use this function as many times as needed.

10. The system asks whether you want to open a new file.

11. If your application doesnt behave as you expect

12. Read those books so as to get the information you need.

Lesson 2- Exercises 2

Translate into Portuguese:

1. The operations you can perform depend on which protocol youre using.

2. If you want the information to remain on the screen

3. To deal with cases that are too complicated

4. You can share the files with others.

5. These topics can be of use to the experienced programmer.

6. When you add a file to a project

7. without any further work on your part.

8. To name only a few of its many features.

9. The search is performed as the string is typed.

10. Display the symbols by pressing the K key.

11. Youre not used to using this program.

12. This may come in useful if you want to prevent another application from using that port.

Lesson 3- Exercises 3

Translate into Portuguese:

1. To set the time for the internal clock of a computer

2. Not all of these actions update the display of the drawing immediately.

3. If one disk fails, the system uses data from the other disk.

4. Be careful when selecting fonts for your application.

5. A hidden item cannot be seen by the user.

6. The more common questions about operating systems

7. In the following picture, all the borders are highlighted in yellow.

8. You should see your text visible in your drawing.

9. Add new topics to the ones that exist now.

10. The more you study, the more you learn.

Lesson 4- Exercises 4

Translate into Portuguese:

1. A directory will be created if you specify one that does not exist.

2. The users guide

3. You can see which lines are being executed.

4. You can choose any of the items.

5. Each time an event occurs

6. You will end up losing you file.

7. There is only one option available.

8. What would you do if gave you two million reais?

9. Qual o oposto de at least?

at once at times at most

10. E de at the top?

at the bottom at the most at the end

11. O que significa at times?

Sempre s vezes com freqncia

12. E at once?
Ao mesmo tempo um de cada vez aos poucos

Lesson 5 - Exercises 5

Translate into Portuguese:

1. One project can be a subproject of another project.

2. Table 1.3 lists the icons and their meanings.

3. Adding and removing files from projects

4. Press the OK button and then wait for the answer.

5. The basic steps in designing a simple application

6. String manipulation

7. These lists mustnt contain files that are likely to change often.

8. Any number other than 0

9. You should help one another.

10. You can also use the left mouse button.

11. Que palavras tem o mesmo significado de also?

So as to, as well as as well, soon too, as well

Lesson 6- Exercises 6

Translate into Portuguese:

1. No more errors have been made.

2. You can change the options at any time.

3. Its more useful to time a process in seconds.

4. You now have a number choices.

5. Future versions of C++.

6. Whats new in version 5.0?

7. Programming techniques.

8. It may seem strange at first.

9. You should first create a function.

10. A variable number of rows.

11. The lines that form the angle.

12. A check should be made from time to time.

13. Ive made some errors.

Lesson 7 - Exercises 7

Translate into Portuguese:

1. You may want to consult these books.

2. The same set of files.

3. The operation will take about 5 seconds.

4. The file is about to be deleted.

5. Do you want to know how to open multiple documents at once?

6. Some programming languages such as C++.

7. Many interesting books are available.

8. This book is much easier than that book.

9. You already know a little about programming.

10. This operation will take a few seconds.

11. You should make the necessary changes.

12. The book is divided into 15 chapters.

13. All you need to do is to work harder.

14. You must take into account the differences between languages.

15. You might change your mind later.

Lesson 8 - Exercises 8

Translate into Portuguese:

1. Frequent source of problems.

2. The number cannot be less than zero.

3. X is calculated once rather than every time the loop is executed.

4. The computer has run out of memory.

5. To display all the files with .txt extension.

6. Because they use less disk and memory space

7. You may not get the result that you expect.

8. The data the user might like to save.

9. The function will always return zero.

10. Select the control you intend to resize.

11. A simple but useful function.

12. If the object changes, the dimension is automatically updated.

13.Its up to you to decide which techniques are appropriate for your application.

14. Strings can take up to 50% more space.

15. To fill up the entire database.

16. To speed up form load.

17. The words that make up the sentence.

18. To take up space in memory.

Lesson 9- Exercises 9

Translate into Portuguese:

1. Processes can share the same memory.

2. Processes that use significant computing resources.

3. This connection is more expensive because it uses more computing resources.

4. This book is to easy!

5. My car broke down so I took it to the mechanic.

6. You can export a function from your program so that other programs can call it.

7. Perform step 1 first, then step 2, and so on.

8. The concepts youve learnt so far.

9. A small button appears at the top.

10. This device can print up to 100 copies.

11. The toolbar contains several tools for drawing.

12. You can change your drawing display if you want.

13. The requests are processed one at a time.

14. Click here to log in/on.

15. You may be forced to log out/off.

16. This software provides several key advantages.

17. The foreground and background colour setting.

18. This is a default setting.

19. I cant figure out why this printer is not working.

20. You can print as many pages as you want.

GLOSSRIO
A

Abort - abortar, terminar um processo (por mau funcionamento) desligando o computador manualmente
Abstract resumo (de um documento)
Accelerator - acelerador (dispositivo que acelera o rendimento de um sistema de computao
Accept aceitar, concordar em fazer alguma coisa
Acknowledge confirmar, confirmao, enviar um sinal confirmando que uma mensagem foi recebida
Action ao, coisa que foi realizada
Activation file arquivo de ativao
Active ativo, ativa, ocupado ou em funcionamento
Active page pgina ativa, em funcionamento
Add - adicionar, acrescentar, somar
Additional adicional
Address - endereo
Adobe adobo; empresa de software que desenvolveu produtos incluindo Acrobat, ATM,etc.
ADP (Automatic Data Processing) processamento automtico de dados
Aid auxiliar, ajudar, auxlio, ajuda
Alias nome alternativo (dado a um arquivo, porta, dispositivo, etc.)
Alien estranho, discrepante
Align alinhar, assegurar-se de que nmeros e texto estejam espaados e nivelados
Alignment alinhamento (espaamento e nivelamento correto)
All tudo, todos
Allocate alocar, partilhar, compartilhar entre usurios
Allow permitir, permite
Alt key tecla Alt (tecla especial em um teclado de PC usada para ativar funes especiais
Antialias(ing) suavizao de serrilha na computao grfica
Append acrescentar, adicionar dados a um arquivo existente
Application requerimento, aplicao
Application expert perito em aplicativos
Application wizard assistente (mgico) de aplicao
Area rea
Arrange organizar, combinar
Array of strings arranjo de cadeia de caracteres
Arrow seta
Arrow keys - teclas do cursor ou setas
Assemble montar, compor um produto a partir de vrios elementos menores
Assign atribuir, designar a um compoutador ou a algum um trabalho
Associate attributes atributos associados ou vinculados
Attach fixar, atar ou ligar
Author - autor
Auto activate ativar automaticamente
AutoCAD (Computer Aided Design) Programa de projeto auxiliado por computador usado na rea de engenharia,
arquitetura, mecnica, etc.
Auto edit editar automaticamente
Automated automatizado, automtico
Auto save salvar automaticamente
Auto scroll rolar a tela verticalmente automaticamente
Auto size tamanho automtico
Available time tempo disponvel

Back parte traseira, de trs, atrs

Backdrop cortina de fundo, imagem esttica em segundo plano
Background experincia, prtica, fundo; cor de fundo na tela
Backup assistncia, reserva
BACKUP (no MS-DOS) comando para salvar os dados de um disco rgido em disquetes
Backspace um espao para trs
Badge reader leitor de crachs
Band type tipo de banda, tipo de faixa
Bar code cdigo de barras
Base class classe base
Basic bsico
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) Cdigo de Instruo Simblica de propsito Geral para
Iniciantes; linguagem de programao de alto nvel para desenvolver programas que oferecem uma introduo fcil
programao de computadores.

BAT file extension extenso de arquivo BAT (trs letras padres usadas como extenso de arquivo nos sistemas MS-
DOS para significar arquivo em lote
Batch colocar dados em grupo, lote; lote; grupo de itens executados de uma s vez; grupo de documentos
processados ao mesmo tempo
Beep bipar, emitir som de bip
Begin comear, iniciar
Begin block iniciar bloco, incio de bloco
Beginning comeo, incio, primeira parte
Beginning of file (BOF) incio de arquivo; smbolo que mostra o incio de uma seo vlida de dados
Binary large object (BLOB) objeto binrio grande; campo no registro de um banco de dados que pode conter uma
grande quantidade de dados binrios normalmente um bitmap
Binary operation operao binria
BIOS Basic Input/Output System sistema bsico de entrada e sada; rotinas do sistema para controlar entrada e
sada para vrios dispositivos padres
Bit (Binary digIT) dgito binrio (0 ou 1)
Bitmap mapear bits, mapa de bits
Blank em branco, vazio ou com nada escrito
Block mark marca de (fim de) bloco
Block transfer transferncia de/em blocos
Blueprints cpia, fotocpia, esquema, plano, projeto, planta
Bold (type) - negrito
Border - borda
Border icons cones da bordas
Border style estilo de borda
BOS (Basic Operating System) sistema operacional bsico
Bottom fundo (de alguma coisa, como do mar), inferior
Box caixa
BPI (Bits Per Inch) bits por polegada
BPP (Bits Per Pixel) bits por pixel
BPS (Bits Per Second) bit por segundo
Break quebrar, quebra, pausa, intervalo
Break apart - desmembrar
Breakpoint ponto de interrupo, ponto de ruptura
Bridge - ponte
Broadband banda larga
Browse gallery galeria de pesquisa, navegao
Browse objects objetos de pesquisa
Browse symbol smbolo de pesquisa
Browser navegador ou paginador; utilitrio de software que permite a um usurio acessar e pesquisar facilmente um
texto ou banco de dados
Brush pincel (em programa de pintura)
Budget - oramento
Bug erro, falha em programa de computador
Build construir (verbo); verso especfica de um programa (substantivo)
Bullet sinal de tpico, smbolo na frente de uma linha de texto para usado para destacar itens especficos de uma
lista
Button boto
Buzz - zumbido
Bypass desvio, rota alternativa em torno de um componente, de modo que ele no seja usado
Byte byte, grupo de bits ou dgitos binrios (geralmente que o computador opera como uma unidade simples

Cache memory - memria cache: seo de memria de alta velocidade que armazena dados que o computador pode
acessar rapidamente
Call chamar, chamada telefnica; transferir o controle do programa principal para um programa ou rotina separada
Cancel cancelar, parar um processo ou instruo antes de ser executado
Canvas lona, tela, quadro
Caps Lock (trava das maisculas) tecla que permite que todos os caracteres sejam digitados em maisculas
Capitalize - transformar linha ou bloco de texto em maisculas
Caption legenda, ttulo, cabealho
Cascade em cascata, cascata
Case sensitive sensvel ao formato do caractere digitado
Cell clula, funo ou nmero nico em um programa de planilha eletrnica
Center centrar, centralizar, centro, alinhar corretamente a cabea de leitura/gravao em um disco
Chain cadeia, sequencia
Chart - grfico, diagrama que mostra informao como uma srie de linhas ou blocos
Check verificar, verificao, ao de certificar-se de que algo est correto
Chip pastilha, circuito integrado
Choose escolher, selecionar
Choose install folder escolher / escolha pasta para instalar
Cipher cifra, codificao
CIS (Contact Image Sensor) sensor de imagem de contato; scanner no qual os detectores tocam o original sem
nenhuma lente que possa distorcer a imagem
City - cidade
Class classe, classificao ; definio do que uma rotina especfica de software vai fazer
Class path caminho para classes
Clear limpar, limpo, claro
Client cliente, computador sem recursos que acessa, atravs de uma rede de comunicao, um computador que tem
recursos
Clipboard prancheta, rea de armazenamento temporrio para dados
Close fechar, impedir o acesso a um arquivo ou unidade de disco
Close file fechar um arquivo
Close up prximo, fotografia tirada de perto
Code editor editor de cdigo
Color cor
Columns - colunas
Combo - combinao
Command comando, pulso ou sinal eltrico que inicia ou interrompe um processo
Comment(s) comentrio(s)
Common comum, que acontece muito frequentemente
Community - comunidade
Company empresa, companhia
Compile compilar, converter um programa de linguagem de alto nvel em um programa em cdigo de mquina que
pode ser executado diretamente
Compiler compilador, software que faz o descrito acima
Complete completo, terminado, pronto
Component componente, pea de mquina ou parte que vai ser colocada em um produto final
Compute computar, calcular, fazer clculos
Computer computador, mquina que recebe ou armazena ou processa dados muito rapidamente de acordo com um
programa armazenado
Computer Name nome do computador
Configuration - configurao, modo como o hardware e o software de um sistema de computador so planejados
Configure configurar, selecionar hardware e software e interconexes para construir um sistema especial
Configuration - configurao
Contain conter, reter alguma coisa dentro
Continue continuar, continuar fazendo algo
Control controlar, controlel, parte de um computador ou dispositivo que executa instrues e processa sinais
Convert converter
Copy copiar, cpia
Copyright declarar os direitos autorais de um trabalho, protegido por direitos autorais
Core ncleo, cerne, caroo, semente
Count contar
Counter contador, dispositivo que conta; contra, oposio
Country pas
Courier (fonte) tipo grfico de espao fixo que similar ao tipo produzido por uma mquina de datilografia
Create criar, produzir
Cross cruzar, cruzado, que ocorre de um lado para outro
Current Path caminho atual
Cursor cursor, marcador em um dispositivo de vdeo que mostra onde o prximo caractere vai aparecer
Customer cliente, comprador
Cut cortar, corte, remover trecho de texto

Data dados
Data Base - base de dados
Data Control controle de dados, gerenciamento de dados
Data Field campo de dados, parte de uma instruo de compoutador que contm a posio do dado
Data Set conjunto de dados
Data Source fonte de dados
Date data
DCR (Dynamic Component Resource) Recurso de Componente Dinmico
DCU (Delphi Compiled Unit) Unidade Compilada de Delphi
DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) Troca de Dados Dinmica
DDE (Direct Data Entry) Entrada Direta de Dados
Debug(ger) depurar, depurador, testar um programa, localizar e corrigir quaisquer falhas ou erros
Decode decodificar, traduzir dados codificados para sua forma original
Default valor bsico, ou predefinido ou implcito ou padro
Define definir, atribuir um valor a uma varivel
Delete apagar, eliminar, remover, deletar
Demonstration or demo demosntrao ou demo, mostrar como algo funciona
Denial negao
Deny access negar acesso
Descending o ndice ser de Z a A e de 9 a 0
Description - descrio
Desktop de mesa, que fica sobre um escrivaninha
Destination destino, local para onde algo enviado
Destroy - destruir
Developer desenvolvedor, que promove desenvolvimento
Device Type tipo de dispositivo
Dial discar um nmero telefnico
Dialog Expert perito em dilogo
Direction direo, organizao, admnistrao

Directory diretrio ou lista; mtodo de organizao de arquivos armazenados em disco

Disable Controls desativar controles
Disk Size tamanho do disco (em bytes)
Display exibir, mostrar informao, monitor, vdeo
Dither pontilhar, criar uma linha ou curva que parece mais suave adicionando-se pixels sombreados ao lado dos
pixels que compem a imagem
Divide - dividir
DOS (Disk Operating System) Sistema Operacional em Disco
Double duplo, duas vezes
Down inativo, sem funcionar, para baixo
Download carregar (baixar) um programa ou seo de dados por linha telefnica (para o computador pessoal)
Drag arrastar, puxar, dragar, mover com uma tecla de controle pressionada uma imagem na tela
Draw Grid grade de desenho
Drive - unidade, parte de um computador que opera um disco
Drop cair, deixar cair, soltar, queda para um posio mais baixa
Duplication - duplicao
DVD (Digital Video Disc) videodisco digital
DVE (Digital Video Effects) efeitos de vdeo digital

Edge borda, margem, orla

Edit editar, corrigir ou alterar texto ou programa
EDP (Eletronic Data Processing) processamento eletrnico de dados
Ellipse elipse, forma oval alongada
Ellipsis reticncias (trs pontinhos)
Else rule regra else, caso contrrio ou seno (or else: seno)
E-mail verification verificao de (email) correspondncia eletrnica
Employee - empregado
Empty - vazio
Enable habilitar, ativar
Encode / Encoding codificar; representar dados em forma de cdigo; alfabeto que se deseja utilizar como fonte para
um programa
End terminar, trmino, fim
End block final / fim de bloco
End of File (EOF) Fim de arquivo
End of Run (EOR) fim de execuo
Enter introduzir, inserir, entrar, digitar informao em um teclado
Erase apagar
Eraser apagador, borracha
Error erro
Esc cdigo do caractere de escape ou tecla em u teclado
Evaluate avaliar, clacular um valor ou quantidade
Example exemplo
Except excetuar, exceto
Exception exceo
Execute executar, rodar ou executar um programa
Exit sair, abandonar
Experts peritos, especialistas
Explore explerar
Explorer explorador
Export exportar, salvar dados em um formato de aruqivo diferente do original
Extended estendido
Extract File extrair arquivo
Eyedropper conta-gotas

Fade out imagem que desaparece gradualmente

Fan ventilador, leque
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) questes frequentemente formuladas ou perguntas mais frequentes
Far distante, longe
Fast rpido
Fault - falha
Field campo
File arquivar, arquivo
Fill preencher
Fill color - cor do preenchimento
Filter filtrar, filtro
Finally finalmente
Finalization finalizao
Find encontrar, achar
Finish acabar, terminar
First primeiro
Flood(ing) inundar, inundao de dados
Floppy flexvel
Flow mover-se suavemene, fluxo
Flowchart - fluxograma
Focus focar, focalizar, foco
Fog nvoa
Font or fount fonte, conjunto de caracteres, todos do mesmo tamanho, estilo e face
Foreground de frente; primeiro plano; janela para aplicativo ativo
Form formulrio
Format formatar, formato
Forward remeter para um outro ponto, para diante, frente, avanado, dianteiro
Frame Quadro, estrutura, clula
Free libertar, livre
From preposio: de
FROM (Fusible Read Only Memory) Memria fusvel somente de leitura
Functions funes
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Protocolo de Transferncia de Arquivo

Games jogos
Gap lacuna, intervalo, espao entre dados gravados
General - geral
Generate - gerar
Get pegar, conseguir, instruo para a obteno de de um registro de um arquivo ou banco de dados
Giga um bilho
Glitch qualquer coisa que cause a falha repentina de um computador
Global global, que cobre tudo
Go ir, v
Go To ir para, v para
Grid grade
Group - grupo
GUID (Globally-Unique Identifier) Identificador nico global
Guide guiar, guia

Hack experimentar e explorar software e hardware de computador; forar a entrada em um sistema de computao
com objetivos criminosos
Halt parar, parada, instruo de parada
Hand mo
Handheld - porttil
Handle ala, maaneta, lidar, manusear
Hard duro, rgido, slido
Hardware unidades fsicas, componentes, circuitos integrados e discos e mecanismos que compem um computador
ou seus perifricos
Hazard risco, falha
Header cabealho ou registro inicial
Height - altura
Help ajudar, ajuda
Hide Edges esconder, ocultar bordas
High alto
Hint referncia, pista, dica
Hit pressionar uma tecla, acerto, sucesso
Home directory diretrio residente
Hot-spot - ponto de ativao; ponto quente, regio de alta luminosidade em um filme ou tela de monitor
Hyperlinks hiperligaes, comandos que levam a outras pginas
I

I accept (eu) aceito

Icon cone, smbolo grfico
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) ambiente de desenvolvimento integrado ou ambiente integrado de
desenvolvimento
Idle ocioso, que no est sendo usado
Image imagem
Import importar
In-line linear, em linha
Include incluir
Incompatible types tipos incompatveis
Increase aumentar, aumento
Increment incrementar, incremento
Index ndice
Information informao
Inherited herdado
Initialize inicializar
Initialization inicializao
Ink tinta (de caneta, impressora, etc)
Ink bottle tinteiro
In-place - no lugar, na posio correta ou normal
In-process em processo
Input Box caixa de entrada (para digitao de informaes; retorna valor string)
Input Query parecida com Inputbox, s que retorna um valor boleano
Insert inserir
Inside-out - revertida
Install instalar
Installation complete instalao completa
Instance Size tamanho da cpia de um aplicativo
Interactive interativo
Interface interface
Internet rede remota internacional de computadores
Interval intervalo, pequena pausa entre duas aes
Invalidate invalidar
IT (Information Technology) TI Tecnologia da Informao
Italic itlico, tipo de caracteres que se deitam para a direita
Item item

Jack tomada
Jam congestionar, interferir, congestionamento
Jitter tremulao, instabilidade
Job uma unidade de trabalho para um computador; trabalho, servio
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Grupo de Trabalho de Especialistas em Fotografia
Jumbo chip chip gigante
Jump saltar, pular, salto, pulo
Junk livrar-se de um arquivo; lixo, refuxo, porcaria
Justify marginar, alterar o espaamento entre palavras ou caracteres em um documento de modo que as margens
esquerda e direita fiquem em linha reta

K smbolo usado para representar mil unidades

Kernel ncleo, rotinas de intruo bsicas, essenciais para quaisquer operaes em um sistema de computador
Key chave, tecla
Keyboard - teclado
Key frame quadro chave
Key to disk teclado para disco, sistema onde o dado armazenado diretamente em disco sem qualquer
processamento
Kind tipo, espcie (subst.); gentil (adj.)
Knob boto
Knowledge conhecimento
L

Label rotular, etiquetar, rtulo, etiqueta

Landscape paisagem, orientao de uma pgina onde a borda mais longa a horizontal
Lap colo
LAP (Link Access Protocol) Protocolo de Acesso ao Link
Large grande
Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) amplificao de luz por emisso estimulada de radiao
Last - ltimo
Lasso lao
Latch estabelecer um estado de sada; fecho, engate
Launch lanar, lanamento
Layer camada
Layout esboo mostrando a distribuio fsica e tamanhos de elementos como texto e grficos num determinado
espao
Layout manager gerenciador de esboos / desenhos / leiaute
Leak vazar, escoar, vazamento
Leap Year ano bissexto
LED (Light Emitting Diode) Diodo Emissor de Luz
Left esquerdo, esquerda
Length comprimento
Level nvel
Library biblioteca
License Agreement aceite de licena
Licence key chave de licena
Line linha
Line Up alinhar
Link ligar, conectar, unir, ligao, conexo
List listar, lista
Load carregar, carga
Local - local
Lock bloquear, travar, trancar, trava, tranca
Locked travado, trancado
Log in/on entrada no sistema
Login name nome de acesso / entrada no sistema
Log off/out sada de sistema
Logger registrador (de transaes), dispositivo que registra chamadas telefnicas
Long longo, comprido
Look For procurar
Loop procedimento em um programa de computador executado repetidamente at que uma condio seja satisfeita
Lose perder
Loss - perda
Low baixo
Lower Case letras minsculas

M (Mega) um milho
Machine - mquina
Macro muito grande; srie de comandos identificado por uma nica palavra ou smbolo
Magnify aumentar
Mail remeter ou enviar por correio, correio
Main principal, mais importante
Mainframe (computer) computador de grande porte
Mask mascarar, mscara
Master Password senha Master (mestra)
Math matemtica
Maximize maximizar, expandir para seu tamanho original
Media mdia, meios de comunicao de informao para o pblico
Menu menu; lista de opes ou programas disponveis para o usurio
Menu bar barra de menu / barra de lista de opes
Message mensagem
Mess bagunar, baguna
Method mtodo
Minimize minimizar
Mode modo
Modify modificar
Model modelar, modelo
Month ms
Motion guide guia de movimento
Mouse pequeno dispositivo de entrada movido com a mo sobre uma superfcie plana
Move (down/to/up) mover para baixo/ para / para cima
Movie filme
Multiple mltiplo

NAK (Negative Acknowledgement) aviso de recebimento negativo

Name nome
Nano bilionsimo
Narrow band banda ou faixa estreita
Navigation navegao
Needle agulha
Nest aninhar, embutir, incluir uma sub-rotina em um programa ou em outra rotina
Network configurar rede, rede
New - novo
New user novo usurio
News notcia
Newsletter relatrio informativo, circular
Noise rudo, barulho
Noisy barulhento (a)
Null - nulo
Number numerar, nmero
Num lock key tecla que converte a funo de um bloco de teclas numricas para uma entrada numrica

Object objeto
Object Browser navegador de objeto
Odd - nmero mpar
Off-line desconectado da rede ou computador central
OK ok, pronto
On ligado, ativado; prep. sobre
On Click em click
Online conectado, em rede, ligado a um computador central
OOD (Object-Oriented Development) desenvolvimento orientado para objetos
Open abrir, aberto
Options opes
Optimize otimizar
Order ordenar, instruir, direcionar, ordem, pedido
Ordinal ordinal
OS (Operating System) sistema operacional
Outlines contornos, perfis
Oval oval, crculo
Overflow estouro, resultado matemtico maior que os limites do sistema de memria numrica do computador
Overlap sobrepor, sobreposio
Override passar por cima, atropelar, suprimir, ignorar, anular
Owner dono, proprietrio

Package - pacote
Page pgina
Page Setup configurao de pgina
Page Up/Down pgina acima, pgina abaixo
Paint pintar, tinta
Panel painel
Paradox paradoxo
Parameters parmetros
Password senha
Password Security segurana de senha
Paste colar, inserir texto ou grfico que foram copiados para dentro de um arquivo
Path caminho, possvel rota
Pause pausar, pausa, parada
PC (Personal Computer) - Computador Pessoal
Peak atingir o ponto mais alto, pico, ponto mais alto
Pen caneta
Pencil lpis
Performance - desempenho
Picture desenho, imagem
Pixels Per Inch pixels por polegada
Play tocar, brincar
Polygon polgono
Pop-up window janela instantnea, janela que pode ser exibida a qualquer momento
Position posicionar, posio
Power poder, potncia
Preferences preferncias
Preview pr-visualizar, visualizao
Previous anterior
Print imprimir
Printer impressora
Printhead cabea de impresso
Private privado, particular
Procedure procedimento
Process processar, processo
Progress progredir, progresso
Prohibit proibir, indica ser proibido quaisquer alteraes na tabela pai que tenha relao na tabela filha
Project projetar, projeto
Property (ies) - propriedade, propriedades
Protected protegido
Public pblico
Published publicado
Push empurrar, apertar, pressionar

Query Builder construtor de consulta

Queue enfileirar, fila
Quick rpido, ligeiro
Quit sair, abandonar
Quotation citao

RAM (Random Access Memory) Memria de Acesso Aleatrio

Raise levantar, elevar
Random ao acaso
Randomize tornar aleatrio
Range variar, alinhar, faixa, variao
Read ler, leia
Read me leia-me
Read-only leitura somente, apenas
ROM (Read Only Memory) Memria Somente para Leitura
Rectangle retngulo
Re-enter digitar / digite de novo
Release Capture Liberar Capturar
Refresh regenerar, restaurar, renovar
Register registrar
Registration registro, matrcula
Relay retrasmitir, retransmisso
Reload - recarregar
Remove remover, excluir
Rename file renomear arquivo
Repaint repintar
Replace - substituir
Report relatar, relatrio
Request pedir, solicitar, pedido, solicitao
Reset restaurar, reinicializar
Restore restaurar
Retrieve recuperar
Return retornar, retorno
Revert reverter, retornar ao estado normal
Rewrite reescrever
Rich Text Format formato de arquivo texto que inclui comandos de texto que descrevem a pgina, tipo, fonte e
formatao
Roam perambular, movimentar-se livremente e ainda manter contato
Rotate girar, rodar
Round arredondar, redondo
Route caminho, rota
Router roteador
Routine rotina
Row Size tamanho da linha, fileira
Ruler rgua
Run executar, fazer um dispositivo funcionar
Runtime tempo de execuo

Sample(s) amostra(s), exemplo(s)

Save salvar, armazenar dados em dispositivo de memria
Save As salvar como
Save Changes salvar mudanas
Save Project salvar projeto
Save To File salvar para arquivo
Scale Mode Modo de Escala
Scan varrer, esquadrinhar, varredura, esquadrinhamento
Scene cena
Screen proteger alguma coisa com uma tela; tela
Scroll rolar a tela
Scroll Bars (permite apresentar as) barras de rolagem (quando o volume do texto for superior ao volume do
componente)
Search buscar, busca, pesquisa
Seek buscar, procurar
Select selecionar
Self si mesmo, referente a si prprio
Send enviar
Server servidor
Session sesso
Set estabelecer, atribuir; conjunto
Set Direction estabelecer direo
Set up (verbo) preparar equipamento para operao
Shape dar forma; forma
Shared library biblioteca compartilhada
Sheet folha de papel
Shift mudar, deslocar, mudana
Short Cut atalho
Short String cadeia curta
Show mostrar, mostra
Show Cursor (permite) mostrar o cursor/ponteiro do mouse
Single nico, somente um
Size tamanho
Small pequeno
Smooth suavizar, suave, macio
Soften Fill Edges - suavizar bordas preenchidas
Sound soar, som
Software qualquer programa que instrui o hardware sobre a maneira como ele deve executar uma tarefa
Sort ordenar, classificar
Source fonte
Speed Bar barra de velocidade
Speed Button boto de velocidade
Speed Menu menu rpido
Spin rodar, girar rpido
Spy espiar, espio
SQL (Structured Query Language) - Linguagem de Consulta Estruturada
Standard padro
Start comear, iniciar, comeo, incio, partida
State - estado
Status estado, importncia ou posio
Status Bar barra de estado (que d informao sobre a tarefa executada no momento
Stay on Top ficar, permanecer no topo
Step dar um passo para frente ou para trs; passo ou etapa
Stop parar, interromper, parada
Store armazenar, salvar dados que podero ser usados mais tarde
Straighten acertar, endireitar, consertar
String cadeia ou sequncia, srie de caracteres alfanumricos
String Grid grade de cadeia de caracteres
Stroke color cor do trao
Style estilo
Subject assunto; sujeito
Submit submeter (a apreciao, avaliao)
Subselect ferramenta para subselecionar
Supply fornecer, suprir, fornecimento
Supplier fornecedor
Support apoiar, auxiliar, sustentar; apoio, suporte
Swap trocar, permutar, troca
Symbol smbolo
Synchronize sincronizar
Syntax Check Verificar Sintaxe
System - sistema

Tab tabular, organizar texto em colunas

Tab Control controle de tabulao
Tab Order indica um ndice para a ordem de tabulao de um componente
Tab Stop determina se o componente receber ou no foco atravs do teclado
Table tabela
Table name nome da tabela (que ser utilizada)
Tag - identificador
Text texto
Text Case indica se o texto ser em maisculas ou minsculas
Thread em cadeia
3-dimensional tridimensional
Tile ladrilhar, ladrilho; organizar grupo de janelas lado a lado, sem sobreposio
Tile Mode Modo de Ladrilho
Time tempo
Timer marcador de tempo, temporizador, cronmetro, marcador de tempo
Tip dica, conselho
Title ttulo; pronome de tratamento: senhor, senhora, etc.
Toggle chavear; chavear entre dois estados
Tool - ferramenta
Top topo, parte superior, de cima
Transfer - transferir
Tree View viso da rvore
Trim (Left/Right) eliminar (caracteres que estejam nos extremos esquerdo ou direito de uma string)
Turn on/off ligar, desligar
Try experimentar, tentar
Type digitar; tipo

U
UI (Users Interface) interface do usurio
Unassociate attributes atributos no associados
Underline/ underlined sublinhar, sublinhado
Undo desfazer
Unit unidade
Update atualizar, atualizado, atualizao
Upgrade modernizar, tornar um sistema mais poderoso
Upper Case letras maisculas
User - usurio

Vaccine vacina, utilitrio usado para detectar e eliminar vrus

Validate - validar
Value - valor
Variable - varivel
Verify master password caixa para verificar a senha master digitada
View exibir, examinar, vista
VGA (Video Graphics Array) Arranjo Grfico de Vdeo
Visual Basic linguagem de programao visual para criao de aplicaes no ambiente Windows
VQB (Visual Query Builder) Construtor de Consulta Visual
VMT (Virtual Method Table) Tabela de Mtodo Virtual

Wait For aguardar, aguarde, espere

Warranty - garantia
Wave onda
Where onde
While enquanto
Wide largo, amplo
Width largura
Window janela
Windows janelas
Wire fio, condutor
Wizard - mgico
Word palavra
Work trabalhar, trabalho
Work Area rea de trabalho
World - mundo
Write escrever, escreva

Xerox xerox; xerocar; fazer cpia

X-ray raio x

Yoke cabeote

Zero zerar, zero

ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) Fora de Insero Zero
Zip Code / Postal Code cdigo de endereamento postal / CEP
Zip drive unidade de disco Zip
Zone zona, regio ou parte de uma tela
Zoom abrir, mudar o comprimento focal de uma lente para ampliar o objeto no visor
Referncias

BOECKNER, Keith & BROWN, P. Charles. Oxford English for Computing.Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1996.
CASTLEMAN, R. K. Digital Image Processing. USA: Prentice Hall, 2000.
CRUZ, Dcio Torres & SILVA, Alba Valria & ROSAS, Marta. Ingls.com.textos para informtica. Salvador: O Autor ,
2001.
GALANTE, T. P. Ingls para Processamento de Dados. So Paulo: Atlas, 1996.
MARTINS, Elisabeth P. & PASQUALIN, Ernesto & AMOS, Eduardo. Graded English. So Paulo: Moderna,1993.
MUNHOZ, Rosngela. Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo I. So Paulo: TEXTO NOVO, 2000.
________.Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo II. So Paulo: TEXTO NOVO, 2001

What is Ubuntu?
Ubuntu is a complete desktop Linux operating system, freely available with both community and professional support.
The Ubuntu community is built on the ideas enshrined in the Ubuntu Manifesto: that software should be available free
of charge, that software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any disabilities, and that
people should have the freedom to customize and alter their software in whatever way they see fit.
Ubuntu will always be free of charge, and there is no extra fee for the enterprise edition, we make our very
best work available to everyone on the same Free terms.
Ubuntu includes the very best in translations and accessibility infrastructure that the Free Software
community has to offer, to make Ubuntu usable by as many people as possible.
Ubuntu is shipped in stable and regular release cycles; a new release will be shipped every six months. You
can use the current stable release or the current development release. A release will be supported for 18
months.
Ubuntu is entirely committed to the principles of open source software development; we encourage people to
use open source software, improve it and pass it on.
Ubuntu is suitable for both desktop and server use. The current Ubuntu release supports Intel x86 (IBM-compatible
PC), AMD64 (Hammer) and PowerPC (Apple iBook and Powerbook, G4 and G5) architectures.
Ubuntu includes more than 1000 pieces of software, starting with the Linux kernel version 2.6 and Gnome 2.16, and
covering every standard desktop application from word processing and spreadsheet applications to internet access
applications, web server software, email software, programming languages and tools and of course several games.

WORMS

A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses a network to send copies of itself
to other nodes (computer terminals on the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. Unlike a virus, it
does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause harm to the network, if only by
consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.
 E - LEARNING

Electronic learning or eLearning is a general term used to refer to computer-enhanced learning. It is used
interchangeably in so many contexts that it is critical to be clear what one means when one speaks of 'eLearning'. In
many respects, it is commonly associated with the field of advanced learning technology (ALT), which deals with both
the technologies and associated methodologies in learning using networked and/or multimedia technologies.

The worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over 38 billion euros according to conservative estimates,
although in the European Union only about 20% of e-learning products are produced within the common market .
Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with content, technologies
and services being identified as the three key sectors of the e-learning industry.

By 2006, nearly 3.5 million students were participating in on-line learning at institutions of higher education in the
United States. Many higher education, for-profit institutions, now offer on-line classes. By contrast, only about half of
private, non-profit schools offer them. The Sloan report, based on a poll of academic leaders, says that students
generally appear to be at least as satisfied with their on-line classes as they are with traditional ones. Private
Institutions may become more involved with on-line presentations as the cost of instituting such a system decreases.
Properly trained staff must also be hired to work with students on-line. These staff members must be able to not only
understand the content area, but also be highly trained in the use of the computer and Internet. Online education is
rapidly increasing, and online doctoral programs have even developed at leading research universities.

POP UP ADS

Pop-up ads or popups are a form of online advertising on the World Wide Web intended to increase web traffic or
capture email addresses. It works when certain web sites open a new web browser window to display advertisements.
The pop-up window containing an advertisement is usually generated by JavaScript, but can be generated by other
means as well.

A variation on the pop-up window is the pop-under advertisement, which opens a new browser window hidden under
the active window. Pop-unders do not interrupt the user immediately and are not seen until the covering window is
closed, making it more difficult to determine which web site opened them.
TELEMEDICINE

Telemedicine is the applications of Information Technology to medical care. Its about providing medical support at a
distance to people who have no access to a doctor. Using the internet, satellite phones, video links, and digital cameras,
patients, nurses, doctors, and others can obtains specialist help quickly.

The data can then be transmitted to a doctor to interpret and provide advice on treatment. Medical images, such as X-
rays or ultrasound scans, can be taken in one country and sent by broadband to a specialist in another for expert advice.
Using video link, nurses in a minor injuries clinic can call a specialist to examine difficult cases remotely. This is much
cheaper than having a specialist available in the clinic.

Telesurgery was used in 2001 to allow a surgeon in New York to operate on a patient in France. The operation was
carried out using a high-speed computer link and robotic tools in the French operating theatre.

Vocabulary

quickly rapidamente cheaper mais barato

taken in one country feito exame em um pas available disponvel
expert advice conselho perito robotic tools ferramentas roboticas
minor injuries os ferimentos menores carried carregado
cases remotely casos remotamente surgeon cirurgio
care cuidado surgery - cirurgia
allow reserve

Robot Skin

Robots are very good at doing the same task in the same place over and over again. In factories and nuclear power
stations more than a million robots behave in this way every day.
For robots to work with people, for example caring for the old, they need to be much more like humans. They need to
be able to move like humans and adapt to new places. They also need to be more sensitive to touch and temperature. In
humans it is skin which provides important information on pressure and heat.
Engineers at the University of Tokyo have developed an artificial skin for robots which is sensitive to pressure and
temperature thanks to a large number of sensors. In addition, because it uses a mesh or net structure it can be stretched
by up to 25% and still retain its sensitivity. This means it can be used to cover moving parts like joints.
This E-skin opens the way for much more sensitive robots. For example, walking robots could use feedback from their
feet to adjust to different surfaces. Robots in future may be able to grasp different tools and use them as humans do.
Domestic robots could pick up and bathe a baby without hurting it. They would also be less likely to damage
themselves.
A lot remains to be done. E-skin will provide much more information than the robot requires at any one time. Human
brains can select only the important information. Before robots can act like humans, they need to have brains like
humans.
 GRAMMAR REVIEW
TEMPOS VERBAIS

PRESENTE SIMPLES

A) They read / he likes / I work etc. = the present simple:

I / We / You / They read like - work live watch do have

He / she / it reads likes works lives-watches does has

Examples: * I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank.

Linda lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland.
It rains a lot in winter.
John has a great job.

B) We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all the time:
I like big cities.
The shops open at 9 oclock and close at 5.30.
Tim works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 p.m..
It costs at lot of money to stay at luxury hotels.

C) always/never/often/sometimes/usually (frequency adverbs + present tense)

Sue always arrivesat work early.
I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk.
Julia never has breakfast.

1) Escreva os verbos na terceira pessoa do singular do Presente Simples:

(eat go live play sleep try dance have read think finish
close cost like fly wash see watch store open teach do )
-s -es -ies
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________ ___________________

2) Complete as sentenas using os verbos abaixo no Presente Simples:

boil close cost cost like like open speak teach

a. Margaret __________ four languages.

b. In Britain, the banks ______________ at 9.30 a.m.
c. The Museum ______________ at 5.30 p.m.
d. Tina ____________ Math at college in the evenings.
e. Food is expensive. It ____________ a lot of money.
f. Shoes are expensive. They _________ a lot of money.
g. Water __________ at 100 degrees Celsius.
h. Julia and I are very good friends. I _________ her and she ________ me.
3) D a negativa das sentenas a,b e c do exerccio anterior:

a) ___________________________________________________________.
b) ___________________________________________________________.
c) ___________________________________________________________.

4) Identifique o sujeito dos verbos grifados nas sentenas abaixo:

a. A keyboard is a device used to input information into the computer. It seems a typewriter.

b. The display or monitor shows the information that you type.

c. The microprocessor is the most important part of the computer and controls everything it does.

d. A modem is a device which connects a computer to a telephone line.

e. The operating system is a set of instructions that controls and supervises all the programs.

f. A computer executes millions of operations in one second.

PASSADO SIMPLES

FORMA INTERROGATIVA FORMA AFIRMATIVA

Did you work yesterday ? I worked yesterday.

Did they live in L.A. last year ? They lived in L.A. last year.
Did he play soccer last night ? He played soccer last night.
Did she close the store earlier ? She closed the store earlier.

FORMA NEGATIVA

I did not work yesterday.

They did not live in L.A. last year.
He did not play soccer last night.
She did not close the store earlier.

Regular Verbs (-ed): For example:

work = worked clean = cleaned start = started
stay = stayed arrive = arrived dance = danced

But, - try = tried study = studied copy = copied

And, - stop = stopped plan = planned

More examples:

* Terry worked in a bank from 1986 to 1993.

* Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
* We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at midnight.

Drills
 A) Complete as sentenas usando os verbos abaixo (regulares) no Passado Simples:

(brush die enjoy finish happen open rain - start stay want)

1. I ____________ my teeth three times yesterday.

2. It was hot in the room, so I ______________ the window.
3. The concert ____________ at 7.30 and ____________ at 10 oclock.
4. When I was a child I ____________ to be a doctor.
5. The accident ______________ last Sunday afternoon.
6. Its a nice day today but yesterday it_____________ all day long.
7. We _________ our holiday last year. We __________ at a very nice place.
8. Anns grandfather _________ when he was 90 years old.

IRREGULAR VERBS

BEGIN = BEGAN FALL = FELL LEAVE = LEFT SELL = SOLD

BREAK = BROKE FIND = FOUND LOSE = LOST SIT = SAT
BRING = BROUGHT FLY = FLEW MAKE = MADE SLEEP = SLEPT
BUILD = BUILT FORGET = Forgot MEET = MET SPEAK = SPOKE
BUY = BOUGHT GET = GOT PAY = PAID STAND = STOOD
CATCH = CAUGHT GIVE = GAVE PUT = PUT TAKE = TOOK
COME = CAME GO = WENT READ = READ TELL = TOLD
DO = DID HAVE = HAD RING = RANG THINK = THOUGHT
DRINK = DRANK HEAR = HEARD SAY = SAID WIN = WON
EAT = ATE KNOW = KNEW SEE = SAW WRITE = WROTE

Examples:

I usually get up early but this morning I got up at 9.30.

We did a lot of work yesterday.
Caroline went to the movies three times last month.
They took a taxi to the airport.
We bought a new computer for our company.
Susan brought us a new software.

B) Escreva o Passado Simples dos verbos abaixo: (regulares e irregulars)

1. get - _________ 6. go - __________

2. see - _________ 7. think - __________
3. play- _________ 8. copy - __________
4. pay - _________ 9. know - __________
5. get - _________ 10. take - __________

C) Leia sobre a viagem de Lisa para Madrid. Coloque os verbos na forma correta (Passado Simples / verbos
regulares e irregulares)

Last Tuesday Lisa flew from London to Madrid. She ________ up = (fly get)
At six oclock in the morning and _________ a cup of coffee. At 6 = (have)
She __________ home and ___________ to the airport. When she = (leave drive)
_____________, she _____________ the car and then __________ = (arrive park go)
to the airport caf where she ________ breakfast.Then she _______ = (have go)
through passport control and ___________ for her flight. The plane = (wait)
_____________ on time and ___________ in Madrid two hours later.= (depart arrive)
Finally she ________ a taxi from the airport to her hotel in London. = (take)

D) Circule os verbos no Passado Simples e sublinhe os seus sujeitos:

1) The company director bought some new printers and sold the old ones by a very cheap price.

2) Microsoft sent us a new program but we didnt buy it, because it was too expensive.

3) My company had problems last year, but at the beginning of this year, it got fine, so I wanted to buy some new
computers and asked my secretary to give me the prices of new softwares.

4) Sarah brought a new application software and asked me to check it. I checked all the program and it was Ok, but
she had some problems with it yesterday, so I tried to set it again.

3) Last year Paul traveled to NY and took lots of pictures of Manhattan. He brought them and showed us in the
company. We saw all the pictures and found very interesting.

SIMPLE FUTURE
WILL

AFIRMATIVA INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA INT/NEGAT

I I I I
You You You You
He He He He
She WILL WILL She ? She WILL NOT WILL She NOT ?
It It It (wont) It
We We We We
You You You You
They They They They

Examples:
a) The computer will process data.
Will it process data? Yes, it will.

b) The computer will not process data.

Will the computer not process data? No, it will not.

Exercises: Passe as frases abaixo para as formas negativa e interrogativa.

1. Paul will print the document.
2. Michel will bay a new software.
3. David and Nice will read the book.
 NUMBERS
CARDINAL NUMBERS
1. ONE 11. ELEVEN
2. TWO 12. TWELVE 20. TWENTY
3. THREE 13. THIRTEEN 30. THIRTY
4. FOUR 14. FOURTEEN 40. FORTY
5. FIVE 15. FIFTEEN 50. FIFTY
6. SIX 16. SIXTEEN 60. SIXTY
7. SEVEN 17. SEVENTEEN 70. SEVENTY
8. EIGHT 18. EIGHTEEN 80. EIGHTY
9. NINE 19. NINETEEN 90. NINETY
10. TEN 100. ONE HUNDRED
1,000. ONE THOUSAND
1, 000,000. ONE MILLION

ORDINAL NUMBERS
1st. FIRST 11th. ELEVENTH
2nd. SECOND 12th. TWELFTH 20th. TWENTIETH
3rrd THIRD 13th. THIRTEENTH 30th. THIRTIETH
4th. FOURTH 14th. FOURTEENTH 40th. FORTTIETH
5th. FIFTH 15th. FIFTEENTH 50th. FIFTIETH
6th SIXTH 16th. SIXTEENTH 60th. SIXTIETH
7th. SEVENTH 17th. SEVENTEENTH 70th. SEVENTIETH
8th. EIGHTH 18th. EIGHTEENTH 80th. EIGHTIETH
9th. NINTH 19th. NINETEENTH 90th. NINETIETH
10th. TENTH 100th. ONE HUNDREDTH
1,000th. ONE THOUSANDTH
1,000,000th. ONE MILLIONTH

PREPOSITIONS
USO DAS PREPOSIES IN / ON / AT
IN - usado para definir que est dentro
John is in the office (John est no escritorio) "dentro"
The pen is in the box (a caneta est dentro da caixa)

ON - usado para definir que est sobre, na superfcie.

The books are on the table (Os livros esto sobre a mesa)
The picture is on the wall (O quadro est na parede) "idia de superfcie"
On the street ( na rua) / on the avenue (na avenida) "idia de superfcie"

AT - usado para se referir a um local especfico, no afirmando se dento ou fora.

Mary is at home. (Maria est em casa) Para home utiliza-se sempre at
They are at the supermarket. (Eles esto no supermercado) Neste caso no se sabe se ele est
dentro ou fora, mas est l. Pode ser no estacionamento, por exemplo. Se tiver certeza de que esto
dentro pode-se dizer They are in the supermarket.
The students are at the university. (Os alunos esto na faculdade) local especfico.

TEMOS AINDA:
IN - para meses e estaes (in march = em maro / in summer = no vero)
ON - para dias da semana (on saturday = no Sbado)
AT - para tempo (horas) (at 9 o`clock = s nove horas)
- antes de nmeros:
I study on Franklin do Amaral Street
I study at 536 Franklin do Amaral Street

IN
We sit in the room.
I see a house in the picture.
There are trouts in the river.
He lives in Paris.
I found the picture in the paper.
He sits in the corner of the room.
He sits in the back of the car.
We arrive in Madrid.
He gets in the car.
She likes walking in the rain.
My cousin lives in the country.
There are kites in the sky.
He plays in the street. (BE)
She lives in a hotel.
The boys stand in a line.
There is a big tree in the middle of the garden.
He is in town.
I have to stay in bed.
The robber is in prison now.

AT
She sits at the desk. I stay at my grandmother's.
Open your books at page 10. I stand at the door.
The bus stops at Graz. Look at the top of the page.
The car stands at the end of the street.
You mustn't park your car at the front of the school.
Can we meet at the corner of the street?
I met John at a party.
Pat wasn't at home yesterday.
I study economics at university.
The childen are at gandmother's.
He's looking at the park.
He always arrives late at school.

ON
The map lies on the desk. The shop is on the left.
The picture is on page 10. My friend is on the way to Moscow.
The photo hangs on the wall. Write this information on the front of the letter.
He lives on a farm. When she was a little girl people saw unrealistic
Dresden lies on the river Elbe. cowboy films on television.
Men's clothes are on the second floor.
He lives on Heligoland.

PLURAL
Regular plurals

The plural morpheme in English is suffixed to the end of most nouns. The plural form is usually represented
orthographically by adding -s to the singular form (see exceptions below). The phonetic form of the plural morpheme
is [z] by default. Examples:boy boys /bz/
girl girls /glz/,/glz/
chair chairs /z/,/z/

When the preceding sound is a voiceless consonantsuch as [t], [p], or [k]it is pronounced [s]. Examples:cat cats
/kts/
lap laps /lps/
clock clocks /klks/,/klks/

Where a noun ends in a sibilant sound[s], [], [], [z], [], or []the plural is formed by adding [z] (also
pronounced [z]), which is spelled -es if the word does not already end with -e:dish dishes /dz/
glass glasses /glsz/
judge judges /z/
phase phases /fezz/
witch witches /wz/

Morphophonetically, these rules are sufficient to describe most English plurals. However, there are several
complications introduced in spelling.

The -oes rule: most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding -es (pronounced
[z]):heroheroes
potato potatoes
volcano volcanoes or volcanos

The -ies rule: nouns ending in a y preceded by a consonant usually drop the y and add -ies (pronounced [iz]). This is
taught to many American and British students with the rhyme:
"Change the y to i and add es":cherry cherries
lady ladies

However, proper nouns (particularly those for people or places) ending in a y preceded by a consonant form their
plurals regularly:GermanyGermanys (as in The two Germanys were unified in 1990; this rule is commonly not
adhered to as several book titles show,[1][2] and Sicilies rather than Sicilys is the standard plural of Sicily)
Harry Harrys (as in There are three Harrys in our office)

The rule does not apply to words that are merely capitalized common nouns:P&O Ferries (from ferry)
Other exceptions include lay-bys and stand-bys.

Words ending in a y preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly:day days

monkey monkeys

(Money/Monies is an exception, but money can also form its plural regularly.[3])
Almost-regular plurals

Many nouns of foreign origin, including almost all Italian loanwords, are exceptions to the -oes rule:canto cantos
piano pianos
portico porticos
quarto (paper size) quartos
kimono kimonos

Many nouns ending in a voiceless fricative mutate those sound to a voiced fricative before adding the plural ending. In
the case of [f] changing to [v] the mutation is indicated in the orthography as well; also, a silent e is added in this case
if the singular does not already end with -e:bath baths /bz/, /bs/
house houses /hazz/
mouth mouths /maz/
calf calves /kvz/,/kvz/
knife knives /navz/

In practice, many people[attribution needed] do not change the fricative, and instead use regular plurals.

Some retain the voiceless consonant:moth moths

place places
proof proofs

Some can do either:dwarf1 dwarfs/dwarves

hoof hoofs/hooves
roof roofs/rooves (latter archaic)
staff2 staffs/staves
turf turfs/turves (latter rare)

Note 1: For dwarf, the common form of the plural was dwarfsas, for example, in Walt Disney's Snow White and the
Seven Dwarfsuntil J. R. R. Tolkien popularized dwarves; he intended the changed spelling to differentiate the
"dwarf" fantasy race in his novels from the cuter and simpler beings common in fairy tales, but his usage has since
spread. Multiple astronomical dwarf stars and multiple nonmythological short human beings, however, remain dwarfs.

Note 2: For staff in the sense of "a body of employees", the plural is always staffs; otherwise, both staffs and staves are
acceptable, except in compounds; such as flagstaffs. Staves is rare in North America except in the sense of "magic
rod." The stave of a barrel or cask is a back-formation from staves, which is its plural. (See the Plural to singular by
back-formation section below.)

Irregular plurals
There are many other less regular ways of forming plurals, usually stemming from older forms of English or from
foreign borrowings.

Nouns with identical singular and plural

Some nouns spell their singular and plural exactly alike; some linguists regard these as regular plurals. Many of these
are the names of animals:
deer
fish/fishes
moose
sheep
swine

The plural deers is listed in some dictionaries,[4] but is considered by many to be an error.

Fish does have a regular plural form, but it differs in meaning from the unmarked plural; fishes refers to several
species or other taxonomic types, while fish (plural) is used to describe multiple individual animals: one would say
"the order of fishes," but "five fish in an aquarium." The plural fishes is found in the King James Bible, in the miracle
of the loaves and fishes, for example, and is sometimes used for rhetorical emphasis, as in phrases like sleep with the
fishes.

Other nouns that have identical singular and plural forms include:
aircraft
blues3
cannon (sometimes cannons)
head4

Note 3: Referring to individual songs in the blues musical style: "play me a blues"; "he sang three blues and a calypso"
Note 4: Referring, in the plural, to animals in a herd: "fifty head of cattl
Irregular -(e)n plurals

The plural of a few nouns can also be formed from the singular by adding -n or -en, stemming from the obsolete Old
English weak declension:ox oxen (particularly when referring to a team of draft animals, sometimes oxes
e.g. in a metaphorical sense)
cow kine (archaic/regional; actually earlier plural "kye" [cf. Scots "kye" - "cows"] plus -en suffix, forming a
double plural)
egg eyren/eggys (rare/dialectal Northern England & Scotland)
eye eyen (rare, found in some regional dialects)
shoe shoon (rare/dialectal)
house housen (rare/dialectal, used by Rudyard Kipling in Puck of Pook's Hill)
brother brethren (archaic plural of brother; earlier "brether" plus -en suffix, forming a double plural; now used in
fraternal order)
child children (actually earlier plural "cildra/cildru" plus -en suffix, forming a double plural)

The word box, referring to a computer, is semi-humorously pluralized boxen in the Leet dialect. Multiple Vax
computers, likewise, are sometimes called Vaxen particularly if operating as a cluster, but multiple Unix systems are
usually Unices (see Irregular plurals of foreign origin below).

The word sistren, referring to Christian sisters [cf. "brethren"], is also semi-humorously pluralized.

The plural is sometimes formed by simply changing the vowel sound of the singular, in a process called umlaut (these
are sometimes called mutated plurals):foot feet
goose geese
louse lice
man men
mouse mice
tooth teeth
woman women

Mouse is sometimes pluralized mouses in discussions of the computer mouse; however, mice is just as common.

PARTES DA SENTENA
Word order in statements - Subject - Verb - Object (S-V-O)Subjekt Verb Object

I play football.
Max reads a book.
We can speak English.
Sue is singing a nice song.

I play football
and
I like table tennis.

If a sentence consists out of more parts, then every part has the order S-V-O.

MESES DO ANO E DIAS DA SEMANA

January April July October

February May August November

March June September December

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday