Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017

Psych 133 Lecture Notes

Lecture #7 Sleep & Cognition: Creativity

Sleep & Creativity I: Societal Anecdotes:

The Beatles in London: Paul McCartney was staying in a small attic room of his familys
house when one morning, in a dream, he heard a classical string ensemble playing leading to
creation of Let it Be and Mother Mary (Mary McCartney).
Jack Nicklaus: New Golf Swing in a Dream. In 1964, Nicklaus was in a bad slump and
routinely shooting in the high seventies. After suddenly regaining top scores he reported that
a dream highlighted him changing his swing style.
Dreams inspired Robert Louis Stevenson to write Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde and Mary Shelley to
write Newstead Abbey and Frankenstein.
Edison noted sleep as the Genius Gap and gained ideas from dreams.

Sleep & Creativity II: Scientific Examples:

Otto Lowei was the discoverer of neurochemical transmission and it won him a Nobel Prize
thanks to sleep.
o Dreamt of experiment to prove nerve impulses were chemical, not electrical.
Scribbled down dream but couldnt read his writing and then had same dream the
next night. By dawn, believed he had evidence of chemical cleft communication.
Dmitri Mendeleev: Discover of the periodic table of elements and tried to understand the
interrelationship between elements of universe. Spent many months trying to produce a
scheme, but failed.
o He then dreamt of column/row structure, grouping known 63 elements in families
based on their increasing atomic weight and properties.

Sleep & Creativity III: Empirical, Scientific Studies:

Sleep inspired insight as over 60% of subjects in study gained insight through sleep
compared to only around 30% when wake.

Lecture 7: Summary:
Numerous anecdotal examples of sleep-creativity in everyday life stories, which span
cognitive problems (music, technology, sports).
Moreover, an array of scientific revelations that change the course of human knowledge
emerged from dreams.
Recent cognitive neuroscience studies have begun to confirm such a sleep benefit,
demonstrating that:
o Sleep to gain insight on a problem previously worked on increased insight by 3
times as much compared to staying awake.

Lecture #8 Sleep & Cognition I: Memory

Sleep & Cognition: Memory:

Declarative vs. Non-declarative memory type:
o In declarative (fact-based), there is episodic (autobiographical) and semantic memory
while in non-declarative there is procedural memory.
Memory stages are encoding, consolidation, association/integration, recall, and erasure.

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes

Experimental Design (Procedural Skills Motor):

Wake first group improved at end of Day 1; when brought back at end of Day 1, not too
much performance increase.
Huge increase after sleep and retaking task Day 2 in the morning.
Initial hypothesis was this had nothing to do w/ a night of sleep, but rather an extra 12 hrs.
For sleep first group, huge spike in Day 2 AM but no big improvement in Day 2 PM.
Brain will improve in areas w/o practice but improvement seen w/ sleep.
Motor skill consolidation correlates w/ stage-2 NREM late in the night.

Visual Discrimination Task (Procedural Skills Visual):

Subjects who train on Day 0 and tested same day, no improvement. After 1 night of sleep =
big memory boost and the same goes for next few days.
Visual skills improve w/ more nights of sleep, but those sleep deprived on 1 st night, perform
significantly worse on Day 3.
Visual skill consolidation correlates w/ combination of early SWS and late REM.
If you dont sleep in 1st 24 hours of learning, you lose chance to consolidate memories.
Even naps during the day help visual memories

Lecture #8 Summary:
For procedural (non-declarative/skill) memories, sleep after learning consolidates and
enhances memory.
Different skill memories seem to be consolidated by different types of sleep at different times
at night.
Sleep is not only preferential for consolidation, but is absolutely necessary, and necessary
w/in the 1st 24 hours (1st night sleep deprivation results).

Discussion Section Notes: 2/21

Napping improves recall and long naps are most beneficial for memory b/c more SWS &
more REM.
Tower of Hanoi study:
o 3 groups: 1) Control, 2) REM deprived, 3) NREM awakening. REM deprived group
did worse than NREM and control group. REM sleep is necessary for cognitive
procedural tasks.
Even 5-minute nap is sufficient to show enhanced memory in a declarative memory task.

Lecture #9 Sleep & Cognition II: Memory

Sleep & Memory I: Sleep to Retain Facts:

Sleep stabilizes declarative (fact-based) memory, offering immunity against forgetting.
What is it about sleep that stabilizes memory?
o NREM SWS (quantity & quality) correlates w/ declarative memory consolidation

Sleep & Memory II: SWS & Reactivating Learned Facts:

The power of smell: Retrieval Cue

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes
o If there is a smell during the learning phase, then that smell becomes associated w/
during the consolidation stage, and helps in regards to retrieval when that smell is
apparent the next day.
Same experiment done but this time, smell was utilized in both learning and consolidation
and that helped individual give preference to those facts found during learning and the next
day, people remembered the facts w/o any smell needed.
Experimental design:
o During learning, they had people play matching card game to remember spatial
layout and figure out where card pairs are. During this, they used light rose odor up
everyones nostrils.
o They then split participants into two separate groups w/ given odorless vehicle
control (air) puffed up their nostrils while other group got same rose scent in sleep
o Next morning, performed same experiment w/ no smell apparent and that was test of
how well people remembered across night of sleep.
Control experiment:
o Repeat experiment, but this time during learning, there is no smell, but after going
into sleep, one group gets no smell and other group gets rose smell.
Results:
o Memory for card pairs was enhanced after odor re-presentation during SWS.
o Enhancing effect depends on the presence of the odor during learning (i.e. initially
pairing the two)
o Odor during REM did not benefit memory nor did odor during wake.
o Recently learned facts are re-processed during SWS, thereby consolidating them.
o This consolidation can be amplified by experimentally reactivating those memories
at night, based on the context [smell] assoc. w/ learning before sleep.

Sleep & Memory III: SWS Stimulation to Boost Fact Memory:

Increase in SWS leads to increased memory consolidation.
How can you increase SWS?
o Direct current stimulation; this amplifies SWS in the prefrontal cortex which
significantly enhances the consolidation of declarative memories.
Why is this medically important?
o Worse memory possibly connected to worse sleep (less SWS) and possible new sleep
therapy hope for aging and dementia

Lecture #9 Summary:
Like procedural memories, declarative memories (facts) benefit from sleep for consolidation
and appear to take place during NREM SWS.
One mechanism for this benefit is that fact memories maybe reactivating or reprocessing
during SWS
This sleep benefit can be manipulated by boosting SWS, hence improving the retention of
memories and may prove to be a new therapy in aging and dementia.

Discussion Section Notes: 2/28

Sleep & Immune Function:

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes
Illness infection up-regulates cytokines and other immune response, cells to fight infection.
Cytokines are important for triggering the immune response.
Study had 1st batch of sheep injected w/ cytokines & other injected w/ artificial CSFs. The
immune response was triggered in 1st batch & they compared sleep to placebo group.
Cytokines were up-regulated for batch injected, creating more SWS in them. In time after
injection, TNF-Alpha resulted in more SWS and time spent in sleep increases.
To avoid catching a cold, researchers prescribe a good night of sleep. Researchers tracked
volunteer over 7 days and had them sniff rhinovirus (common cold) and had one group get
adequate sleep and another get a poor amount of sleep.
Less sleep increased the chances of catching a cold.
In summary, immune response leads to more SWS and total sleep. An injection of antibodies
blocking TNF-alpha leads to a decrease in SWS and average total sleep predicts the
probability of catching a cold.

Lecture #10 Sleep & Cognition III: Memory

Test: Transitive Inference:

Hierarchy of B > D and C > E
Inference pairs: 1st degree of separation = BD & CE and 2nd degree of separation = BE

Relational Memory: When Does it Emerge?

All groups have the same amount/level of knowledge to build the relational hierarchy (i.e. all
groups had the building blocks (premise pairs)) to construct the meta-memory structure.
Thus somewhere between 20 min and 12 hr., the brain had integrated the individual pieces of
information and could build the basic (1 st degree separation) hierarchy of memory.
However, the extent of the integration and hence distance-leap across the hierarchy (2 nd
degree separation) was far greater following sleep. Sleep helped the brain see the big
picture

Experimental Design:
Show list of words one at a time on the screen, learn the words, and then show them another
list asking if that word was on the previous list.
As w/ previous studies, sleep preferentially consolidated individual item (words) memories,
slowing their decay (relative to 20 min group not shown).
Thus, sleep significantly increased the likelihood of reporting the critical lure that is, sleep
once again extracted the commonalities and essentially got the gist of the whole
experience.
Sleep not only extracted the gist and produced the most obvious related item, but abstracted
additional and even more distant associations (similar effects found w/ 90 min. daytime nap).

Continued Benefits:
Sleep can also bring about generalized learning in terms of overarching rules and abstract
insights into problems (i.e. grammatical rules and word meanings for young children)

Lecture #10 Summary:

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes
Sleep seems to go beyond simply strengthening individual memories by also blending
knowledge together in several ways:
o Integration: Sleep opens aperture of memory, stitching info into web of knowledge.
o Association: Sleep also extracts commonalities, even when not given (sleep is smart)
o Creative Abstraction: Can extract overarching rules & abstract insights into problems
Sleep, esp. in REM, may help us understand rules of our world by identifying
predictive/associative patterns form what we learn across life.

Lecture #11: Sleep Deprivation I

Can Sleep Loss Make You Sick? Immunity & Sleep:

Two groups of young healthy subjects: Control group sleeps normally and deprivation
groups sleeps 4 hours nights for four nights prior.
After night 4, flu shot given and then blood drawn taken to make sure and assess where there
levels of anti-body response currently are.
On day 10, you take another blood draw to see a healthy anti-body response.
10 days later, the antibody response in the sleep-deprivation group was less than half of
normal controls.
Even after plenty of recovery sleep (21-31 days post vaccine), difference between 2 groups
remained.

Immune Function: Cancer & Cancer Growth:

Natural killer cells identify foreign elements and eliminate them in immune system. You
normally want a viral set of them to normally inject into cancerous tumor cells.
When limiting sleep to 4 hours in single night, compared to sleeping 8 hours of sleep, you see
a 70% reduction in natural killer cell activity.
World Health Organization classified as any form of nighttime shift work as a probable
carcinogen (jobs that will increase risk of cancer due to loss of sleep).
Lack of sleep can be associated with faster and larger growth of cancerous tumors.

Metabolism: Diabetes:
Lab study: 11 healthy adults went through 2 different conditions sleeps deprived (4 hours of
sleep per night for 5 nights) or were sleep rested.
On day 6, their glucose tolerance was measure glucose tolerance test involves an injection
of glucose, then measures how efficient the body is at removing it.
Glucose tolerance (efficiency/speed of clearing glucose from blood) was impaired by over
40% after sleep loss.
These levels are similar to those who are at significantly greater risk of diabetes.

Metabolism: Weight Gain & Obesity:

Leptin and Ghrelin are involved in appetite regulation and energy expenditure.
Leptin: Inhibits appetite and increases energy expenditure (dont eat hormone)
Ghrelin: Increases appetite, reducing energy expenditure (eat hormone)
Healthy male adults went through 2 different conditions sleep deprived (4 hours
sleep/night, 2 nights) or were sleep rested.

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes
On day 3, their Leptia and Ghrelin levels were measured, together w/ their own subjective
ratings of how hungry they felt, and what they were hungry for.
Results showcased 18% drop in leptin and increase in ghrelin, hunger sensation, and appetite
for both carb and non-carb rich foods.
Plentiful sleep increases leptin and decreases ghrelin = satisfied after eating normal appetite.
Little sleep decreases leptin and increases ghrelin = unsatisfied after eating normal appetite.
Over the past 60 years, sleep time has declined while obesity has increased.

Discussion Notes 3/6:

Does Sleep Deprivation also Disrupt Hippocampal Neurogenesis?

Experiment by Mueller (2008): Deprive rats of REM sleep (96hr REM sleep deprivation so
rats cant enter REM sleep or theyll fall in water due to muscle atonia) & look for effects on
hippocampal neurogenesis.
Just as circadian disruption inhibited hippocampal neurogenesis, depriving rats of REM sleep
greatly decreased # of new hippocampal cells, greatly affecting learning and memory.

Bi-Directional Vicious Cycle of Mutual Maintenance:

Mullin found sleep deprivation affects amygdala, increasing its response to negative stimuli.

Effect of Drugs on Sleep:

Cocaine use increases time to fall asleep and decreases total sleep time and REM sleep.
Cocaine withdrawal increases time to fall asleep, decreases total sleep time and sleep
efficiency, but increases REM sleep (increase in subjective experience of dreams)
After ecstasy use increases wakefulness throughout night, but leads to almost no REM sleep.
Heavy ecstasy use increases striking sleep architecture disruptions & decreases Stage 2 sleep.
Marijuana use decreases time to fall asleep, total REM sleep, and REM density.
Marijuana withdrawal increases difficulty to sleep and REM sleep (increase in subjective
experience of strange dreams

Lecture #12: Sleep Deprivation II

Societal Catastrophes:
Many catastrophes such as Exxon Valdez, Chernobyl, and Staten Island Ferry crash
correlated w/ lack of sleep.
Thousands of fatal road traffic accidents correlated w/ sleep:
o In January 2006, in Union County, Florida, truck driver who had been awake for 24
hours straight failed to stop at stop sign killing 8 people in car in front of him and
caused serious injury for all 9 children in bus also in front.
Extended work shifts for medical interns cause a 160% increase in risk of traffic accidents.

World Records:
Peter Tripp, a normal, well-liked NYC DJ in 1959, stayed awake for 8 days (200 hours) in a
wake-athon for charity and continued to host his show from Times Square.

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes
His record-breaking attempt was documented and monitored by doctors.
By day 4, he started suffering from delusions and hallucinations (REM intrusions?) and
began seeing spiders in his shoes and claiming staff were trying to poison him.
At times his delusions were so severe it was near impossible to test his psychological
functioning and continued to have significant psychosis but did break record.
He then slept straight for 22 hours & woke up, ordered papers, & was seemingly back to
normal, but continued to display behavioral & psychotic problems for years later and lost his
job, marriage, & last heard of in public domain selling books door-to-door in the Midwest.

Selective Deprivation:
In 1960, Dement conducted study selectively depriving participants of either NREM or REM
sleep over 1 week.
Effects of REM sleep deprivation were more severe: increased aggression, emotionally
unstable and paranoid.
Subjects tried to enter REM sleep 12 times the 1 st night & this rose to 26 times on 7th night.
When they were free to sleep undisturbed most spent longer than usual in REM sleep called
the REM rebound effect.

Is Sleep Necessary for Life?

In 1989, Everson conducted experimental design known as disc over water
Allows for total or selective sleep deprivation w/ 2 rats, one control, one sleep deprived
both w/ electrodes recording sleep.
When sleep deprived rate falls asleep, disc start moving and unless rats wake up and begin
walking, they are pushed off into the water.
Control rat can sleep when the deprived rat is awake w/o the disc moving so control rat gets
near normal sleep but experiences same environmental stress.
Answer: Rats die after 15 days w/o sleep on average and died just as quickly following total
starvation (i.e. sleep = importance of food).
Rats die almost as quickly following selective REM sleep deprivation (~20 days) but death
takes longer using just NREM sleep deprivation (~45 days).

What Happened? What Killed Them?

Longer animals were awake, more they ate, but more they ate while awake, more weight they
lost and food intake increased to point where rats ability to control body temperature failed.
Led to theory of sleep regulating temperature and hence metabolism like a wood stove w/o
a draft shut-off can add all the fuel you like but it flies right out the top.
Consequences: Fluid in lungs, ulcers in stomach, liver and kidneys shrunk, sores on skin,
paws, and tail, accelerated decrepitude, and brain and spinal cord cell death.
Final cause of death: Catastrophic immune system failure leading to septicemia.

Beauty Sleep:
Axelsson in 2010 had healthy young participants act as photographers after 1 group had 8
hours of normal sleep and one group had one night of total sleep deprivation.
8hr sleep group judged their pictures as less tired, more healthy-looking, & more attractive.

Lecture #13: Sleep Deprivation III

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes

Self-assessment (a.k.a. subjective opinion) of sleepiness is unreliable.

Solution is to measure and infer sleepiness from objective performance assessments.

Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT):

The gold standard of sleepiness measurement, PVT is a simple portable reaction time task
to evaluate sustained attention.
Have to press a button as soon as the stimulus (LED-digital counter) appears w/ the stimulus
appearing pseudo randomly every few seconds, and the tests lasts between 5-10 minutes.
The critical measure is not speed, but how many lapses (lapses = micro sleep)

Chronic vs. Acute Sleep Deprivation:

Attentional lapses caused by varying types of sleep deprivation.
Partial sleep deprivation can be as devastating as total sleep deprivation w/ time.
Worryingly, there was no sign of these impairments reaching a plateau even after 14 days.
Some dose-relationship between the experimental condition and the subjective evaluation
of sleepiness.
However, note there is no difference between 9hr and 7hr groups in subjective sleepiness.
W/ increasing nights of sleep loss, performance got significantly worse and none of the sleep
deprived groups (3, 5, 7hr) returned to baseline performance even after 3 recovery nights.
Marked difference in performance between 7hr and 9hr groups even though subjective
ratings were the same.
Performance begins to degrade after 16hr of continued wakefulness thus the brain appears to
need sleep (+8hr) after 16hr of continued wake (making up a natural 24hr clock).

Sleep Loss and Alcohol Interaction:

On driving simulator, alcohol dramatically amplifies driving error impact of sleep loss by
almost 3 times as driver w/ 4hr of sleep & legally drunk had 30 deviations on test course.
Driver w/ only 4hr of sleep & sober is nearly as bad a driver as one who had 8hr of sleep &
legally drunk. 22hr w/o sleep is equivalent to illegal DUI.
Signs of drowsiness while driving include trouble focusing on road, difficulty keeping your
eyes open, nodding, yawning repeatedly, drifting lanes, closing eyes at stoplights, not
remembering driving last few miles.
What doesnt work is turning up radio, opening car window, chewing gum, blowing cold
air/water on face, slapping self, promising yourself a reward for staying awake.
It takes only a 4 second lapse in attention to have a potentially fatal drowsy driving crash.
Drowsy driving accidents are deadly relative to alcohol/drugs b/c when youre drunk, usually
it means you brake late or maneuver late but at least you try, but when you have a micro
sleep, you dont do anything and you stop behaving as an organism.

Professional Impact:
Percentage of medical resident error increases w/ less average daily hours of sleep.
20% of medical residents will seriously harm a patient due to a fatigue related error and 5%
of medical residents will kill a patient due to a fatigue related error (~1,000 deaths/year).

Lecture #14: Sleep Deprivation IV

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Psych 133 Lecture Notes

Development of Human Memories & Education:

Begins w/ encoding, then sleep to consolidate new memories, and then recall.
But what about sleep before learning (prior to encoding stage)?
Sleep results in 40% more learning compared to no sleep and significantly more
hippocampus (memory) activity w/ sleep than no sleep.
Sleep deprivation impairs region of brain (hippocampus) dedicated to making new memories.
Those who got full 8 hours of sleep had greater NREM sleep w/ faster and greater sleep
spindles; sleep spindles refresh the ability for new learning each and every night.
Later school start times in teens have a marked academic benefit w/ higher SAT scores on
average of 212 points and increase life expectancy w/ 70% reduction in teen car accidents.

The Emotional Brain w/o Sleep:

Experimental design created to ask what in brain showed increased reactivity to increasing
negative emotional activity?
The amygdala is the brain center for controlling our emotions and when you look at this part
in the brain for those who had full night of sleep, you see modest, rational reaction to images
shown in experiment, but for those sleep deprived, brain reactivity increased by 60%.
W/ sleep, prefrontal lobe was strongly connected to amygdala, controlling/regulating it w/
inhibition, but w/o sleep, prefrontal lobe connect is severed, resulting in an overactive
emotional brain (i.e. all gas and no brakes).
Clinical implications of lack of sleep can be tied to depression, anxiety, PTSD, & suicide.

Alcohol, REM, & Losing Memories:

Symbolic Logic task utilized through learning an artificial grammar meant as a complex
cognitive test. Researchers divided individuals into 3 groups, 1 control group, 1 group who
had alcohol on Night 1, and 1 group who had alcohol on Night 3.
On Day 7, people who didnt drink before bed did much better than alcohol groups (those
who drank on night 3 did better than those who drank on night 1 though).
Alcohol before bed and not necessarily close to learning prevents memories from being
consolidated even several nights later.
This occurs because alcohol strongly suppresses REM sleep and fragments sleep w/ brief
awakenings through night. Thus, this type of memory consolidation maybe REM-dependent.
Therefore, the loss of REM sleep, due to alcohol, prevented the retention of these memories
a process that continues after the 1 st night to at least night 3.

Lecture 14 Summary:
Sleep before learning is critical to allow efficient memory formation w/o sleep, the brain
regions that record new facts are shut down.
Sleep also appears to reset our emotional brain stability, and w/o sleep, our rational
prefrontal cortex losses control over our emotional brain.
Dont even need total sleep deprivation, or even to stay awake, to produce memory
impairments e.g. alcohol can suppress REM sleep and cause cognitive deficits long after
learning has taken place.